لياج

لياج (بالفرنسية: Liège)، مدينة بلجيكية تقع شرق بروكسل في الإقليم الوالوني. وهي أيضا عاصمة للإقليم الدي يحمل نفس الاسم إقليم لياج Province de Liège أحد الأقاليم الأحد عشر في التقسيم الإداري البلجيكي.

يُنطق اسم المدينة حسب اللغات: ليدج بالعامية الوالونية، لياج باللغة الفرنسية، لُويك Luik بالهولندية ولوتيش Lüttich بالألمانية.
التاريخ
من مشاهير مدينة لياج البلجيكية هو الكونت فلوريموند دي ميرسي وكان السفير النمساوي لدى بلاط فيرساي وكان الملاك الحارس للارشيدوقة النمساوية ماريا أنطونيا فون هابسبورغ لورين فيما بعد أصبحت ولية عهد فرنسا ونافار أميرة فيرساي ماري أنطوانيت دي بوربون زوجة ولي عهد فرنسا ونافار لويس اوغست دي بوربون كونت دي بيري وكان الكونت دي ميرسي العين الساهرة للاميرة ماري أنطوانيت والنصح الأمين لها بوصاية والدتها أمبراطورة النمسا ماريا تيريزا ولحين توجت ملكة قرينة لفرنسا ونافار وبعد وفاة والدتها أيضا في 29 نوفمبر عام 1780م ولغاية نشوب الثورة الفرنسية (الماسونية بامتياز) نفي إلى إنجلترا وبقي هناك سفيرا للنمسا لغاية إعدام الملكة الشجاعة ماري أنطوانيت المظلومة والبريئة في ظهيرة 16 أكتوبر عام 1793م

الجغرافيا
مساحة مقاطعة لياج تبلغ 6939 هكتار موزعة على 28 % مناطق حضرية و22 % من المياه والطرق العامه و21 % من الغابات و11 % من المناطق الزراعية و5 % من مناطق الصناعية. يقطع نهر الميز المدينه ويبلغ طوله في المدينه 12 كيلو متر واضافة إلى النهر توجد في المدينه قنوات عديدة منها قناة ألبرت التي افتتحت في سنة 1939 وطورت في عام 1997 لتصل لذروة الطاقة الانتاجية 9000 طن لتربط لياج وانتويرب مع بعضها .

كما ان مقاطعة لياج تحتوي على ثلاث انماط جغرافية حيث شمال المقاطعة زراعي بارتفاع (160-200 متر) وشرق المقاطعة على شكل جبلي تحتوي على اشجار الفواكه والمناظر الطبيعية الجبلية بارتفاع (200-320 متر) تسمى مرتفعات هيرفيه وجنوبها على مرتفعات وغابات أردين الكثيفة بارتفاع (200-280 متر). وتحتوي المدينه على نشاط زلزالي حيث ضرب في القرن الماضي بقوة 5 درجات

المناخ
يعتبر مناخ هذه المنطقة هو مناخ غرب أوروبا المعروف بالمطر على طول السنة وقد يزداد شدة المطر في فصل الشتاء وتتاثر لياج بألمانيا شرقا بسبب قربها منها وتعتبر درجات الحرارة في الصيف من الدرجات المعتدلة ففي ايام نادرة قد تصل إلى أكثر من 35 مئوية سلزية اما باقي الايام الاعتيادية فهي في متوسط ال25. اما في الشتاء فتنخفض الدرجات إلى ما دون الصفر المئوي

البنية التحتية
تمتلك لياج بنية تحتية قديمة لم تتأثر بتبعات الحرب العالمية الأولى فحافظت على تراثها القديم ورغم ذالك سوف ترى البناء الجديد في محطتها العالمية للقطارات وبرجها التجاري وساحه لياج الشهيرة

التعليم
تمتلك لياج جامعة رصينه تعرف باسم جامعة لياج وهي في المرتبة الثالثة في بلجيكا تدرس فيها اغلب اختصاصات العلوم والرياضيات والتدريس في اللغة الفرنسية وايضا في اللغة الالمانية كأقلية

الصحة
تحتوي لياج على مستشفى جامعة لياج وهي أكبر المستشفيات في منطقة لياج وتحتوي على 925 سرير و5000 موظف وتحتوي جميع قراها ومدنها على اطباءخصوصي ومستشفيات خاصه لكن الظمان الصحي من يتولى الدفع عن المواطنيين والمقيمين كجزء من طريقة بلجيكا في الظمان الصحي المتميز

المواصلات
توجد في المدينة شبكة عملاقة من النقل عبر القطارات والباصات وتربط محطة لياج الرئيسيةLiège Guillemins StatioN كل من فرانكفورت وآخن وبروكسل وماستريخت وباريس ولندن وامستردام عبر قطارات يوروستار والخطوط النقل البلجيكي والأوروبي. كما ان المحطة تربطها شبكة باصات تربط جميع القرى والضواحي مع بعضها تديرها شركة TEC
لياج هي العاصمه الاقتصادية لوالونيا. لياج هو أيضا مركز القرار. وهذا ينطوي على تمثيل كبير من المقر الرئيسي في المدينة حيث أكثر من نصف العاملين في لياج لموظفي الخدمة المدنية وهذا يفسر العدد الكبير من المؤسسات في لياج مثل الجامعات والمتاحف والمسارح والفنون والنقل وأيضا من حقيقة أن لياج تستضيف كل مؤسسات مقاطعة لياج. اليوم، قطاع الخدمات يوظف 80٪ من فرص العمل والقطاع العام تفوق القطاع الخاص في الواقع، لياج ليست فقط المركز الأكاديمي كبيرة ولكن أيضا المركز الإداري الرئيسي (مقر حكومة المقاطعة، مقر المؤسسات الاقتصادية لمنطقة والون وعلى وجه الخصوص مجلس الاقتصادي والاجتماعي). في الواقع، فإن المدينة لا تزال العاصمة الاقتصادية لإقليم والونيا. وأول من ساهم في تطور هذه المدينه هو جان موريس أول رئيس حكومة في والون ساهم في هذا التطور بشكل حاسم. وهي أيضا مركز رئيسي القضائي مع واحدة من خمس محاكم الاستئناف في بلجيكا والمحاكم التي تعتمد عليها، وأكبر مستشفى (ثلاث مستشفيات رئيسية بما في ذلك المستشفى الجامعي وعشرات العيادات). أخيرا لياج تمتلك أكثر من 6000 من المتاجر والمقاهي والمطاعم، ومركزا كبيرا للتجارة.

المدن المتوأمة مع مدينة لياج عبر العالم
فرنسا نانسي (Nancy)، فرنسا، 1954
هولندا ماستريخت (Maastricht)، هولندا، 1955
ألمانيا آخن (Aachen)، ألمانيا، 1955
هولندا روتردام (Rotterdam)، هولندا، 1958
إيطاليا تورينو (Torino)، إيطاليا، 1958
ألمانيا كولونيا (Köln)، ألمانيا، 1958
لوكسمبورغ إش سور آزلت (Esch-sur-Alzette)، اللوكسمبورغ، 1958
فرنسا ليل (Lille)، فرنسا، 1958
المغرب طنجة (Tanger)، المملكة المغربية، 2006
بولندا كراكاو (Krakow)، بولندا، 1978
أعلام وشخصيات مدينة لياج
من القرن العاشر حتى القرن الثالث عشر

الأمير الراهب نوتجر Notger،أول حاكم لإمارة لياج

Liege

Liège (/liˈɛʒ, liˈeɪʒ/ lee-EZH, lee-AYZH,[2][3][4] French: [ljɛʒ] (About this soundlisten), locally [li.eʃ]; Walloon: Lidje [liːtʃ]; Dutch: Luik [lœyk] (About this soundlisten); German: Lüttich [ˈlʏtɪç]) is a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.

The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands (Maastricht is about 33 km (20.5 mi) to the north) and with Germany (Aachen is about 53 km (32.9 mi) north-east). At Liège, the Meuse meets the River Ourthe. The city is part of the sillon industriel, the former industrial backbone of Wallonia. It still is the principal economic and cultural centre of the region.

The Liège municipality (i.e. the city proper) includes the former communes of Angleur, Bressoux, Chênée, Glain, Grivegnée, Jupille-sur-Meuse, Rocourt, and Wandre. In November 2012, Liège had 198,280 inhabitants. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,879 km2 (725 sq mi) and had a total population of 749,110 on 1 January 2008.[5][6] This includes a total of 52 municipalities, among others, Herstal and Seraing. Liège ranks as the third most populous urban area in Belgium, after Brussels and Antwerp, and the fourth municipality after Antwerp, Ghent and Charleroi.
The strategic position of Liège has made it a frequent target of armies and insurgencies over the centuries. It was fortified early on with a castle on the steep hill that overlooks the city's western side. During this medieval period, three women from the Liège region made significant contributions to Christian spirituality: Elizabeth Spaakbeek, Christina the Astonishing, and Marie of Oignies.[12]

In 1345, the citizens of Liège rebelled against Prince-Bishop Engelbert III de la Marck, their ruler at the time, and defeated him in battle near the city. Shortly after, a unique political system formed in Liège, whereby the city's 32 guilds shared sole political control of the municipal government. Each person on the register of each guild was eligible to participate, and each guild's voice was equal, making it the most democratic system that the Low Countries had ever known. The system spread to Utrecht, and left a democratic spirit in Liège that survived the Middle Ages.[13]

At the end of the Liège Wars, a rebellion against rule from Burgundy that figured prominently in the plot of Sir Walter Scott's 1823 novel Quentin Durward, Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, witnessed by King Louis XI of France, captured and largely destroyed the city in 1468, after a bitter siege which was ended with a successful surprise attack.

The Prince-Bishopric of Liège was technically part of the Holy Roman Empire which, after 1477, came under the rule of the Habsburgs. The reign of prince-bishop Erard de la Marck (1506–1538) coincides with the dawn of the Renaissance.

During the Counter-Reformation, the diocese of Liège was split and progressively lost its role as a regional power. In the 17th century, many prince-bishops came from the royal house of Wittelsbach. They ruled over Cologne and other bishoprics in the northwest of the Holy Roman Empire as well.

In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, the city was besieged by Imperial forces under Johann von Werth from April to July. The army, mainly consisting of mercenaries, extensively and viciously plundered the surrounding bishopric during the siege.[14]

18th century to World War I
The Duke of Marlborough captured the city from the Bavarian prince-bishop and his French allies in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.

In the middle of the eighteenth century the ideas of the French Encyclopédistes began to gain popularity in the region. Bishop de Velbruck (1772–84), encouraged their propagation, thus prepared the way for the Liège Revolution which started in the episcopal city on 18 August 1789 and led to the creation of the Republic of Liège before it was invaded by counter-revolutionary forces of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1791.

In the course of the 1794 campaigns of the French Revolution, the French army took the city and imposed strongly anticlerical regime, destroying St. Lambert's Cathedral. The overthrow of the prince-bishopric was confirmed in 1801 by the Concordat co-signed by Napoléon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII. France lost the city in 1815 when the Congress of Vienna awarded it to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Dutch rule lasted only until 1830, when the Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium which incorporated Liège. After this, Liège developed rapidly into a major industrial city which became one of continental Europe's first large-scale steel making centres. The Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 saw a large-scale working class revolt.[15] No less than 6,000 regular troops were called into the city to quell the unrest,[16] while strike spread through the whole sillon industriel.
Liège's fortifications were redesigned by Henri Alexis Brialmont in the 1880s and a chain of twelve forts was constructed around the city to provide defence in depth. This presented a major obstacle to Germany's army in 1914, whose Schlieffen Plan relied on being able to quickly pass through the Meuse valley and the Ardennes en route to France. The German invasion on 5 August 1914 soon reached Liège, which was defended by 30,000 troops under General Gérard Leman (see Battle of Liège). The forts initially held off an attacking force of about 100,000 men but were pulverised into submission by a five-day bombardment by heavy artillery, including thirty-two 21 cm mortars and two German 42 cm Big Bertha howitzers. Due to faulty planning of the protection of the underground defense tunnels beneath the main citadel, one direct artillery hit caused a huge explosion, which eventually led to the surrender of the Belgian forces. The Belgian resistance was shorter than had been intended, but the twelve days of delay caused by the siege nonetheless contributed to the eventual failure of the German invasion of France. The city was subsequently occupied by the Germans until the end of the war. Liège received the Légion d'Honneur for its resistance in 1914.

As part of the Septemberprogramm, Berlin planned to annexe Liege under the name Lüttich to the German Empire in any post-war peace agreement.[17]

World War II to the present
The Germans returned in 1940, this time taking the forts in only three days. Most Jews were saved, with the help of the sympathetic population, as many Jewish children and refugees were hidden in the numerous monasteries. Liege was liberated by the British military in September 1944.[18]

After the war ended, the Royal Question came to the fore, since many saw King Leopold III as collaborating with the Germans during the war. In July 1950, André Renard, leader of the Liégeois FGTB launched the General strike against Leopold III of Belgium and "seized control over the city of Liège".[19] The strike ultimately led to Leopold's abdication.

Liège began to suffer from a relative decline of its industry, particularly the coal industry, and later the steel industry, producing high levels of unemployment and stoking social tension. During the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, disgruntled workers went on a rampage and severely damaged the central railway station Guillemins. The unrest was so intense that "army troops had to wade through caltrops, trees, concrete blocks, car and crane wrecks to advance. Streets were dug up. Liège saw the worst fighting on 6 January 1961. In all, 75 people were injured during seven hours of street battles."[20]

On 6 December 1985, the city's courthouse was heavily damaged and one person was killed in a bomb attack by a lawyer.

Liège is also known as a traditionally socialist city. In 1991, powerful Socialist André Cools, a former Deputy Prime Minister, was gunned down in front of his girlfriend's apartment. Many suspected that the assassination was related to a corruption scandal which swept the Socialist Party, and the national government in general, after Cools' death. Two men were sentenced to twenty years in jail in 2004, for involvement in Cools' murder.

Liège has shown some signs of economic recovery in recent years with the opening up of borders within the European Union, surging steel prices, and improved administration. Several new shopping centres have been built, and numerous repairs carried out.

On 13 December 2011, there was a grenade and gun attack at Place Saint-Lambert. An attacker, later identified as Nordine Amrani, aged 33, armed with grenades and an assault rifle, attacked people waiting at a bus stop. There were six fatalities, including the attacker (who shot himself), and 123 people were injured.[21]

On 29 May 2018, two female police officers and one civilian—a 22-year-old man—were shot dead by a gunman near a café on Boulevard d'Avroy in central Liège. The attacker then began firing at the officers in an attempt to escape, injuring a number of them "around their legs", before he was shot dead. Belgian broadcaster RTBF said the gunman was temporarily released from prison on 28 May where he had been serving time on drug offences. The incident is currently being treated as terrorism.

Air Antwerp

Air Antwerp is een Belgische luchtvaartmaatschappij. Ze werd opgericht in mei 2019. Aandeelhouders zijn het Ierse bedrijf CityJet (75%) en de Nederlandse KLM (25%).[1]

Op 27 juli 2019 werd het eerste toestel aan het publiek getoond. Het vliegtuig maakte vroeger deel uit van de vloot van VLM Airlines.

De aanvraag voor een vliegvergunning (AOC) is in 2019 ingediend bij de federale overheidsdienst Mobiliteit.[2] Op 9 augustus bevestigde Air Antwerp dat de vliegvergunning en exploitatievergunning ontvangen zijn. De eerste vlucht vond plaats op 9 september naar London City Airport.[3] Er zijn enkele gewezen werknemers van VLM Airlines aan de slag bij Air Antwerp. Zij helpen bij de voorbereidende werkzaamheden.[4]

Vloot
Per juli 2019:

1 Fokker 50 met registratie OO-VLS die geleased wordt van Largus Aviation

Daniel Küblböck

Daniel Dominik Kaiser-Küblböck[1] (* 27. August 1985 als Daniel Dominik Küblböck in Hutthurm; verschollen seit dem 9. September 2018 in der Labradorsee)[2] ist ein deutscher Sänger, der durch die RTL-Castingshow Deutschland sucht den Superstar (DSDS) bekannt wurde.
Leben und Karriere
Kindheit und Jugend
Daniel Küblböck beschreibt in seiner Biografie von 2003 eine schwierige Kindheit, die von vielen Übersiedlungen geprägt war. Nach der Scheidung der Eltern lebte er zunächst bei seiner Mutter, die insgesamt siebenmal verheiratet war. Sie habe häufig Männer bei sich gehabt, getrunken und ihn im Rausch auch verprügelt.[3] Seine Familie hätte sich eine Tochter gewünscht, weswegen er eine weibliche Rolle eingenommen habe.[4] Später wohnte er bei seinem Vater, an dem er sehr gehangen habe.[5]

Als Kind trat er auf der Schulbühne und auf Kleinbühnen in Bayern auf. 1998 machte er eine Tanzausbildung in Passau. Nach dem Hauptschulabschluss begann er im September 2001 eine Ausbildung zum Kinderpfleger an der Berufsfachschule Pfarrkirchen,[6] in deren Rahmen er ein Praktikum in einem Kindergarten in Eggenfelden absolvierte.

Deutschland sucht den Superstar
Küblböck unterbrach seine Ausbildung, um zusammen mit zehn anderen Kandidaten Ende 2002/Anfang 2003 in Köln bei der ersten Staffel der Castingshow Deutschland sucht den Superstar teilzunehmen.[7] Sein Auftreten bescherte ihm während der Laufzeit der Show schnell das Interesse vieler Zuschauer und der Medien. Besonders die Bild-Zeitung räumte dem „schrägen Vogel“ Küblböck mehr Platz ein als jedem anderen Kandidaten. Auch deswegen wurden ihm nicht selten Gewinnchancen zuerkannt. Er schied schließlich in der vorletzten Sendung aus und belegte den dritten Platz hinter Alexander Klaws und Juliette Schoppmann. Mit der Single You Drive Me Crazy (produziert von Dieter Bohlen) kam Küblböck an die Spitze der Charts in Deutschland.

Nach seinem Ausscheiden bei Deutschland sucht den Superstar am 1. März 2003 war Küblböck für mehr als ein Jahr in den deutschen Medien präsent. Es folgten unter anderem ein Gastauftritt in der 200. Folge der Fernsehserie St. Angela und ein Werbespot für eine Molkerei. Im Juni 2003 erschien Küblböcks Debütalbum Positive Energie und Ende September 2003 bei Bertelsmann seine Autobiografie Ich lebe meine Töne, die er gemeinsam mit der Journalistin Julia Boenisch verfasst hatte. Das Buch, das er für eine Hörbuchversion auch selbst einsprach, erreichte Platz drei in der Spiegel-Bestsellerliste. 2003 bestritt Küblböck zudem über 20 Konzerte. Insgesamt hatte er über 50 Auftritte, darunter mehrere Unplugged-Konzerte im Dezember 2004 und Februar 2005.

Medienpräsenz 2004/2005
Anfang 2004 war Daniel Küblböck erneut in einer regelmäßigen Fernsehshow zu sehen, als er an der ersten Staffel der RTL-Fernsehsendung Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus! teilnahm.[8]

Am 24. Februar 2004 verursachte Küblböck, der zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch keinen Führerschein besaß, bei Pfarrkirchen in Niederbayern einen Unfall, bei dem das Auto, in dem er und zwei Bekannte saßen, mit einem Lkw zusammenstieß. Nachdem ihn die Feuerwehr aus dem Autowrack befreit hatte, wurde er noch am Unfallort vom Notarzt in Narkose versetzt. Ein Rettungshubschrauber flog ihn ins Klinikum Passau. Er wurde am linken Arm operiert,[9] drei Tage später auch an der rechten Schulter.[10] Zudem erlitt Küblböck bei dem Unfall eine Kopfverletzung,[11] verlor einen Zahn[12] und trug eine sichtbare Narbe davon.[13] Prominenten Krankenbesuch bekam Küblböck von Thomas Gottschalk, womit dieser nebenbei eine verlorene Wetten, dass..?-Saalwette einlöste.[14] Mit Urteil vom 23. Juni 2004 wurde Küblböck nach Jugendstrafrecht zu einer Geldstrafe von 25.000 Euro sowie zu acht Stunden gemeinnütziger Arbeit verurteilt.[15] Der Richter schlug laut Medienberichten als Ableistungsort ein Franziskanerkloster vor.[16] Die Franziskanermönche in seiner Heimatstadt Eggenfelden lehnten ab,[17][18] mehrere Klöster in Bayern erklärten sich jedoch dazu bereit.[19][20] Im August 2004 machte er den Führerschein.[21]

Im selben Jahr drehte Ulli Lommel den Film Daniel, der Zauberer, in dem Küblböck in der Hauptrolle eine fiktionalisierte Version von sich selbst spielte und der im August 2004 in die Kinos kam. Der von der Kritik mehrheitlich verrissene Film floppte und markierte den vorläufigen Endpunkt von Küblböcks starker Medienpräsenz. Ein im Vorfeld der Filmpremiere für Oktober 2004 angekündigtes Album wurde verschoben. Stattdessen veröffentlichte Küblböck Ende 2004 gemeinsam mit drei anderen DSDS-Teilnehmern unter dem Namen 4 United die Single Don’t Close Your Eyes sowie eine DVD zu seiner Positive-Energie-Tournee 2003.

Im Januar 2005 kam der Comic Super-Dan heraus, in dem Küblböck Abenteuer als Superheld bestehen muss. Die Serie wurde jedoch schon im März 2005 wieder eingestellt; als Grund wurden rechtliche Probleme genannt.

Vom 4. bis 11. September 2005 wohnte Küblböck im Big-Brother-Dorf. Im Oktober 2005 ließ er sich seine abstehenden Ohren anlegen, deretwegen er schon im Kindergarten als „Dumbo“ gehänselt worden war.[22] Im selben Monat gelang ihm mit dem Rio-Reiser-Cover König von Deutschland erneut der Sprung in die deutschen Singlecharts, im November 2005 erschien sein zweites Album Liebe Nation. Mit diesen Veröffentlichungen schlossen sich Küblböcks Produzenten dem Trend zu Popmusik mit deutschsprachigen Texten an. Den veränderten Stil sollte auch das Motto einer Mini-Promo-Tour im November mit dem Titel Ich hass mich unterstreichen.

Imagewandel ab 2007
Im Juni 2007 schaffte Küblböck es mit Born in Bavaria wieder in die deutschen Charts; die Single im Countrystil erreichte Platz 54. Sein erstes Jazzprogramm veröffentlichte er am 14. Juli 2007 als DVD Jazz-Night in Stuttgart und stellte diese auch im Nürnberger Kino Cinecittà als Premiere vor.

2008 veranstaltete er mit einer Aktion unter dem Motto „Liebe positiv – Bleib negativ“ eine Benefiz-Gala am Flugplatz Mannheim zugunsten der Deutschen AIDS-Stiftung. Unter dem Motto „Daniel Küblböck & Friends“ moderierte er die Veranstaltung und trat neben Juliette Schoppmann, Claus Eisenmann sowie der Newcomerband „Radio Caroline“ selbst auf. Im September 2008 startete er eine neue Tour „Jazz meets Blues … wenn zwei sich verlieben“. Wie auch schon auf seiner „Back to the Roots“-Tour im Jahr 2007, zu der am 4. Oktober die DVD-Premiere im Cinecittà Nürnberg anstand, war er wieder in ganz Deutschland zu sehen.

2010 veröffentlichte Küblböck die Single Bodenmais [moachts eich auf] in Zusammenarbeit mit dem gleichnamigen Urlaubsort im Bayrischen Wald sowie sein neues Album Schrebergarten, auf dem er deutschsprachigen Jazz, Rock und Pop präsentiert. Beide Alben wurden von Marco Breitenstein produziert und erschienen unter seinem Label Küblböck Records. Am 8. August 2010 war Küblböck beim Fernsehsender VOX in der Sendereihe Das perfekte Promi-Dinner als einer von vier Gastgebern vertreten.

Am 9. Dezember 2011 trat er mit dem Titel You Drive Me Crazy in der Ultimativen Chartshow auf. Seine Positive Energie GmbH produzierte die Küblböck Talk Night, die zweimal 2010 und einmal 2011 stattfand und via Internet ausgestrahlt wurde. Im Rahmen der Rheingauer Weinbühne moderierte Küblböck von November 2011 bis März 2014 insgesamt fünfmal die Talkshow Daniels Bistro in der Brentanoscheune in Oestrich-Winkel.

2011 wurde er in Form einer Erwachsenenadoption gemäß § 1767 BGB von der 70-jährigen, ledigen und kinderlosen Immobilien-Millionärin Kerstin Elisabeth Kaiser adoptiert.[1][23]

Am 3. Januar 2013 wurde Küblböcks drogensüchtiger Bruder[24] tot in seiner Berliner Wohnung aufgefunden. Die Brüder hatten zuvor seit Jahren keinen Kontakt mehr gehabt.[25][26]

Küblböck lebte auf Mallorca und in Berlin, zuvor hatte er drei Jahre in Nürnberg und anschließend in Wiesbaden gewohnt. Musikalisch war Küblböck mittlerweile dem Jazz zugetan, mochte sich aber auf keine Musikrichtung festlegen. Auf seinem 2012 erschienenen Album Diez años Kúblbóck – Ich versteh’ nur Spanisch finden sich neben deutschen Chansons auch spanische Latin-Pop-Songs.

Küblböck gab nach wie vor Konzerte in kleinerem Rahmen. Die dargebotenen Programme bestanden vorwiegend aus eigenen Titeln in englischer, deutscher und spanischer Sprache.

2013 trat er unter dem Namen Daniel Kaiser auf und veröffentlichte die Single Be a Man, die mit einem weiteren Imagewechsel verbunden sein sollte. Mit diesem Titel bewarb er sich für die Teilnahme am Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Kopenhagen. Er wurde jedoch von der Jury des Norddeutschen Rundfunks abgelehnt. Ein weiterer Versuch Küblböcks, per YouTube-Video eine Wildcard für die deutsche Vorauswahlsendung zu erhalten, scheiterte ebenfalls.[27]

2015 nahm Küblböck als Kandidat an der achten Staffel der RTL-Show Let’s Dance teil und belegte mit seiner Tanzpartnerin Otlile Mabuse den sechsten Platz.[28] 2016 trat er in der ARD-Dokusoap Verrückt nach Fluss auf.[29]

Ab September 2015 machte Küblböck eine Schauspielausbildung am Europäischen Theaterinstitut Berlin (ETI).[30] Von Küblböck geäußerte Mobbingvorwürfe, die im Sommer 2018 auf einer Facebook-Fanseite veröffentlicht wurden und die er auf seine letzte Rolle, einen Transvestiten, bezog[31], wies die Schauspielschule zurück.[32]

Seit 2017 trat er offiziell als Daniel Kaiser-Küblböck auf.[33] Von 2014 bis 2017 war er mit Robin Gasser liiert.[34]

Unternehmerische Tätigkeit
Die Einnahmen aus seinem Album Positive Energie in Höhe von rund einer Million Euro investierte Küblböck in eine Solaranlage in Niederbayern, was ihm hohe Gewinne einbrachte.[35] Im September 2003 ließ er unter seinem Namen eine Parfumlinie für Jungen und Mädchen in drei Duftnoten auf den Markt bringen.[36] Von 2005 bis Ende 2013 war er alleiniger Geschäftsführer der Firma Positive Energie GmbH Daniel Küblböck, mit der er seine Person vermarktete. Sie wurde 2016 aus dem Handelsregister gelöscht.[37]

Verschollen auf Kreuzfahrt 2018
Im September 2018 nahm Küblböck privat an einer Reise von Hamburg nach New York City auf dem Kreuzfahrtschiff AIDAluna teil. In den Wochen vor der Kreuzfahrt hatte sein Umfeld nach Angaben seines Vaters eine plötzliche Wesensveränderung und psychische Probleme bei Küblböck festgestellt und vergeblich versucht, die Reise zu verhindern.[38] Auf einem mit „Künstlerin. Schauspielerin. Transsexuell“ umschriebenen, nicht verifizierten Instagram-Account veröffentlichte er während der Fahrt Selfies von sich in Frauenkleidern.[39] Laut Aussage eines Passagiers, der in einer benachbarten Kabine untergebracht war, habe sich Küblböck auffällig benommen und z. B. häufig Selbstgespräche geführt.[40]

Seit dem 9. September 2018 ist Küblböck auf See verschollen, nachdem er gegen 4 Uhr morgens (Ortszeit)[41] vor der Küste Neufundlands über Bord gesprungen war.[42] Die Position im Nordatlantik befindet sich etwa 185 km nördlich von St. John’s (kanadische Provinz Neufundland und Labrador) in der Labradorsee. Die Wassertemperatur betrug in dem Seegebiet etwa 10 °C.

Um 6 Uhr (Ortszeit) ging bei der kanadischen Rettungszentrale in Halifax der Notruf ein.[43] Die kanadische Küstenwache startete daraufhin eine Suchaktion[44] mit zwei Schiffen der Küstenwache, einem Überwachungsflugzeug und einem Helikopter.[41] Auch die AIDAluna, die an die Unglücksstelle zurückkehrte, und das Kreuzfahrtschiff Zuiderdam, das sich in der Nähe befand, beteiligten sich an der Suche.[45] Am 10. September 2018 wurde die Suche nach Küblböck eingestellt, weil die maximale Überlebensdauer im kalten Wasser zu kurz war, um ihn noch retten zu können.[46] Am 11. September bekundete Küblböcks Familie auf der offiziellen Website ihre Trauer um den Sohn Daniel und stellte fest, dass sich die Hoffnung auf das „große Wunder“ einer Rettung nicht erfüllt habe.[47]

Nach dem Verschollenheitsgesetz kann er sechs Monate nach dem Unglück, also seit dem 9. März 2019, auf Antrag für tot erklärt werden.[48] Nachdem mehrere Medien lanciert haben, dass sein Vater ihn für tot erklären lassen wolle, dementierte dieser dies im Mai 2019 und erklärte, dass er dies nicht gesagt habe und das auch nicht vorhabe

Broilers

A broiler is any chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) that is bred and raised specifically for meat production.[1] Most commercial broilers reach slaughter weight between four[2] and seven weeks of age, although slower growing breeds reach slaughter weight at approximately 14 weeks of age. Typical broilers have white feathers and yellowish skin.

Due to extensive breeding selection for rapid early growth and the husbandry used to sustain this, broilers are susceptible to several welfare concerns, particularly skeletal malformation and dysfunction, skin and eye lesions and congestive heart conditions. Management of ventilation, housing, stocking density and in-house procedures must be evaluated regularly to support good welfare of the flock. The breeding stock (broiler-breeders) do grow to maturity but also have their own welfare concerns related to the frustration of a high feeding motivation and beak trimming. Broilers are usually grown as mixed-sex flocks in large sheds under intensive conditions.
Modern breeding
Before the development of modern commercial meat breeds, broilers were mostly young male chickens culled from farm flocks. Pedigree breeding began around 1916.[3] Magazines for the poultry industry existed at this time.[3][4] A crossbred variety of chicken was produced from a male of a naturally double-breasted Cornish strain, and a female of a tall, large-boned strain of white Plymouth Rocks.[5] This first attempt at a meat crossbreed was introduced in the 1930s and became dominant in the 1960s. The original crossbreed was plagued by problems of low fertility, slow growth and disease susceptibility.

Modern broilers have become very different from the Cornish/Rock crossbreed. As an example, Donald Shaver (originally a breeder of egg-production breeds) began gathering breeding stock for a broiler program in 1950. Besides the breeds normally favoured, Cornish Game, Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire, Langshans, Jersey Black Giant and Brahmas were included. A white feathered female line was purchased from Cobb. A full-scale breeding program was commenced in 1958, with commercial shipments in Canada and the US in 1959 and in Europe in 1963.[6]

As a second example, colour sexing broilers was proposed by Shaver in 1973. The genetics were based on the company's breeding plan for egg layers, which had been developed in the mid-1960s. A difficulty facing the breeders of the colour-sexed broiler is that the chicken must be white-feathered by slaughter age. After 12 years, accurate colour sexing without compromising economic traits was achieved.[6]

Artificial insemination
Artificial insemination is a mechanism in which spermatozoa are deposited into the reproductive tract of a female.[7] Artificial insemination provides a number of benefits relating to reproduction in the poultry industry. Broiler breeds have been selected specifically for growth, causing them to develop large pectoral muscles, which interfere with and reduce natural mating.[8] The amount of sperm produced and deposited in the hen’s reproductive tract may be limited because of this. Additionally, the males' overall sex drive may be significantly reduced due to growth selection.[9] Artificial insemination has allowed many farmers to incorporate selected genes into their stock, increasing their genetic quality.[10]

Abdominal massage is the most common method used for semen collection.[8] During this process, the rooster is restrained and the back region located towards the tail and behind the wings is caressed. This is done gently but quickly. Within a short period of time, the male should get an erection of the phallus. Once this occurs, the cloaca is squeezed and semen is collected from the external papilla of the vas deferens.[11]

During artificial insemination, semen is most frequently deposited intra-vaginally by means of a plastic syringe. In order for semen to be deposited here, the vaginal orifice is everted through the cloaca. This is simply done by applying pressure to the abdomen of the hen. The semen-containing instrument is placed 2–4 cm into the vaginal orifice. As the semen is being deposited, the pressure applied to the hen’s abdomen is being released simultaneously.[8] The individual performing this procedure typically uses one hand to move and direct the tail feathers, while using the other hand to insert the instrument and semen into the vagina.[11]

General biology
Modern commercial broilers, for example, Cornish crosses and Cornish-Rocks[citation needed], are artificially selected and bred for large-scale, efficient meat production. They are noted for having very fast growth rates, a high feed conversion ratio, and low levels of activity. Modern commercial broilers are bred to reach a slaughter-weight of about 2 kg in only 35 to 49 days.[5][12][13] As a consequence, the behaviour and physiology of broilers reared for meat are those of immature birds, rather than adults. Slow growing free-range and organic strains have been developed which reach slaughter-weight at 12 to 16 weeks of age.

Typical broilers have white feathers and yellowish skin. Recent genetic analysis has revealed that the gene for yellow skin was incorporated into domestic birds through hybridization with the grey junglefowl (G. sonneratii).[14] Modern crosses are also favorable for meat production because they lack the typical "hair" which many breeds have that must be removed by singeing after plucking the carcass.

Both male and female broilers are reared for their meat.

Behaviour
Broiler behaviour is modified by the environment, and alters as the broilers’ age and bodyweight rapidly increase. For example, the activity of broilers reared outdoors is initially greater than broilers reared indoors, but from six weeks of age, decreases to comparable levels in all groups.[15] The same study shows that in the outdoors group, surprisingly little use is made of the extra space and facilities such as perches – it was proposed that the main reason for this was leg weakness as 80 per cent of the birds had a detectable gait abnormality at seven weeks of age. There is no evidence of reduced motivation to extend the behavioural repertoire, as, for example, ground pecking remained at significantly higher levels in the outdoor groups because this behaviour could also be performed from a lying posture rather than standing.

Examining the frequency of all sexual behaviour shows a large decrease with age, suggestive of a decline in libido. The decline in libido is not enough to account for reduced fertility in heavy cocks at 58 weeks and is probably a consequence of the large bulk or the conformation of the males at this age interfering in some way with the transfer of semen during copulations which otherwise look normal.[16]

Feeding and feed conversion
Chickens are omnivores and modern broilers are given access to a special diet of high protein feed, usually delivered via an automated feeding system. This is combined with artificial lighting conditions to stimulate eating and growth and thus the desired body weight.

In the U.S., the average feed conversion ratio (FCR) of a broiler was 1.91 pounds of feed per pound of liveweight in 2011, up from 4.70 in 1925.[17] Canada has a typical FCR of 1.72.[18] New Zealand commercial broiler farms have recorded the world's best broiler chicken FCR, consistently at 1.38 or lower
Artificial selection has led to a great increase in the speed with which broilers develop and reach slaughter-weight. The time required to reach 1.5 kg live-weight decreased from 120 days to 30 days between 1925 and 2005. Selection for fast early growth-rate, and feeding and management procedures to support such growth, have led to various welfare problems in modern broiler strains.[20] Welfare of broilers is of particular concern given the large number of individuals that are produced; for example, the U.S. in 2011 produced approximately 9 billion broiler chickens.[21]

Cardiovascular dysfunction
Selection and husbandry for very fast growth means there is a genetically induced mismatch between the energy-supplying organs of the broiler and its energy-consuming organs.[13] Rapid growth can lead to metabolic disorders such as sudden death syndrome (SDS) and ascites.[20]

SDS is an acute heart failure disease that affects mainly male fast-growing broilers which appear to be in good condition. Affected birds suddenly start to flap their wings, lose their balance, sometimes cry out and then fall on their backs or sides and die, usually all within a minute. In 1993, U.K. broiler producers reported an incidence of 0.8%. In 2000, SDS has a death rate of 0.1% to 3% in Europe.[13]

Ascites is characterised by hypertrophy and dilatation of the heart, changes in liver function, pulmonary insufficiency, hypoxaemia and accumulation of large amounts of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Ascites develops gradually and the birds suffer for an extended period before they die. In the UK, up to 19 million broilers die in their sheds from heart failure each year.[22]

Skeletal dysfunction
Breeding for increased breast muscle means that the broilers’ centre of gravity has moved forward and their breasts are broader compared with their ancestors, which affects the way they walk and puts additional stresses on their hips and legs.[13] There is a high frequency of skeletal problems in broilers, mainly in the locomotory system, including varus and valgus deformities, osteodystrophy, dyschondroplasia and femoral head necrosis.[20] These leg abnormalities impair the locomotor abilities of the birds, and lame birds spend more time lying and sleeping.[23] The behavioural activities of broilers decrease rapidly from 14 days of age onwards.[24] Reduced locomotion also decreases ossification of the bones and results in skeletal abnormalities; these are reduced when broilers have been exercised under experimental conditions.[20]

Most broilers find walking painful, as indicated by studies using analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In one experiment, healthy birds took 11 seconds to negotiate an obstacle course, whereas lame birds took 34 seconds. After the birds had been treated with carprofen, there was no effect on the speed of the healthy birds, however, the lame birds now took only 18 seconds to negotiate the course, indicating that the pain of lameness is relieved by the drug.[25] In self-selection experiments, lame birds select more drugged feed than non-lame birds[26] leading to the suggestion that leg problems in broilers are painful.

Several research groups have developed "gait scores" (GS) to objectively rank the walking ability and lameness of broilers. In one example of these scales, GS=0 indicates normal walking ability, GS=3 indicates an obvious gait abnormality which affects the bird’s ability to move about and GS=5 indicates a bird that cannot walk at all. GS=5 birds tried to use their wings to help them walking, or crawled along on their shanks. In one study, almost 26% of the birds examined were rated as GS=3 or above and can therefore be considered to have suffered from painful lameness.

John Bercow

John Simon Bercow MP (/ˈbɜːrkoʊ/; born 19 January 1963) is a British politician who has been the Speaker of the House of Commons from 2009 to 2019. He concurrently serves as the Member of Parliament for Buckingham. Prior to his election to Speaker, he was a member of the Conservative Party. A former right-winger, his views have shifted after becoming an MP and at one time he was rumoured to be likely to defect to the Labour Party. Bercow's election to the Speaker's chair depended heavily on the backing of other parties, and was deeply unpopular with many of his former Conservative Party colleagues.[2]

He served as a councillor from 1986 to 1990 in the London Borough of Lambeth and unsuccessfully contested parliamentary seats in the 1987 and 1992 general elections. In the 1997 general election, Bercow was elected the MP for Buckingham and promoted to the shadow cabinet in 2001. He held posts in the shadow cabinets of Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard. In November 2002, he resigned from the shadow cabinet over disputes concerning the Adoption and Children Act but returned under Howard in 2003. In September 2004, Bercow was dismissed after disagreements with Howard.

Following the resignation of Speaker Michael Martin, Bercow announced his intention to stand for the Speakership election on 22 June 2009 and was successful. He remained Speaker and was re-elected in his constituency at the general election on 7 May 2015. He was re-elected as Speaker, unopposed, when the House sat at the start of the new parliament on 18 May 2015.[3] Following the 2017 general election, Bercow was re-elected, again unopposed, as Speaker, on 13 June 2017. He is the first Speaker since the Second World War to have served alongside four prime ministers and to have been elected to the post three times.[4]

In October 2009, Bercow chaired the United Kingdom Youth Parliament's first annual sitting in the House of Commons, making them the only group except Members of Parliament to sit in the chamber. He has chaired every subsequent sitting and attended every annual conference, addressing and supporting Members of Youth Parliament from across the UK. In 2014, Bercow was appointed Chancellor of the University of Bedfordshire,[5] and in July 2017 he was appointed Chancellor of the University of Essex.[6]

In October 2018, it was reported that Bercow intended to step down as Speaker in the summer of 2019, due to a report on the failure of high-level figures in Parliament to deal adequately with bullying of staff at Westminster and due to allegations of bullying made against him personally.[7] Although it was later reported that Bercow planned "to stay as speaker" until the end of parliament's session, in 2022[8], he announced on the day that Parliament was to be prorogued that he would stand down as Commons Speaker and MP at the next election or on 31 October, whichever comes first[9]. Having served 10 years as Speaker, Bercow is the longest-serving Speaker since Edward FitzRoy served 15 years in post between 1928 and 1943, and the first Speaker since FitzRoy to serve under four Prime Ministers.
Early life and education
Bercow was born in Edgware, Middlesex, the son of Brenda (Bailey) and Charles Bercow, a taxi driver. His father was born to a Jewish family and his mother converted to Judaism.[10][11][12] His paternal grandparents were Jews who arrived in Britain from Romania a century ago.[13][14] Having settled in the UK, the family anglicised its surname from Berkowitz to Bercow.[15][citation needed]

Bercow attended Frith Manor Primary School in Woodside Park, and Finchley Manorhill, a large comprehensive school in North Finchley. In his youth, Bercow had been ranked Britain's No. 1 junior tennis player, but came down with bronchial asthma and was unable to pursue a professional career.[16][17]

Bercow graduated with a first-class honours degree in government from the University of Essex in 1985.[18] Anthony King, a professor at the university, has said about Bercow that "When he was a student here, he was very right-wing, pretty stroppy, and very good. He was an outstanding student."[18]

As a young activist, Bercow was a member of the right-wing Conservative Monday Club. He stood as a candidate for the club's national executive in 1981 with a manifesto calling for a programme of "assisted repatriation" of immigrants, and became secretary of its immigration and repatriation committee.[19] However, at the age of 20 he left the club, citing the views of many of the club's members as his reason,[20] and has since then called his participation in the club "utter madness" and dismissed his views from that period as "bone headed".[19]

Pre-political career
After graduating from the University of Essex, Bercow was elected as the last national chairman of the Federation of Conservative Students (FCS), 1986–87.[18] The FCS was then broken up by the chairman of the Conservative Party, Norman Tebbit, after one of its members had accused previous Tory PM Harold Macmillan of war crimes in extraditing Cossacks to the Soviet Union.[21] Bercow attracted the attention of the Conservative leadership, and in 1987 he was appointed by Tebbit as vice-chairman of the Conservative Collegiate Forum (the successor organisation of the FCS) to head the campaign for student support in the run-up to the 1987 general election.

After a spell in merchant banking, Bercow joined the lobbying firm Rowland Sallingbury Casey (part of Saatchi & Saatchi) in 1988, becoming a board director within five years.

With fellow Conservative Julian Lewis, Bercow ran an advanced speaking and campaigning course for over 10 years, which trained over 600 Conservatives (including several current MPs) in campaigning and communication techniques. He has also lectured in the United States to students of the Leadership Institute.[22]

Political career
Councillor
In 1986, Bercow was elected as a Conservative councillor in the London Borough of Lambeth, and served for four years representing the Streatham, St Leonard's ward. In 1987, he was appointed the youngest deputy group leader in the United Kingdom.[23]

Special adviser
In 1995, Bercow was appointed as a special adviser to the Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Jonathan Aitken. After Aitken's resignation to fight a libel action, Bercow served as a special adviser to the Secretary of State for National Heritage, Virginia Bottomley.

Parliamentary career
Bercow was an unsuccessful Conservative candidate in the 1987 general election in Motherwell South, and again at the 1992 general election in Bristol South. In 1996 he paid £1,000 to charter a helicopter so that he could attend the selection meetings for two safe Conservative parliamentary seats on the same day – Buckingham and Surrey Heath – and was selected as the candidate for Buckingham. He has referred to the hiring of the helicopter as "the best £1,000 I have ever spent".[23]

Bercow was first elected to parliament in the 1997 general election as the MP for Buckingham with a majority of 12,386. He then increased his majority at the 2001 general election being elected by a margin of 18,129 votes. He was re-elected at the 2005 general election, but with a reduced majority of 12,529.

Bercow rose quickly through the opposition's junior offices. He was appointed a frontbench spokesman for Education and Employment in June 1999, and then a frontbench spokesman for Home Affairs in July 2000, before being brought into the shadow cabinet in 2001 by the Conservative leader Iain Duncan Smith. He served as Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury from September 2001 to July 2002, and as Shadow Minister for Work and Pensions from July to November 2002. During this first spell on the front benches, Bercow publicly said that he did not think he was ruthless enough to reach the top of politics.[24] In November 2002, when the Labour government introduced the Adoption and Children Act, which would allow unmarried gay and heterosexual couples to adopt children, Duncan Smith imposed a three-line whip requiring Conservative MPs to vote against the bill rather than allowing a free vote. In protest, Bercow defied the whips and voted with Labour arguing that it should be a free vote. He then resigned from the front bench.[25] As a backbencher he was openly critical of Duncan Smith's leadership.[citation needed]

In November 2003, the new Conservative leader Michael Howard appointed Bercow as Shadow Secretary of State for International Development. However, he went on to clash with Howard over taxes, immigration and Iraq,[26] and was sacked from the front bench in September 2004 after telling Howard that Ann Widdecombe was right to have said that there was "something of the night about him".[27] Bercow has a long-standing interest in Burma and frequently raised issues of democracy and genocide in the country. In 2006 he was made a patron of the Tory Reform Group.[28] In 2001, he supported the ban on MPs becoming members of the Monday Club.[29]

Bercow was formerly the treasurer of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Tribal Peoples,[30] an APPG composed of over 30 cross-party MPs which aims to raise parliamentary and public awareness of tribal peoples.[31]

Bercow won the Stonewall award for Politician of the Year in 2010 for his work to support equality for lesbian, gay and bisexual people.[32] He was given a score of 100% in favour of lesbian, gay and bisexual equality by Stonewall.[33]

Opposition MP of the Year
In 2005, Bercow won the Channel Four/Hansard Society Political Award for 'Opposition MP of the Year'. He said:

In addition to pursuing a wide variety of local issues, I have attempted to question, probe and scrutinise the Government in the House of Commons on important national and international topics which concern people. Over the last 12 months, I have constantly pressed the case for reform of world trade rules to give the poorest people on the planet a chance to sell their products and improve their quality of life. The plight of the people of Darfur, Western Sudan, has also been a regular theme. They have suffered too much for too long with too little done about the situation. I shall go on arguing for Britain to take the lead in the international community in seeking decisive action for peace and justice.[34]

Rumours of defection
Following the defection of Conservative MP Quentin Davies to the Labour Party in June 2007, there were persistent rumours that Bercow was likely to be the next Conservative MP to leave the party.[35]

Bercow did not defect to Labour, but in September 2007, Labour prime minister Gordon Brown announced that Bercow had accepted an advisory post on the Labour government's review of support for children with speech, language and communication special needs. The Conservative Party chairman, Caroline Spelman, confirmed that this appointment was with the consent of the Conservative Party.[36] Bercow had a long-term interest in this topic, as his son Oliver has been diagnosed with autism.[37]

Bercow review
In 2008, Bercow was asked by Labour cabinet members Ed Balls and Alan Johnson to produce a substantial review of children and families affected by speech, language and communication needs (SLCN). After the report, the government pledged £52 million to raise the profile of SLCN within the education field.

The review looks at the extreme consequences to which communication problems can lead; from initial frustration at not being able to express oneself, to bullying or being bullied at school, fewer job prospects and even a descent into criminality.[38][39]

The interim report highlighted a number of core issues: that speech, language and communication are not only essential life skills but fundamental human rights; that early identification of problems and intervention is important to avoid social problems later on; and that the current system of treatment is patchy, i.e. there is a need for services to be continually provided for children and families from an early age.[40][41]

Role in expenses scandal
Until 2008/09 Bercow usually claimed the maximum available amount for the 'Additional Costs Allowance' to pay for the cost of staying away from his main home. In 2007/08 and 2008/09 his total expenses were amongst the lowest claimed by MPs (coming 631st and 640th, respectively, out of 645 and 647).[citation needed]

During the 2009 expenses scandal, it was revealed that Bercow changed the designation of his second home on more than one occasion – meaning that he avoided paying capital gains tax on the sale of two properties. He also claimed just under £1,000 to hire an accountant to fill in his tax returns. Bercow denied any wrongdoing, but agreed to pay £6,508 to cover any tax that he may have had to pay to HM Revenue and Customs.[42]

It was revealed in 2014 that the House of Commons authorities had destroyed all evidence of MPs' expenses claims prior to 2010. Bercow faced accusations that he had presided over what had been dubbed a "fresh cover-up" of the expenses scandal.[43]

In July 2015, Bercow was again criticised for the amount of his expenses, including a claim of £172 for a 0.7 mile chauffeur-driven journey. Andy Silvester, campaign director at the TaxPayers' Alliance, said: "This is an obscene waste of money and shows appalling judgment from whoever made the arrangements."[44]

Charitable work
Bercow has supported a number of charities. He is a Patron of Brain Tumour Research[45] and a Patron of the Patchwork Foundation[46] founded by Harris Bokhari. He has also spoken at and supported other charities such as the mental health charity Jami.[47] He recently supported a fundraiser for Children in Need.[48]

Speaker of the House of Commons

Fettexplosion

Fettbrände sind Brände von über ihren Brennpunkt erhitzten Speisefetten oder -ölen, typischerweise meist im Küchenbereich auftretend. Besonders problematisch sind Fettbrände, weil Löschversuche mit Wasser zu einer Fettexplosion führen können.

Fettbrand
Früher gehörten Fettbrände der Brandklasse B an, jedoch werden sie wegen ihrer besonderen Gefahren und Eigenheiten seit Januar 2005 in der eigens geschaffenen Brandklasse F geführt.

Fette und Öle können sich im hoch erhitzten Zustand selbst entzünden – ein deutliches Unterscheidungsmerkmal zu den in Brandklasse B eingruppierten brennbaren Flüssigkeiten, die in der Regel eine Zündquelle zur Entzündung benötigen.

Fettexplosion
Die Fettexplosion gehört in der Phase der Wasserverdampfungen zu den physikalischen Explosionen, da die Energie zum Verdampfen des Wassers aus der Wärme des Fettes stammt. Durch die darauf folgende explosionsartige (exotherme) Verbrennung der feinen Tröpfchen wird die Explosion weiter angetrieben und zu einer chemischen Explosion.

Da brennendes Fett oder Öl bereits bei seiner Entzündung mehrere hundert Grad Celsius heiß und damit heißer als siedendes Wasser ist, verdampft zugegebenes Wasser schlagartig. Dadurch wird das brennende Fett mit dem Wasserdampf aus dem Behälter gerissen und kommt mehr oder weniger fein verteilt mit dem Sauerstoff der Luft in Berührung. Während die Flüssigkeitsoberfläche des brennenden Fettes noch relativ gering ist, wird sie durch den entstehenden Wasserdampf aufgerissen und in feinste Tröpfchen zerstäubt. Ähnlich der Verbrennung in einem Dieselmotor zünden die kleinsten Tröpfchen zuerst, heizen ihre Umgebung und benachbarte Fetttröpfchen auf und steigen mit der durch sie erhitzen Luft nach oben. Dadurch entsteht bei freier Entfaltung eine charakteristische Feuersäule über der Brandstelle, die sich zu einem Pilz formt.

Das Phänomen einer Fettexplosion kann auch mit anderen Stoffen, z. B. bei erhitztem Wachs oder ähnlichem, auftreten.

Eine Fettexplosion kann auftreten, wenn fälschlicherweise versucht wird, einen Fettbrand mit Wasser oder stark wasserhaltigen Flüssigkeiten (Getränke etc.) zu löschen.