Melissa Maia de Sousa, better known as Mel Maia (born May 3, 2004[1][2]) is a Brazilian child actress. She rose to fame in 2012, when she played young Rita in the telenovela Avenida Brasil. For that role she received multiple awards. She was born in Rio de Janeiro.
الأحد، 8 سبتمبر 2019
نادي ساو باولو
نادي ساو باولو (بالبرتغالية: São Paulo FC) هو نادي كرة قدم برازيلي فاز بكأس العالم للأندية لكرة القدم التي أقيمت في اليابان في ديسمبر 2005م بعد تغلبه علي نادي ليفربول الإنجليزي، ويعد الحارس البرازيلي روجيريو سيني هو أكثر اللاعبين مشاركة في مباريات النادي برصيد 1238 مباراة بينما يعد سيرجينيو تشولابا هو الهداف التاريخي للنادي برصيد 242 هدفاً
Sao páulo fc
São Paulo Futebol Clube (Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w ˈpawlu fuʧiˈbɔw ˈklubi]), simply known as São Paulo, is a Brazilian professional football club based in the city of São Paulo. It plays in the Campeonato Paulista (the State of São Paulo's premier state league) and Campeonato Brasileiro (the top tier of the Brazilian football league system).
As for international titles, SPFC is the most successful team from Brazil, with 12 international titles. It is also one of the most successful South American clubs in terms of overall titles, having won 21 state titles, six Brasileirão titles, three Copa Libertadores titles, one Copa Sudamericana, one Supercopa Libertadores, one Copa CONMEBOL, one Copa Masters CONMEBOL, two Recopa Sudamericanas, two Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Founded in 1930, São Paulo was an inaugural member of the Clube dos 13 group of Brazil's leading football clubs. The club's most consistent spell of success came in the 1990s, under coach Telê Santana, when it won three state titles, one national championship, two Copa Libertadores, two Recopa Sudamericanas, two Intercontinental Cups, a Supercopa Sudamericana, a Copa CONMEBOL, and a Copa Masters CONMEBOL.
São Paulo is the third best-supported club in Brazil, with over 16 million supporters.[7] The team's traditional home kit is a white shirt with two horizontal stripes (one red and one black), white shorts and white socks.[8] Its home ground is the 67,052-seater Morumbi football stadium in São Paulo,[9] where it has played since 1947.[10] The stadium was the venue for the Copa Libertadores finals of 1992, 1993, 1994, 2000, 2003, 2005 and 2006. São Paulo is the second richest Brazilian football club in terms of revenue, with an annual revenue of $111.9m (€78.2m), and the nation's second most valuable club, worth over $353.4m (€246.9m) in 2011.
São Paulo FC was founded on 25 January 1930 by 60 former officials, players, members and friends of the football clubs CA Paulistano and AA das Palmeiras of São Paulo. Paulistano, founded in 1900 and thus one of the oldest clubs in town and 11-time champions of São Paulo, abandoned football due to the professionalization of the sport. Palmeiras, founded in 1902 and three-time champions of São Paulo, intended after the end of the season 1929 to set up a professional team, but failed to do so.[citation needed]
Paulistano brought into the union star players like Arthur Friedenreich and Araken Patuska. Palmeiras' contribution was the stadium Estádio da Floresta, generally known as Chácara da Floresta.[citation needed]
The jerseys of the new club were derived from the ones of Palmeiras, which were white and sported a black ring across the chest. To the black-and-white of Palmeiras was added the red-and-white of Paulistano, thus, the ring became red, white and black.[citation needed]
Internal arguments and turmoil led to financial problems. The club merged with Clube de Regatas Tietê, another sports club from the town, and the football department was disbanded on 14 May 1935.[12]
1935–1939: The Rebirth of São Paulo FC
Just after the merger with Tietê, the founders and re-founders created the Grêmio Tricolor, which formed Clube Atlético São Paulo on 4 June 1935, and, finally, São Paulo Futebol Clube on 16 December of the same year.[13]
The new club's first game was against Portuguesa Santista on 25 January 1936. The match was almost cancelled, owing to the city's anniversary, but Porphyrio da Paz, the football director and composer of the club's anthem, obtained permission from the Board of Education Office for the game to continue.[14]
Another merger occurred in 1938, this time with Clube Atlético Estudantes Paulista, from the neighborhood of Moóca, and the club finished as runners-up in the Campeonato Paulista.
1940–1950: The Steam Roller
In 1940, when the Estádio do Pacaembu was inaugurated, a new era began in São Paulo state football. São Paulo Futebol Clube finished as runners-up once again in the Campeonato Paulista in 1941, and a year later the club paid 200 and a year later the club paid 200 contos de réis (equivalent to approximately R$162,000 today) to acquire Leônidas from Flamengo. During this period, São Paulo also acquired the Argentinian António Sastre and Brazilians Noronha, José Carlos Bauer, Zezé Procópio, Luizinho, Rui and Teixeirinha. With these new additions, Tricolor became known as the Steam Roller, winning the Paulista championship five times, in 1943, 1945, 1946, 1948 and 1949. The club sold its Canindé training ground to Portuguesa to raise money for their new stadium the Estádio do Morumbi, for which construction began in 1952.
As for international titles, SPFC is the most successful team from Brazil, with 12 international titles. It is also one of the most successful South American clubs in terms of overall titles, having won 21 state titles, six Brasileirão titles, three Copa Libertadores titles, one Copa Sudamericana, one Supercopa Libertadores, one Copa CONMEBOL, one Copa Masters CONMEBOL, two Recopa Sudamericanas, two Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Founded in 1930, São Paulo was an inaugural member of the Clube dos 13 group of Brazil's leading football clubs. The club's most consistent spell of success came in the 1990s, under coach Telê Santana, when it won three state titles, one national championship, two Copa Libertadores, two Recopa Sudamericanas, two Intercontinental Cups, a Supercopa Sudamericana, a Copa CONMEBOL, and a Copa Masters CONMEBOL.
São Paulo is the third best-supported club in Brazil, with over 16 million supporters.[7] The team's traditional home kit is a white shirt with two horizontal stripes (one red and one black), white shorts and white socks.[8] Its home ground is the 67,052-seater Morumbi football stadium in São Paulo,[9] where it has played since 1947.[10] The stadium was the venue for the Copa Libertadores finals of 1992, 1993, 1994, 2000, 2003, 2005 and 2006. São Paulo is the second richest Brazilian football club in terms of revenue, with an annual revenue of $111.9m (€78.2m), and the nation's second most valuable club, worth over $353.4m (€246.9m) in 2011.
São Paulo FC was founded on 25 January 1930 by 60 former officials, players, members and friends of the football clubs CA Paulistano and AA das Palmeiras of São Paulo. Paulistano, founded in 1900 and thus one of the oldest clubs in town and 11-time champions of São Paulo, abandoned football due to the professionalization of the sport. Palmeiras, founded in 1902 and three-time champions of São Paulo, intended after the end of the season 1929 to set up a professional team, but failed to do so.[citation needed]
Paulistano brought into the union star players like Arthur Friedenreich and Araken Patuska. Palmeiras' contribution was the stadium Estádio da Floresta, generally known as Chácara da Floresta.[citation needed]
The jerseys of the new club were derived from the ones of Palmeiras, which were white and sported a black ring across the chest. To the black-and-white of Palmeiras was added the red-and-white of Paulistano, thus, the ring became red, white and black.[citation needed]
Internal arguments and turmoil led to financial problems. The club merged with Clube de Regatas Tietê, another sports club from the town, and the football department was disbanded on 14 May 1935.[12]
1935–1939: The Rebirth of São Paulo FC
Just after the merger with Tietê, the founders and re-founders created the Grêmio Tricolor, which formed Clube Atlético São Paulo on 4 June 1935, and, finally, São Paulo Futebol Clube on 16 December of the same year.[13]
The new club's first game was against Portuguesa Santista on 25 January 1936. The match was almost cancelled, owing to the city's anniversary, but Porphyrio da Paz, the football director and composer of the club's anthem, obtained permission from the Board of Education Office for the game to continue.[14]
Another merger occurred in 1938, this time with Clube Atlético Estudantes Paulista, from the neighborhood of Moóca, and the club finished as runners-up in the Campeonato Paulista.
1940–1950: The Steam Roller
In 1940, when the Estádio do Pacaembu was inaugurated, a new era began in São Paulo state football. São Paulo Futebol Clube finished as runners-up once again in the Campeonato Paulista in 1941, and a year later the club paid 200 and a year later the club paid 200 contos de réis (equivalent to approximately R$162,000 today) to acquire Leônidas from Flamengo. During this period, São Paulo also acquired the Argentinian António Sastre and Brazilians Noronha, José Carlos Bauer, Zezé Procópio, Luizinho, Rui and Teixeirinha. With these new additions, Tricolor became known as the Steam Roller, winning the Paulista championship five times, in 1943, 1945, 1946, 1948 and 1949. The club sold its Canindé training ground to Portuguesa to raise money for their new stadium the Estádio do Morumbi, for which construction began in 1952.
Mahesh Bhatt
Mahesh Bhatt (born 20 September 1948) is an Indian film director, producer and screenwriter known for his works exclusively in Hindi cinema. A stand-out film from his earlier period is Saaransh (1984), screened at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival. It became India's official entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for that year.[2] The 1986 film Naam was his first piece of commercial cinema. In 1987, he turned producer with the film Kabzaa under the banner, "Vishesh Films", with his brother Mukesh Bhatt.
Bhatt went on to become one of the most recognized directors of the Indian film industry in the next decade, giving both art-house works such as Daddy (1989) and Swayam (1991), as well as commercial romantic hits like Awaargi (1990), Aashiqui (1990) and Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin (1991), in which he cast Pooja with actor Aamir Khan. He next directed Sadak (1991) which remains his highest grossing either directed or produced under the banner, "Vishesh Films".
During the 1990s Bhatt won critical acclaim for Sir (1993), along with other hits such as Gumraah (1993) and Criminal (1994). In 1994 he won the National Film Award – Special Jury Award for directing Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993). In 1999, he directed the autobiographical Zakhm, which has garnered the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration. Bhatt has produced contemporary films such as Jism, Murder and Woh Lamhe.[3] He co-owns film producing company Vishesh Films with his brother Mukesh Bhatt.
Bhatt was born to Nanabhai Bhatt and Shirin Mohammad Ali.[5] Bhatt's father was a Hindu Nagar Brahmin [6] and his mother was a Gujarati Muslim.[7][8][9][10]
Among his siblings is the Indian film producer Mukesh Bhatt. Bhatt did his schooling from Don Bosco High School, Matunga. While still in school, Bhatt started summer jobs to earn money, while also making product advertisements. He was introduced to film director Raj Khosla through acquaintances. Bhatt thus started as assistant director to Khosla. Bhatt married his first wife Kiran (born Lorraine Bright) whom he had met while still a student. His romance with her was the inspiration for his film Aashiqui.[3] Bhatt and Kiran had two children (Pooja Bhatt and Rahul Bhatt) but his marriage stumbled following the difficulties of his early career. Bhatt later fell in love with actress Soni Razdan and married her.[3] Bhatt and Soni have two daughters Shaheen Bhatt and Alia Bhatt.
Mainstream
At the age 26, Bhatt made his debut as a director with the film Manzilein Aur Bhi Hain in 1974. His 1979 Lahu Ke Do Rang, starring Shabana Azmi and Vinod Khanna in lead roles, won two Filmfare Awards in 1980:[11] Helen received her first Filmfare as Best Supporting Actress and Madhukar Shinde won it for Best Art Direction. The film did "above average" at the box office.[12] He was noticed and received great critical acclaim with art film Arth (1982), when he turned to his personal life for inspiration but doubt persists as to whether it is an original film. Later, he made many more films taking insights from his personal life wherein he highlighted personal narratives ranging from out-of-wedlock birth, to extramarital affair, and created critically acclaimed works such as Janam (1985) and Saaransh (1984), an exploration of an old couple's anxieties in a universe governed by arbitrary violence, (1986).
Bhatt had one of his biggest releases with musical romance film Aashiqui (1990), in collaboration with T-Series. The film launched Rahul Roy, Anu Agarwal and Deepak Tijori in the lead roles and became a major commercial success due to the hugely popular soundtrack by Nadeem-Shravan, which catapulted the music director duo into stardom. He launched his daughter Pooja Bhatt as a lead actress opposite Aamir Khan in Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin (1991). The film was a commercial success and hugely acclaimed for its soundtrack. Bhatt's directorial Saathi (1991) was the only major success for Aditya Pancholi as a lead actor, thus giving a boost to his career. It was the biggest hit of the actor's career.[citation needed]
Bhatt's biggest release during that time was Sir (1993). The film launched Atul Agnihotri opposite Pooja Bhatt and Naseeruddin Shah was featured in the title role of an aspiring and dedicated teacher. The film was a commercial success and gained critical acclaim for Bhatt's direction and the acting of Shah, Pooja, Agnihotri and Paresh Rawal. The film had an acclaimed and popular soundtrack by Anu Malik, which gave a boost to the music director's stellar career and he joined the league of top music directors of Bollywood.
In 1995 he moved to television, then a newly opening medium in India. He made two TV series in 1995: the English language A Mouthful of Sky written by Ashok Banker and the popular Hindi language serial Swabhimaan scripted by writer Shobha De. He directed another TV series, Kabhie Kabhie, in 1997 which was written by Anurag Kashyap, Vinta Nanda and Kamlesh Kunti Singh. He is known to have copied many Hollywood movies into mainstream Hindi movies without even acknowledging it. For example, Fugitive was remade in Hindi as Criminal. He has many times copied portion of Hollywood movie scene and enacts into his films. Following this, he directed dramas like Dastak (1996), the debut film of Miss Universe 1994-turned-actress Sushmita Sen, and Tamanna (1997), and tried his hand at comedy with Duplicate in 1998. Zakhm (1998) based on the Mumbai riots of 1993.
His last film as director was Kartoos (1999) which did average business at the box office. Thereafter, Bhatt retired a director and took to screenwriting, churning out stories and screenplays for over twenty films, many of which were box-office successes, like Dushman, Raaz, Murder (2004), Gangster (2006), Woh Lamhe (2006), based on the life of actress Parveen Babi, along with many more. His banner vishesh films still continues operating today as one of Indian Cinemas leading production banners. Bhatt entered into the world of theatre with his protege Imran Zahid as of now he has produced three plays. The Last Salute, based on Muntadhar al-Zaidi's book of the same title, a journalist investigating atrocities Trial of Errors, that opened on 29 March 2013 in Delhi. stage adaptation of Bhatt of his movie, Arth (film).[13][14][15][16] Bhatt also produced The Last Salute, a play directed by Arvind Gaur, based on Muntadhar al-Zaidi's book, starring Imran Zahid.[17][18][19] [20]
Other professional work
Bhatt is co-owner of film production house, Vishesh Films, with Mukesh Bhatt. He is a member of the advisory board of U.S. nonprofit TeachAIDS.[21]
He has hosted some episodes of two science magazine programmes - Turning Point and Imaging Science on Doordarshan in 1990s.[22]
As of December 2018 Bhatt was a member of the Board of Patrons of the Mother Theresa Awards.[23]
Political views
Bhatt believes the Congress party is committed to secularism. In the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, he campaigned in a Karvan-e-Bedari (caravan of awareness) asking people to vote for Congress[24] and defeat BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate Narendra Modi, as he believes that Mr. Modi is communal.[25] Bhatt also criticizes the communal record of Congress Party, for its role in 1984 Sikh genocide. He is planning to make a film, which will address the 1984 Sikh genocide that took place in Delhi.[26]
Personal life
Bhatt fell in love with Lorraine Bright and got married when he was 20 years old. Bright changed her name to Kiran Bhatt.[3] The couple have two children, a daughter Pooja Bhatt, a former actress, now a producer, and a son Rahul Bhatt, an aspiring actor. The marriage ended when Bhatt had an affair with the glamorous actress of the 1970s, Parveen Babi.[3] The affair did not last long. Bhatt later married Soni Razdan in 1986.[3][27] The couple have two daughters, Shaheen Bhatt and Alia Bhatt. Emraan Hashmi is his cousin Anwar Hashmi's son and thus his nephew.
In the 1970s, he became a follower of Osho, and later found spiritual companionship and guidance with philosopher, U.G. Krishnamurti. Bhatt calls Krishnamurti his lifeline and says "Take him away, and I am empty".[3] Bhatt in 1992 wrote Krishnamurti's biography titled U.G. Krishnamurti, A Life.[28] Apart from this he has edited several books based on conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti. Bhatt's latest book A Taste of Life: The Last Days of U.G. Krishnamurti was published in June 2009.[29]
Mahesh Bhatt has been involved in campaigning for the cause of Kashmiri Pandit resettlement in the valley.[30]
Legacy
As a director and producer, Mahesh Bhatt has a legacy of mentoring many actors and actresses and launching their careers, giving big names to Bollywood. He is notable for launching the careers of Anupam Kher in Saaransh (1984), Rahul Roy, Anu Agarwal and Deepak Tijori in Aashiqui (1990), daughter Pooja Bhatt in Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin and Sadak (1991), Atul Agnihotri in Sir (1993), Sonali Bendre in Naaraaz (1994), Samir Soni in A Mouthful of Sky (1995), Sharad Kapoor, Sushmita Sen and Mukul Dev in Dastak (1996), Ashutosh Rana in Tamanna (1997), Manoj Bajpayee in Dastak (1996) and Tamanna (1997). Dushman (1998) and Sangharsh (1999), Aftab Shivdasani in Kasoor (2001), Dino Morea and Bipasha Basu in Raaz (2002), Aparna Tilak in Footpath (2003), Emraan Hashmi in Footpath and Murder (2004), Mallika Sherawat in Murder (2004), Kunal Khemu in Kalyug (2005), Shiney Ahuja and Kangana Ranaut in Gangster and Woh Lamhe (2006).[31]
Bhatt has also given breakthrough to many stars, bringing turning point in their careers. These names include Sanjay Dutt and Kumar Gaurav in Naam (1986), Aditya Pancholi in Saathi (1991), Aamir Khan in Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin (1991), Juhi Chawla in Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993), which also fetched her Filmfare Award for Best Actress, Paresh Rawal in Sir (1993), and Shraddha Kapoor and Aditya Roy Kapoor in Aashiqui 2 (2013).[citation needed]
Bhatt is also known for his choice of music. Many composers had their first mainstream success in Bollywood while working with him. Nadeem-Shravan had their first hit album in Bollywood with Bhatt's directorial Aashiqui, which established them as the biggest music directors for the next decade. They would collaborate with Bhatt in many films to create successful soundtracks. Examples include Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin, Sadak and Saathi (1991), Junoon (1992), Tadipaar and Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993). Nadeem-Shravan went on to compose music for several productions of Vishesh Films.
Bhatt went on to become one of the most recognized directors of the Indian film industry in the next decade, giving both art-house works such as Daddy (1989) and Swayam (1991), as well as commercial romantic hits like Awaargi (1990), Aashiqui (1990) and Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin (1991), in which he cast Pooja with actor Aamir Khan. He next directed Sadak (1991) which remains his highest grossing either directed or produced under the banner, "Vishesh Films".
During the 1990s Bhatt won critical acclaim for Sir (1993), along with other hits such as Gumraah (1993) and Criminal (1994). In 1994 he won the National Film Award – Special Jury Award for directing Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993). In 1999, he directed the autobiographical Zakhm, which has garnered the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration. Bhatt has produced contemporary films such as Jism, Murder and Woh Lamhe.[3] He co-owns film producing company Vishesh Films with his brother Mukesh Bhatt.
Bhatt was born to Nanabhai Bhatt and Shirin Mohammad Ali.[5] Bhatt's father was a Hindu Nagar Brahmin [6] and his mother was a Gujarati Muslim.[7][8][9][10]
Among his siblings is the Indian film producer Mukesh Bhatt. Bhatt did his schooling from Don Bosco High School, Matunga. While still in school, Bhatt started summer jobs to earn money, while also making product advertisements. He was introduced to film director Raj Khosla through acquaintances. Bhatt thus started as assistant director to Khosla. Bhatt married his first wife Kiran (born Lorraine Bright) whom he had met while still a student. His romance with her was the inspiration for his film Aashiqui.[3] Bhatt and Kiran had two children (Pooja Bhatt and Rahul Bhatt) but his marriage stumbled following the difficulties of his early career. Bhatt later fell in love with actress Soni Razdan and married her.[3] Bhatt and Soni have two daughters Shaheen Bhatt and Alia Bhatt.
Mainstream
At the age 26, Bhatt made his debut as a director with the film Manzilein Aur Bhi Hain in 1974. His 1979 Lahu Ke Do Rang, starring Shabana Azmi and Vinod Khanna in lead roles, won two Filmfare Awards in 1980:[11] Helen received her first Filmfare as Best Supporting Actress and Madhukar Shinde won it for Best Art Direction. The film did "above average" at the box office.[12] He was noticed and received great critical acclaim with art film Arth (1982), when he turned to his personal life for inspiration but doubt persists as to whether it is an original film. Later, he made many more films taking insights from his personal life wherein he highlighted personal narratives ranging from out-of-wedlock birth, to extramarital affair, and created critically acclaimed works such as Janam (1985) and Saaransh (1984), an exploration of an old couple's anxieties in a universe governed by arbitrary violence, (1986).
Bhatt had one of his biggest releases with musical romance film Aashiqui (1990), in collaboration with T-Series. The film launched Rahul Roy, Anu Agarwal and Deepak Tijori in the lead roles and became a major commercial success due to the hugely popular soundtrack by Nadeem-Shravan, which catapulted the music director duo into stardom. He launched his daughter Pooja Bhatt as a lead actress opposite Aamir Khan in Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin (1991). The film was a commercial success and hugely acclaimed for its soundtrack. Bhatt's directorial Saathi (1991) was the only major success for Aditya Pancholi as a lead actor, thus giving a boost to his career. It was the biggest hit of the actor's career.[citation needed]
Bhatt's biggest release during that time was Sir (1993). The film launched Atul Agnihotri opposite Pooja Bhatt and Naseeruddin Shah was featured in the title role of an aspiring and dedicated teacher. The film was a commercial success and gained critical acclaim for Bhatt's direction and the acting of Shah, Pooja, Agnihotri and Paresh Rawal. The film had an acclaimed and popular soundtrack by Anu Malik, which gave a boost to the music director's stellar career and he joined the league of top music directors of Bollywood.
In 1995 he moved to television, then a newly opening medium in India. He made two TV series in 1995: the English language A Mouthful of Sky written by Ashok Banker and the popular Hindi language serial Swabhimaan scripted by writer Shobha De. He directed another TV series, Kabhie Kabhie, in 1997 which was written by Anurag Kashyap, Vinta Nanda and Kamlesh Kunti Singh. He is known to have copied many Hollywood movies into mainstream Hindi movies without even acknowledging it. For example, Fugitive was remade in Hindi as Criminal. He has many times copied portion of Hollywood movie scene and enacts into his films. Following this, he directed dramas like Dastak (1996), the debut film of Miss Universe 1994-turned-actress Sushmita Sen, and Tamanna (1997), and tried his hand at comedy with Duplicate in 1998. Zakhm (1998) based on the Mumbai riots of 1993.
His last film as director was Kartoos (1999) which did average business at the box office. Thereafter, Bhatt retired a director and took to screenwriting, churning out stories and screenplays for over twenty films, many of which were box-office successes, like Dushman, Raaz, Murder (2004), Gangster (2006), Woh Lamhe (2006), based on the life of actress Parveen Babi, along with many more. His banner vishesh films still continues operating today as one of Indian Cinemas leading production banners. Bhatt entered into the world of theatre with his protege Imran Zahid as of now he has produced three plays. The Last Salute, based on Muntadhar al-Zaidi's book of the same title, a journalist investigating atrocities Trial of Errors, that opened on 29 March 2013 in Delhi. stage adaptation of Bhatt of his movie, Arth (film).[13][14][15][16] Bhatt also produced The Last Salute, a play directed by Arvind Gaur, based on Muntadhar al-Zaidi's book, starring Imran Zahid.[17][18][19] [20]
Other professional work
Bhatt is co-owner of film production house, Vishesh Films, with Mukesh Bhatt. He is a member of the advisory board of U.S. nonprofit TeachAIDS.[21]
He has hosted some episodes of two science magazine programmes - Turning Point and Imaging Science on Doordarshan in 1990s.[22]
As of December 2018 Bhatt was a member of the Board of Patrons of the Mother Theresa Awards.[23]
Political views
Bhatt believes the Congress party is committed to secularism. In the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, he campaigned in a Karvan-e-Bedari (caravan of awareness) asking people to vote for Congress[24] and defeat BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate Narendra Modi, as he believes that Mr. Modi is communal.[25] Bhatt also criticizes the communal record of Congress Party, for its role in 1984 Sikh genocide. He is planning to make a film, which will address the 1984 Sikh genocide that took place in Delhi.[26]
Personal life
Bhatt fell in love with Lorraine Bright and got married when he was 20 years old. Bright changed her name to Kiran Bhatt.[3] The couple have two children, a daughter Pooja Bhatt, a former actress, now a producer, and a son Rahul Bhatt, an aspiring actor. The marriage ended when Bhatt had an affair with the glamorous actress of the 1970s, Parveen Babi.[3] The affair did not last long. Bhatt later married Soni Razdan in 1986.[3][27] The couple have two daughters, Shaheen Bhatt and Alia Bhatt. Emraan Hashmi is his cousin Anwar Hashmi's son and thus his nephew.
In the 1970s, he became a follower of Osho, and later found spiritual companionship and guidance with philosopher, U.G. Krishnamurti. Bhatt calls Krishnamurti his lifeline and says "Take him away, and I am empty".[3] Bhatt in 1992 wrote Krishnamurti's biography titled U.G. Krishnamurti, A Life.[28] Apart from this he has edited several books based on conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti. Bhatt's latest book A Taste of Life: The Last Days of U.G. Krishnamurti was published in June 2009.[29]
Mahesh Bhatt has been involved in campaigning for the cause of Kashmiri Pandit resettlement in the valley.[30]
Legacy
As a director and producer, Mahesh Bhatt has a legacy of mentoring many actors and actresses and launching their careers, giving big names to Bollywood. He is notable for launching the careers of Anupam Kher in Saaransh (1984), Rahul Roy, Anu Agarwal and Deepak Tijori in Aashiqui (1990), daughter Pooja Bhatt in Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin and Sadak (1991), Atul Agnihotri in Sir (1993), Sonali Bendre in Naaraaz (1994), Samir Soni in A Mouthful of Sky (1995), Sharad Kapoor, Sushmita Sen and Mukul Dev in Dastak (1996), Ashutosh Rana in Tamanna (1997), Manoj Bajpayee in Dastak (1996) and Tamanna (1997). Dushman (1998) and Sangharsh (1999), Aftab Shivdasani in Kasoor (2001), Dino Morea and Bipasha Basu in Raaz (2002), Aparna Tilak in Footpath (2003), Emraan Hashmi in Footpath and Murder (2004), Mallika Sherawat in Murder (2004), Kunal Khemu in Kalyug (2005), Shiney Ahuja and Kangana Ranaut in Gangster and Woh Lamhe (2006).[31]
Bhatt has also given breakthrough to many stars, bringing turning point in their careers. These names include Sanjay Dutt and Kumar Gaurav in Naam (1986), Aditya Pancholi in Saathi (1991), Aamir Khan in Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin (1991), Juhi Chawla in Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993), which also fetched her Filmfare Award for Best Actress, Paresh Rawal in Sir (1993), and Shraddha Kapoor and Aditya Roy Kapoor in Aashiqui 2 (2013).[citation needed]
Bhatt is also known for his choice of music. Many composers had their first mainstream success in Bollywood while working with him. Nadeem-Shravan had their first hit album in Bollywood with Bhatt's directorial Aashiqui, which established them as the biggest music directors for the next decade. They would collaborate with Bhatt in many films to create successful soundtracks. Examples include Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin, Sadak and Saathi (1991), Junoon (1992), Tadipaar and Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993). Nadeem-Shravan went on to compose music for several productions of Vishesh Films.
WORLD PHYSIOTHERAPY DAY
World Physical Therapy Day is observed to generate awareness about the crucial contribution physical therapists make to society, enabling people to be mobile, well, and independent. This is observed on 8 September.[1] This day was designated in 1996 by the World Confederation for Physical Therapy
Rakul Preet Singh
Rakul Preet Singh (born 10 October 1990) is an Indian film actress and model who predominantly works in the Telugu and Tamil film industries.[4] She has also appeared in a number of Hindi and Kannada movies.
Currently, she is appointed as the brand ambassador for Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao programme by Telangana State Government.[5]
She started career as a model while in college, during which she also made her acting debut in the Kannada film Gilli (2009). In 2011 she participated in the Femina Miss India pageant,[6] in which she was placed fifth and won five pageant titles including People's Choice Miss Indiatimes, Pantaloons Femina Miss Fresh Face, Femina Miss Talented, Femina Miss Beautiful Smile and Femina Miss Beautiful Eyes.[7][8][9]
She subsequently opted to become a full-time actress, making her Telugu debut in Keratam the same year and her Tamil debut in Thadaiyara Thaakka, the following year. In 2014 she also made her Bollywood debut in Yaariyan in which her performance was better received.
She was part of the commercially successful films like Venkatadri Express (2013), Current Theega (2014), Rough (2014), Loukyam (2014), Kick 2 (2015), Sarrainodu (2016), Nannaku Prematho (2016), Dhruva (2016), Spyder (2017) and Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru (2017) and established herself as the leading actress in Telugu Cinema.
Rakul Preet Singh, who said that she had always dreamt of being an actress, began her career in modelling at age 18 while she was still in college.[13] In 2009 she made her acting debut in the Kannada film, Gilli, a remake of Selvaraghavan's 7G Rainbow Colony.[14] She stated that she signed up the film "with the aim to earn a little extra pocket money" and that she was unaware "how big south Indian films were".[14] She won critical acclaim for her role in the film before returning to complete her degree and compete in the 2011 Femina Miss India pageant.[15] Apart from the People's Choice Miss Indiatimes, she won four subtitles at the pageant including Pantaloons Femina Miss Fresh Face, Femina Miss Talented, Femina Miss Beautiful Smile and Femina Miss Beautiful Eyes. [12]
She returned to films in 2011, featuring opposite Siddharth Rajkumar in Keratam which was released both in Telugu and Malayalam languages, though critics noted that "she got very little screen time".[16] The film was also made in Tamil simultaneously titled as "Yuvan" with the same cast but different director.[17] In 2012, she appeared in a supporting role in the Tamil film Thadaiyara Thaakka.[18]
In Jan 2013 she appeared in a Tamil film titled Puthagam. In November 2013 she was seen in Venkatadri Express in Telugu, the latter becoming a commercial success[19][20] and earning her first ever Best Actress nomination at the 61st Filmfare Awards South.[21]
In 2014, she debuted in a starring role in Bollywood with Divya Kumar's directorial debut Yaariyan,[22] after which her third Tamil film Yennamo Yedho released. By mid-2014, she was working on three Telugu films simultaneously,[23] which were directed by Sriwass,[24] G. Nageswara Reddy,[25] and Gopichand Malineni. Sriwass's Loukyam and G. Nageswara Reddy's Current Theega were her next releases. She received positive reviews for her performances in both films,[26][27] with 123telugu.com going on to claim that she was "slowly becoming a star actress".[28] She received her second Best Actress nomination at 62nd Filmfare Awards South. Her next released film was Pandaga Chesko in which she was starred opposite Ram Pothineni and directed by Gopichand Malineni.
Public recognition and success (2015–present)
Rakul Preet Singh was then selected as the female lead in half-a-dozen, four of which are high-profile Telugu films: Surender Reddy's Kick 2 opposite Ravi Teja,[29] Srinu Vaitla's Bruce Lee opposite Ram Charan,[30] Sukumar's Nannaku Prematho opposite Jr. Ntr[31] and Boyapati Srinu's Sarrainodu opposite Allu Arjun.[32] She was greatly praised for her movie Nannaku Prematho as she dubbed first time ever for herself in this film[33] and earning her first ever Best Actress award at Jio SIIMA 2017. In January 2016 she signed the film Jaya Janaki Nayaka under the direction of Boyapati Srinu opposite Bellamkonda Sreenivas for which she charged ₹1.5 crore (US$220,000).[34] In February 2016 she signed Surender Reddy's Dhruva starring opposite Ram Charan for the second time.[35]
In early March 2016 she signed Gopichand Malineni's film Winner starring with Sai Dharam Tej for the first time.[36][37] In early July 2016, she signed to AR Murugadoss' bilingual film opposite to Mahesh Babu, titled Spyder.[38][39][40] In September 2016 she signed another Telugu film titled Rarandoi Veduka Chudham directed by Kalyan Krishna starring opposite Naga Chaitanya.[41] The movie was released on 26 May which was a huge blockbuster.[42] She later has received a lot of applause for her look and character as Bramaramba in Rarandoi Veduka Chudham.[43]
In Dec 2016, she signed her next film titled Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru to pair opposite Karthi.[44]
In early January 2018, she signed her next Tamil film opposite to Suriya under Selvaraghavan direction.[45] After a small sabbatical in Hindi films, she appeared in Neeraj Pandey's Aiyaary starring opposite Sidharth Malhotra, released in February.[46] In March 2018, she signed Tamil film starring opposite Karthi for the second time after the success of Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru.[47][48] In June 2018 she signed another Tamil film starring Sivakarthikeyan for the first time, which is a A. R Rahman musical film.
In 2019, Rakul Preet Singh appeared with Ajay Devgn and Tabu in Luv Ranjan's Bollywood romcom, De De Pyaar De, released in May 2019 and received positive reviews.[49] Her second release of 2019 was a Telugu romantic comedy film Manmadhudu 2, produced by Nagarjuna Akkineni and directed by Rahul Ravindran.[50]
As of August 2019, she has two upcoming films; Milap Milan Zaveri's action drama Marjaavaan, alongside Ritesh Deshmukh, Sidharth Malhotra and Tara Sutaria releasing on 2 October.[51] And, she will be appearing in Tamil vigilante-action film Indian 2, directed by S. Shankar, a sequel to the 1996 film Indian, for which filming began in August.[52]
Other works
She has an active franchise of three functional training gyms named Functional 45. Two of them are in Hyderabad located in Gachibowli and Kokapet and one in Visakhapatnam. She also bought a new apartment in Hyderabad of worth ₹3 crore (US$430,000) to stay with her family
Currently, she is appointed as the brand ambassador for Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao programme by Telangana State Government.[5]
She started career as a model while in college, during which she also made her acting debut in the Kannada film Gilli (2009). In 2011 she participated in the Femina Miss India pageant,[6] in which she was placed fifth and won five pageant titles including People's Choice Miss Indiatimes, Pantaloons Femina Miss Fresh Face, Femina Miss Talented, Femina Miss Beautiful Smile and Femina Miss Beautiful Eyes.[7][8][9]
She subsequently opted to become a full-time actress, making her Telugu debut in Keratam the same year and her Tamil debut in Thadaiyara Thaakka, the following year. In 2014 she also made her Bollywood debut in Yaariyan in which her performance was better received.
She was part of the commercially successful films like Venkatadri Express (2013), Current Theega (2014), Rough (2014), Loukyam (2014), Kick 2 (2015), Sarrainodu (2016), Nannaku Prematho (2016), Dhruva (2016), Spyder (2017) and Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru (2017) and established herself as the leading actress in Telugu Cinema.
Rakul Preet Singh, who said that she had always dreamt of being an actress, began her career in modelling at age 18 while she was still in college.[13] In 2009 she made her acting debut in the Kannada film, Gilli, a remake of Selvaraghavan's 7G Rainbow Colony.[14] She stated that she signed up the film "with the aim to earn a little extra pocket money" and that she was unaware "how big south Indian films were".[14] She won critical acclaim for her role in the film before returning to complete her degree and compete in the 2011 Femina Miss India pageant.[15] Apart from the People's Choice Miss Indiatimes, she won four subtitles at the pageant including Pantaloons Femina Miss Fresh Face, Femina Miss Talented, Femina Miss Beautiful Smile and Femina Miss Beautiful Eyes. [12]
She returned to films in 2011, featuring opposite Siddharth Rajkumar in Keratam which was released both in Telugu and Malayalam languages, though critics noted that "she got very little screen time".[16] The film was also made in Tamil simultaneously titled as "Yuvan" with the same cast but different director.[17] In 2012, she appeared in a supporting role in the Tamil film Thadaiyara Thaakka.[18]
In Jan 2013 she appeared in a Tamil film titled Puthagam. In November 2013 she was seen in Venkatadri Express in Telugu, the latter becoming a commercial success[19][20] and earning her first ever Best Actress nomination at the 61st Filmfare Awards South.[21]
In 2014, she debuted in a starring role in Bollywood with Divya Kumar's directorial debut Yaariyan,[22] after which her third Tamil film Yennamo Yedho released. By mid-2014, she was working on three Telugu films simultaneously,[23] which were directed by Sriwass,[24] G. Nageswara Reddy,[25] and Gopichand Malineni. Sriwass's Loukyam and G. Nageswara Reddy's Current Theega were her next releases. She received positive reviews for her performances in both films,[26][27] with 123telugu.com going on to claim that she was "slowly becoming a star actress".[28] She received her second Best Actress nomination at 62nd Filmfare Awards South. Her next released film was Pandaga Chesko in which she was starred opposite Ram Pothineni and directed by Gopichand Malineni.
Public recognition and success (2015–present)
Rakul Preet Singh was then selected as the female lead in half-a-dozen, four of which are high-profile Telugu films: Surender Reddy's Kick 2 opposite Ravi Teja,[29] Srinu Vaitla's Bruce Lee opposite Ram Charan,[30] Sukumar's Nannaku Prematho opposite Jr. Ntr[31] and Boyapati Srinu's Sarrainodu opposite Allu Arjun.[32] She was greatly praised for her movie Nannaku Prematho as she dubbed first time ever for herself in this film[33] and earning her first ever Best Actress award at Jio SIIMA 2017. In January 2016 she signed the film Jaya Janaki Nayaka under the direction of Boyapati Srinu opposite Bellamkonda Sreenivas for which she charged ₹1.5 crore (US$220,000).[34] In February 2016 she signed Surender Reddy's Dhruva starring opposite Ram Charan for the second time.[35]
In early March 2016 she signed Gopichand Malineni's film Winner starring with Sai Dharam Tej for the first time.[36][37] In early July 2016, she signed to AR Murugadoss' bilingual film opposite to Mahesh Babu, titled Spyder.[38][39][40] In September 2016 she signed another Telugu film titled Rarandoi Veduka Chudham directed by Kalyan Krishna starring opposite Naga Chaitanya.[41] The movie was released on 26 May which was a huge blockbuster.[42] She later has received a lot of applause for her look and character as Bramaramba in Rarandoi Veduka Chudham.[43]
In Dec 2016, she signed her next film titled Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru to pair opposite Karthi.[44]
In early January 2018, she signed her next Tamil film opposite to Suriya under Selvaraghavan direction.[45] After a small sabbatical in Hindi films, she appeared in Neeraj Pandey's Aiyaary starring opposite Sidharth Malhotra, released in February.[46] In March 2018, she signed Tamil film starring opposite Karthi for the second time after the success of Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru.[47][48] In June 2018 she signed another Tamil film starring Sivakarthikeyan for the first time, which is a A. R Rahman musical film.
In 2019, Rakul Preet Singh appeared with Ajay Devgn and Tabu in Luv Ranjan's Bollywood romcom, De De Pyaar De, released in May 2019 and received positive reviews.[49] Her second release of 2019 was a Telugu romantic comedy film Manmadhudu 2, produced by Nagarjuna Akkineni and directed by Rahul Ravindran.[50]
As of August 2019, she has two upcoming films; Milap Milan Zaveri's action drama Marjaavaan, alongside Ritesh Deshmukh, Sidharth Malhotra and Tara Sutaria releasing on 2 October.[51] And, she will be appearing in Tamil vigilante-action film Indian 2, directed by S. Shankar, a sequel to the 1996 film Indian, for which filming began in August.[52]
Other works
She has an active franchise of three functional training gyms named Functional 45. Two of them are in Hyderabad located in Gachibowli and Kokapet and one in Visakhapatnam. She also bought a new apartment in Hyderabad of worth ₹3 crore (US$430,000) to stay with her family
Ram Jethmalani
Ram Boolchand Jethmalani (14 September 1923 – 8 September 2019[2]) was an Indian lawyer and politician. He had served as India's Union Law Minister and as chairman of the Bar Council of India. He has represented a sweep of cases from the high-profile to the controversial for which he has often faced severe criticism. He was the highest paid lawyer in the supreme court of india.
Ram Jethmalani obtained his LL.B.degree at the age of 17[3] and started practising law in his hometown (in today's Pakistan) until the partition of India. He married Durga Jethmalani and later, his second wife, Ratna Jethmalani.[4] The partition led him to move to Mumbai as a refugee and he began his life afresh with his family. He has two sons and two daughters. He announced his retirement from judicial profession on 10 September 2017. Parvati came to his life at the age of 90.
He was elected a member of parliament in the 6th and 7th Lok Sabha on a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ticket from Mumbai. He has served as Law Minister of India and also as Minister of Urban Development during the prime ministership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee against whom he later contested election in the general elections of 2004 from Lucknow constituency. However, in 2010 he came back to BJP and was elected to Rajya Sabha on its ticket from Rajasthan. He has been criticised as being opportunistic because of this.[5]
Jethmalani was a well known face amongst the legal community in India. Even though his forte was criminal law, he had appeared in many high-profile civil cases. From 1993 to 1998, he was one of the lawyers who represented Harshad Mehta during the Harshad Mehta scam and the Narasimha Rao bribery case.[6] On 7 May 2010, he was elected as the president of Supreme Court Bar Association
Personal life
Jethmalani was born in Shikarpur, Sindh in the Sindh division of the then Bombay Presidency, now part of Pakistan in the family of Boolchand Gurmukhdas Jethmalani and Parbati Boolchand.[9] He got a double promotion in school and completed matriculation at the age of 13. He secured an LL.B. degree from Bombay University with a first class first at the young age of 17. At that time, the minimum age for becoming a lawyer was 21, but a special exception (resulting from an application that he made to the court contesting the rule regarding minimum age) allowed him to become a lawyer at 18.[4] He received LL.M. from Bombay University, since Sindh did not have a university of its own at that time.[1]
Jethmalani was married at an age of little above 18, to Durga, in a traditional Indian arranged marriage. In 1947, just before partition, he also married Ratna Shahani, a lawyer by profession. His family today includes both wives and four children – three by Durga (Rani, Shobha, Mahesh) and one by Ratna (Janak)[4][10] Among his two sons and two daughters, Mahesh and Rani were supreme court lawyers. Mahesh is also a BJP leader and Rani was a social activist[11].
Career
As a lawyer
Ram Jethmalani started his career as a lawyer and Professor in Sindh before partition.[12] He started his own law firm in Karachi with his friend A.K. Brohi who was senior to him by seven years.[4] In February 1948, when riots broke out in Karachi, he fled to India on the advice of his friend Brohi and when he came to India in that day he had only a one paisa coin in his pocket and with that note he stayed in the refugee camp for few days.
Jethmalani fought his very first case at the age of 17 in the court of Sindh under Justice Godfrey Davis, contesting the rule regarding minimum age passed by the bar council of Sindh. In a talk at Algebra in June 2017, Jethmalani recounted his very first case fought in India as a refugee. A new law (Bombay Refugees Act) that had just been passed by the then chief minister Morarji Desai treated refugees badly and in an inhumane manner. The act treated refugees in a manner similar to convicted prisoners, allowing the state to relocate, sequester and question them anytime. Jethmalani file a case against this at the Bombay High Court, asking the law to be declared unconstitutional and won it.[13]
Ram Jethmalani next came to the spot light a decade later with his appearance in the K. M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra case in 1959 with Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud, later to become Chief Justice of India. His later defence of a string of smugglers in the late 1960s established Jethmalani’s image as a 'smuggler’s lawyer'. Even back then, he would point out that he was only doing his duty as a lawyer.[14]
In 1954, he became a part-time Professor at the Government Law College, Mumbai for both graduate and post graduate studies. He also taught Comparative law at International Law at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan.[12] He has also been the Chairman of Bar Council of India for four tenures both before and after the emergency. He was also a member of International Bar Association 1996. He has also been Professor Emeritus at Symbiosis Law School, Pune since 2003.
He took up a number of high-profile defence cases as lawyer[15] – people involved in market scams (Harshad Mehta and Ketan Parekh), and a host of gangsters and smugglers including the British citizen Daisy Angus who was acquitted of hashish smuggling after serving five years in jail. He also defended L. K. Advani in the Hawala scam. He was in the news for taking up the defence of Manu Sharma, prime accused in the Jessica Lall murder case; however, he failed to get Manu Sharma acquitted. He was to be defending Lalit Modi, former Indian Premier League (IPL) chairman and commissioner.[16][17][18]
Defended Indira Gandhi's alleged assassins, and challenged the medical evidence (PMR) given by T D Dogra on Indira Gandhi.[19] He later won the acquittal of Balbir Singh.[10]
Defence of Rajiv Gandhi's killers in Madras High Court in 2011[10]
Harshad Mehta's defence in stock market scam[6]
Ketan Parekh's defence in stock market scam
Underworld don Haji Mastan[10]
Defended death sentence of Afzal Guru (Jethmalani in his interview with Rajat Sharma in August 2013 said that he never took up the case of Afzal Guru)
L K Advani's defence in Hawala scandal
Manu Sharma's defence in Jessica Lall murder case[10]
Amit Shah's (Gujarat's former Minister of State for Home) defence in Sohrabuddin fake encounter case.
Amit Jogi's defence (son of Ajit Jogi) in the case of Jaggi murder
Sanjay Chandra bail in Supreme Court in 2G case
Kulbhushan Parashar Bail in Navy War Room leak case
Kanimozhi's defence in 2G spectrum case[10]
Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy's special leave petition on stay for CBI probe on money laundering in his companies
Yeddyurappa's case on illegal mining scam[20]
A. G. Perarivalan, T Suthendraraja alias Santhan and Sriharan alias Murugan – convicted in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case
Ramdev's defence on use of force on the followers of Baba Ramdev at Ramlila grounds on 4 June 2011[21]
Shiv Sena's defence in CPI MLA Krishna Desai murder case
Asaram Bapu's defence in Jodhpur sexual assault case
Lalu Prasad Yadav's defence in The Supreme Court of India; bail was convicted in the fodder scam case on 13 December 2013.[10]
Subrata Roy in Sahara-SEBI case
AIADMK leader Jayalalithaa, who had been convicted in the disproportionate assets case, in the Karnataka High Court[22]
AAP president Arvind Kejriwal in defamation case filed by Arun Jaitley[23][24]
On 9 September 2017, he announced his retirement from the legal profession.[25]
As a politician
Jethmalani contested as an independent candidate from Ulhasnagar supported both by the Shiv Sena and Bharatiya Jan Sangh but he lost the elections.[4] During the emergency period of 1975–1977, he was the chairman of the Bar Association of India. He heavily criticised the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. An arrest warrant was issued against him from Kerala. It was stayed by the Bombay High Court when over 300 lawyers led by Nani Palkhivala appeared for him. However the stay was nullified by the habeas corpus judgment Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla[26] and Ram Jethmalani exiled himself in Canada carrying on his campaign against the emergency. He returned 10 months later after the emergency was lifted. While in Canada, his candidature was filed from Bombay North-West constituency. He won the election and retained the seat in 1980 general elections, but lost to Sunil Dutt of the Indian National Congress in 1985. In the 1977 general elections after the emergency, he ousted the serving Law Minister H. R. Gokhale from Bombay in the Lok Sabha elections and hence started his political career as a parliamentarian.[4] However he was not made law minister himself as Morarji Desai disapproved of his lifestyle.[14]
He became a member of Rajya Sabha in 1988. He became The Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs in 1996 in the Government of India led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee. During the second tenure of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, he was given the portfolio of Union Minister of Urban Affairs and Employment in 1998. But on 13 October 1999 he was again sworn in as the Union Minister for Law, Justice and Company Affairs. However he was asked to resign by the prime minister following differences with the then Chief Justice of India Adarsh Sein Anand and Attorney General of India Soli Sorabjee. It is believed that Jethmalani never enjoyed the confidence of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. He was inducted into the Cabinet on Home Minister Lal Krishna Advani's insistence.[27]
He had also announced his candidature for President of India stating "I owe it to the nation to offer my services" and launched his own political fronts, the Bharat Mukti Morcha, launched as a 'mass movement' in 1987 and in 1995 he launched his own political party called Pavitra Hindustan Kazhagam, with a motto to achieve "Transparency in functioning of Indian Democracy".[14]
In the general elections of 2004, he contested against Atal Bihari Vajpayee from the Lucknow constituency as an independent candidate. The Indian National Congress did not field their candidates in this election; however, he lost. Later on, in 2010, he was given a Rajya Sabha ticket by Bharatiya Janta Party from Rajasthan and he was selected. He is also a member of the Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice.[1] Jethmalani[28] is a person who is known to speak his mind. At a reception[29] hosted by the Pakistan High Commission for the Pakistan Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar who was on a visit to India on 28 July 2011, the former law minister and Rajya Sabha MP Ram Jethmalani in the presence of the Chinese ambassador called China an enemy of both India and Pakistan and warned the Indians and Pakistanis to beware[30] of the Chinese.
In December 2009, the Committee on Judicial Accountability stated that it considered that recommendations for judicial appointments should only be made after a public debate, including review by members of the bar of the affected high courts. This statement was made in relation to controversy about the appointments of justices C. K. Prasad and P. D. Dinakaran. The statement was signed by Jethmalani, Shanti Bhushan, Fali Sam Nariman, Anil B. Divan, Kamini Jaiswal and Prashant Bhushan.[31]
In 2012, Jethmalani wrote to then Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) President Nitin Gadkari, accusing opposition BJP leaders of being "silent against the huge corruption" within the ruling UPA-II government, and stated that BJP "is sick".[32] Jethmalani's letter[33] became public on the internet. The same year, in November, Jethmalani wrote a letter to BJP leader L.K. Advani asking for the removal of Nitin Gadkari as the president of the BJP.[10] He cited the allegations of corruption levelled against Gadkari as the reason for his demand.[10] He had stated "When there are serious allegations against Gadkari, he should have stayed away, if only to raise his stature in the public eye,".[10] He publicly criticised Gadkari, even though Gadkari continued to be the BJP president. When Jethmalani was questioned if the BJP's parent body, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), that had been supporting Gadkari, was controlling BJP, Jethmalani had replied "I am sure the RSS is trying to influence the functioning of the BJP. After all, BJP leaders have grown up with the RSS,".[10]
In May 2013, BJP expelled Jethmalani from the party for six years, for having made anti-party statements.[34] In October 2013, defamation charges were framed against BJP seeking ₹50 lakh (US$72,000) as "null and void and damages" for making a statement that he was not a fit person to be member of the party.[35][33]
Awards and achievements
International Jurist Award[36]
1977 - Human Rights Award instituted by World Peace Through Law for his fight against authoritarianism at Philippines.[12]
Books
Books by Jethmalani
Big Egos, Small Men[37][38] ISBN 978-8-1241-2002-6
Conflict of Laws (1955)[38]
Conscience of a Maverick[39] ISBN 8174765719
Justice: Soviet Style[40][37]
Maverick: Unchanged, Unrepentant[38] ISBN 8129133504
Jethmalani had also co-authored various legal scholarly books on fields of law such as criminal law, administrative law, and media law.[41]
Books on Jethmalani
Ram Jethmalani : The Authorized Biography by Nalini Gera ISBN 0670049360
Rebel: A Biography of Ram Jethmalani by Susan Adelman ISBN 9386495074
Death
Jethmalani died on 8 September 2019 in New Delhi at his home[42] According to his son Mahesh Jethmalani, he was not keeping well for the last few months; Ram Jethmalani breathed his last at 7:45 AM (IST), just six days short of his 96th birthday
Ram Jethmalani obtained his LL.B.degree at the age of 17[3] and started practising law in his hometown (in today's Pakistan) until the partition of India. He married Durga Jethmalani and later, his second wife, Ratna Jethmalani.[4] The partition led him to move to Mumbai as a refugee and he began his life afresh with his family. He has two sons and two daughters. He announced his retirement from judicial profession on 10 September 2017. Parvati came to his life at the age of 90.
He was elected a member of parliament in the 6th and 7th Lok Sabha on a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ticket from Mumbai. He has served as Law Minister of India and also as Minister of Urban Development during the prime ministership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee against whom he later contested election in the general elections of 2004 from Lucknow constituency. However, in 2010 he came back to BJP and was elected to Rajya Sabha on its ticket from Rajasthan. He has been criticised as being opportunistic because of this.[5]
Jethmalani was a well known face amongst the legal community in India. Even though his forte was criminal law, he had appeared in many high-profile civil cases. From 1993 to 1998, he was one of the lawyers who represented Harshad Mehta during the Harshad Mehta scam and the Narasimha Rao bribery case.[6] On 7 May 2010, he was elected as the president of Supreme Court Bar Association
Personal life
Jethmalani was born in Shikarpur, Sindh in the Sindh division of the then Bombay Presidency, now part of Pakistan in the family of Boolchand Gurmukhdas Jethmalani and Parbati Boolchand.[9] He got a double promotion in school and completed matriculation at the age of 13. He secured an LL.B. degree from Bombay University with a first class first at the young age of 17. At that time, the minimum age for becoming a lawyer was 21, but a special exception (resulting from an application that he made to the court contesting the rule regarding minimum age) allowed him to become a lawyer at 18.[4] He received LL.M. from Bombay University, since Sindh did not have a university of its own at that time.[1]
Jethmalani was married at an age of little above 18, to Durga, in a traditional Indian arranged marriage. In 1947, just before partition, he also married Ratna Shahani, a lawyer by profession. His family today includes both wives and four children – three by Durga (Rani, Shobha, Mahesh) and one by Ratna (Janak)[4][10] Among his two sons and two daughters, Mahesh and Rani were supreme court lawyers. Mahesh is also a BJP leader and Rani was a social activist[11].
Career
As a lawyer
Ram Jethmalani started his career as a lawyer and Professor in Sindh before partition.[12] He started his own law firm in Karachi with his friend A.K. Brohi who was senior to him by seven years.[4] In February 1948, when riots broke out in Karachi, he fled to India on the advice of his friend Brohi and when he came to India in that day he had only a one paisa coin in his pocket and with that note he stayed in the refugee camp for few days.
Jethmalani fought his very first case at the age of 17 in the court of Sindh under Justice Godfrey Davis, contesting the rule regarding minimum age passed by the bar council of Sindh. In a talk at Algebra in June 2017, Jethmalani recounted his very first case fought in India as a refugee. A new law (Bombay Refugees Act) that had just been passed by the then chief minister Morarji Desai treated refugees badly and in an inhumane manner. The act treated refugees in a manner similar to convicted prisoners, allowing the state to relocate, sequester and question them anytime. Jethmalani file a case against this at the Bombay High Court, asking the law to be declared unconstitutional and won it.[13]
Ram Jethmalani next came to the spot light a decade later with his appearance in the K. M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra case in 1959 with Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud, later to become Chief Justice of India. His later defence of a string of smugglers in the late 1960s established Jethmalani’s image as a 'smuggler’s lawyer'. Even back then, he would point out that he was only doing his duty as a lawyer.[14]
In 1954, he became a part-time Professor at the Government Law College, Mumbai for both graduate and post graduate studies. He also taught Comparative law at International Law at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan.[12] He has also been the Chairman of Bar Council of India for four tenures both before and after the emergency. He was also a member of International Bar Association 1996. He has also been Professor Emeritus at Symbiosis Law School, Pune since 2003.
He took up a number of high-profile defence cases as lawyer[15] – people involved in market scams (Harshad Mehta and Ketan Parekh), and a host of gangsters and smugglers including the British citizen Daisy Angus who was acquitted of hashish smuggling after serving five years in jail. He also defended L. K. Advani in the Hawala scam. He was in the news for taking up the defence of Manu Sharma, prime accused in the Jessica Lall murder case; however, he failed to get Manu Sharma acquitted. He was to be defending Lalit Modi, former Indian Premier League (IPL) chairman and commissioner.[16][17][18]
Defended Indira Gandhi's alleged assassins, and challenged the medical evidence (PMR) given by T D Dogra on Indira Gandhi.[19] He later won the acquittal of Balbir Singh.[10]
Defence of Rajiv Gandhi's killers in Madras High Court in 2011[10]
Harshad Mehta's defence in stock market scam[6]
Ketan Parekh's defence in stock market scam
Underworld don Haji Mastan[10]
Defended death sentence of Afzal Guru (Jethmalani in his interview with Rajat Sharma in August 2013 said that he never took up the case of Afzal Guru)
L K Advani's defence in Hawala scandal
Manu Sharma's defence in Jessica Lall murder case[10]
Amit Shah's (Gujarat's former Minister of State for Home) defence in Sohrabuddin fake encounter case.
Amit Jogi's defence (son of Ajit Jogi) in the case of Jaggi murder
Sanjay Chandra bail in Supreme Court in 2G case
Kulbhushan Parashar Bail in Navy War Room leak case
Kanimozhi's defence in 2G spectrum case[10]
Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy's special leave petition on stay for CBI probe on money laundering in his companies
Yeddyurappa's case on illegal mining scam[20]
A. G. Perarivalan, T Suthendraraja alias Santhan and Sriharan alias Murugan – convicted in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case
Ramdev's defence on use of force on the followers of Baba Ramdev at Ramlila grounds on 4 June 2011[21]
Shiv Sena's defence in CPI MLA Krishna Desai murder case
Asaram Bapu's defence in Jodhpur sexual assault case
Lalu Prasad Yadav's defence in The Supreme Court of India; bail was convicted in the fodder scam case on 13 December 2013.[10]
Subrata Roy in Sahara-SEBI case
AIADMK leader Jayalalithaa, who had been convicted in the disproportionate assets case, in the Karnataka High Court[22]
AAP president Arvind Kejriwal in defamation case filed by Arun Jaitley[23][24]
On 9 September 2017, he announced his retirement from the legal profession.[25]
As a politician
Jethmalani contested as an independent candidate from Ulhasnagar supported both by the Shiv Sena and Bharatiya Jan Sangh but he lost the elections.[4] During the emergency period of 1975–1977, he was the chairman of the Bar Association of India. He heavily criticised the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. An arrest warrant was issued against him from Kerala. It was stayed by the Bombay High Court when over 300 lawyers led by Nani Palkhivala appeared for him. However the stay was nullified by the habeas corpus judgment Additional District Magistrate of Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla[26] and Ram Jethmalani exiled himself in Canada carrying on his campaign against the emergency. He returned 10 months later after the emergency was lifted. While in Canada, his candidature was filed from Bombay North-West constituency. He won the election and retained the seat in 1980 general elections, but lost to Sunil Dutt of the Indian National Congress in 1985. In the 1977 general elections after the emergency, he ousted the serving Law Minister H. R. Gokhale from Bombay in the Lok Sabha elections and hence started his political career as a parliamentarian.[4] However he was not made law minister himself as Morarji Desai disapproved of his lifestyle.[14]
He became a member of Rajya Sabha in 1988. He became The Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs in 1996 in the Government of India led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee. During the second tenure of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, he was given the portfolio of Union Minister of Urban Affairs and Employment in 1998. But on 13 October 1999 he was again sworn in as the Union Minister for Law, Justice and Company Affairs. However he was asked to resign by the prime minister following differences with the then Chief Justice of India Adarsh Sein Anand and Attorney General of India Soli Sorabjee. It is believed that Jethmalani never enjoyed the confidence of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. He was inducted into the Cabinet on Home Minister Lal Krishna Advani's insistence.[27]
He had also announced his candidature for President of India stating "I owe it to the nation to offer my services" and launched his own political fronts, the Bharat Mukti Morcha, launched as a 'mass movement' in 1987 and in 1995 he launched his own political party called Pavitra Hindustan Kazhagam, with a motto to achieve "Transparency in functioning of Indian Democracy".[14]
In the general elections of 2004, he contested against Atal Bihari Vajpayee from the Lucknow constituency as an independent candidate. The Indian National Congress did not field their candidates in this election; however, he lost. Later on, in 2010, he was given a Rajya Sabha ticket by Bharatiya Janta Party from Rajasthan and he was selected. He is also a member of the Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice.[1] Jethmalani[28] is a person who is known to speak his mind. At a reception[29] hosted by the Pakistan High Commission for the Pakistan Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar who was on a visit to India on 28 July 2011, the former law minister and Rajya Sabha MP Ram Jethmalani in the presence of the Chinese ambassador called China an enemy of both India and Pakistan and warned the Indians and Pakistanis to beware[30] of the Chinese.
In December 2009, the Committee on Judicial Accountability stated that it considered that recommendations for judicial appointments should only be made after a public debate, including review by members of the bar of the affected high courts. This statement was made in relation to controversy about the appointments of justices C. K. Prasad and P. D. Dinakaran. The statement was signed by Jethmalani, Shanti Bhushan, Fali Sam Nariman, Anil B. Divan, Kamini Jaiswal and Prashant Bhushan.[31]
In 2012, Jethmalani wrote to then Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) President Nitin Gadkari, accusing opposition BJP leaders of being "silent against the huge corruption" within the ruling UPA-II government, and stated that BJP "is sick".[32] Jethmalani's letter[33] became public on the internet. The same year, in November, Jethmalani wrote a letter to BJP leader L.K. Advani asking for the removal of Nitin Gadkari as the president of the BJP.[10] He cited the allegations of corruption levelled against Gadkari as the reason for his demand.[10] He had stated "When there are serious allegations against Gadkari, he should have stayed away, if only to raise his stature in the public eye,".[10] He publicly criticised Gadkari, even though Gadkari continued to be the BJP president. When Jethmalani was questioned if the BJP's parent body, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), that had been supporting Gadkari, was controlling BJP, Jethmalani had replied "I am sure the RSS is trying to influence the functioning of the BJP. After all, BJP leaders have grown up with the RSS,".[10]
In May 2013, BJP expelled Jethmalani from the party for six years, for having made anti-party statements.[34] In October 2013, defamation charges were framed against BJP seeking ₹50 lakh (US$72,000) as "null and void and damages" for making a statement that he was not a fit person to be member of the party.[35][33]
Awards and achievements
International Jurist Award[36]
1977 - Human Rights Award instituted by World Peace Through Law for his fight against authoritarianism at Philippines.[12]
Books
Books by Jethmalani
Big Egos, Small Men[37][38] ISBN 978-8-1241-2002-6
Conflict of Laws (1955)[38]
Conscience of a Maverick[39] ISBN 8174765719
Justice: Soviet Style[40][37]
Maverick: Unchanged, Unrepentant[38] ISBN 8129133504
Jethmalani had also co-authored various legal scholarly books on fields of law such as criminal law, administrative law, and media law.[41]
Books on Jethmalani
Ram Jethmalani : The Authorized Biography by Nalini Gera ISBN 0670049360
Rebel: A Biography of Ram Jethmalani by Susan Adelman ISBN 9386495074
Death
Jethmalani died on 8 September 2019 in New Delhi at his home[42] According to his son Mahesh Jethmalani, he was not keeping well for the last few months; Ram Jethmalani breathed his last at 7:45 AM (IST), just six days short of his 96th birthday
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