الأربعاء، 4 سبتمبر 2019

Robert Pattinson

Robert Douglas Thomas Pattinson (born 13 May 1986) is an English actor.[1] After starting to act at the local theatre club at the age of 15, he began his film career by playing Cedric Diggory in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire when he was 19.[2] At 22, he went on to star as Edward Cullen in the film adaptations of the Twilight novels, consisting of five films between 2008 and 2012, which grossed a combined total of over $3.3 billion worldwide. It brought Pattinson worldwide fame,[3][4] and established him among the highest-paid actors in Hollywood.[5][6][7] In 2010, Pattinson was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world, and he was featured in the Forbes Celebrity 100 list.[8][9]

In 2009, he portrayed Salvador Dalí in Little Ashes.[10] That same year, a documentary film, Robsessed, about the actor's fame and popularity, was released.[11] He appeared as a troubled young man in Remember Me (2010)[12] and also starred in a romantic drama, Water for Elephants (2011).[13] His performance as a tough, cold-hearted and calculating billionaire in David Cronenberg's Cosmopolis (2012), earned him critical praise.[14] He gained further critical appreciation for his performances in David Michod's futuristic western The Rover (2014), in Cronenberg's satire drama Maps to the Stars (2014),[15][16] in James Gray's The Lost City of Z (2017), as an aide-de-camp to an explorer who disappeared in the Amazon while looking for an ancient city,[17] and in the Safdie Brothers Good Time (2017).

Pattinson started his career as a model at the age of 12. In 2013, Dior Homme signed him as the face of their Fragrances. In 2016, he also became the first brand ambassador of their Menswear collection.[18] Pattinson composes and plays his own music. He sang songs for the Twilight film series and the 2008 independent comedy-drama film How to Be. He is a supporter of the End Child Prostitution and Trafficking (ECPAT) campaign,[19] Parents and Abducted Children Together (PACT),[20] and the GO Campaign, a nonprofit organization that raises awareness and funds to help orphans and vulnerable children throughout the world. He became ambassador of the latter in 2015 to help raise international awareness of it.[21] He is also a member of International Medical Corps[22] and has promoted and shared details about cancer through PSAs to raise awareness about the disease.
Early life
Robert Douglas Thomas Pattinson[25][26] was born in London on 13 May 1986,[27][28] the son of Clare Pattinson (née Charlton), a booker at a model agency, and Richard Pattinson, a vintage car dealer.[29] He grew up in a small home in Barnes with two older sisters, Elizabeth (Lizzy) and Victoria.[30] Pattinson discovered his love for music long before acting and started learning the guitar and piano at the age of four.[31] He attended Tower House School, and later went to The Harrodian School until his graduation.[32][33] Pattinson became a big cinephile for love of auteur cinema as a teenager and counted Jack Nicholson and Jean-Paul Belmondo to his acting idols.[34] In his late teens and early twenties, he used to perform acoustic guitar gigs at open mic nights in pubs around London where he sung his own written songs either solo under the stage name Bobby Dupea, or with his band Bad Girls.[35][36]

Thinking about becoming a musician or going to university to study speech-writing, he never thought about pursuing an acting career and his teacher in school even advised him not to join the drama club because she thought he wasn't made for the creative subjects.[37][38] But as a teenager, he joined the local amateur theatre club called Barnes Theatre Company after his father convinced him to attend because he was quite shy.[39][40] At age 15 and after two years of working backstage, he auditioned for the play Guys and Dolls and he got his first role as a Cuban dancer with no lines. He got the lead role of George Gibbs in the next play Our Town,[33] was spotted by a talent agent who was sitting in the audience and he began looking for professional roles.[41] He also appeared in the plays Macbeth, Anything Goes, and Tess of the d'Urbervilles.[42][43][38]

Acting career
2004–2007: Career beginnings
Pattinson had supporting roles in the German made-for-television film Ring of the Nibelungs in 2004, and in director Mira Nair's costume drama Vanity Fair, although his scenes in the latter were deleted and only appear on the DVD version.[44][45] In May 2005, he was scheduled to appear in the UK premiere of The Woman Before at the Royal Court Theatre, but was fired shortly before the opening night and was replaced by Tom Riley.[46] Later that year he played Cedric Diggory in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. For this role he was named that year's "British Star of Tomorrow" by The Times[47] and had more than once been hailed as "the next Jude Law".[33][48][49] Also in this movie, he learned how to scuba dive.[50]

In 2006, Pattinson appeared in The Haunted Airman a psychological thriller, aired on BBC Four on 31 October, and he earned favourable reviews.[51][52][53] The Stage praised his performance by saying that "(he) played the airman of the title with a perfect combination of youthful terror and world weary cynicism."[54] On 19 February 2007, he appeared in a supporting role in a one-off television drama based on the best-selling novel by Kate Long, The Bad Mother's Handbook.
In 2008, Pattinson landed the role of Edward Cullen in the film Twilight, based on Stephenie Meyer's best-selling novel of the same name. According to TV Guide, Pattinson was initially apprehensive about auditioning for the role, fearful that he would not be able to live up to the "perfection" expected from the character.[57] The film was released on 21 November 2008 and turned Pattinson into a movie star overnight.[58] Although the film received mixed reviews, critics praised his and co-star Kristen Stewart's chemistry in the film.[59] The New York Times called Pattinson a "capable and exotically beautiful" actor[60] and Roger Ebert said he was "well-chosen" for the role.[61]

His other release of 2008, How to Be, was a low-budget comedy drama film written and directed by Oliver Irving.[62][63] It screened at number of film festivals, earned mixed reviews from critics.[64][65] Pattinson then starred as Salvador Dalí in the film Little Ashes, a Spanish-British drama directed by Paul Morrison.[10] He also starred in a short film The Summer House directed by Daisy Gili.[66] This short film later re-released as a part of an anthology film titled Love & Distrust, comprising five short films following eight individuals from diverse backgrounds on their quest for true contentment.[67][68]

He reprised his role as Edward Cullen in the Twilight sequel The Twilight Saga: New Moon, which was released on 20 November 2009. The film earned a record-breaking $142,839,137 opening weekend and an overall run of $709,827,462 worldwide.[69] Though the film received negative reviews, film critic Michael Phillips from the Chicago Tribune said that Pattinson was still "interesting to watch" despite the bad makeup.[70] Bill GoodyKoontz from the Arizona Republic said that "Pattinson's actually not in the film that much, but he does his best when he's around"[71] and Michael O'Sullivan of the Washington Post noted that his acting was "uniformly strong".[72]

In 2009, Pattinson presented at the 81st Academy Awards.[73] On 10 November 2009, Revolver Entertainment released the DVD Robsessed, a documentary which details Pattinson's life and popularity.[11] His next film The Twilight Saga: Eclipse was released on 30 June 2010, earning $698,491,347 worldwide.[74][75] The film received mixed reviews, Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised Pattinson's performance, stating that "(he) makes you forget the white makeup and weird eye contact lenses – to focus on a character torn between his love for the human Bella (Stewart) and the knowledge that she'll have to let go of her beating heart if she's to stay with him forever."[76] Will Lawrence of Empire Online praised the performance of three leads of the film by saying that "All three corners of the love triangle look sharper than before: the most accomplished actor, Stewart, still lip-biting, Lautner still pec-flexing, and Pattinson not fully shaking that fiery-eyed pout. But all have grown into their roles, cutting loose in a film that (thankfully) sidesteps the melodrama of its prequels."[77]
Pattinson executively produced and starred in the film Remember Me, which was released on 12 March 2010.[12] Though the film received mixed reviews, some critics praised his performance. Jake Coyle of The Associated Press said that "The young actor has an unmistakable screen presence. However in Remember Me, he pours it on thickly and self-consciously. With low eyes, sleeves rolled up just so and cigarette drooping artfully from his mouth, Tyler (like Edward Cullen) is a reluctant romantic."[78] Ian Nathan of Empire Online stated that "this is the best thing he's done."[79] and Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised his and co-star Emilie de Ravin's chemistry in the film, stating the "scenes between Pattinson and de Ravin exude genuine charm."[80]

In 2011, he starred as Jacob Jankowski in Water for Elephants, a film adaptation of the Sara Gruen novel of the same name.[13] The film received mixed reviews, but Pattinson's performance was praised. Film critic Richard Corliss from Time praised Pattinson for being "shy and watchful" and said that he "radiates a slow magnetism that locks the viewer's eyes on him", ultimately calling him "star quality".[81] Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle stated that Pattinson succeeded at holding his own at the center of a major feature and was "endlessly watchable".[82] Peter Travers of the Rolling Stone said he "smolders" in the film[83] and Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said that "Pattinson is entirely convincing as Jacob"
Pattinson reappeared as Edward Cullen in The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1, which was released on 18 November 2011 and earned $705,058,657 at the worldwide box office.[85] The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 24% of critics (of the 188 counted reviews) gave the film a positive review, and the site's consensus reads, "Slow, joyless, and loaded with unintentionally humorous moments, Breaking Dawn Part 1 may satisfy the Twilight faithful, but it's strictly for fans of the franchise."[86] He also played Georges Duroy in a film adaptation of the 1885 novel Bel Ami, and the film had a world premiere at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival.[87] It was released on 12 February 2012.[88]

Pattinson starred in the film adaptation of Don DeLillo's Cosmopolis, directed by David Cronenberg.[89] The film competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.[14][90] Though the film was well received, Pattinson's performance was praised. Justin Chang of Variety wrote, "An eerily precise match of filmmaker and material, Cosmopolis probes the soullessness of the 1% with the cinematic equivalent of latex gloves. ... Pattinson's excellent performance reps an indispensable asset."[91] Robbie Collin of The Telegraph stated that it is a sensational performance from Robert Pattinson, "yes, that Robert Pattinson – as Packer. Pattinson plays him like a human caldera; stony on the surface, with volcanic chambers of nervous energy and self-loathing churning deep below."[92] And Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly stated, "Pattinson, pale and predatory even without his pasty-white vampire makeup, delivers his frigid pensées with rhythmic confidence."[93]

Pattinson appeared one last time as Edward Cullen in the final installment of the Twilight saga, The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 which was released on 16 November 2012, and has grossed over $829 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of the Twilight series.[94][95] At Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 48% approval rating, based on 174 reviews with the consensus stating: "It is the most enjoyable chapter in The Twilight Saga, but that's not enough to make Breaking Dawn Part 2 worth watching for filmgoers who don't already count themselves among the franchise converts."[96]

In late 2013, he appeared in a black and white short film with model Camille Rowe, as the new face of Dior Homme Fragrances.[97][98]

2014–2018: Independent films and critical acclaim
n May 2014, two of Pattinson's films had their premieres at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.[99] First, Pattinson starred in David Michôd's futuristic western The Rover,[100] alongside Guy Pearce and Scoot McNairy.[101][102] The film had its premiere out of competition at the festival.[103] For his performance of a naïve simpleton member of the criminal gang, Pattinson received rave reviews. Scott Foundas of Variety said that "Pattinson who turns out to be the film's greatest surprise, sporting a convincing Southern accent and bringing an understated dignity to a role that might easily have been milked for cheap sentimental effects." He further added that "(it is) a career re-defining performance for Pattinson that reveals untold depths of sensitivity and feeling."[15] Todd McCarthy, writing for The Hollywood Reporter, wrote that "Pattinson delivers a performance that, despite the character’s own limitations, becomes more interesting as the film moves along."[104] Jessica Kiang in her review for The Playlist, noted that "(Pattinson) turns in a performance that manages to be more affecting than affected."[105]

Next, he reunited with Cronenberg in Maps to the Stars, a satirical drama described as a darkly comic look at Hollywood excess.[106][107] The film competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.[108] In the film, he played the role of Jerome Fontana, a limo driver and struggling actor, who wants to be a successful screenwriter.[109] Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph summed up his performance as "winningly played."[16]

In 2015, two of his films were premiered at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival in February. First he appeared in Werner Herzog's adaptation of Gertrude Bell's biopic film Queen of the Desert alongside Nicole Kidman and James Franco.[110][111] Pattinson appeared as T. E. Lawrence aka Lawrence Of Arabia in the film, which Geoffrey Macnab of The Independent described as "comic and a very long way removed from Peter O'Toole. He plays Lawrence Of Arabia as a sharp-tongued, sardonic figure who can see through the pretensions of his bosses and colleagues."[112] David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter called his role "brief but significant" and concluded that "the easy camaraderie in his scenes with Kidman is appealing."[113] Sam Adams of Indiewire said that, "Robert Pattinson gets relatively high marks for his brief turn as the bonafide T.E. Lawrence."[114]

Next he starred in Anton Corbijn's Life as Life Magazine photographer Dennis Stock; the film deals with the friendship between actor James Dean and Stock.[115][116] Critical reception for the film was mixed but Pattinson received appreciation for his portrayal of a photographer. Guy Lodge of Variety called his performance a "sly turn",[117] Little White Lies said that "Pattinson's performance is as crisp as the white shirt and black suits his character always wears. This is a camouflage for his own problems that slowly unfurl, adding colour and improving the film."[118] David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter noted that Pattinson "gives arguably the most fully rounded performance."[119]

In late 2015, Pattinson appeared in Brady Corbet's directorial debut film The Childhood of a Leader, alongside Bérénice Bejo and Stacy Martin.[120][121] In the film, he played the dual roles, first a brief but crucial role of Charles Marker, a reporter in Germany during World War I and latter as an adult version of the leader. He received praise for his performance, which Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian called "elegant"[122] and Lee Marshall of Screen International described as "excellent".[123]

In 2016, Pattinson appeared in Paramount Pictures and Plan B Entertainment's adaptation of The Lost City of Z, directed by James Gray.[17][124] Premiered at the New York Film Festival, the film stars Pattinson as British explorer Corporal Henry Costin. Pattinson grew a heavy beard and lost 35 pounds of weight for the film.[125] Earning critical praise for his role, Matt Neg of NBP described him as "one of the better actors working today",[126] Keith Uhlich in his review for Brooklyn Magazine called him "subtle scene-stealer",[127] and Linda Marric writing for Heyuguys find his performance "an impressively subtle, yet brilliant."

ليندا هاميلتون

ليندا هاميلتون (بالإنجليزية: Linda Hamilton)، (مواليد 26 سبتمبر 1956 - ) ممثلة أمريكية شاركت في عدة أفلام سينمائية، وخاصة في فترة الثمانينيات والتسعينيات، ومنها فيلم ذا تيرميناتور وتيرميناتور 2: يوم الحساب والذي مثلت بهم بدور سارة كونور، ومن أشهر أدوارها في الشاشة الصغيرة مسلسل الجميلة والوحش) (1987-1990). كما لعبت دور فيكي في بطولة فيلم الرعب أطفال الذرة. ترشحت لجائزتي غولدن غلوب وجائزة إيمي.
الحياة المبكرة
ولدت ليندا هاملتون في سالزبوري بولاية ماريلاند. والد هاملتون هو الطبيب كارول ستانفورد هاملتون، توفي عندما كانت ليندا في الخامسة من عمرها، تزوجت أمها لاحقا من رئيس الشرطة. لدى ليندا شقيقة توأم مطابقة لها اسمها (ليزلي هاملتون جيرن)، ولديها أخت أكبر منها وأخت أصغر منها. قالت إنها نشأت في أسرة مملة للغاية، و"تقرأ الكتب بحرص" خلال أوقات فراغها. ذهبت هاميلتون إلى مدرسة مقاطعة ويكوميكو ومن ثم مدرسة ويكوميكو المتوسطة ومدرسة ويكاميكو الثانوية في سالزبوري، مع توأمها ليزلي. درست لمدة سنتين في كلية واشنطن في تشيسترتاون، ماريلاند قبل الانتقال إلى نيويورك لدراسة التمثيل. قالت هاملتون إن أستاذها بالوكالة في كلية واشنطن أخبرها أنه لا أمل لها في كسب رزقها كممثلة. في نيويورك، حضرت ورشات عمل مع لي ستراسبرغ.

الحياة الشخصية
جاء أول ظهور لليندا في التمثيل في مسلسل تلفزيوني، تلاه عمل دور رئيسي باسم ليزا روجرز في مسلسل دراما اسمه أسرار ميدلاند هايتس والذي عُرِض من كانون الأول / ديسمبر 1980 - كانون الثاني / يناير 1981. كانت أول ظهور لها على الشاشة الكبيرة في فيلم تاغ: لعبة اغتيال (1982)، ونتيجة لذلك تم إدراجها كواحدة من اثنى عشر "ممثلة جديدة واعدة لعام 1982". كما شاركت دور البطولة في الفيلم بلد الذهب (بالإنجليزية: Country Gold)، والذي مثلت فيه مع لوني أندرسون وإيرل هوليمان.


ليندا هاملتون في حفلة ميلاد مارين كوربس، 29 أكتوبر 2011، في ويستليك، تكساس.
لعبت ليندا دورًا قياديًا في فيلم "أطفال الذرة"، والذي مبني على قصة رعب قصيرة كتبها ستيفن كينغ، حقق الفيلم 14 مليون دولار في شباك التذاكر، والذي أُنتقد بشدة من قبل النقاد. كان الدور التالي لليندا في فيلم ذا تيرميناتور، والذي أدت به دور البطولة بجانب مايكل بين، في عام 1984. حقق الفيلم نجاحًا تجاريًا كبيرًا بشكل غير متوقع. بعد فيلم ذا تيرميناتور، قامت ليندا بدور البطولة في فيلم بلاك مون رايزينغ، وهو فيلم من نوع الحركة والإثارة، أدت به دور البطولة مع تومي لي جونز. عادت ليندا بعدها إلى التلفزيون كضيف ضليع في سلسلة جرائم القتل قتل، هي كتبت، وسجلت حينها مراجعات إيجابية. أدت ليندا دور البطولة مع رون بيرلمان في المسلسل التلفزيوني الجميلة والوحش. حظيت السلسلة بإعجاب شديد ، وتلقت ترشيحات جائزة إيمي وجائزة غولدن غلوب. غادرت ليندا المسلسل في عام 1989 وانتهى عام 1990.

عادت هاملتون إلى الشاشة الكبيرة مع مايكل كين في مستر ديستني (1990) وتيرميناتور 2: يوم الحساب (1991)، وهو الجزء الثاني لفيلم ذا تيرميناتور. حطم الجزء الثاني شباك التذاكر، وفاز بأكثر من 500 مليون دولار، أكثر من أي فيلم آخر ذلك العام. خضعت ليندا لتدريب جسدي مكثف للتأكيد على تحول الشخصية عن الفيلم الأول. وشقيقتها التوأم المطابقة لها كانت أيضاً في تيرميناتور 2. حازت ليندا على جائزتي إم تي عن دورها في الفيلم، واحدة لأفضل أداء نسائي والأخرى لأفضل أنثى مرغوبة. كررت شخصية سارة كونور في لعبة الفيديو T2 3-D. في عام 1990 تم اختيار ليندا من قبل مجلة بيبول كأحد أكثر 50 شخصًا جمالًا في العالم. بعد نجاح سلسلة تيرميناتور، استضافت في ساترداي نايت لايف.

عادت إلى التلفزيون في فيلم صلاة الأم (1995)، مثلت فيه دور أمًا فقدت زوجها وتشخصت بمرض الإيدز. بالنسبة لأدائها في الفيلم والذي شارك فيه أيضاً كيت نيلجان وبروس ديرن، حصلت ليندا على جائزة CableACE لأفضل أداء درامي ورُشحت لجائزة غولدن غلوب أخرى في عام 1996. وفي نفس العام شاركت ليندا في فيلمين تم إصدارهما في عام 1997، وهما: مؤامرة الظل مع تشارلي شين وفيلم دانتيز بيك مع بيرس بروسنان. تراجع مؤامرة الظل في شباك التذاكر، ولكن بلغت أرباح دانتيز بيك 180 مليون دولار وكان واحد من أكبر النتائج التجارية لهذا العام. حصلت على جائزة القنبلة للترفيه لأفضل أداء إناث لفيلم دانتيز بيك.

وقد ظهرت ليندا منذ ذلك الحين على المسلسل التلفزيوني فرايجر (الموسم 4 حلقة "أود مان أوت" بدور لورا). ووفقا لجيم وقامت بمزيد من المسلسلات التلفزيونية، بما في ذلك على الخط، وارتفاع الروبوتات، ورجال الانقاذ: قصص الشجاعة: اثنين من الأزواج، وآخر مشاهدة ولون الشجاعة. انضمت ليندا وشريكها في فرقة مسلسل الجميلة والوحش ورون بيرلمان ولم المسلسل شملهما وقاموا بعمل فيلم دراما ما بعد حرب فيتنام وهو مفقود في أمريكا (2005).

في عام 2009 عادت ليندا بدور سارة كونور في تيرميناتور: الخلاص، في عمليات التسجيل الصوتي فقط. في عام 2010 انضمت إلى فريق مسلسل تشاك بدورها المتكرر ماري إليزابيث بارتوسكي، وهي عميلة في وكالة المخابرات المركزية الأمريكية وأم مفقودة منذ فترة طويلة من تشاك وإيلي. كما ظهرت كضيف شرف في برنامج تلفزيوني لشبكة شوتايم التلفزيونية لمسلسل ويدز باعتبارها مورد الماريجوانا للشخصية الرئيسية في العرض (ماري-لويس باركر). في نوفمبر 2011 رويت فيلم وثائقي بعنوان مستقبل الخوف.


وفي الآونة الأخيرة لعبت هاميلتون دورًا بارزًا في مسلسل فتاة ضائعة ودورًا مرموقًا كضيفة شرف في مسلسل تحد.

Linda Hamilton

Linda Carroll Hamilton (born September 26, 1956) is an American actress best known for her portrayal of Sarah Connor in The Terminator film series and Catherine Chandler in the television series Beauty and the Beast (1987-1990), for which she was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards and an Emmy Award. She also starred as Vicky Baxter in the horror film Children of the Corn (1984), Doctor Amy Franklin in the monster film King Kong Lives (1986), and Mayor Rachel Wando in the disaster thriller film Dante's Peak (1997). Hamilton had a recurring role as Mary Elizabeth Bartowski on NBC's Chuck.
Early life
Hamilton was born in Salisbury, Maryland. Hamilton's father, Carroll Stanford Hamilton, a physician, died when she was five, and her mother later married a police chief.[1][2][3] Hamilton has an identical twin sister (Leslie Hamilton Gearren), one older sister and one younger brother. She has said that she was raised in a very boring family, and "voraciously read books" during her spare time.[2] Hamilton went to Wicomico Junior High (now Wicomico Middle School) and Wicomico High School in Salisbury, with Leslie, her twin. She studied for two years at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, before moving on to acting studies in New York City. Hamilton has said that her acting professor at Washington College told her she had no hope of earning a living as an actress. In New York, she attended acting workshops given by Lee Strasberg.[4]

Career
Hamilton's acting debut came first on television, followed by a major role as Lisa Rogers in the prime-time soap opera Secrets of Midland Heights (December 1980/January 1981). Her big-screen debut was in the thriller TAG: The Assassination Game (1982) and as a result, she was listed as one of twelve "Promising New Actors of 1982" in John Willis' Screen World, Vol. 34. She also shared a starring role in the CBS made-for-TV movie Country Gold, with Loni Anderson and Earl Holliman.

Hamilton played the lead role in Children of the Corn (1984), based on the horror short story by Stephen King. The movie, which made $14 million at the box office,[5] was panned by critics.[6] Hamilton's next role was in The Terminator (1984), opposite Michael Biehn. The movie was an unexpectedly huge commercial and critical success.[7][8][9] Following The Terminator, Hamilton starred in Black Moon Rising, an action thriller with Tommy Lee Jones. She then returned to television as a guest-star in the mystery series Murder, She Wrote, scoring favorable reviews. Hamilton next starred opposite Ron Perlman in the television series Beauty and the Beast. The series was critically acclaimed, and she received Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations. Hamilton left the series in 1989 and it ended in 1990.

Hamilton returned to the big screen with Michael Caine in Mr. Destiny (1990) and with Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), the sequel to The Terminator. The latter was a smash at the box office, grossing over $500 million, more than any other film of that year. Hamilton underwent intense physical training to emphasize the character's transformation from the first film.[10] Her identical twin sister was Linda's double in Terminator 2. Hamilton received two MTV Movie Awards for her role in the film, one for Best Female Performance and the other for Most Desirable Female. She reprised the character, Sarah Connor, for the theme park attraction T2 3-D. In 1990, Hamilton was chosen by People Magazine as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the world. Following the success of the Terminator series, she hosted Saturday Night Live.

She returned to television in A Mother's Prayer (1995) playing a mother who lost her husband and is diagnosed with AIDS. For her performance in the film, which co-starred Kate Nelligan and Bruce Dern, Hamilton was awarded a CableACE Award for best dramatic performance and nominated for another Golden Globe Award in 1996. That same year, Hamilton filmed two motion pictures that were released one week apart in 1997: Shadow Conspiracy with Charlie Sheen and Dante's Peak with Pierce Brosnan. Shadow Conspiracy flopped at the box office, but Dante's Peak grossed $180 million and was one of the biggest commercial hits of the year. She received a Blockbuster Entertainment Award for female performance in Dante's Peak.

Hamilton has since appeared on the television series Frasier (season 4 episode "Odd Man Out" as Laura) and According to Jim and has done more TV movies, including On the Line, Robots Rising, Rescuers: Stories of Courage: Two Couples, Point Last Seen and The Color of Courage. Hamilton and her Beauty and the Beast co-star Ron Perlman reunited in the post-Vietnam war drama Missing in America (2005).

In 2009, she returned as Sarah Connor in Terminator Salvation, in voice-overs only. In 2010, she joined the cast of Chuck in the recurring guest role of Mary Elizabeth Bartowski, a CIA agent and long-missing mother of Chuck and Ellie.[11][12] She also appeared as a guest star in the Showtime cable television series Weeds as the marijuana supplier for the series' main character (Mary-Louise Parker). In November 2011, she narrated the Chiller The Future of Fear horror documentary.[13][14]

In 2013, Hamilton appeared as Acacia, a Valkyrie, in "Delinquents", a third season episode of the TV series Lost Girl, a role she would reprise in two subsequent episodes, "End of a Line" in the fourth season, and "Sweet Valkyrie High" in the fifth. She subsequently appeared in a recurring role on the Syfy series Defiance, beginning in that show's second season.[15]

In 2019 she will reprise her role as Sarah Connor in Terminator: Dark Fate, her first starring role as the character since 1991, and will also voice the character in the video game Gears 5.[16]

Personal life
Hamilton has been married and divorced twice.[17] Her first marriage, from 1982 to 1989, was to Bruce Abbott, who left her when she was pregnant with their son Dalton.[18][19] In 1991, she moved in with film director James Cameron following his divorce from Kathryn Bigelow.[19] They had a daughter, Josephine, born on February 15, 1993.[18] She and Cameron married in 1997, but the marriage was short-lived, ending in a $50 million divorce settlement in 1999.[20]

Hamilton has described herself politically as a Democrat, but she voted for Republican candidate Arnold Schwarzenegger, her Terminator co-star, in the 2003 California gubernatorial election after his campaign convinced her he was suitable for the job.[21]

In an October 2005 appearance on Larry King Live, Hamilton discussed her depression and her bipolar disorder, which led to violent mood swings and suicidal thoughts during her marriage to Abbott, and ultimately destroyed both of her marriages. She also discussed how she eventually received therapy and medication to manage the condition.[17]

While filming Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Hamilton suffered permanent hearing damage in one ear when she fired a gun inside an elevator without using her ear plugs

Porsche Taycan

The Porsche Taycan is an all-electric 4-door coupé manufactured by German automobile manufcturer Porsche, which was first unveiled as a concept car named Mission E at the 2015 Frankfurt Motor Show[4] and then in production form at the 2019 Frankfurt Motor Show.[3] It is Porsche's first fully electric car,[4] save for some early models like the Lohner-Porsche and C.2 Phaeton designed by Ferdinand Porsche.[5][6] The car is planned to be sold in several variants of different performance levels and could spawn derivatives in a future line-up of models based on its platform

حسن منهاج

حسن منهاج من مواليد 23 أيلول/سبتمبر 1985، هو ممثل كوميدي، معلق سياسي ومقدم برامج تلفزيّة أمريكي. ظهرَ في البداية من خِلال مجموعة من الأدوار الثانوية في بعضِ الأفلام الأمريكية قبل أن ينتقلَ للمُشاركة كمقدم لبرنامج ذا ديلي شو أو العرض اليومي من عام 2014 إلى 2018. زادت شُهرة منهاج بعدما تكلّم في ندوة عقدتها جمعية المراسلين في البيت الأبيض عام 2017؛ حينها تعرّف عليهِ الجمهور الأمريكي وصارَ أحد أبزر الكوميدين الساخرين في الولايات المتحدة. في نفسِ السنة؛ أعلنت نيتفليكس عن تعاقدها مع حسن من أجلِ تقديم برنامج الكوميديا الخاص به ملك الحفلة والذي بدأَ بثهُ فعلًا في 23 مايو من عام 2017 وتلقى مراجعات إيجابية من النقاد كما نالَ جائزة بيبودي في عام 2018. انتقلَ حسن إلى برنامج جديد يُدعى باتريوت مع حسن منهاج والذي بدأَ عرضهُ على شبكة نيتفليكس في 28 أكتوبر من عام 2018.

الحياة المُبكّرة
تأتي أسرة منهاج الصغيرة منَ المسلمين الهنود وتعودُ أصوله لمدينة عليكرة في ولاية أوتار براديش في دولة الهند. هاجرَ والده منَ الهند إلى ديفيس في كاليفورنيا وهناكَ وُلد حسن وترعرع كما درس في نفس المدينة فيما تكلّف والده الذي كانَ يعملُ كصيدلي تمويله. عادت والدته إلى الهند لمدة ثماني سنوات لإكمال دراستها في كلية الطب ثمّ زارت الولايات المتحدة مُجددًا وذلك بعد ثلاث سنوات من ولادة أخته في عام 1989. لم يكن يعرفُ حسن أنّ له شقيقة إلّا عندما بلغَ الثامنة من عمره حينما عادت والدته وشقيقته من الهند إلى كاليفورنيا. بالإضافة إلى اللغة الإنجليزية؛ حسن يُجيد التحدث باللّغة الهندية والأردية أمّا أخته عائشة منهاج فصارت محامية في منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو.

المسيرة المهنية
حضرَ منهاج جامعة كاليفورنيا في ديفيس حيث تخصص في العلوم السياسية. خلال دراسته الجامعيّة؛ أصبحَ حسن مهتمًا بالكوميديا وقد تأثر بالكوميدي الآخر كريس روك فبدأ دراسة الكوميديا في سان فرانسيسكو. بدأ منذ عام 2008 العمل ككوميدي في الخفاء حيثُ عمل رفقة كات ويليامز، بابلو فرانسيسكو وَغابرييل ايغليسياس كما عمل لبعض الوقت في موقع نينغ وهي تجربة علّمتهُ الكثير كما صرّح في إحدى الخرجات الصحفيّة. انتقلَ منهاج في عام 2009 إلى لوس أنجلوس للمشاركة في برنامج هيئة الإذاعة الوطنية الوقوف على التنوع. انتقل حسن للعمل على منصّة يوتيوب ثمّ ظهر في عام 2013 في دور ثانوي في مسلسل عائلة بلوث. عمل حسن على مسلسل ويب حمل اسمَ الحقيقة مع حسن منهاج منذ عام 2014 كما شاركَ في ذات العام في فيديو لعبة الصرخة البعيدة 4.
في 19 نوفمبر/تشرين الثاني 2014؛ انضمّ منهاج لتقديم برنامج ذا ديلي شو جنبًا إلى جنب معَ الكوميدي الآخر جون ستيوارت. بحلول 18 يونيو/حزيران 2016؛ كانَ صيت منهاج قد ذاعَ في عالم الكوميديا في أمريكا فصارَ معروفًا لدى الجمهور خاصّةً بعدما ظهرَ في عددٍ من الأفلام ومثل لصالح مجموعة من القنوات. في 29 أبريل عام 2017؛ شاركَ منهاج في ندوة نظمتها جمعية المراسلين في البيت الأبيض وتحدث فيها عن عالم السياسة وعنِ الأحداث الجارية كما تحدث عن علاقة الرئيس الحالي بالصحافة والإعلام حيثُ انتقدَ دونالد ترامب بسبب هجومه المُتكرر على الصحافة ووصفهُ «بالكذاب الكبير».

بدأَ منهاج برنامجًا جديدًا تحتَ عنوان ملك الحفلة في تشرين الأول/أكتوبر 2015؛ وقد تطرق فيه لعددٍ من الموضوعات الرئيسيّة بما في ذلك وضعيّة المُهاجِر في الولايات المتحدة وحياة الهنود المسلمين في كاليفورنيا. بعدما بزغَ نجمهُ في عالم الكوميديا؛ تعاقدت نيتفليكس معه وبدأت في عرض برامجهِ منذ 23 مايو 2017. بحلول آذار/مارس 2018؛ أعلنت نيتفليكس أنّها ستسضيفُ برنامجًا أسبوعيًا جديدًا لحسن حملَ اسم باتريوت مع حسن منهاج ويبلغُ عدد حلقاتهِ 32 حلقة. أثار هذا البرنامجُ جدلًا كبيرًا في بداية عام 2019 وخاصة في العالم العربي بعدما حجبت نتفليكس حلقة منهُ داخل السعودية ويتعلقُ الموضوع بالحلقة التي انتقدَ فيها حسن ولي العهد السعودي الأمير محمد بن سلمان وتورطه في قضيّة مقتل جمال خاشقجي كما سخر منهاج من الحرب التي يشنّها التحالف بقيادة السعودية على اليمن وقد استجابت شبكة نتفليكس بعدما تلقت شكاوى من مسؤولين سعوديين يدّعونَ فيها أنّها تخرقُ قوانين المملكة للجرائم الإلكترونية.

الحياة الشخصية
في كانون الثاني/يناير 2015؛ تزوّج منهاج من بينا باتل والتي كانَ قد التقى بها في جامعة كاليفورنيا في ديفيس. بينا هي طبيبة متخصصة تعملُ منذ عام 2013 مع المشردين والمرضى كما تشغل منصب مستشارة في شركة ميد أمريكيا. جديرٌ بالذكر هُنا أنّ باتل من أسرة هندوسيّة ولطالما سُئل الثنائي حولَ نمط العيش بالرغمِ من اعتناق ديانتين مُختلفتين. في الوقت الحالي؛ يعيشُ الزوجان في مدينة نيويورك، وقد حصلَا في 22 أبريل من عام 2018 على طفلتهما الأولى.

Hasan Minhaj

Hasan Minhaj (/ˈhʌsən ˈmɪnhɑːdʒ/;[note 1][1] born September 23, 1985) is an American comedian, writer, producer, political commentator, actor, and television host.

After working as a stand-up comic and appearing in minor television roles, he came to prominence for his work on The Daily Show as its senior correspondent from 2014 to 2018. Minhaj was the featured speaker at the 2017 White House Correspondents’ Dinner.[2] His first stand-up comedy special, Homecoming King, debuted on Netflix on May 23, 2017 received positive reviews from critics[3] and a Peabody Award in 2018.[4] Minhaj left The Daily Show in August 2018 to host a weekly comedy show, Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj, which debuted on Netflix on October 28, 2018.[5] In April 2019, Minhaj was listed among TIME's 100 most influential people in the world
Early life and family
Minhaj comes from an Indian Muslim family originally from Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh, India. His parents, Najme and Seema (née Usmani), migrated to Davis, California, where Minhaj was born and raised.[7][8][9] After his birth, he and his father, a chemist, remained in the United States. His mother returned to India for eight years to complete medical school,[10] visiting the U.S. after three years to give birth to his sister in 1989. Hasan did not know he had a sister until he was eight when his mother and sister returned permanently from India.[11] In addition to English, he is fluent in Hindi and Urdu.[12][13] His sister, Ayesha Minhaj, is an attorney in the San Francisco Bay Area.[14] He attended Davis Senior High School graduating in 2003.[15] Minhaj attended the University of California, Davis, where he majored in political science. He graduated in 2007.[16]

Career
While in college, he became interested in comedy after seeing Chris Rock's Never Scared, the first stand-up special he watched. He began traveling to San Francisco to perform.[9] In 2008, he won Wild 94.9's "Best Comic Standing" competition, which resulted in his working as an opening act for Katt Williams, Pablo Francisco, and Gabriel Iglesias. He also worked part-time for the website Ning, an experience he used to write comedy.[16] Minhaj lists Kevin Shea, W. Kamau Bell, and Arj Barker as inspirations.[9]

In 2009, Minhaj moved to Los Angeles to perform on NBC's Stand-up for Diversity, on which he was a finalist.[16][9] In 2011, he was recurring on the TV sitcom State of Georgia and starred in various roles on the MTV hidden camera show Disaster Date. Through posting on YouTube, he was cast on Failosophy on MTV.[9] In 2013, Minhaj appeared in guest roles on Arrested Development and Getting On.[17] He hosted Stand Up Planet in 2013 and a web series, The Truth with Hasan Minhaj, in 2014.[18] In 2014, he voiced Rabi Ray Rana in the video game Far Cry 4.
On November 19, 2014, Minhaj joined The Daily Show as a correspondent, the last one hired by then-host Jon Stewart. Minhaj was asked to come in for an audition with new material after he sent in a tape of him performing an idea for a Daily Show segment, but he initially panicked as he had no other material prepared. The Friday before Minhaj's audition, Ben Affleck and Bill Maher got into a heated exchange about Islam on Maher's show, and Minhaj used this for a new sketch he called "Batman vs. Bill Maher".[18][19]

On June 18, 2016, Minhaj performed a set as the host of the annual Radio and Television Correspondents Dinner.[20] The set gained attention for his condemnation of the United States Congress' inaction in passing gun control legislation.[26]

On April 29, 2017, Minhaj was the featured speaker at the 2017 White House Correspondents' Dinner, where he took on the traditional role of roasting Washington, D.C. society, national politics, current events, the current president, the Washington press corps, and the American media.[27] He criticized U.S. President Donald Trump, who was boycotting the dinner,[28] calling him the "liar in chief," and reminded the press to do their job.[2]

Minhaj's one-man show, Homecoming King, debuted Off-Broadway in October 2015.[10][29] The show featured a central theme of the immigrant experience in the United States today, illustrated with stories from Minhaj's life as a second-generation Indian-American Muslim. He later turned the show into his first stand-up special, Hasan Minhaj: Homecoming King, which premiered on Netflix on May 23, 2017. The special was filmed at the Mondavi Center at Minhaj's alma mater, UC Davis, in January 2017,[3] and won a television Peabody Award.[30]

In March 2018, Netflix announced that Minhaj would host his own weekly show on the platform.[31][32] The new show, entitled Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj, premiered on October 28, 2018. The show received an initial order of 32 episodes. Patriot Act explores the modern cultural and political landscape.[5]

On November 27, 2018, Comedy Central aired a special titled "Goatface," featuring comedians Hasan Minhaj, Fahim Anwar, Asif Ali and Aristotle Athiras.

Personal life
In January 2015, Minhaj married Beena Patel, whom he had met in college at UC Davis. Beena received a Doctor of Public Health in 2013. She has since worked with homeless patients and holds the position of Management Consultant for MedAmerica. Patel is from a Hindu family, which Minhaj discussed in his comedy special, Homecoming King.[33][34] They live in New York City.[35] On April 22, 2018, the couple had their first child, a baby girl.[36]

In 2019, Minhaj played on the "Away" roster during the NBA All-Star Celebrity Game at the Bojangles' Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina

Bank of Canada

The Bank of Canada (or BoC) (French: Banque du Canada) is a Crown corporation and Canada's central bank.[3] Chartered in 1934 under the Bank of Canada Act, it is responsible for formulating Canada's monetary policy,[4] and for the promotion of a safe and sound financial system within Canada.[5] The Bank of Canada is the sole issuing authority of Canadian banknotes,[6][7] provides banking services and money management for the government, and loans money to Canadian financial institutions.[8][9]

The Bank of Canada headquarters are located at the Bank of Canada Building, 234 Wellington Street in the nation's capital, Ottawa. The building also used to house the Bank of Canada Museum, which opened in December 1980 and temporarily closed in 2013. As of July 2017, the museum is now located at 30 Bank Street, Ottawa, Ontario, but is connected to the main buildings through the Bank of Canada's underground meeting rooms
History
See also: Early Canadian banking system
Prior to the creation of the Bank of Canada, The Bank of Montreal, then the nation's largest bank, acted as the government's banker, and the federal Department of Finance was responsible for printing Canada's banknotes.

In 1933, Prime Minister R.B. Bennett instituted the Royal Commission on Banking and Currency[11] and it reported its policy recommendations in favour of the establishment of a central bank for Canada. The Royal Commission's members consisted of Scottish jurist Lord Macmillan, Bank of England director Sir Charles Addis, Canadian former Finance Minister William Thomas White, Banque Canadienne de Montreal general manager Beaudry Leman, and Premier of Alberta John Edward Brownlee.[12]

The bank was chartered by and under the Bank of Canada Act[13] on 3 July 1934, as a privately owned corporation, a move taken in order to ensure the bank would be free from partisan political influence. The Bank's purpose was set out in the preamble to the act: "to regulate credit and currency in the best interests of the economic life of the nation, to control and protect the external value of the national monetary unit and to mitigate by its influence fluctuations in the general level of production, trade, prices and employment, so far as may be possible within the scope of monetary action, and generally to promote the economic and financial welfare of the Dominion".[14] With the exception of the word "Canada" replacing "the Dominion", the wording today is identical to the 1934 legislation.[15] On 11 March 1935, the Bank of Canada began operations, following the granting of Royal Assent to the Bank of Canada Act.

In 1938, under Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, the bank was legally designated a federal Crown corporation. The Minister of Finance holds the entire share capital issued by the bank. "The capital shall be divided into one hundred thousand shares of the par value of fifty dollars each, which shall be issued to the Minister to be held by the Minister on behalf of Her Majesty in right of Canada."[16] No changes were made in the purpose of the Bank.[17]

The government appointed a Board of Directors to manage the bank, under the leadership of a Governor.[18] Each director swore an oath of "fidelity and secrecy" before taking office.[16]

In 1944, the Bank of Canada then became the sole issuer of legal tender banknotes in and under Canada.[19][12]

During World War II, the Bank of Canada operated the Foreign Exchange Control Board and the War Finance Committee, which raised funds through Victory Bonds.[20][21] After the war, the bank's role was expanded as it was mandated to encourage economic growth in Canada.[22] An Act of Parliament in September 1944 established the subsidiary Business Development Bank of Canada (BDC) to stimulate investment in Canadian businesses. Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's central-bank monetary policy was directed towards increasing the money supply to generate low interest rates, and incentivize full employment. When inflation began to rise in the early 1960s, then-Governor James Coyne ordered a reduction in the Canadian money supply.

Since the 1980s, the main priority of the Bank of Canada has been keeping inflation low.[23] As part of that strategy, interest rates were kept at a low level for almost seven years in the 1990s.[24] Since September 2010, the key interest rate (overnight rate) was 0.5%.

Between 2013 and early 2017, the Bank of Canada temporarily moved its offices to 234 Laurier Street in Ottawa to allow major renovations to its headquarters building.[25]

In mid 2017, inflation remained below the Bank's 2% target, (at 1.6%),[26] mostly because of reductions in the cost of energy, food and automobiles; as well, the economy was in a continuing spurt with a predicted GDP growth of 2.8 percent by year end.[27][28] On 12 July 2017, the bank issued a statement that the benchmark rate would be increased to 0.75%. "The economy can handle very well this move we have today and of course you need to preface that with an acknowledgment that of course interest rates are still very low," Governor Stephen Poloz subsequently said. In its press release, the bank had confirmed that the rate would continue to be evaluated at least partly on the basis of inflation. "Future adjustments to the target for the overnight rate will be guided by incoming data as they inform the bank's inflation outlook, keeping in mind continued uncertainty and financial system vulnerabilities."[29][30] Poloz refused to speculate on the future of the economy but said, "I don't doubt that interest rates will move higher, but there's no predetermined path in mind at this stage".[31]

Roles and responsibilities
The mandate of the Bank of Canada is defined in the Bank of Canada Act preamble and it states,

WHEREAS it is desirable to establish a central bank in Canada to regulate credit and currency in the best interests of the economic life of the nation, to control and protect the external value of the national monetary unit and to mitigate by its influence fluctuations in the general level of production, trade, prices and employment, so far as may be possible within the scope of monetary action, and generally to promote the economic and financial welfare of Canada.[13]

The Bank of Canada's responsibilities focus on the goals of low, stable and predictable inflation; a safe and secure currency; a stable and efficient financial system in Canada and internationally; and effective and efficient funds-management services for the Government of Canada, as well as on its own behalf and for other clients.[9]

In practice, however, it has a more narrow and specific internal definition of that mandate: to keep the rate of inflation (as measured by the Consumer Price Index) between 1% and 3%.[32][33] Since adoption of the 1% to 3% inflation target in 1991[34] and 2015, the average inflation rate was 1.79% .[35] The most potent tool the Bank of Canada has to achieve this goal is its ability to set the interest rate for borrowed money.[36] Because of the large amount of trade between Canada and the United States, specific adjustments to interest rates are often affected by those in the US at the time.[22]

The Bank of Canada is the sole entity authorized to issue currency in the form of bank notes in Canada. The bank does not issue coins; they are issued by the Royal Canadian Mint.
Canada no longer requires banks to maintain fractional reserves with the Bank of Canada. Instead, banks are required to hold highly liquid assets such as treasury bills equal to 30 days of normal withdrawals (liquidity coverage), while leverage is primarily tied to adequate loss-absorbing capital, notably tier one (equity) capital.[37][37]

Type of government institution
The Bank of Canada is structured as a Crown corporation rather than as a government department, with shares held in the name of the Minister of Finance on behalf of the government. While the Bank of Canada Act provides the Minister of Finance with the final authority on matters of monetary policy through the power to issue a directive"[38] no such directive has ever been issued. The bank's earnings go into the federal treasury. The governor and senior deputy governor are appointed by the bank's board of directors. The Deputy Minister of Finance sits on the board of directors but does not have a vote. The bank submits its spending to the board of directors, while departmental spending is overseen by the Treasury Board with their spending estimates submitted to Parliament. Its employees are regulated by the bank and not the federal public service agencies.[13]

Bank of Canada's balance sheet
The bank has a zero book value policy on its balance sheet—matching total assets to total liabilities—and transfers any equity above this amount as a dividend to the Government of Canada. As of 30 December 2015 the Bank of Canada owned C$95 billion in Government of Canada debt. It had a net income in 2014 of $1.039 billion. The Bank of Canada matches its liabilities of $76 billion in currency outstanding, $23 billion in deposits from the government and $3.5 billion in other liabilities—to its assets owning $95 billion in Government of Canada debt and $7.5 billion in other assets.[39] Banknotes in circulation have increased from $70 billion at the end of 2014 to $76 billion at the end of 2015. The Bank of Canada lists cash on its 2014 balance sheet at $8.4 million in currency and foreign deposits.[40] The Bank of Canada's books are audited by external auditors who are appointed by the Cabinet on the recommendation of the Minister of Finance and not by the Auditor General of Canada.

Response to 2007–08 financial crisis
The Bank of Canada 2008 balance sheet expanded to $78.3 billion from $53.7 billion from the previous year. After the financial crisis, these emergency asset purchases were unwound and removed from the central bank's balance sheet. This action represented a fifty per cent increase in the size of the central bank's balance sheet. This central bank transaction was referenced under "securities purchased for resale" from Canada's major banks. It was termed advances to members of the Canadian Payments Association and were liquidity loans made under the bank's standing liquidity facility as well as term advances made under the bank's commitment to provide term liquidity to the Canadian financial system.[41]

Framework for unconventional monetary policy measures
In December 2015, the Bank of Canada forecasted increasing annual growth throughout 2016 and 2017, with the Canadian economy reaching full capacity mid-2017. With this annual growth, the Bank estimated the effective lower bound for its policy interest rate to hit approximately 0.5 per cent. This is differing from the Bank's 2009 assessment of 0.25 per cent.[42]

To ensure Canada's monetary system remains intact should another financial crisis take place, for example, the 2007-2008 global financial crises, the Bank of Canada has put forward a framework for the use of unconventional monetary policy measures.

Principles surrounding the use of unconventional policies have not changed since 2009. Although each crisis is unique, the Bank will ensure it attains its primary focus of achieving the inflation rate.

The Bank of Canada has established these unconventional monetary policy measures after reflecting on its previous annex in its April 2009 MPR, as well as how other central banks responded to the global financial crisis. These measures are in place so, in the improbable circumstance the economy is hit with another significant negative financial shock, the Bank of Canada has principles it can reference. These measures are strictly hypothetical and are in no means being embarked upon at any foreseeable date. The unconventional monetary policy measures is also a living document; because the post-crisis adjustment process continues to develop and best practices are still being garnered, these measures will continue to be worked on and altered as needed.[43]

The framework for the use of unconventional monetary policy measures includes the following four tools:

Forward guidance on the future path of its policy rate;
Stimulating the economy through large-scale asset purchases, otherwise known as quantitative easing;
Funding to ensure credit is available to key economic sectors, and;
Moving its policy rate below zero to encourage spending.
Forward guidance

The first option within the Bank of Canada's toolkit for its framework for the use of unconventional monetary policy measures is forward guidance as it relates to substantial impacts for the future. An example of forward guidance would be the Bank's 2009 statements regarding the conditional commitment to keeping the key policy rate untouched for a year, so long as the inflation rate remained unaffected during this time. Forward guidance, when partnered with conditional commitments, is both an effective and credible approach, allowing the Bank to deliver on its commitment as long as the condition in question is upheld.

Large-scale asset purchases

Although the Bank of Canada engages in asset purchases regularly as for its balance sheets to grow with the economy and enable the distribution of a growing stock of bank notes, in this circumstance, it would go beyond even that to participate in large-scale asset purchases.

Often referred to as quantitative easing, large-scale asset purchases involve establishing new reserves for the purpose of purchasing large quantities of securities, for example government bonds[44] or private assets, such as mortgage-backed securities, from the private sector. The benefits to these purchases are three-fold:

The creation of new liquidity in the central banking system, which results in an increase of available credit should the system be tightened, resulting in supported economic growth;
The lowered interest rate on purchased assets, flattening the yield curve and bringing longer-term interest rates down towards short-term interest rate levels;
The downward pressure on the exchange rate, boosting aggregate demand through increased export sales, resulting in more revenue measured in domestic currency.[45]
Funding for credit

The third unconventional monetary policy tool is funding for credit, which ensures economically-important sectors continue to have access to funding, even if the supply of credit is impaired. In order for this to be effective, the Bank of Canada would provide collateralized funding to others at a subsidized rate as long as they met specified lending objectives. This tool is designed to encourage lending to households and businesses when banks may otherwise face increasing funding costs.

Negative interest rates

Pushing for short-term interest rates below zero has become common amongst many banks, including ECB and Swiss National Bank. Due to the negative interest rates, these financial markets have adapted when faced with a financial crisis and continue to function. The Bank of Canada believes the Canadian financial market is capable of functioning in a negative interest rate environment and, as such, added it to its toolkit for unconventional monetary policy measures.

In previous years, the Bank of Canada had a predetermined sequence of measures in place should a crisis take place. These newly created unconventional measures will work towards finding a solution to a problem in whichever combination of policies is judged appropriate at the given time under their unique circumstances. These unconventional measures, and the sequence in which they would be adapted, are designed to minimize market distortions, as well as risk to the Bank of Canada's balance sheet.[42]

Governor
The head of the Bank of Canada is the governor. While the law provides the Board of Directors with the power to appoint the Governor, in practice they approve the choice of the government.[46] The governor serves a fixed seven-year term which may be renewed, but recent governors have only chosen to serve a single term. With the exception of matters of personal conduct ("good behavior") the Bank of Canada Act does not provide the government with the direct ability to remove a governor during his or her term in office. In the case of profound disagreement between the government and the Bank, the Minister of Finance can issue written instructions for the bank to change its policies.[13] This has never actually happened in the history of the bank to date. In practice, the Governor sets monetary policy independently of the government.

Canadian banknotes bear the signature of the governor and deputy governor of the Bank of Canada.

Governors
Graham Towers (1934–1955)
James Coyne (1955–1961)
Louis Rasminsky (1961–1973)
Gerald Bouey (1973–1987)
John Crow (1987–1994)
Gordon Thiessen (1994–2001)
David A. Dodge (2001–2008)
Mark Carney (2008–2013)[47]
Stephen Poloz (3 June 2013–)[48]
Economic Research
The Bank of Canada has a large economic research staff which prepare reports independently from the Bank's Governing Council. This research may support the prevailing policy views of the Governing Council, but may also differ from official Bank views with the opinions expressed being those solely of the authors.

The analytical notes, discussion papers and working papers prepared by the Bank's economic staff are published on the Bank's website and in its online monthly Research Newsletter, several are published in the quarterly Bank of Canada Review.[49]

Banknote Research and development
The Bank of Canada has a team of chemists, physicists, and engineers it had assembled for the development of the Canadian Journey Series, who determine potential counterfeiting threats and assess substrate materials and potential security features for use in banknote designs.[50] It is part of the "Four Nations Group" of central banks, which includes the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Bank of England, and the Bank of Mexico, that collaborate on banknote security research, testing, and development

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