Muriel Robin

Muriel Robin est une humoriste et actrice française, née le 2 août 1955 à Montbrison (Loire). Après une formation d'actrice classique, elle est révélée au public en tant qu'humoriste, d'abord dans l'émission La Classe, puis dans des one woman show.
Biographie
Enfance
Muriel Robin est à l'état civil la benjamine des trois enfants d'Antoine Robin et Aimée Rimbaud, marchands de chaussures place Saint-Pierre à Montbrison ; elle a deux sœurs, Nydia et Martine. En réalité, elle est née d'une relation extra-conjugale de sa mère Aimée Rimbaud avec un marchand forain d'origine arménienne, Jacques Amalian, ce qu'elle découvre à cinquante ans passés, lors du décès de sa mère.1,2. En 1960, la famille s'installe à Saint-Étienne. Très jeune, elle aime faire rire et rêve de devenir chanteuse. Après une scolarité sans éclat passée notamment au cours Sévigné de Saint-Étienne et en raison d'une certaine préférence pour faire la fête, elle finit par échouer deux fois de suite à son bac. Hésitant sur sa carrière professionnelle, elle commence par vendre des chaussures dans le magasin familial (1975-76), sans être vraiment motivée3.

Formation (années 1970)
En 1977, âgée de 22 ans, elle quitte Saint-Étienne pour Paris, où elle s'initie à l'art dramatique au cours Florent et prépare le concours d'entrée au Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique de Paris. Elle est reçue première et suit trois ans durant l'enseignement de ses maîtres, notamment de l'acteur Michel Bouquet3. Sortie lauréate du Conservatoire, elle retourne vendre des chaussures à Saint-Étienne.

Débuts et révélation comique (années 1980)
En 1981, elle part rejoindre Roger Louret, rencontré à Paris, qui se trouve à Monclar en Lot-et-Garonne avec sa troupe, Les Baladins en Agenais3. Elle partage alors la vie de troupe : comédie, comptabilité, régie, etc. Elle y rencontre notamment Élie Semoun et Annie Grégorio.

Son ambition d'alors, selon son propre aveu, est de faire du cinéma et d'obtenir des rôles à l'image de ceux qu'avait interprétés une des actrices qui la font rêver : Annie Girardot (qu'elle rencontrera d'ailleurs plus tard et avec laquelle elle deviendra très amie).

En 1983, c'est avec Annie Grégorio qu'elle remonte à Paris pour vivre l'aventure du Petit Théâtre de Bouvard. Elle y rencontre Didier Bénureau. En butte aux méthodes autoritaires de Philippe Bouvard, elle se voit toutefois offrir par celui-ci un rôle dans la pièce qu'il vient d'écrire, Double Foyer. Elle joue ensuite dans la pièce coécrite avec Didier Bénureau, Maman ou Donne-moi ton linge, je fais une machine, en 1986 à Avignon et en 1987 à Paris au Théâtre de Dix heures. La pièce fut d'abord présentée à Monclar, au Théâtre de Poche.

Après un creux dans sa carrière, c'est dans le cadre de l'émission La Classe diffusée sur FR3 (future France 3) qu'elle se fait connaître du grand public en 1987.

En 1988, Muriel Robin rencontre Pierre Palmade, un homme qui va beaucoup compter dans sa carrière. Ils deviennent rapidement grands amis et créent ensemble son premier one-woman-show Les majorettes se cachent pour mourir en 1988 au Tintamarre, mis en scène par Roger Louret. Ce spectacle est un vrai succès et propulse Robin dans les médias. Vient ensuite Un point, c'est tout en 1989 au Splendid.

Confirmation sur scène (années 1990)
De 1990-1991 Tout m'énerve à l'Olympia, deux spectacles mis en scène par Roger Louret.

En 1992-1993, Bedos-Robin où Robin propose avec Guy Bedos un spectacle commun à l'Olympia mis en scène par Roger Louret.

En 1994, Robin joue deux pièces de Georges Feydeau avec Pierre Richard (Feu la mère de Madame et On purge Bébé) au Théâtre Edouard VII, mise en scène de Bernard Murat.

En 1995, Robin anime à la radio, sur Europe 1, l'émission Robin Déboise avec Philippe Massé.

En 1996, Tout Robin au Casino de Paris, sélection de sketches anciens.

En 1997, elle obtient son premier grand rôle au cinéma en remplacement de Valérie Lemercier dans Les Couloirs du temps : Les Visiteurs 2 de Jean-Marie Poiré. La même année, elle écrit et met en scène avec Pierre Palmade le spectacle Ils s'aiment, joué par Pierre Palmade et Michèle Laroque, qui obtient un vif succès public et une nomination au Molière du meilleur one man show ou spectacle de sketches. Elle coécrit et met en scène la suite Ils se sont aimés.

En 1998, elle réalise la mise en scène du spectacle d'Élie Semoun : Élie et Semoun.

En 1998-1999, Toute seule comme une grande à l'Olympia, puis au Zénith et en tournée.

Diversification et consécration (années 2000)
Elle annonce à l'occasion de la dernière de ce spectacle à l'Olympia, en mai 2000, son intention d'en finir avec le one-woman-show traditionnel afin de se consacrer à son métier de comédienne.

En 2000, premier vrai grand rôle au cinéma dans le rôle éponyme Marie-Line de Mehdi Charef.

Retour sur les planches en 2002, dans la Griffe mis en scène par Annick Blancheteau, au théâtre Fontaine.

Robin crée un spectacle d'un genre nouveau (sketches, music-hall) Au secours à la fin de 2004, présenté ensuite au Grand Rex en janvier 2005. Tournée ensuite et dernière en décembre 2005 au Grand Rex.

Entre-temps, en 2005, Robin est à l'affiche du film réalisé par Coline Serreau Saint-Jacques… La Mecque. La même année, elle participe à l'émission Rendez-vous en terre inconnue.

En octobre 2006, Robin crée l'événement télévisuel avec Marie Besnard, l'empoisonneuse, réalisé par Christian Faure. Ce rôle lui vaut de remporter le 19 novembre 2007 l'International Emmy Award de la meilleure performance d'actrice4.

Fin 2006, Muriel Robin fait le bilan de 30 ans de carrière en sortant un coffret DVD, Muriel se plie en quatre, réunissant quatre de ses spectacles les plus emblématiques. En bonus, elle se confie dans une interview rare à la journaliste Sandrine Cohen5. Le 9 décembre 2006, elle est vice-présidente du jury de l'élection de Miss France 2007.

Entre 1992 et 2007, elle participe activement chaque année aux concerts des Enfoirés donnés pour Les Restos du cœur créés par Coluche et dont elle a été la marraine jusqu'en 2007. En 2001, elle s'est également engagée, avec la journaliste Marine Jacquemin, aux côtés de La Chaîne de l'espoir dans la réalisation de l'Institut Médical Français pour l'Enfant de Kaboul6 en Afghanistan. Cet hôpital a ouvert ses portes en 2005.

Muriel Robin est, aux côtés de Line Renaud, à l'affiche de la pièce de théâtre Fugueuses, écrite par Pierre Palmade et Christophe Duthuron. La dernière représentation de la pièce fut diffusée en direct sur France 2, le samedi 5 janvier 2008 à 21 heures, et avait réuni près de 8 millions de téléspectateurs (audience exceptionnelle pour une chaîne du service public).

Retour (années 2010)
Robin a vécu plusieurs drames personnels, dont la mort de sa mère, ce qui l'avait poussée à se retirer de la scène médiatique7. Ainsi, durant plusieurs éditions, elle ne fait plus partie de la troupe des Enfoirés, une cause qui lui tient pourtant à cœur8.

En 2011, elle tient le premier rôle féminin de la comédie populaire On ne choisit pas sa famille, de Christian Clavier ; le film peine à attirer le public en salles. En 2012, elle est à l'affiche d'un film plus modeste, Le Paradis des bêtes, d'Estelle Larrivaz.

Mais c'est en 2013 qu'elle fait son grand retour : d'abord avec un nouveau spectacle intitulé : Muriel Robin revient... Tsoin Tsoin, puis à travers plusieurs rôles à la télévision : dans trois téléfilms dramatiques : Passage du désir, Indiscrétions et Le Clan des Lanzac.

En 2014, elle retrouve Josée Dayan pour Entre vents et marées. C'est la même qui lui fait confiance en 2016 en la faisant participer à un épisode de la série policière à succès de France 3, Capitaine Marleau.

Toujours en 2016, au cinéma, elle est dirigée par Christophe Honoré pour le mélodrame Les Malheurs de Sophie, qui est un succès, avec plus de 511 631 entrées9.

Début 2018, elle intervient de façon récurrente dans l'émission à succès de RTL, Les Grosses Têtes. La même année, elle est l’héroïne du téléfilm dramatique Jacqueline Sauvage : C'était lui ou moi inspiré de l’Affaire Jacqueline Sauvage réalisé par Yves Rénier10. Cette fiction offre un record d'audience à TF1 avec 7,7 millions de téléspectateurs, soit 33,5 % de part d'audience, il constitue la meilleure audience pour une fiction française sur la chaîne depuis la diffusion d'Une chance de trop en 201511. Le 18 Octobre 2018, elle publie son autobiographie intitulée Fragile, qui est acclamée par la critique12,13,14. Le 19 décembre 2018, plus de 70 célébrités se mobilisent à l'appel de l'association Urgence Homophobie. Robin est l'une d'elles et apparaît dans le clip de la chanson De l'amour15,16,17.

Vie privée
Muriel Robin a indiqué avoir été, au cours de sa vie amoureuse, « avec des hommes, des femmes, encore avec des hommes. Aujourd'hui, je suis avec une femme parce que je suis tombée sur la bonne personne18. »

Muriel Robin vit en couple avec la comédienne Anne Le Nen avec laquelle elle s’est pacsée le 5 décembre 200919,20. Dans une interview au magazine Closer, Muriel Robin reconnaît penser au mariage avec celle qui partage sa vie depuis 200621.

Dans son livre Entre émoi et moi publié en 201122, Catherine Lara fait mention de son histoire d'amour passée avec Muriel Robin23, une histoire qui remonte à la fin des années 1980-début 1990.

Le 29 juin 2015, lors d'une interview, Muriel Robin révèle avoir fait une fausse couche lorsqu'elle était plus jeune
Sketches
Tout m’énerve
Les animaux
La veste
Christine
L'amnésique
La solitude
Le salon de coiffure
La lettre et l'addition
Le dictionnaire
Mme Dupin
L'addition
Le noir
Mélodrame
Le répondeur
La blague
Bedos/Robin
La première valse
Les programmes scolaires
Dans le noir
La maison de retraite
Private Club
Chantal, Bush et Cie
Si j'étais une femme
Le noir (suite)
Chagrin fiscal
Première impro
Revue de presse
L'annonce faite à Odile
Répétition
Molière, Musset, Shakespeare et nous
L'illusionniste
La bête de scène
Faut se tirer
Sur le balcon
Carola
Cinq ans après
J'ai envie
Toute seule comme une grande
Entrée
Le testament
Le peintre
Pépette
Sacha
Le barbecue
Les vacances
La réunion de chantier
Je perds tout
La vedette
Tout groupé
Au secours !
En janvier 2005, Muriel Robin crée la surprise en présentant son nouveau one-woman-show d'un genre nouveau.

En effet, Au secours ! n'est pas, à l'inverse de ses précédents spectacles, une suite de sketches abordant tous un thème ou un type de personnage différents. Ce spectacle, coécrit avec Pierre Palmade, montre, en fil rouge, les mésaventures et les tracas d'une metteur en scène d'une adaptation de Blanche-Neige et les Sept Nains en comédie musicale. Entre une vie privée déprimante, une bisexualité difficile à gérer, des comédiens aussi niais qu'incompétents et une mère atteinte de la maladie d'Alzheimer, la répétition générale, à moins de 15 jours de la première représentation, n'est vraiment pas de tout repos. Crises de nerfs, rires, pleurs, déclarations, passion et amour sont au programme.

Sur plus d'1h50 de spectacle, Muriel Robin mélange comédie, burlesque, théâtre, sentiments, chanson, danse et cabaret. Elle est notamment accompagnée, à la fin du spectacle, de 6 danseurs professionnels qui exécutent avec elle les différentes chorégraphies de sa comédie musicale, que ses acteurs, fictifs, sont incapables de se remémorer.

Le spectacle a été présenté pour la première fois en 2005 au Grand Rex à Paris, complexe cinématographique, dans une salle aux proportions inattendues pour un one-woman-show[réf. souhaitée], mais nécessaire à l'installation d'un escalier qui joue un rôle important notamment durant les chorégraphies, et aussi à l'exécution des nombreuses danses que Muriel Robin exécute pendant tout le spectacle. Elle a d'ailleurs achevé sa tournée nationale à nouveau au Grand Rex, en décembre 2005[réf. souhaitée].

Filmographie
Cinéma
1985 : Urgence de Gilles Béhat
1986 : Le bonheur a encore frappé de Jean-Luc Trotignon : la présentatrice TV
1987 : La Passerelle de Jean-Claude Sussfeld : la gardienne
1988 : Bonjour l'angoisse de Pierre Tchernia : Mademoiselle Champion
1989 : Après après-demain de Gérard Frot-Coutaz : la surveillante du supermarché
1998 : Les Couloirs du temps : Les Visiteurs 2 de Jean-Marie Poiré : Frénégonde/Béatrice
1999 : Doggy Bag de Frédéric Comtet : Mama San
2000 : Marie-Line de Mehdi Charef : Marie-Line
2005 : Saint-Jacques… La Mecque de Coline Serreau : Clara
2008 : Musée haut, musée bas de Jean-Michel Ribes : la dame Kandinsky
2009 : Le Bal des actrices de Maïwenn : elle-même
2011 : On ne choisit pas sa famille, de Christian Clavier : Kim
2011 : Hollywoo de Frédéric Berthe et Pascal Serieis : l'agent de Jeanne
2012 : Le Paradis des bêtes d'Estelle Larrivaz : Stéphanie Durand
2016 : Les Malheurs de Sophie de Christophe Honoré : Madame Fichini24
Télévision
1985 : Vive la mariée de Jean Valère : L'hôtelière
2006 : Marie Besnard, l'empoisonneuse de Christian Faure : Marie Besnard
2009 : Mourir d'aimer de Josée Dayan : Gabrielle Delorme
2009 : Folie douce, de Josée Dayan : Juliette Monceau
2010 : Ni reprise, ni échangée de Josée Dayan : Juliette
2012 : Passage du désir de Jérôme Foulon : Lola Jost
2013 : Le Clan des Lanzac de Josée Dayan : Anne Lanzac
2013 : Passage du désir, le secret de Monta Corridor de Jérôme Foulon : Lola Jost
2013 : Indiscrétions de Josée Dayan : Clémence Lacombe
2013 : Y'a pas d'âge (1 épisode) : Brigitte Gompard,
2014 : Entre vents et marées de Josée Dayan : Cécile
2016 : Capitaine Marleau, épisode Brouillard en thalasso réalisé par Josée Dayan : Garance Thibaut
2018 : Jacqueline Sauvage : C'était lui ou moi d'Yves Rénier : Jacqueline Sauvage
Doublage
1999 : Tarzan de Kevin Lima et Chris Buck : Tok / Tokina
2001 : Bécassine et le Trésor viking de Philippe Vidal : Bécassine
Théâtre
Comédienne
Spectacles d'humour (solo ou duo)
1986 : Maman ou donne-moi ton linge, je fais une machine (coauteure et interprète de la pièce), Théâtre de Dix heures
1988 : Les majorettes se cachent pour mourir (écrit avec Pierre Palmade), Tintamarre
1989 : Un point c'est tout, Le Splendid
1990 : Tout m'énerve, Olympia
1992 : Bedos/Robin (avec Guy Bedos), Olympia
1996 : Tout Robin, Casino de Paris
1998 : Toute Seule comme une grande, Zénith
2005 : Au secours !, Le Grand Rex
2008 : Fugueuses, (avec Line Renaud), Théâtre des Variétés
2009 : Les Diablogues, (avec Annie Grégorio), Marigny
2013 : Muriel Robin revient, tsoin, tsoin, Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin
2016 : Ils s'aiment depuis 20 ans, (avec Michèle Laroque, coécrit avec Pierre Palmade)
2019 - 2020 : Et pof ! (compilation de reprises de ses sketchs cultes)
Pièces de théâtre
1994 : On purge bébé et Feu la mère de Madame de Georges Feydeau, mise en scène Bernard Murat, Théâtre Édouard VII
2002 : La Griffe (A 71) de Claude d'Anna et Laure Bonin, mise en scène Annick Blancheteau, Théâtre Fontaine
2007 : Fugueuses de Pierre Palmade, Christophe Duthuron, mise en scène Christophe Duthuron, Théâtre des Variétés. La dernière représentation, le 5 janvier 2008, a été diffusée en direct sur France 2.
2009 : Les Diablogues de Roland Dubillard, mise en scène Jean-Michel Ribes, Théâtre Marigny
2015 : Momo de Sébastien Thiéry, mise en scène Ladislas Chollat, Théâtre de Paris
2017 : Elles s'aiment avec Michèle Laroque
Metteuse en scène
1996 : Ils s'aiment de Pierre Palmade et Muriel Robin
2001 : Ils se sont aimés de Pierre Palmade et Muriel Robin, Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin
2012 : Tranches de Vies, interprété par Élie Semoun, mise en scène de Muriel Robin
Publications
Muriel Robin, préface à Nouveaucabulaire, éd. Le Cherche Midi, 2005 (ISBN 978-2749104386)
Muriel Robin et Chanee, Vocation nature, éditions Arthaud, 2007 (ISBN 978-2700300406)
Muriel Robin, Fragile, XO éditions, 2018 (ISBN 978-2-845-63616-3)

Robert Frank

Robert Frank (November 9, 1924 – September 9, 2019) was a Swiss-American photographer and documentary filmmaker. His most notable work, the 1958 book titled The Americans, earned Frank comparisons to a modern-day de Tocqueville for his fresh and nuanced outsider's view of American society. Critic Sean O'Hagan, writing in The Guardian in 2014, said The Americans "changed the nature of photography, what it could say and how it could say it. [ . . . ] it remains perhaps the most influential photography book of the 20th century."[1] Frank later expanded into film and video and experimented with manipulating photographs and photomontage
Background and early photography career
Frank was born in Switzerland. His mother was named Rosa Franks and his father was named Hermann Frank. Robert Frank states in Gerald Fox's 2005 documentary Leaving Home, Coming Home that his mother, Rosa (other sources state her name as Regina), had a Swiss passport, while his father, Hermann originating from Frankfurt, Germany had become stateless after losing his German citizenship as a Jew. They had to apply for the Swiss citizenship of Robert and his older brother, Manfred. Though Frank and his family remained safe in Switzerland during World War II, the threat of Nazism nonetheless affected his understanding of oppression. He turned to photography, in part as a means to escape the confines of his business-oriented family and home, and trained under a few photographers and graphic designers before he created his first hand-made book of photographs, 40 Fotos, in 1946. Frank emigrated to the United States in 1947, and secured a job in New York City as a fashion photographer for Harper's Bazaar.

In 1949, the new editor of Camera magazine, Walter Laubli (1902–1991), published a substantial portfolio of Jakob Tuggener pictures made at upper-class entertainments and in factories, alongside the work of the 25 year-old Frank who had just returned to his native Switzerland after two years abroad, with pages including some of his first pictures from New York. The magazine promoted the two as representatives of the 'new photography' of Switzerland.[3]

Tuggener was a role model for the younger artist, first mentioned to him by Frank's boss and mentor, Zurich commercial photographer Michael Wolgensinger (1913–1990) who understood that Frank was unsuited to the more mercenary application of the medium. Tuggener, as a serious artist who had left the commercial world behind, was the "one Frank really did love, from among all Swiss photographers," according to Guido Magnaguagno[4] and Fabrik, as a photo book, was a model for Frank's Les Américains ('The Americans') published ten years later in Paris by Delpire, in 1958.

He soon left to travel in South America and Europe. He created another hand-made book of photographs that he shot in Peru, and returned to the U.S. in 1950. That year was momentous for Frank, who, after meeting Edward Steichen, participated in the group show 51 American Photographers at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA); he also married fellow artist Mary Frank née Mary Lockspeiser, with whom he had two children, Andrea and Pablo.[5]

Though he was initially optimistic about the United States' society and culture, Frank's perspective quickly changed as he confronted the fast pace of American life and what he saw as an overemphasis on money. He now saw America as an often bleak and lonely place, a perspective that became evident in his later photography. Frank's own dissatisfaction with the control that editors exercised over his work also undoubtedly colored his experience. He continued to travel, moving his family briefly to Paris. In 1953, he returned to New York and continued to work as a freelance photojournalist for magazines including McCall's, Vogue, and Fortune. Associating with other contemporary photographers such as Saul Leiter and Diane Arbus, he helped form what Jane Livingston has termed The New York School of photographers (not to be confused with the New York School of art) during the 1940s and 1950s.

In 1955, Frank received the further recognition that came the inclusion by Edward Steichen of seven his photographs (many more than most other contributors) in the world-touring Museum of Modern Art exhibition The Family of Man that was to be seen by 9 million visitors and with a popular catalogue that is still in print.[6] Frank's contributions had been taken in Spain (of a woman kissing her swaddled babe-in-arms), of a bowed old woman in Peru, a rheumy-eyed miner in Wales, and the others in England and the USA, including two (one atypically soft-focus) of his wife in pregnancy, and one of six laughing women in the window of the White Tower Hamburger Stand on Fourteenth Street, New York City, later included in The Americans.[7]

The Americans
Main article: The Americans (photography)
Inspired by fellow Swiss Jakob Tuggener's 1943 filmic book Fabrik,[8] Bill Brandt's The English at Home (1936),[9] and Walker Evans's American Photographs[10] (1938),[11] and on the recommendation of Evans (a previous recipient),[12] Alexey Brodovitch, Alexander Leiberman, Edward Steichen, and Meyer Schapiro,[7] Frank secured a Guggenheim Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation[13] in 1955 to travel across the United States and photograph all strata of its society. Cities he visited included Detroit and Dearborn, Michigan; Savannah, Georgia; Miami Beach and St. Petersburg, Florida; New Orleans, Louisiana; Houston, Texas; Los Angeles, California; Reno, Nevada; Salt Lake City, Utah; Butte, Montana; and Chicago, Illinois.[14] He took his family along with him for part of his series of road trips over the next two years, during which time he took 28,000 shots. 83 of these were selected by him for publication in The Americans.[15]

Frank's journey was not without incident. He later recalled the anti-Semitism to which he was subject in a small Arkansas town. "I remember the guy [policeman] took me into the police station, and he sat there and put his feet on the table. It came out that I was Jewish because I had a letter from the Guggenheim Foundation. They really were primitive." He was told by the sheriff, "Well, we have to get somebody who speaks Yiddish." ... "They wanted to make a thing out of it. It was the only time it happened on the trip. They put me in jail. It was scary. Nobody knew where I was."[16] Elsewhere in the South, he was told by a sheriff that he had "an hour to leave town." Those incidents may have contributed to the dark view of America found in the work.[17]

Shortly after returning to New York in 1957, Frank met Beat writer Jack Kerouac on the sidewalk outside a party and showed him the photographs from his travels. Kerouac immediately told Frank, "Sure I can write something about these pictures." He eventually contributed the introduction to the U.S. edition of The Americans. Frank also became lifelong friends with Allen Ginsberg, and was one of the main visual artists to document the Beat subculture, which felt an affinity with Frank's interest in documenting the tensions between the optimism of the 1950s and the realities of class and racial differences. The irony that Frank found in the gloss of American culture and wealth over this tension gave his photographs a clear contrast to those of most contemporary American photojournalists, as did his use of unusual focus, low lighting and cropping that deviated from accepted photographic techniques.[15]

This divergence from contemporary photographic standards gave Frank difficulty at first in securing an American publisher. Les Américains was first published in 1958 by Robert Delpire in Paris, as part of its Encyclopédie Essentielle series, with texts by Simone de Beauvoir, Erskine Caldwell, William Faulkner, Henry Miller and John Steinbeck that Delpire positioned opposite Frank's photographs.[18] It was finally published in 1959 in the United States, without the texts, by Grove Press, where it initially received substantial criticism. Popular Photography, for one, derided his images as "meaningless blur, grain, muddy exposures, drunken horizons and general sloppiness." Though sales were also poor at first, the fact that the introduction was by the popular Kerouac helped it reach a larger audience. Over time and through its inspiration of later artists, The Americans became a seminal work in American photography and art history, and is the work with which Frank is most clearly identified. Critic Sean O'Hagan, writing in The Guardian in 2014, said "it is impossible to imagine photography's recent past and overwhelmingly confusing present without his lingeringly pervasive presence." and that The Americans "changed the nature of photography, what it could say and how it could say it. [ . . . ] it remains perhaps the most influential photography book of the 20th century."[1]

In 1961, Frank received his first individual show, entitled Robert Frank: Photographer, at the Art Institute of Chicago. He also showed at the Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1962.

To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the first publication of The Americans, a new edition was released worldwide on May 30, 2008. For this new edition from Steidl, most photographs are uncropped (in contrast to the cropped versions in previous editions), and two photographs are replaced with those of the same subject but from an alternate perspective.

A celebratory exhibit of The Americans, titled Looking In: Robert Frank's The Americans, was displayed in 2009 at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), and at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.[19] The second section of the four-section, 2009, SFMOMA[20] exhibition displays Frank's original application to the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (which funded the primary work on The Americans project), along with vintage contact sheets, letters to photographer Walker Evans and author Jack Kerouac, and two early manuscript versions of Kerouac's introduction to the book. Also exhibited were three collages (made from more than 115 original rough work prints) that were assembled under Frank's supervision in 2007 and 2008, revealing his intended themes as well as his first rounds of image selection. An accompanying book, also titled Looking In: Robert Frank's The Americans, was published,[17] the most in-depth examination of any photography book ever, at 528 pages. While working as a guard at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Jason Eskenazi asked other noted photographers visiting the Looking In exhibition to choose their favorite image from The Americans and explain their choice, resulting in the book, By the Glow of the Jukebox: The Americans List.[21]

Films
By the time The Americans was published in the United States, Frank had moved away from photography to concentrate on filmmaking. Among his films was the 1959 Pull My Daisy, which was written and narrated by Kerouac and starred Ginsberg, Gregory Corso and others from the Beat circle. The Beats emphasized spontaneity, and the film conveyed the quality of having been thrown together or even improvised.[15] Pull My Daisy was accordingly praised for years as an improvisational masterpiece, until Frank's co-director, Alfred Leslie, revealed in a November 28, 1968 article in the Village Voice that the film was actually carefully planned, rehearsed, and directed by him and Frank, who shot the film with professional lighting.

In 1960, Frank was staying in Pop artist George Segal's basement while filming The Sin of Jesus with a grant from Walter K. Gutman. Isaac Babel's story was transformed to center on a woman working on a chicken farm in New Jersey. It was originally supposed to be filmed in six weeks in and around New Brunswick, but Frank ended up shooting for six months.

Frank's 1972 documentary of the Rolling Stones, Cocksucker Blues, is arguably his best known film. The film shows the Stones on tour, engaging in heavy drug use and group sex. Frank said of the Stones, "It was great to watch them — the excitement. But my job was after the show. What I was photographing was a kind of boredom. It's so difficult being famous. It's a horrendous life. Everyone wants to get something from you."[15] Mick Jagger reportedly told Frank, "It's a fucking good film, Robert, but if it shows in America we'll never be allowed in the country again." The Stones sued to prevent the film's release, and it was disputed whether Frank as the artist or the Stones as those who hired the artist owned the copyright. A court order restricted the film to being shown no more than five times per year, and only in the presence of Frank. Frank's photography also appeared on the cover of the Rolling Stones' album Exile on Main St..

Other films by Frank include Me and My Brother, Keep Busy, and Candy Mountain (the last was co-directed with Rudy Wurlitzer).

Later life and death
Though Frank continued to be interested in film and video, he returned to still images in the 1970s, publishing his second photographic book, The Lines of My Hand, in 1972. This work has been described as a "visual autobiography", and consists largely of personal photographs. However, he largely gave up "straight" photography to instead create narratives out of constructed images and collages, incorporating words and multiple frames of images that were directly scratched and distorted on the negatives. None of this later work has achieved an impact comparable to that of The Americans. As some critics have pointed out, this is perhaps because Frank began playing with constructed images more than a decade after Robert Rauschenberg introduced his silkscreen composites—in contrast to The Americans, Frank's later images simply were not beyond the pale of accepted technique and practice by that time.

Frank and Mary separated in 1969. He remarried, to sculptor June Leaf, and in 1971, moved to the community of Mabou, Nova Scotia in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia in Canada. In 1974, tragedy struck when his daughter, Andrea, was killed in a plane crash in Tikal, Guatemala. Also around this time, his son, Pablo, was first hospitalized and diagnosed with schizophrenia. Much of Frank's subsequent work has dealt with the impact of the loss of both his daughter and subsequently his son, who died in an Allentown, Pennsylvania hospital in 1994. In 1995, he founded the Andrea Frank Foundation, which provides grants to artists.

Since his move to Nova Scotia, Canada, Frank divided his time between his home there, in a former fisherman's shack on the coast, and his Bleecker Street loft in New York. He acquired a reputation for being a recluse (particularly since the death of Andrea), declining most interviews and public appearances. He continued to accept eclectic assignments, however, such as photographing the 1984 Democratic National Convention, and directing music videos for artists such as New Order ("Run"), and Patti Smith ("Summer Cannibals"). Frank produced both films and still images, and helped organize several retrospectives of his art. His work has been represented by Pace/MacGill Gallery in New York since 1984.[22] In 1994, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. presented the most comprehensive retrospective of Frank's work to date, entitled Moving Out.

Frank died on September 9, 2019, at his home in Nova Scotia.[23][24][25]

Bibliography
Books
Les Américains = The Americans
Paris: Delpire, 1958. French. Includes text in French by Simone de Beauvoir, Erskine Caldwell, William Faulkner, Henry Miller and John Steinbeck about American political and social history, selected by Alain Bosquet. Part of the Encyclopédie Essentielle series.
New York: Grove Press, 1959. Introduction by Jack Kerouac.
New York: Aperture; Museum of Modern Art, 1969. Revised and enlarged edition. With an introduction by Jack Kerouac, a brief introduction by Frank, and a survey of Frank's films, each represented by a page of film frame stills.
Göttingen: Steidl, 2008. ISBN 978-3-86521-584-0. Most photographs are uncropped compared with cropped versions in previous editions, and two photographs are replaced with those of the same subject but from an alternate perspective.
The Lines of my Hand.
Tokyo: Yugensha. Deluxe, slipcased edition. Edition of 1000 copies, 500 featured the slipcase photograph of "New York City, 1948", 500 featured the slipcase photograph of "Platte River, Tennessee".
New York: Lustrum Press, 1972. Paperback.
New York: Pantheon. ISBN 9780394552552.
Flower is… Yugensha, 1987. Edition of 1000 copies, 500 featured "Champs-Élysées, 1950 [Fleurs]" tipped onto the front cover, 500 featured "Metro Stalingrad" tipped onto the front cover.
Flamingo. Göteborg, Sweden: Hasselblad Center, 1997. ISBN 9783931141554. Catalogue for Hasselblad Award exhibition, Hasselblad Center, Goteborg, Sweden.
London/Wales. Published in collaboration with the Corcoran Gallery, Washington, D.C., for an exhibition held May 10 – July 14, 2003.
Zurich; New York: Scalo, 2003. ISBN 9783908247678.
Göttingen: Steidl, 2007. ISBN 978-3865213624.
Come Again. Göttingen: Steidl, 2006. ISBN 9783865212610. According to the back cover, "Photos have been taken within the context of the photographical project 'Beirut, city centre, 1991', Éditions de Cyprès, Paris."
Paris. Göttingen: Steidl, 2006. ISBN 978-3865215246.
Peru. Göttingen: Steidl, 2006. ISBN 978-3865216922.
Zero Mostel Reads a Book. Göttingen: Steidl, 2006. ISBN 978-3865215864.
Tal Uf Tal Ab. Göttingen: Steidl, 2010. ISBN 978-3869301013. The first of the "Visual Diaries" combining iconic photos from Frank's early career with the more private pictures he made in the latter part of his life. Other titles in the series are marked with a *
Pangnirtung. Göttingen: Steidl, 2011. ISBN 978-3869301983.
Pull My Daisy. Göttingen: Steidl, 2011. ISBN 978-3865216731. A transcript of Kerouac's narration from the film Pull My Daisy (1959) with film stills and an introduction by Jerry Tallmer.
Ferne Nähe: Hommage für Robert Walser = Distant Closeness: A Tribute to Robert Walser. Bern: Robert Walser-Zentrum, 2012. ISBN 978-3-9523586-2-7.
You Would. Göttingen: Steidl, 2012. ISBN 978-3869304182. *
Park/Sleep. Göttingen: Steidl, 2013. ISBN 978-3869305851. *
Partida. Göttingen: Steidl, 2014. ISBN 978-3869307954. *
What We Have Seen. Göttingen: Steidl, 2016. ISBN 978-3958290952. *
Leon of Juda. Göttingen: Steidl, 2017. ISBN 978-3958293113. *
Good Days Quiet. Göttingen: Steidl, 2019. ISBN 978-3-95829-550-6.
Critical studies, reviews and biography
Looking In: Robert Frank's The Americans. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art; Göttingen: Steidl, 2009. ISBN 978-3-86521-806-3. By Sarah Greenough. With essays by Stuart Alexander, Phillip Brookman, Michel Frizot, Martin Gasser, Jeff L. Rosenheim, Kuc Sante and Anne Wilkes Tucker. Published to accompany an exhibition organised by the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
By the Glow of the Juke Box: The Americans List. New York: Red Hook, 2012. ISBN 978-0-984195-48-0 Edited by Jason Eskenazi, with contributions from 276 photographers
Prose, Francine (January 2010). "You got eyes : Robert Frank imagines America". Harper's. 320 (1916): 67–73. Reviews The Americans.
Exhibitions
Solo exhibitions (selected)
1961: Robert Frank: The Americans, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL[30]
1976: Robert Frank, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zürich[31]
1979: Robert Frank: Photographer/Filmmaker, Works 1945-1979, Long Beach Museum of Art.
1985: Robert Frank: New York to Nova Scotia, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.
1989: The Americans, Jan Kesner Gallery, Los Angeles[32]
1997: Flamingo, Hasselblad Award exhibition, Hasselblad Center, Goteborg, Sweden[33]
2004: Storylines, Tate Modern Museum, London[34]
2005: Storylines, Fotomuseum Winterthur, Winterthur[35]
2008: Robert Frank. Paris, Museum Folkwang, Essen[36]
2009: Looking In: The Americans, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.[37]
2009: Robert Frank. Die Filme, C/O Berlin, Berlin[38]
2010: The Unseen Eye: Photography from the collection of W.M. Hunt (group exhibition), Appleton Museum of Art, Ocala[39]
2012: Robert Frank. From the collection of Fotomuseum Winterthur, Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow[40]
2014: Robert Frank In America, Cantor Art Center at Stanford University, Stanford[41]
2014: Robert Frank. Books and Films. 1947–2014, Akademie der Bildenden Künste München;[42] anschließend 2015 Museum Folkwang, Essen[43]
2016: Robert Frank: Books and Films, 1947–2016, HALLE 14 – Zentrum für zeitgenössische Kunst, Leipzig[44]
2016: Robert Frank: Books and Films. 1947–2016, Museum der Moderne, Salzburg[45]
2016: Robert Frank: Books and Films. 1947–2016, Kunsthalle Ziegelhütte, Appenzell[46]
2017: Robert Frank: Photos, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL[30]
Group exhibitions (selected)
1955: The Family of Man, Museum of Modern Art, New York, January 24 – May 8 (Frank represented with 5 works)[47][48]
1962: Photographs by Harry Callahan and Robert Frank, Museum of Modern Art, New York, January 30 – April 1[49]
2004: Cruel and Tender. Fotografie und das Wirkliche, Museum Ludwig, Köln[50]
2004: Cold Play. Set 1 aus der Sammlung des Fotomuseums Winterthur, Fotomuseum Winterthur, Winterthur[51]
2005: I Wanna Be Loved By You, Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn[52]
2006: American Beauty, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne[53]
2006: Some tribes, Christophe Guye Galerie, Zurich[54]
2008: Street Art, Street Life: From the 1950s to Now, Bronx Museum of the Arts, New York[55]
2010: Staff Picks 2010, Howard Greenberg Gallery, New York[56]
2010: Humanos. Acciones, Historia Y Fotografía, Centro de Arte Alcobendas (CAA), Madrid

Ursula von der Leyen

Ursula Gertrud von der Leyen (German pronunciation: [ˈʔʊʁzula fɔn deːɐ̯ ˈlaɪən] (About this soundlisten); née Albrecht; born 8 October 1958) is a German politician and the President-elect of the European Commission. She served in the federal government of Germany from 2005 to 2019 as the longest-serving member of Angela Merkel's cabinet. She is a member of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

She was born and raised in Brussels, where her father Ernst Albrecht was one of the first European civil servants. She was brought up bilingually in German and French, and is of German and British American descent. She moved to Hanover in 1971, when her father entered politics to become Minister President of the state of Lower Saxony in 1976. As an economics student at the London School of Economics in the late 1970s, she lived under the name Rose Ladson, the family name of her American great-grandmother from Charleston, South Carolina. After graduating as a physician from the Hanover Medical School in 1987, she specialized in women's health. In 1986 she married fellow physician Heiko von der Leyen of the noble von der Leyen family of silk merchants. As a mother of seven children, she was a housewife during parts of the 1990s and lived for four years in Stanford, California, while her husband was on faculty at Stanford University, returning to Germany in 1996.

In the late 1990s, she became involved in local politics in the Hanover region, and she served as a cabinet minister in the state government of Lower Saxony from 2003 to 2005. In 2005, she joined the federal cabinet, first as Minister of Family Affairs and Youth from 2005 to 2009, then as Minister of Labour and Social Affairs from 2009 to 2013, and finally as Minister of Defence from 2013 to 2019, the first woman to serve as German defence minister.[1] When she left office she was the only minister to have served continuously in Angela Merkel's cabinet since Merkel became Chancellor. She has been deputy leader of the CDU since 2010, and has previously been regarded as a leading contender to succeed Merkel as Chancellor and as the favourite to become Secretary-General of NATO.

On 2 July 2019, von der Leyen was proposed by the European Council as the candidate for the office of President of the European Commission.[2][3] She was elected by the European Parliament on 16 July.[4][nb 1] She is the first woman to become President of the European Commission.
Von der Leyen was born in 1958 in Ixelles, Brussels, where she lived until she was 13 years old. In the family she is known since childhood as Röschen, a diminutive of Rose.[6] Her father Ernst Albrecht worked as one of the first European civil servants from the establishment of the European Commission in 1958, first as the Chef de Cabinet to the European Commissioner for Competition Hans von der Groeben in the Hallstein Commission, and then as the Director-General of the Directorate-General for Competition from 1967 to 1970. She attended the European School, Brussels I.[7]

In 1971, she relocated to Lehrte in the Hanover region after her father had become CEO of the food company Bahlsen and involved in state politics in Lower Saxony.[8] Her father served as Prime Minister of Lower Saxony from 1976 to 1990

Land Rover

Land Rover is a luxury car brand that specialises in four-wheel-drive vehicles, owned by British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover, which has been owned by India's Tata Motors since 2008.[4] The Land Rover is regarded as a British icon, and was granted a Royal Warrant by King George VI in 1951.[5][6] In 2001 it received the Queen's Award for Enterprise for outstanding contribution to international trade.[7]

The Land Rover name was originally used by the Rover Company for the Land Rover Series, launched in 1948. It developed into a brand encompassing a range of four-wheel-drive models, including the Defender, Discovery, Freelander, Range Rover, Range Rover Sport, and Range Rover Evoque.

Land Rovers are currently assembled in England, India, China, and other markets
Originally, the vehicles was simply called the Land Rover – an off-road capable car model of the Rover Company. The "Series" indication later became a retronym model name, once 'Land Rover' had started becoming a brand, with the introduction of the Range Rover in 1970, and eventually even a British Leyland subsidiary in 1978. In 1983 and 1984, the long and the short wheelbase Land Rovers were finally given official names — the One Ten, and the Ninety respectively, and together they were badged the Defender models in 1990, after the 1989 introduction of the new Discovery model.

Rover era
The design for the original vehicle was started in 1947 by Maurice Wilks. Wilks, chief designer at the Rover Company, on his farm in Newborough, Anglesey, working in conjunction with his brother Spencer who was the managing director of Rover.[8] The design may have been influenced by the Jeep[9] and the prototype, later nicknamed Centre Steer, was built on a Jeep chassis and axles.[10] The early choice of colour was dictated by military surplus supplies of aircraft cockpit paint, so early vehicles only came in various shades of light green; all models until recently feature sturdy box section ladder-frame chassis. Early vehicles like the Series I were field-tested at Long Bennington and designed to be field-serviced.

Land Rover Ltd - subsidiary of BL
Land Rover as a company has existed since 1978. Prior to this, it was a product line of the Rover Company which was subsequently absorbed into the Rover-Triumph division of the British Leyland Motor Corporation (BL) following Leyland Motor Corporation’s takeover of Rover in 1967. The ongoing commercial success of the original Land Rover series models, and latterly the Range Rover in the 1970s in the midst of BL's well-documented business troubles prompted the establishment of a separate Land Rover company but still under the BL umbrella, remaining part of the subsequent Rover Group in 1988, under the ownership of British Aerospace after the remains of British Leyland were broken up and privatised.

In 1994 Rover Group plc, including Land Rover, was acquired by BMW. In 2000, Rover Group was broken up by BMW and Land Rover was sold to Ford Motor Company, becoming part of its Premier Automotive Group.

Ford era
In 2006 Ford also purchased the Rover brand from BMW for around £6 million. BMW had retained ownership of the brand to protect the integrity of the Land Rover brand, with which 'Rover' might be confused in the US 4x4 market and allowed it to be used under licence by MG Rover until it collapsed in 2005, at which point it was offered to the Ford Motor Company, who by then owned Land Rover. On 11 June 2007, Ford announced that it planned to sell Land Rover along with Jaguar Cars. Private equity firms such as Alchemy Partners of the UK, TPG Capital, Ripplewood Holdings, Cerberus Capital Management and One Equity Partners of the US, Tata Motors of India and a consortium comprising Mahindra & Mahindra of India and Apollo Management all initially expressed interest in purchasing the marques from the Ford Motor Company.[11][12] On 1 January 2008, Ford formally declared that Tata was the preferred bidder.[13] In 2008, On 26 March 2008, Ford announced that it had agreed to sell its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors, and that it expected to complete the sale by the end of the second quarter of 2008.[14]

Tata Motors era
On 18 January 2008, Tata Motors, a part of the Tata Group, established Jaguar Land Rover Limited as a British-registered and wholly owned subsidiary. The new company was to be used as a holding company for the acquisition of the two businesses from Ford - Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover. That acquisition was completed on 2 June 2008 at a cost of £1.7 billion.[15][16][17][18] Included in the deal to buy Land Rover and Jaguar Cars were the rights to three other British brands: the Daimler marque, as well as two dormant brands Lanchester and Rover.[19]

On 1 January 2013, the group, which had been operating as two separate companies (Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover), although on an integrated basis, underwent a fundamental restructuring. The parent company was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC, Jaguar Cars Limited was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Limited and the assets (excluding certain Chinese interests) of Land Rover were transferred to it. The consequence was that Jaguar Land Rover Limited became responsible in the UK for the design, manufacture and marketing of both Jaguar and Land Rover branded products, and Land Rover and Jaguar Cars ceased to be separate vehicle producing entities.[20]

Timeline
1947: Rover's chief designer Maurice Wilks and his associates create a prototype using Jeep chassis and components[21]
1948: The first Land Rover was officially launched 30 April 1948, at the Amsterdam Motor Show
1958: Series II launched
1961: Series IIA began production
1967: Rover becomes part of Leyland Motors, later British Leyland (BL) as Rover Triumph
1970: Introduction of the Range Rover
1971: Series III launched
1974: Land Rover abandons US market[22] facing competitive pressure from Japanese 4x4 brands
1975: BL collapses and is nationalised, publication of the Ryder Report recommends that Land Rover be split from Rover and be treated as a separate company within BL and becomes part of the new commercial vehicle division called the Land Rover Leyland Group
1976: One-millionth Land Rover leaves the production line
1978: Land Rover Limited formed as a separate subsidiary of British Leyland[23]
1980: Rover car production ends at Solihull with the transfer of SD1 production to Cowley, Oxford; Solihull is now exclusively for Land Rover manufacture. 5-door Range Rover introduced
1983: Land Rover 90 (Ninety)/110 (One-Ten)/127 (renamed Defender in 1990) introduced
1986: BL plc becomes Rover Group plc; Project Llama started
1987: Range Rover is finally introduced to the US market, following many years of demand being filled by grey market sales[24][25]
1988: Rover Group is privatised and becomes part of British Aerospace, and is now known simply as Rover
1989: Introduction of Discovery
1990: The Ninety and One-Ten range of models are given the generic name of Defender
1994: Rover Group is taken over by BMW. Introduction of second-generation Range Rover. (The original Range Rover was continued under the name 'Range Rover Classic' until 1995)
1997: Land Rover introduces the Special Edition Discovery XD with AA yellow paint, subdued wheels, SD type roof racks, and a few other off-road upgrades directly from the factory. Produced only for the North American market, the Special Vehicles Division of Land Rover created only 250 of these bright yellow SUVs.
1997: Introduction of Freelander
1998: Introduction of second generation of Discovery
2000: BMW breaks up the Rover Group and sells Land Rover to Ford for £1.8 billion[26]
2002: Introduction of third-generation Range Rover
2004: Introduction of third-generation Discovery/LR3
2005: Introduction of Range Rover Sport
2005: Adoption of Jaguar AJ-V8 engine to replace the BMW M62 V8 in the Range Rover
2006: Announcement of a new 2.4-litre diesel engine, 6-speed gearbox, dash and forward-facing rear seats for Defender. Introduction of second generation of Freelander (Freelander 2). Ford acquires the Rover trademark from BMW, who previously licensed its use to MG Rover Group
8 May 2007: 4,000,000th Land Rover rolls off the production line, a Discovery 3 (LR3), donated to The Born Free Foundation
12 June 2007: Announcement from the Ford Motor Company that it plans to sell Land Rover and also Jaguar Cars
August 2007: Tata Motors and Mahindra & Mahindra as well as financial sponsors Cerberus Capital Management, TPG Capital and Apollo Global Management expressed their interest in purchasing Jaguar Cars and Land Rover from the Ford Motor Company.[27]
26 March 2008: Ford agreed to sell the Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors.[14]
2 June 2008: Tata Motors finalised their purchase of Jaguar and Land Rover from Ford and put them into their new subsidiary, Jaguar Land Rover[15]
2010: Introduction of fourth-generation Discovery/LR4
2011: The Range Rover Evoque introduced
2012: Fourth-generation Range Rover was exhibited at the 2012 Paris Motor Show
1 January 2013 : Land Rover and Jaguar Cars merged to form a single company, Jaguar Land Rover Limited, producing vehicles under both marques
2014: The New Discovery Range was unveiled at the 2014 New York Motor Show[28]
1 March 2017: The Range Rover Velar was unveiled in London[29]
Land Rover Defender (L663) (future vehicle)
June 2018: representatives of the company Land Rover announced the launch of a new project called "Cortex", for the implementation of which will be spent about $5 million. The goal of this project is "to create self-propelled cars-robots that are able to independently navigate off-road in all weather conditions"
Range Stormer – Land Rover's first concept vehicle, unveiled at the 2004 North American International Auto Show, later became the Range Rover Sport.(Gritzinger, 2004).

Land Rover LRX – Land Rover's second concept vehicle, first unveiled at the 2008 Detroit Auto Show. Originally a vehicle with ERAD technology, the production version did not include this. The car was then launched in 2011 as the Range Rover Evoque, and was the first Range Rover branded product to be offered with front wheel drive, and no low ratio transfer box.

Land Rover DC100 – Land Rover's third concept vehicle, first unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show, designed to be a replacement for the Land Rover Defender, though it is unlikely that the Defender's replacement will be exactly the same as the DC100 concept.

Land Rover Discovery Vision Concept – Land Rover's fourth concept vehicle, first unveiled at the 2014, was designed to be a replacement for the Land Rover Discovery, This concept features Transparent Bonnet, Suicide doors, and Laser assisted lamps (there is a very little chance this will be included in any future production vehicles).

Military
Models developed for the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) include:

101 Forward Control – also known as the "Land Rover One Tonne FC"
1/2 ton Lightweight – airportable military short-wheelbase from the Series 2a
Land Rover Wolf – an uprated Military Defender
Snatch Land Rover – Land Rover with composite armoured body in UK Armed Forces Service
109 Series IIa and III ambulance (body by Marshalls of Cambridge)
Range Rover '6x6' Fire Appliance (conversion by Carmichael and Sons of Worcester) for RAF airfield use
130 Defender ambulance
'Llama' prototypes for 101 replacement.
Models developed for the Australian Army

Land Rover Perentie 4X4 and 6X6
Engines
Main article: Land Rover engines
During the history of the Land Rover many different engines have been fitted:

The inlet-over-exhaust petrol engines ("semi side-valve"), in both four- and six-cylinder variants, which were used for the very first Land Rovers in 1948, and which had their origins in pre-war Rover cars. Displacement of the first models was 1,600 cc.
The four-cylinder overhead-valve engines, both petrol and diesel, which first appeared (in diesel form) in 1957, near the end of Series One production, and evolved over the years to the 300 TDi turbodiesel, which remains in production today for some overseas markets.
The Buick-sourced all aluminium Rover V8 engine.
1,997 cc Petrol, inlet-over-exhaust: Series I engine, carried over for the first few months of Series II production.
2,052 cc Diesel, overhead-valve: Land Rover's first diesel engine, and one of the first small high-speed diesels produced in the UK. It appeared in 1957, and was used in Series II production until 1961. Looks almost identical to the later 2,286 cc engine, but many internal differences. It produced 51 bhp (38 kW).
2,286 cc Petrol, overhead-valve, three-bearing crank:
2,286 cc Diesel, overhead-valve, three-bearing crank: Appeared in 1961 alongside the redesigned 2,286 cc petrol engine at the start of Series IIA production, and shared its cylinder block and some other components. It produced 62 bhp (46 kW).
2,625 cc Petrol, inlet-over-exhaust: Borrowed from the Rover saloon range, in response to demands from mid-1960s Land Rover users for more power and torque.
2,286 cc petrol/diesel, overhead-valve type 11J: five-bearing crank: In 1980, Land Rover finally did something about the crank failures which had plagued its four-cylinder engines for 22 years.[citation needed] These engines lasted beyond the end of Series III production and into the first couple of years of the new Ninety and One Ten ranges.
3,258 cc V8 Petrol: The ex-Buick all alloy V8 engine appeared in the Range Rover right from the start of production in 1970, but did not make its way into the company's utility vehicles until 1979.
2,495 cc petrol, overhead valve: The final development of Land Rover's ohv petrol 'four', with hardened valve seats which allow running on unleaded (or LPG).
2,495 cc diesel, overhead valve, type 12J: Land Rover reworked the old 'two and a quarter' diesel for the 1980s. The injection pump was driven off a toothed belt at the front of the engine (together with the camshaft), a change compared with the older diesels.
2,495 cc turbodiesel, overhead valve, type 19J
2,495 cc turbodiesel, overhead valve, 200TDi and 300TDi: Used in the Defender and Discovery from 1990. The cylinder block was similar to the previous engine, although strengthened but the cylinder head was all-new and a direct injection fuel system was used.
2,495 cc turbodiesel, five-cylinder, TD5: An all-new engine for the second generation Discovery, and the Defender featuring electronic control of the fuel injection system, 'drive by wire' throttle, and other refinements
The original Freelander models were available with various Rover K-series engines.
In beginning of 2015 they start to use the all new Ingenium engine family, to replaced Ford sourced engines.
As of August 2012, most Land Rovers in production are powered by Ford engines.[36] Under the terms of the acquisition, Tata has the right to buy engines from Ford until 2019.[37]

Electric vehicles
Integrated Electric Rear Axle Drive (ERAD) technology, dubbed e-terrain technology,[38] will allow the vehicle to move off without starting the engine as well as supplying extra power over tough terrain.[38] Land Rover's Diesel ERAD Hybrid was developed as part of a multimillion-pound project supported by the UK Government's Energy Saving Trust, under the low carbon research and development programme. ERAD programme is one of a broad range of sustainability-focused engineering programmes that Land Rover is pursuing, brought together by the company under the collective name "e TERRAIN Technologies".[39]

Land Rover presented at the 2008 London Motor Show its new ERAD diesel-electric hybrid in a pair of Freelander 2 (LR2) prototypes. The new hybrid system is being designed as a scalable and modular system that could be applied across a variety of Land Rover models and powertrains.[40]

Land Rover unveiled the LRX hybrid concept at the 2008 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, for it to be going into production.[41] An ERAD will enable the car to run on electric power at speeds below 20 mph (32 km/h).[42]

In September 2011, the Range Rover Evoque was launched, though it was based on the LRX hybrid concept presented at the 2008 North American International Auto Show, it did not include the ERAD system, included in the original concept.

In February 2013, Land Rover unveiled[43][44] at the 83rd Geneva Motor Show an All-Terrain Electric Defender that produces zero emissions. The electric vehicle was developed for research purposes following successful trials of the Defender-based electric vehicle, Leopard 1. The vehicle is capable of producing 70 kW and 330 Nm of torque and has a range of 80 kilometres or in low speed off-road use it can last for up to eight hours before recharging.
Power take-off (PTO) was integral to the Land Rover concept from 1948, enabling farm machinery and many other items to be run with the vehicle stationary. Maurice Wilks' original instruction was "...to have power take-offs everywhere!" The 1949 report by British National Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Scottish Machinery Testing Station contained this description: "the power take-off is driven through a Hardy Spicer propeller shaft from the main gearbox output and two interchangeable pinions giving two ratios. The PTO gearbox casing is bolted to the rear chassis cross-member and an 8 by 8 inches (200 mm × 200 mm) belt pulley driven from the PTO shaft through two bevel gears can be bolted to the PTO gearbox casing." PTOs remained regular options on Series I, II and III Land Rovers up to the demise of the Series Land Rover in 1985. An agricultural PTO on a Defender is possible as a special order.

Land Rovers (the Series/Defender models) are available in a variety of body styles, from a simple canvas-topped pick-up truck to a twelve-seat fully trimmed station wagon. Both Land Rover and out-of-house contractors have offered conversions and adaptations to the basic vehicle, such as fire engines, excavators, 'cherry picker' hydraulic platforms, ambulances, snowploughs, and six-wheel-drive versions, as well as one-off special builds including amphibious Land Rovers and vehicles fitted with tracks instead of wheels.

Military use
Various Land Rover models have been used in a military capacity, most notably by the British Army and Australian Army. Modifications may include military "blackout" lights, heavy-duty suspension, uprated brakes, 24 volt electrics, convoy lights, electronic suppression of the ignition system, blackout curtains and mounts for special equipment and small arms. Dedicated military models have been produced such as the 101 Forward Control and the air-portable 1/2 ton Lightweight. Military uses include light utility vehicle; communications platform; weapon platform for recoilless rifles, Anti-tank (e.g. TOW or M40 recoilless rifle) / Surface-to-Air Guided Weapons or machine guns; ambulances and workshops. The Discovery has also been used in small numbers, mostly as liaison vehicles.

Two models that have been designed for military use from the ground up are the 101 Forward Control from the early 1970s and the Lightweight or Airportable from the late 1960s. The latter was intended to be transported under a helicopter. The Royal Air Force Mountain Rescue Service (RAFMRS) teams were early users in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and their convoys of Land Rovers and larger military trucks are a sight often seen in the mountain areas of the United Kingdom. Originally RAFMRS Land Rovers had blue bodies and bright yellow tops, to be better seen from above. In 1981, the colour scheme was changed to green with yellow stripes. More recently, vehicles have been painted white, and are issued with fittings similar to civilian UK Mountain Rescue teams.

An adaptation of Land Rovers to military purposes is the "Pink Panther" models. Approximately 100 Series IIA models were adapted to reconnaissance use by British special operations forces the SAS. For desert use they were often painted pink, hence the name. The vehicles were fitted with among other gear a sun compass, machine guns, larger fuel tanks and smoke dischargers. Similar adaptations were later made to Series IIIs and 90/110/Defenders.[45]

The Australian Army adapted the Land Rover Series 2 into the Long Range Patrol Vehicle for use by the Special Air Service Regiment and as an anti-tank "gunbuggy" fitted with an M40 recoilless rifle.

The 75th Ranger Regiment of the United States Army also adapted twelve versions of the Land Rover that were officially designated the Ranger Special Operations Vehicle.

Series and Defender models have also been armoured. The most widespread of these is the Shorts Shorland, built by Shorts Brothers of Belfast. The first of these were delivered in 1965 to the Royal Ulster Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force. They were originally 109-inch (2,800 mm) wheelbase models with an armoured body and a turret from the Ferret armoured car. By 1990, there had been more than 1,000 produced.[46] In the 1970s, a more conventional armoured Land Rover was built for the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Wales called the Hotspur. The Land Rover Tangi was built by the Royal Ulster Constabulary's own vehicle engineering team during the 1990s. The British Army has used various armoured Land Rovers, first in Northern Ireland but also in more recent campaigns. They first added protective panels to Series General Service vehicles (the Vehicle Protection Kit (VPK)). Later they procured the Glover Webb APV and finally the Courtaulds (later NP Aerospace) Composite Armoured Vehicle, commonly known as Snatch. These were originally based on heavy-duty V8 110 chassis but some have recently been re-mounted on new chassis from Otokar of Turkey and fitted with diesel engines and air-conditioning for Iraq. Although these now have more in common with the 'Wolf' (Defender XD) Land Rovers that many mistakenly confuse them with, the Snatch and the Wolf are different vehicles.

The most radical conversion of a Land Rover for military purposes was the Centaur half-track. It was based on a Series III with a V8 engine and a shortened belt drive from the Alvis Scorpion light tank. A small number was manufactured, and they were used by Ghana, among others.

The Land Rover is used by military forces throughout the world. The current generation of Land Rover used by British Army, the Snatch 2, have upgraded and strengthened chassis and suspension compared to civilian-specification vehicles. There is also the Land Rover WMIK (weapon mounted installation kit) used by British Army. The WMIK consists of a driver, a raised gun, usually a Browning heavy machine gun or a grenade machine gun, this used for ground support, and a GPMG (general-purpose machine gunner) located next to the driver, this used for vehicle protection.

Competitive use
Highly modified Land Rovers have competed in the Dakar Rally and won the Macmillan 4x4 UK Challenge almost every year, as well as having been the vehicle used for the Camel Trophy. Now, Land Rover has its own G4 challenge.[47]

Driver training
Land Rover Experience was established in 1990, and consists of a network of centres throughout the world, set up to help customers get the most out of their vehicles' on and off-road capability. The flagship centres are Land Rover's bases at Solihull, Eastnor, Gaydon and Halewood. Courses offered include off-road driving, winching and trailer handling, along with a variety of corporate and individual 'Adventure Days'. The factory centres at Solihull and Halewood have manufacturing tours, while Gaydon has an engineering tour.

Safety
Model-by-model road accident statistics from the UK Department for Transport show that the Land Rover Defender is one of the safest cars on British roads as measured by chance of death in two-car injury accidents.[48] The figures, which were based on data collected by police forces following accidents between 2000 and 2004 in Great Britain, showed that Defender drivers had a 1% chance of being killed or seriously injured and a 33% chance of sustaining any kind of injury. Other four-wheel-drive vehicles scored equally highly, and collectively these vehicles were much safer for their passengers than those in other classes such as passenger cars and MPVs. These figures reflect the fact that drivers of large mass vehicles are likely to be safer, often at the expense of other drivers if they collide with smaller cars.

Clubs
The original Land Rover Owners Club was set up by the Rover Company in 1954. The company published the Land Rover Owners Club Review magazine for members from 1957 to 1968 when the club became the Rover Owners Association. This original association fell away when the company merged with British Leyland.

There are many Land Rover clubs throughout the UK and internationally. Land Rover clubs break down into a number of groups of varying interests.

Single Marque Clubs – Bring together owners of a specific model or series of vehicle such as the Land Rover Series One Club,[49] or the Discovery Owners Club.[50] Single marque clubs have a global membership.

Special Vehicle Clubs – At various times Land Rover have produced vehicles for specific events or on a specific theme, most notable are the Camel Trophy and G4 Challenge vehicles which have been sold on to the general public, and a range of Defenders that were loosely based on the custom vehicles produced for the Tomb Raider motion picture.

Regional Clubs in the UK break down into two groups, competitive and non-competitive. The non-competitive clubs activities generally relate to social events, off-road driving or green laning on un-surfaced public highways or 'pay and play' days at off-road centres. Competitive clubs are a phenomenon almost exclusively found within the UK, who as well as the non-competitive activities detailed above run competitive events such as Tyro, Road Taxed Vehicle (RTV) and Cross Country Vehicle (CCV) trials, winch and recovery challenges or speed events such as Competitive Safaries. All UK competitive events are run within the framework of rules created by the Motor Sports Association (MSA) with further vehicle specific rules applied by the host club or association. Outside of the UK regional clubs are independent and mostly non-competitive.

A number of clubs are affiliated to the Association of Land Rover Clubs (ALRC),[51] formerly known as the Association of Rover Clubs (ARC) the association applies its own vehicle regulations to all of its member clubs who have the opportunity to compete together at regional events and an annual national event with vehicles approved to the same standard. In recent years some non-competitive clubs have dropped their affiliation fifth ALRC. Few clubs outside of the UK are affiliated with ALRC.[52] Other than ALRC and the short lived Association of North American Rover Clubs (ANARC), which was created 1998 to celebrate Land Rover's 50th anniversary and disbanded in 2001, other groups of Land Rover clubs have affiliated with each other.

Land Rover owners were also early adopters of virtual clubs that are entirely based online. Bill Caloccia [53] created the original Land Rover Owner[54] email list (LRO) as single marque offshoot of the British Cars email list in May 1990.[55] Bill later created email lists in the mid 1990s for Range Rovers (RRO) and various regions (e.g., UK-LRO, AU-LRO, ZA-LRO, EU-LRO, IT-LRO, NL-LRO). In California members of the LRO list created mendo_recce in 1995.[56]

In 2005, under Ford ownership, Land Rover became more interested in the club environment. An internal club was formed, The Land Rover Club,[57] exclusive to employees of Ford's Premier Automotive Group (Now exclusive to the new 'Jaguar – Land Rover' group since the brand moved away from the Ford stable). Also, an agreement was generated to allow other clubs to use the Land Rover green oval logo under licence. In 2006, the Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire club were the pilot licensees for the new agreement, who now benefit from a reciprocal arrangement where their own logo is trade marked[58] and owned by Land Rover and they can refer to themselves as a 'Land Rover Approved Club'.

Brand extensions
Bicycles
In 1995, Land Rover endorsed the production of a hand-made bicycle using its logo. The bicycle, called the Land Rover APB and manufactured by Pashley Cycles of Stratford-upon-Avon,[59] was the collapsible version of Pashley Cycles' Moulton APB (All Purpose Bicycle) model, with leading link front suspension and adjustable damping and stroke. Two more models immediately followed: the Land Rover XCB V-20, aimed primarily at younger riders (children); and the Land Rover XCB D-26, also available as the M26 with hydraulic rim brakes, front suspension and suspension seat pillar.

In June 2004, Land Rover released a comprehensive 25 model range of bicycles. The three main ranges are the "Defender", the "Discovery", and the "Freelander", each with different attributes. The "Discovery" is an all-rounder bicycle suited to a variety of terrains, "Defender" is most suited to rugged terrain and off-road pursuits, whereas the "Freelander" is designed for an urban lifestyle. All bikes are made from lightweight aluminium.

In 2010 the range was relaunched in conjunction with British manufacturer 2x2.[60]

Coffee
Land Rover has had its name associated with coffee since 2005, when the Land Rover Coffee company was established.[61]

Pushchairs
Land Rover gave UK pram company Pegasus a licence to produce a three-wheeler range of Land Rover ATP pushchairs. The design reflected the heritage of the marque, with a light metal frame with canvas seating, held together with push-studs and tough simple parts like brakes and hinges. They could be collapsed completely flat, with wheels removed in seconds. The basic frame could be adapted with modules to allow a baby to lie flat or a bubble windscreen to completely enclose the child. The frame also came in long or short-handled versions, and could be repaired with home tools. The design was simple, light, and rugged and able to travel in all terrains (hence the ATP for all-terrain pushchair.) It came in three military looking colours: a light blue, a sand colour and olive drab. Production was discontinued in 2002.[

Eden Hazard

Eden Michael Hazard (French pronunciation: ​[edɛn azaʁ]; born 7 January 1991) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a winger or attacking midfielder for La Liga club Real Madrid and captains the Belgium national team. Widely considered one of the best players in the world, Hazard is known for his creativity, speed, dribbling and passing.[4][5][6]

Hazard is the son of two former footballers and began his career in Belgium playing for local youth clubs. In 2005, he moved to France, where he began his senior career with Ligue 1 club Lille. Hazard spent two years in the club's academy and, at the age of 16, made his professional debut in November 2007. He went on to become an integral part of the Lille team under manager Rudi Garcia, making over 190 appearances. In his first full season as a starter, he won the Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year award, becoming the first non-French player to win the award.[7] In the 2009–10 season, Hazard captured the award again, becoming the first player to win the award twice.[8] He was also named to the Ligue 1 Team of the Year. In the 2010–11 season, he was a part of the Lille team that won the league and cup double and, as a result of his performances, was named the Ligue 1 Player of the Year, the youngest player to win the award.[9] Hazard was also given the Bravo Award by Italian magazine Guerin Sportivo for his performances during this season.[10]

In June 2012 Hazard signed for English club Chelsea; he won the UEFA Europa League in his first season and the PFA Young Player of the Year in his second. In the 2014–15 season, he helped Chelsea win the League Cup and Premier League, earning him the FWA Footballer of the Year and the PFA Players' Player of the Year awards.[11] Two years later he won his second English league title as Chelsea won the 2016–17 Premier League. In 2018, he won the FA Cup, and was named in the FIFA FIFPro World XI. He won the Europa League again with Chelsea in June 2019, then joined Real Madrid in a transfer worth up to €150 million.[12]

Hazard is a Belgium international, having represented his country at under-17 and under-19 level. Hazard made his senior international debut in November 2008, aged 17, in a friendly match against Luxembourg. Nearly three years after his debut, Hazard scored his first international goal against Kazakhstan in October 2011. He has since earned over 100 caps, and was a member of the Belgian squad which reached the quarter-finals of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the UEFA Euro 2016. At the 2018 FIFA World Cup, he captained Belgium to third place which was their best finish in history, receiving the Silver Ball as the second best player of the tournament
Early life
Hazard was born in La Louvière and grew up in Braine-le-Comte. His mother, Carine, and father, Thierry, were both footballers. His father spent most of his career at semi-professional level with La Louvière in the Belgian Second Division,[13] playing mainly as a defensive midfielder.[13] His mother played as a striker in the Belgian Women's First Division and stopped playing when she was three months pregnant with Eden.[13][14] After playing football, both parents became sports teachers.[13] Thierry retired from his position in 2009 in order to devote more time to his children.[13]

Hazard is the eldest of four children. He has three brothers, all of whom play football, including Thorgan, who joined him at Chelsea in 2012 but then moved to Borussia Mönchengladbach in 2015 and further to Borussia Dortmund in 2019.[15] Thorgan had previously progressed through the youth ranks of Lille's biggest rivals Lens.[16][17][18][19] Hazard's other younger brothers are Kylian and Ethan. On 15 July 2013, Kylian joined White Star Bruxelles, but then went on to play for Hungarian side Újpest, before also joining Chelsea,[20] while Ethan remains playing in the youth academy of Eden's former club Tubize.[13][17][21][22]

Hazard and his three brothers were raised in a comfortable environment with their parents ensuring they had whatever they needed to excel.[23] The family lived "no more than three metres" from a football training ground and the brothers often ventured onto a training pitch through a small hole in order to hone and develop their skills.[14] Growing up his idol was French playmaker Zinedine Zidane, with Hazard "watching him on television and online for hours."[24]

Club career
Early career
Hazard began his football career playing for hometown club Royal Stade Brainois at the age of four. During his time at the club, one of his youth coaches described him as a "gifted" player. He added: "He knew everything. I had nothing to teach him".[25] Hazard spent eight years at the club before moving to Tubize. While at Tubize, he was spotted by a Lille scout while playing in a local tournament with the club. The scout's subsequent report on the player prompted club officials to meet with Hazard's father and offer the young player an aspirant (youth) contract.[26]

Hazard's parents accepted the offer from Lille with hopes that the training facilities in France would be better.[23] Hazard's father later admitted that the decision to let Eden and, later Thorgan, join clubs in the North of France was the best solution stating "They remained so close to home and, at the same time, they integrated at structures where they could grow, because in Belgium, unfortunately, it's a little empty for the training of youth".[14]

Lille
Hazard joined Lille in 2005 and spent two years developing in the club's local sports school, due to its youth academy in Luchin not being in operation at that time.[27] On 28 May 2007, he signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal with Lille.[26] At the start of the 2007–08 season, at the age of 16, Hazard was promoted to the club's reserve team in the Championnat de France amateur, the fourth level of French football, though he still played with Lille's under-18 team in its league and the Coupe Gambardella. Hazard made his amateur debut on 1 September 2007 in a league match against Racing Club de France appearing as a second-half substitute in a 3–1 defeat.[28] He made his first start a week later in the team's 1–0 defeat to Lesquin.[29]

After spending the majority of October and the early part of November playing with the club's under-18 team, on 14 November, due to several players being on international duty, Hazard was called up to the senior team by manager Claude Puel to participate in a friendly match against Belgian club Bruges on 16 November.[30] He appeared as a substitute in the match and, as a result of his performance, was included in the 18-man squad to face Nancy in a league match on 24 November.[31] Hazard, subsequently, made his professional debut in the match coming on as a substitute in the 78th minute.[32]

Hazard returned to the club's reserve team and spent December playing with the squad. Following the winter break, Hazard returned to the first team in January and made substitute appearances in three league matches against Metz, Sochaux, and Paris Saint-Germain.[33][34][35] Following the match against Paris Saint-Germain, he was demoted back to amateur level where he played concurrently with the reserve team in the fourth division and the under-18 team in the Coupe Gambardella. On 17 May 2008, he scored his first amateur goal in a 3–2 victory over Vitré.[36] Hazard finished his amateur career with 11 appearances and one goal, helping the reserve team finished in fifth place, which was first among professional clubs' reserve teams playing in the group.[37][38]

2008–10: Debut season and individual success
For the 2008–09 season, Hazard was given the number 26 shirt after playing with the number 33 shirt in his debut season. He was also promoted to the senior team permanently by new manager Rudi Garcia. Early on, he made substitute appearances regularly making his season debut as a substitute on 14 September 2008 against Sochaux in a 1–1 draw.[39] One of his substitute appearances proved beneficial against Auxerre on 20 September. With Lille trailing 2–1 in the waning minutes of the match, Hazard, after Lille took a corner kick, quickly scooped up a short clearance from Auxerre and took a right-footed shot just outside the box. It beat the keeper and drew the score 2–2 in the 88th minute.[40] With Lille's confidence high, the club won the match 3–2 in injury time following a goal from Tulio de Melo.[41] Hazard's first career goal resulted in him becoming the youngest goalscorer in the club's history.[7]

Four days after scoring his first professional goal, Hazard made his first professional start in a 4–2 defeat on penalties to Montpellier in the Coupe de la Ligue.[42] After featuring as a substitute in the team's next five league matches, on 15 November, Hazard made his first professional league start against Saint-Étienne. He capped the appearance by scoring the opening goal in the club's 3–0 victory.[43] His assured performances with the club resulted in Lille offering him a three-year contract extension, which he agreed to on 18 November 2008, tying him to the club until 2012.[44]

After featuring as a substitute in December, Hazard returned to the starting lineup in January. On 23 January, he scored the second goal in a 3–0 win over amateur club Dunkerque in Round of 32 of the Coupe de France.[45] Two weeks later, he scored the match-winning goal in a league match against Sochaux and, on 22 February, assisted on the winner against Monaco.[46][47] In the Round of 16 of the Coupe de France, Hazard netted a goal in a 3–2 win over the competition's defending champions Lyon.[48] On 26 April, he scored the opening goal against Marseille, though Lille lost the match 2–1.[49] In the final ten league matches of the campaign, Hazard started eight and contributed to the team finishing in fifth place, which resulted in Lille qualifying for the newly created UEFA Europa League. After the season, he was named the National Union of Professional Footballers (UNFP) Young Player of the Year, becoming the first international player to achieve the honor
Following the 2008–09 season, constant media speculation occurred in numerous countries regarding Hazard's availability on the transfer market. Despite Lille chairman Michel Seydoux declaring the player off limits and Hazard stating that he wanted to remain at the club for at least another season, several clubs declared interest in the player.[51][52] These included English clubs Arsenal and Manchester United, Italian club Inter Milan, and Spanish clubs Barcelona and Real Madrid. Frenchman Zinedine Zidane personally recommended the player to the latter club.[53][54][55]

Hazard began the 2009–10 season on a positive note scoring in Lille's first competitive match of the season. The goal, contributing to the team's 2–0 victory, came against Serbian club FK Sevojno in the first leg of the club's third qualifying round match in the UEFA Europa League.[56] On 27 August, he scored his second career European goal in the club's second leg tie in the playoff round against Belgian club Genk. It was Lille's final goal in the club's 4–2 victory.[57] The 6–3 aggregate scoreline assured the club progression to the Europa League group stage.[citation needed]

On 22 October, Hazard scored a goal in Lille's important 3–0 victory over Italian club Genoa in the 84th minute after entering as a substitute 10 minutes prior. Upon receiving the ball on the left wing, Hazard proceeded to dash through the midfield dribbling past six Genoa defenders before finishing at the 18-yard box.[58][59] A month later, Hazard was instrumental in Lille's 5–1 thrashing of Czech club Slavia Prague as he was partly responsible for the opening goal — slicing through the defense and delivering a cross near post, which went off Slavia player Marek Suchý resulting in an own goal.[60]

On 20 December, Hazard scored his first league goal of the season in the club's 3–0 win over Le Mans. He also provided both the assists on the other two goals.[61] On 30 January, Hazard scored the only goal in Lille's win over Derby du Nord rivals Lens.[62] The victory helped the club achieve stability in the league by keeping them in the UEFA Champions League places. It also ended a disaster of a week which saw Lille suffer elimination from both of France's cup competitions. Five days later, Hazard and Lille reached an agreement on a contract extension, which will keep the player at the club until 2014.[63][64] On 11 March, Hazard scored the only goal in Lille's victory over English club Liverpool in the first leg of the club's UEFA Europa League tie converting a free kick in the 83rd minute.[65] Three weeks later, Hazard provided two assists in the club's 4–1 win over fellow title contenders Montpellier.[66] The two passes brought his league tally to seven, tied for second in the league. For his impressive displays in the month of March, Hazard was given the UNFP Player of the Month award.[67]

On 29 April, Hazard was nominated for the UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Year award. He was also nominated, for the second consecutive season, for the Young Player of the Year award.[68] On 9 May, Hazard was awarded the UNFP Young Player of the Year trophy for the second consecutive season. He became the first player since its inception in 1994 to win the award twice.[8] Hazard lost out on the Player of the Year award, which was awarded to Lyon striker Lisandro López.[citation needed]

2010–12: League double, Ligue 1 Player of the Year and continued individual success
Hazard began the 2010–11 campaign as a starter featuring in Lille's first six league matches of the season, as well as matches in the UEFA Europa League. On 29 August 2010, he scored his first goal of the season in a 1–1 draw with Nice.[69] In late September, Hazard began to struggle with inconsistency and was benched by Garcia in an effort to "allow him (Hazard) to breathe and learn that his performances were insufficient".[70] Hazard, subsequently, appeared as a substitute in the team's 2–1 defeat to Portuguese club Sporting in the Europa League and as a substitute in the next three league matches against Toulouse, Montpellier, and Lyon.[71][72][73] Hazard later admitted that his first bout of inconsistency affected him stating "The first two months were a bit tough. I wouldn't say that I began doubting my abilities, but I definitely went through a really patchy spell".[74]

On 7 October, Belgium national team manager Georges Leekens, citing Hazard's recent spell on the bench at Lille, said that the player needed to work harder, both physically and mentally, to regain his past year's form. The team's assistant coach, Marc Wilmots, also stated that Hazard often displayed a lazy mentality while training with the national team.[75] Garcia responded to Leekens comments the following day stating that he thought they were "excessive" and that "Eden is only 19 years old" and can still "make more progress in all areas."[76] Following Belgium's match against Kazakhstan, in which Hazard failed to start or even appear on the substitute's bench, Leekens responded to Garcia's comments declaring that he would stand by his previous comments and that players must think about the team and not themselves.[77] Hazard, himself, later reflected on Leekens and Garcia comments in February 2011 stating "I learned a lot during those few weeks, mentally speaking. And since then things have got better. The national side has had a fair bit to do with that – I get a lot out of being a part of it".[74]

Following the international break, Hazard recaptured his scoring form netting the final goal in Lille's 4–1 victory over Caen in the Coupe de la Ligue on 27 October.[78] Ten days later, he scored his second league goal of the season in a 3–1 win against the league table leaders Brest.[79] On 21 November, Hazard assisted on both Lille's goals in a 2–1 win over Monaco.[80] The victory continued the club's domestic unbeaten streak, which led to Lille topping the league table following an emphatic 6–3 victory against Lorient on 5 December.[81] At the turn of the calendar year, Hazard scored in the team's first match against amateur club Forbach in the Coupe de France. Lille won the match 3–1.[82] In the team's following match, he assisted on goals scored by Moussa Sow and Gervinho in a 2–0 league victory over Nice.[83]

On 19 January, Hazard scored the second goal in a 3–0 victory over Nancy.[84] On 4 March, Lille officials confirmed that Hazard had added an extra year to his contract. The new deal tied him to the club until 2015 and also made him the highest paid player in Ligue 1 beginning with the 2011–12 season.[85][86][87] In his first match after the news, Hazard scored the opening goal in Lille's 2–1 away win over title rivals Marseille.[88] The goal was scored on a left-footed shot from almost 35 metres (38 yd) out and was clocked at 95 km/h (59 mph).[89]

On 2 April, Hazard capped his 100th league appearance with Lille by scoring the second goal in a 3–1 win over Caen.[90] The goal tied his career-high for goals in a season and also moved Lille eight points clear at the top of the league table.[91] For his performances in the month of March, Hazard was named the UNFP Player of the Month for the second time in his career.[92] On 19 April, after appearing as a first-half substitute, he scored the opening goal in Lille's 2–0 Coupe de France semi-final victory over Nice.[93] The victory inserted the club into the 2011 Coupe de France Final; the club's first appearance in the competition's final since 1955. On 7 May, Hazard converted a game-winning free-kick goal in the team's 1–0 win over Nancy.[94] Three days later, he was nominated for the UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Year award for the second consecutive season.[95]

In the Coupe de France final, Hazard played 89 minutes as Lille defeated Paris Saint-Germain 1–0 at the Stade de France.[96] A week later, Lille clinched the Ligue 1 title by drawing 2–2 away to Paris Saint-Germain, achieving the club's first league championship since the 1953–54 season and the club's first double since the 1945–46 season.[97][98] The domestic cup and league title were the first two honours in Hazard's career. On the day after Lille won the league, Hazard was named the UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Year becoming the youngest player ever to win the award.[99] He was also rewarded with a place in the organization's Team of the Year for the second consecutive season.[9]
Ahead of the 2011–12 season, Hazard switched to the number 10 shirt.[100] In Lille's first competitive match of the season against Marseille in the 2011 Trophée des Champions, Hazard scored the team's second goal, which put Lille up 2–0. Marseille would later come back to win the match 5–4.[101] On 20 August, in the team's third league match of the season, Hazard assisted on Lille's opening goal, scored by Benoît Pedretti, in a 2–1 win over Caen.[102] A month later on 10 September, he scored two goals in a 3–1 away victory against Saint-Étienne.[103][104] Fours days after, Hazard made his UEFA Champions League debut in a 2–2 group stage draw with Russian club CSKA Moscow.[105]

In Lille's next league match following his Champions League debut, he converted a penalty in a 2–2 draw with Sochaux.[106] Three days after, Hazard scored the equalizing goal in a 1–1 draw against Bordeaux.[107] Against Turkish outfit Trabzonspor on 27 September, he assisted on Lille's only goal, scored by Moussa Sow, in a 1–1 draw.[108] After going over two months without scoring a league goal, on 3 December, Hazard came on as a substitute and scored the match-winning goal in a win over Ajaccio converting a penalty—described as an "Antonín Panenka-style chipped penalty".[109][110] Two days later, Hazard was among several players nominated for UEFA's Team of the Year for the 2011 calendar year.[111]

In Lille's final match before the winter break, Hazard tied his career-high for league goals in a season by scoring the team's third goal in a 4–4 draw with Nice.[112] After scoring the goal, Hazard celebrated by paying tribute to Molami Bokoto, a former Lille youth academy player who had died a day prior.[113][114] In Lille's first match following the 2011–12 winter break, Hazard scored his ninth goal of the campaign in a 6–0 away win over amateur club Chantilly in the Coupe de France.[115] In the following month, Lille were defeated 2–0 by league rivals Marseille and eliminated from both national cup competitions.[116][117][118]

On 28 January, Hazard scored the team's opening goal converting a penalty in a 3–0 win over Saint-Étienne.[119] Two weeks later, he converted a free kick goal against Bordeaux. Lille had been trailing 4–1 prior to the goal and eventually recovered to draw the match at 4–4, however, Bordeaux scored in injury time to secure a 5–4 win.[120][121] On 3 March, Hazard scored both team goals in a 2–2 draw with Auxerre.[122]

On 18 March, Hazard scored a goal and assisted on two others in a 4–0 win over local rivals Valenciennes.[123] In Lille's next match against Evian, Hazard converted a penalty and assisted on a goal by Dimitri Payet in a 3–0 win.[124] The following week, on 1 April 2012, Hazard converted a first-half penalty and later assisted on another Payet goal to cap a 2–1 victory over Toulouse.[125][126]

On 15 April, Hazard marked his 100 consecutive Ligue 1 appearance, which to date, is the longest current run in the French top flight, by scoring a goal and assisting on another in a 4–1 win over Ajaccio.[127][128] A week later, Hazard scored another goal, this time in a 2–0 win over Dijon.[129] On 29 April, in a vital league fixture against Paris Saint-Germain, he converted his ninth penalty of the season to draw the match at 1–1 canceling out a goal from Javier Pastore. Hazard later contributed to Lille's game-winning goal after delivering a rabona-style cross into the box, which was laid onto the path of striker Nolan Roux who, subsequently, converted the goal to give Lille a 2–1 win.[130][131]

On 28 April, for the third consecutive season, Hazard was nominated for the UNFP Player of the Year award.[132] Two weeks later, he was awarded the prestigious honour ahead of the likes of Olivier Giroud and Younès Belhanda.[133] After capturing the award, Hazard became the second player in the awards' history after former Paris Saint-Germain striker Pauleta to achieve the honour in consecutive seasons.[134] He was also included in the Team of the Year for the third straight season. On 20 May, Hazard appeared in his final match as a Lille player, coincidentally, against Nancy, the club he made his professional debut against. In the match, Hazard recorded his first professional hat-trick in a 4–1 win.[135]

Chelsea
On 4 June 2012, Chelsea officially confirmed on its website that the club had agreed terms with Lille for the transfer of Hazard. The midfielder agreed personal terms with the club and passed a medical examination. The transfer fee was reported to be priced at £32 million.[136]

Upon signing for Chelsea, Hazard told the club's official website "I'm delighted to finally arrive here. It's a wonderful club and I can't wait to get started".[137] Hazard was given the number 17, which was previously worn by José Bosingwa.[138] On 18 July, Hazard made his Chelsea debut in the club's first pre-season friendly against the Seattle Sounders and played the majority of the match, opening his Chelsea scoring account.
On 12 August 2012, Hazard made his competitive debut for Chelsea in the 2012 FA Community Shield against Manchester City, which ended in a 3–2 defeat at Villa Park.[139] A week later, he made his league debut against Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium. In the contest, Hazard provided the assist for Branislav Ivanović's opening goal and, minutes later, won a penalty, which Frank Lampard converted, earning his side a 2–0 victory.[140][141][142] He made his Stamford Bridge debut in the team's next fixture, against Reading on 22 August, he won another penalty from which Lampard converted. Hazard also assisted on goals by Gary Cahill and Branislav Ivanović as Chelsea won 4–2 at Stamford Bridge.[143][144] Three days later, Hazard scored his first goal as a Chelsea player in the team's league match against Newcastle United after scoring a penalty. Chelsea won the match 2–0.[145]

Hazard made his Champions League debut for Chelsea in the team's opening group stage game against Juventus.[146] On 6 October, he scored his second goal for Chelsea in a 4–1 win against Norwich City.[147] During December, he scored in back-to-back games, in a 5–1 away victory over Leeds United in the League Cup,[148] and an 8–0 league win against Aston Villa.[149]

In January 2013, Hazard scored a goal with his left-foot from 25 yards in Chelsea's 4–0 win over Stoke City, as Chelsea inflicted the first home defeat of the season on Stoke.[150] He scored again in the following game, with an impressive strike from the edge of the area in a 2–2 draw at home to Southampton

Qualification Euro 2020

The UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying tournament is a football competition that is being played from March 2019 to March 2020 to determine the 24 UEFA member men's national teams that will advance to the UEFA Euro 2020 final tournament.[1][2][3] The competition is linked with the 2018–19 edition of the UEFA Nations League, giving countries a secondary route to qualify for the final tournament. For the first time since 1976, no team will automatically qualify for the UEFA European Championship as the host country.[4]

There are 55 national teams participating in the qualifying process, with Kosovo taking part for the first time. The draw took place at the Convention Centre Dublin, Republic of Ireland, on 2 December 2018
Format
There will be no automatic qualifying berth, and all 55 UEFA national teams, including the 12 national teams whose countries will stage matches, must compete in the qualifiers for the 24 places at the finals tournament.[2][3] As the host cities were appointed by UEFA in September 2014, before the qualifiers of UEFA Euro 2020, it is possible for the national teams from the host cities to fail to qualify for the finals tournament.[6][7]

With the creation of the UEFA Nations League starting in 2018, the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League will be linked with UEFA Euro qualifying, providing teams another chance to qualify for UEFA Euro 2020.[7][8] The qualifying process will guarantee that at least one team from each division of the previous Nations League season will qualify for the final tournament (either directly or through the play-offs).[9][10]

Group stage
The main qualifying process began in March 2019, instead of late 2018 immediately following the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and will end in November 2019. The qualifiers will be played on double matchdays in March, June, September, October and November 2019.[9] The format will remain largely the same, with 20 of the 24 teams for the finals tournament to be decided by the group stage. Following the admission of Kosovo to UEFA in May 2016, it was announced that the 55 teams will be drawn into 10 groups after the completion of the League phase of the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League, and the draw seeding will be based on the overall rankings of the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League.[11] There will be five groups of five teams, and five groups of six teams, with the four UEFA Nations League Finals participants guaranteed to be drawn into groups of five teams (so they can compete in the Nations League Finals in June 2019). The top two teams in each of the 10 groups qualify for Euro 2020.[12]

Tiebreakers
If two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following tie-breaking criteria are applied:[1]

Higher number of points obtained in the matches played among the teams in question;
Superior goal difference in matches played among the teams in question;
Higher number of goals scored in the matches played among the teams in question;
Higher number of goals scored away from home in the matches played among the teams in question;
If, after having applied criteria 1 to 4, teams still have an equal ranking, criteria 1 to 4 are reapplied exclusively to the matches between the teams in question to determine their final rankings.[a] If this procedure does not lead to a decision, criteria 6 to 10 apply;
Superior goal difference in all group matches;
Higher number of goals scored in all group matches;
Higher number of away goals scored in all group matches;
Higher number of wins in all group matches;
Higher number of away wins in all group matches;
Fair play conduct in all group matches (1 point for a single yellow card, 3 points for a red card as a consequence of two yellow cards, 3 points for a direct red card, 4 points for a yellow card followed by a direct red card);
Position in the UEFA Nations League overall ranking.
Notes

 When there are two or more teams tied in points, criteria 1 to 4 are applied. After these criteria are applied, they may define the position of some of the teams involved, but not all of them. For example, if there is a three-way tie on points, the application of the first four criteria may only break the tie for one of the teams, leaving the other two teams still tied. In this case, the tiebreaking procedure is resumed, from the beginning, for those teams that are still tied.
Play-offs
Following the qualifying group stage, the qualifying play-offs will take place in March 2020 to determine the remaining 4 teams for the finals tournament. Unlike previous editions, the participants of the play-offs will not be decided based on results from the qualifying group stage. Instead, 16 teams will be selected based on their performance in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League. These teams will be divided into four paths, each containing four teams, with one team from each path qualifying for the final tournament. Each league will have its own play-off path if at least four teams have not already qualified in the conventional qualifying group stage. The Nations League group winners will automatically qualify for the play-off path of their league. If a group winner has already qualified through the qualifying group stage, they will be replaced by the next best-ranked team in the same league. However, if there are not enough non-qualified teams in the same league, then the spot will go to the next best team in the overall ranking. However, group winners cannot face teams from a higher league.[1]

Each play-off path will feature two single-leg semi-finals, and one single-leg final. The best-ranked team will host the fourth-ranked team, and the second-ranked team will host the third-ranked team. The host of the final will be decided by a draw, with semi-final winner 1 or 2 hosting the final. The four play-off path winners will join the 20 teams which have already qualified for UEFA Euro 2020.[10]

Criteria for overall ranking
To determine the overall rankings of the European Qualifiers, results against teams in sixth place are discarded and the following criteria are applied:[1]

Position in the group;
Higher number of points;
Superior goal difference;
Higher number of goals scored;
Higher number of goals scored away from home;
Higher number of wins;
Higher number of wins away from home;
Fair play conduct (1 point for a single yellow card, 3 points for a red card as a consequence of two yellow cards, 3 points for a direct red card, 4 points for a yellow card followed by a direct red card);
Position in the UEFA Nations League overall ranking.
Draw
The qualifying group stage draw was held on 2 December 2018, 12:00 CET (11:00 local time), at the Convention Centre Dublin in Dublin, Republic of Ireland.[5][15][16] The 55 teams were drawn into 10 groups: five groups of five teams (Groups A–E) and five groups of six teams (Groups F–J).[17][18][19]

The teams were seeded based on the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League overall ranking. The four participants of the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals in June 2019 were placed in a separate pot and drawn into Groups A–D which only have five teams so that they only have to play eight qualifying matches, leaving two free matchdays to play in Nations League Finals.[1] The following restrictions were also applied with computer assistance:[20]

Host teams: In order to allow all 12 teams from the host associations to have a chance to qualify as group winners and runners-up, a maximum of two were placed in each group: Azerbaijan, Denmark, England, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Spain.
Prohibited clashes: For political reasons, matches between following pairs of teams are considered prohibited clashes, unable to be drawn into the same group: Gibraltar / Spain, Kosovo / Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo / Serbia. (Armenia / Azerbaijan and Russia / Ukraine were also identified as prohibited clashes, but the teams in these pairs were in the same pots for the draw.)
Winter venues: A maximum of two teams identified as venues with high or medium risk of severe winter conditions were placed in each group: Belarus, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Russia, Ukraine.
The three "hard winter venues" (Faroe Islands, Finland, Iceland) cannot host games in March or November; the others shall play as few home matches as possible in March and November.
Excessive travel: A maximum of one pair of teams identified with excessive travel distance in relation to other countries were placed in each group:
Azerbaijan: with Iceland, Portugal. (Gibraltar was also identified with Azerbaijan for excessive travel distance, but the teams are in the same pots for the draw.)
Iceland: with Armenia, Cyprus, Georgia, Israel.
Kazakhstan: with Andorra, England, France, Iceland, Malta, Northern Ireland, Portugal, Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Wales. (Faroe Islands and Gibraltar were also identified with Kazakhstan for excessive travel distance, but the teams are in the same pots for the draw.)