Franco Masini

Franco Masini (22 de mayo de 1994) es un actor y músico argentino. Conocido por interpretar el papel de Pedro Correa en Esperanza Mía (telenovela de Pol-ka). Es uno de los tres integrantes de la banda musical Té para tres junto a su hermana Milagros Masini
Carrera
Debutó en 2006 en teatro, en la obra Ricardo III. Desde 2010 y hasta 2013, formó parte del elenco de la serie Peter Punk de Disney XD, interpretando a Ivan, el mánager de la banda Rock Bones. Realizó la gira nacional e Internacional de la banda de la serie.1​

En 2013 también formó para arte de la serie El Legado emitida por Canal 9 y también hizo publicidades de televisión para las marcas Asepxia, Saladix y Pepitos.

Además Masini integra el proyecto musical Té para tres, con su hermana formando parte de la banda.2​3​4​

En 2015 desempeñó el papel de Pedro en Esperanza mía, telenovela protagonizada por Lali Espósito y Mariano Martínez. Y además apareció en un capítulo de El mal menor que se trasmite en TV Pública. Formó parte de la película El Clan (2015) dirigida por Pablo Trapero.

En 2016 hizo una participación en la película "inseparables" de Marcos Carnevale. y fue conductor de los Kids Choice Awards 2016 junto a Victorio D’Alessandro en octubre.

En 2017 protagonizó junto a Germán Tripel el regreso del musical "...Y un día Nico se fue" escrito por Osvaldo Bazán, con música de Ale Sergi (Miranda!) y dirigido por Ricky Pashkus. En televisión trabajó en la tira Amar después de amar, interpretando a Nicolás Alvarado y luego en Cuéntame cómo pasó a Toni Martínez, hijo de Antonio (Nicolás Cabré) y Mercedes (Malena Solda).

En 2018 protagoniza la película Sólo el amor junto a Yamila Saud, Facundo Gambandé, Victorio D’Alessandro, Gerardo Romano y Andrea Frigerio.

En 2019 forma parte de la tira Campanas en la noche junto a Federico Amador, Calu Rivero y Esteban Lamothe. Interpreta a Juani, hijo del político Pablo Ballesteros (Diego Gentile) es un abogado que lucha contra la corrupción. En teatro protagoniza La Naranja Mecánica, basada en la película de 1971 junto a Tomás Kirzner, Enrique Dumont, Lionel Arostegui y Tomás Wicz.

Vida personal
Franco Masini desde muy pequeño supo que la actuación era su destino.[cita requerida] Se formó en teatro en la Academia Timbre 4, también tomó clases con Mariano Calligaris (2008/11) y en ETBA (Escuela de Teatro de Buenos Aires) con Raúl Serrano (2011/12). Masini también se ha preparado en guitarra, saxofón y coro.

يوفنتوس

نادي يوفنتوس لكرة القدم (بالإيطالية: Juventus Football Club S.p.A) وغالبا ما يعرف باسم يوفنتوس أو جوفنتوس في المغرب العربي. هو نادي كرة قدم إيطالي يقع في مدينة تورينو في إيطاليا. تأسس في سنة 1897 وشارك منذ ذلك الوقت وهو يلعب في الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الأولى ولم يهبط سوى في موسم 2006-2007.

انضم النادي إلى بطولة كرة القدم الإيطالية في عام 1900.في تلك الفترة كان الفريق يلبس أطقماً باللونين الزهري والأسود. أول بطولة دوري فاز بها اليوفنتوس كانت عام 1905 أثناء لعبه على ملعب فيلودرومو أومبيرتو الأول. في ذلك الوقت كانت قد تغيرت ألوان النادي إلى الخطوط البيضاء والسوداء في عام 1903، كقمصان نادي نوتس كاونتي الإنجليزي. في عام 1906 حدث انشقاق بالنادي، لأن بعض أعضاء النادي أرادوا نقل يوفنتوس خارج تورينو. كان الرئيس ألفريدو ديك غاضباً وذهب ومعه بعض اللاعبين البارزين وأسس نادي تورينو؛ الشيء الذي أوجد ديربي تورينو.

يوفنتوس أكثر أندية إيطاليا نجاحاً في البطولات المحلية، وهو أحد أنجح الأندية في العالم. فقد فاز يوفنتوس بـ 70 بطولة، منها 59 لقباً محلياً (رقم قياسي)، و 11 لقباً قارياً، ما يجعله سادس فريق في أوروبا والحادي عشرة في العالم. حيث فاز في كل مسابقات الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم ( دوري أبطال أوروبا في 1985، وكأس الاتحاد الأوروبي للأندية أبطال الكؤوس في 1984، وكأس الاتحاد الأوروبي في 1977.)، وهو أول فريق في تاريخ كرة القدم الأوروبية قام بهذا الإنجاز. ولهذا كرَّمَ الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم نادي يوفنتوس بهذا الإنجاز عندما منحه شهادة تكريم في 12 يوليو 1988، تعرف باسم لوح اليويفا التذكاري (بالإنجليزية: The UEFA Plaque)، يذكر أن نادي يوفنتوس استطاع أيضاً الفوز بباقي بطولات الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم وهي (كأس إنتركونتيننتال في 1985، وكأس إنترتوتو في 1999، وكأس السوبر الأوروبي في 1984). في عام 1985 أصبح يوفنتوس أول نادي في التاريخ (وما زال النادي الوحيد) الذي فاز بكل المسابقات الدولية الرسمية. وهو أحد مؤسسي رابطة الأندية الأوروبية و رابطة جي-14
تاريخ البطولة
كأس المعارض
مرت هذه البطولة بعدة مراحل تنظيمية وكانت كل مرحلة من تلك المراحل تأخذ مسمى مختلف، تعود جذور المسابقة لعام 1955 وكانت تسمى حينها ببطولة كأس المعارض الأوروبية (غير معترفة فيها أوروبيا) وهي من ابتكار السويسري إرنست ثومن والإيطالي أوتورينو باراسي ورئيس الاتحاد الإنكليزي لكرة القدم آنذاك ستانلي روس. وكانت البطولة كما يدل الاسم تقام على هامش معارض تجارية للترويج لها، وكان أطراف المباريات فرق تمثل الدول المشاركة ضمن المعرض ومن هنا انطلقت المسابقة. أقيمت أول نسخة من كأس المعارض الأوروبية بين أعوام 1955 -1958 وكان أول بطل لها هو نادي برشلونة الإسباني، ثاني البطولات أقيمت بين 1958-1960 وحافظ نادي برشلونة على اللقب، بعد الموسم الثاني أنتظمت البطولة لتقام بشكل سنوي إلى أن تم إلغائها في سنة 1971.

كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي
في عام 1971 تم إلغاء بطولة كأس المعارض الأوروبية لتستبدل بـكأس الإتحاد الأوروبي والتي أصبحت تنظم من قبل الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم، واعتبارا من موسم 1971/1972 أصبحت البطولة رسمية، وتغير نظام البطولة وقواعد وشروط المشاركة فيها، وكان نادي توتنهام الإنجليزي أول بطل رسمي للبطولة في الموسم 1971/ 1972.

وفي عام 1999 تم إلغاء بطولة كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية لتدمج مع بطولة كأس الإتحاد الأوروبي، واستمر الحال كما هو لمدة 10 سنوات.

الدوري الأوروبي الحالي
وفي عام 2009 أقدم الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم على تغييرات جذرية في نظام البطولة، فتم إلغاء بطولة كأس إنترتوتو والتي تشارك فيها الأندية الاتحادات التي تحتل مرتبة متأخرة في التصنيف الأوروبي، ودمجت مع كأس الإتحاد الأوروبي، ليصبح اسمها الدوري الأوروبي، مع تغيير العديد من القوانين والشروط منها إضافة دور المجموعات، وبتوسيع قاعدة المشاركة؛ حيث أصبح يشارك فيها 160 فريقاً أوروبياً ينتمون لـ 53 دولة أوروبية.
التغييرات (من 2009–2018)
تم إقرار هذا النظام في عامي 2009-2010 من قبل الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم  حيث قام بإلغاء مسابقة الإنترتوتو التي كانت تقام خلال أشهر الصيف وتشارك فيها الأندية التي تنتمي للاتحادات التي تحتل مرتبة متأخرة في التصنيف الأوروبي، من أجل تصعيد ناديين فقط للمشاركة في كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي، أما الآن فمع تدشين بطولة "يوروبا ليغ" تم إلغاء مسابقة الإنترتوتو وذلك لأنه قام بتوسيع قاعدة المشاركة في اليوروبا ليغ؛ حيث سيشارك فيها 193 فريقاً أوروبياً ينتمون لـ 53 دولة أوروبية.

وستلعب هذه الفرق ثلاثة أدوار تمهيدية، ثم تتأهل الفرق الفائزة بعد ذلك للدور الرئيسي الأول. يقام الدور الرئيسي الأول بنظام الذهاب والإياب، وتتأهل الفرق الفائزة إلى دور المجموعات الأول، الذي يشارك فيه 48 فريقاً يتم تصفيتهم إلى 32 فريقا تشارك في دور الـ 32 الإقصائي، الذي يقام بنظام الذهاب والإياب. وتتأهل الفرق الفائزة بمجموع مباراتي الذهاب والإياب في دور الـ32 إلى الدور ثمن النهائي وهو أول الأدوار الإقصائية النهائية، وستستمر البطولة بعد ذلك بنظام الأدوار الإقصائية حتى المباراة النهائية

Juventus

Juventus Football Club (from Latin: iuventūs, "youth"; Italian pronunciation: [juˈvɛntus]), colloquially known as Juve (pronounced [ˈjuːve]),[4] is an Italian professional football club based in Turin, Piedmont. Founded in 1897 by a group of Torinese students, the club has worn a black and white striped home kit since 1903 and has played home matches in different grounds around its city, the latest being the 41,507-capacity Juventus Stadium. Nicknamed Vecchia Signora ("the Old Lady"), the club has won 35 official league titles, 13 Coppa Italia titles and eight Supercoppa Italiana titles, being the record holder for all these competitions; two Intercontinental Cups, two European Cups / UEFA Champions Leagues, one European Cup Winners' Cup, a joint national record of three UEFA Cups, two UEFA Super Cups and one UEFA Intertoto Cup.[5][6] Consequently, the side leads the historical Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (FIGC) ranking[a] whilst on the international stage occupies the 5th position in Europe and the eleventh in the world for most confederation titles won with eleven trophies,[8] having led the UEFA ranking during seven seasons since its inception in 1979, the most for an Italian team and joint second overall.

Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus, initially as an athletics club,[9] it is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa's football section (1893) and has competed uninterruptedly in the top flight league (reformulated as Serie A from 1929) since its debut in 1900 after changing its name to Foot-Ball Club Juventus, with the exception of the 2006–07 season, being managed by the industrial Agnelli family almost continuously since 1923.[b] The relationship between the club and that dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports, making Juventus the first professional sporting club in the country,[11] having established itself as a major force in the national stage since the 1930s and at confederation level since the mid-1970s[12] and becoming one of the first ten wealthiest in world football in terms of value, revenue and profit since the mid-1990s,[13] being stocked in Borsa italiana since 2001.[14]

Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni, the club won 13 trophies in the ten years before 1986, including six league titles and five international titles, and became the first to win all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations: the 1976–77 UEFA Cup (first Southern European side to do so), the 1983–84 Cup Winners' Cup and the 1984–85 European Champions' Cup.[15] With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup, it became the first and thus far only in the world to complete a clean sweep of all confederation trophies;[16] an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup after another successful era led by Marcello Lippi,[17] becoming in addition the only professional Italian club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association. In December 2000, Juventus was ranked seventh in the FIFA's historic ranking of the best clubs in the world[18] and nine years later was ranked second best club in Europe during the 20th Century based on a statistical study series by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS), the highest for an Italian club in both.[19]

The club's fan base is the largest at national level and one of the largest worldwide.[20][21] Unlike most European sporting supporters' groups, which are often concentrated around their own club's city of origin,[22] it is widespread throughout the whole country and the Italian diaspora, making Juventus a symbol of anticampanilismo ("anti-parochialism") and italianità ("Italianness").[23][24] The club has also provided the most players to the Italy national team—mostly in official competitions—who often formed the group that led the Azzurri squad to international success, most importantly in the 1934, 1982 and 2006 FIFA World Cups
Juventus were founded as Sport-Club Juventus in late 1897 by pupils from the Massimo D'Azeglio Lyceum school in Turin, among them the brothers Eugenio and Enrico Canfari,[26] but were renamed as Foot-Ball Club Juventus two years later.[2] The club joined the Italian Football Championship in 1900. In 1904, the businessman Ajmone-Marsan revived the finances of the football club Juventus, making it also possible to transfer the training field from piazza d'armi to the more appropriate Velodrome Umberto I. During this period, the team wore a pink and black kit. Juventus first won the league championship in 1905 while playing at their Velodrome Umberto I ground. By this time the club colours had changed to black and white stripes, inspired by English side Notts County.[27]

There was a split at the club in 1906, after some of the staff considered moving Juve out of Turin.[2] President Alfred Dick[c] was unhappy with this and left with some prominent players to found FBC Torino which in turn spawned the Derby della Mole.[28] Juventus spent much of this period steadily rebuilding after the split, surviving the First World War.[27]

League dominance
FIAT owner Edoardo Agnelli gained control of the club in 1923 and built a new stadium.[2] This helped the club to its second scudetto (league championship) in the 1925–26 season, after beating Alba Roma with an aggregate score of 12–1 (Antonio Vojak's goals were essential that season).[27] The club established itself as a major force in Italian football since the 1930s, becoming the country's first professional club and the first with a decentralised fan base,[29] which led it to win a record of five consecutive Italian championships (the first four under the management of Carlo Carcano) and form the core of the Italy national team during the Vittorio Pozzo's era, including the 1934 world champion squad,[30] with star players such as Raimundo Orsi, Luigi Bertolini, Giovanni Ferrari and Luis Monti, among others.

Juventus moved to the Stadio Comunale, but for the rest of the 1930s and the majority of the 1940s they were unable to recapture championship dominance. After the Second World War, Gianni Agnelli was appointed honorary president.[2] The club added two more league championships to its name in the 1949–50 and 1951–52 seasons, the latter of which was under the management of Englishman Jesse Carver. Two new strikers were signed during 1957–58: Welshman John Charles and Italian Argentine Omar Sívori, playing alongside longtime member Giampiero Boniperti. That season saw Juventus awarded with the Golden Star for Sport Excellence to wear on their shirts after becoming the first Italian side to win ten league titles. In the same season, Sívori became the first ever player at the club to win the European Footballer of the Year.[31] The following season, they beat Fiorentina to complete their first league and cup double, winning Serie A and Coppa Italia. Boniperti retired in 1961 as the all-time top scorer at the club, with 182 goals in all competitions, a club record which stood for 45 years.[32]

During the rest of the decade, the club won the league just once more in 1966–67.[27] However, the 1970s saw Juventus further solidify their strong position in Italian football. Under former player Čestmír Vycpálek, they won the scudetto in 1971–72 and 1972–73,[27] with players such as Roberto Bettega, Franco Causio and José Altafini breaking through. During the rest of the decade, they won the league twice more, with defender Gaetano Scirea contributing significantly. The later win was under Giovanni Trapattoni, who also led the club to their first ever major European title (the UEFA Cup) in 1977 and helped the club's domination continue on into the early part of the 1980s.[33] During Trapattoni's tenure, many Juventus players also formed the backbone of the Italy national team during Enzo Bearzot's successful managerial era, including the 1978 World Cup, UEFA Euro 1980 and 1982 world champion squads.[34][35]

European stage
The Trapattoni era was highly successful in the 1980s and the club started the decade off well, winning the league title three more times by 1984.[27] This meant Juventus had won 20 Italian league titles and were allowed to add a second golden star to their shirt, thus becoming the only Italian club to achieve this.[33] Around this time, the club's players were attracting considerable attention and Paolo Rossi was named European Footballer of the Year following his contribution to Italy's victory in the 1982 World Cup, where he was named Player of the Tournament
Frenchman Michel Platini was also awarded the European Footballer of the Year title for three years in a row in 1983, 1984 and 1985, which is a record.[31] Juventus are the only club to have players from their club winning the award in four consecutive years.[31] It was Platini who scored the winning goal in the 1985 European Cup final against Liverpool, but this was marred by a tragedy which changed European football.[37] That year, Juventus became the first club in the history of European football to have won all three major UEFA competitions[15][38] and, after their triumph in the Intercontinental Cup, the club also became the first, and thus far, the only in association football history, to have won all possible confederation competitions,[39](The Technician (UEFA) 2010:5) an achievement that it revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup.[17] With the exception of winning the closely contested Italian Championship of 1985–86, the rest of the 1980s were not very successful for the club. As well as having to contend with Diego Maradona's Napoli, both of the Milanese clubs, Milan and Internazionale, won Italian championships. However, Juventus did win a Coppa Italia-UEFA Cup double in 1990 under the guidance of former club legend Dino Zoff.[27] In 1990, Juventus also moved into their new home, the Stadio delle Alpi, which was built for the 1990 World Cup.[40] Despite the arrival of Italian star Roberto Baggio later that year for a world record transfer fee, the early 1990s under Luigi Maifredi and subsequently Trapattoni once again also saw little success for Juventus, as they only managed to win the UEFA Cup in 1993.[41]

Second Champions League and first Supercoppa Italiana titles
Marcello Lippi took over as Juventus manager at the start of the 1994–95 campaign.[2] His first season at the helm of the club was a successful one, as Juventus recorded their first Serie A championship title since the mid-1980s, as well as the Coppa Italia.[27] The crop of players during this period featured Ciro Ferrara, Roberto Baggio, Gianluca Vialli and a young Alessandro Del Piero. Lippi led Juventus to their first Supercoppa Italiana and the Champions League the following season, beating Ajax on penalties after a 1–1 draw in which Fabrizio Ravanelli scored for Juventus.[42] The club did not rest long after winning the European Cup: more highly regarded players were brought into the fold in the form of Zinedine Zidane, Filippo Inzaghi and Edgar Davids. At home, Juventus won the 1996–97 and 1997–98 Serie A titles, as well as the 1996 UEFA Super Cup[43] and the 1996 Intercontinental Cup.[44] Juventus reached the 1997 and 1998 Champions League finals during this period, but lost out to Borussia Dortmund and Real Madrid respectively
After a two-and-a-half-season absence, Lippi returned to the club in 2001, following his replacement Carlo Ancelotti's dismissal, signing big name players such as Gianluigi Buffon, David Trezeguet, Pavel Nedvěd and Lilian Thuram, helping the team to two more scudetto titles during the 2001–02 and 2002–03 seasons.[27] Juventus were also part of an all Italian Champions League final in 2003, but lost out to Milan on penalties after the game ended in a 0–0 draw. At the conclusion of the following season, Lippi was appointed as the Italy national team's head coach, bringing an end to one of the most fruitful managerial spells in Juventus' history.[33]

Calciopoli scandal
Fabio Capello was appointed as Juventus' coach in 2004 and led the club to two more consecutive Serie A first places. In May 2006, Juventus became one of the five clubs linked to a 2006 Italian football scandal, the result of which saw the club placed at the bottom of the league table and relegated to Serie B for the first time in its history. The club was also stripped of the 2005 title won under Capello, while the 2006 title, after a period sub judice, was assigned to Inter Milan.[47]

Many key players left following their relegation to Serie B, including Lillian Thuram, star striker Zlatan Ibrahimović and defensive stalwart Fabio Cannavaro. However, other big name players such as Alessandro Del Piero, Gianluigi Buffon, David Trezeguet and Pavel Nedvěd remained to help the club return to Serie A, while youngsters from the Primavera (youth team), such as Sebastian Giovinco and Claudio Marchisio, were integrated into the first team. Juventus won the Cadetti (Serie B championship) and gained promotion straight back up to the top division as league winners after the 2006–07 season,[48] as captain Del Piero claimed the top scorer award with 21 goals.
As early as 2010, Juventus considered challenging the stripping of their scudetto from 2005 and the non-assignment of the 2006 title, dependent on the results of trials connected to the 2006 scandal.[49] When former general manager Luciano Moggi's conviction in criminal court in connection with the scandal was partially written off by the Supreme Court on 23 March 2015,[50] the club sued the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) for €443 million for damages caused by their 2006 relegation. FIGC president Carlo Tavecchio offered to discuss reinstatement of the lost scudetti in exchange for Juventus dropping the lawsuit.[51] On 9 September 2015, the Supreme Court released a 150-page document that explained its final ruling of the case: despite that Moggi's remaining charges were cancelled without a new trial due to statute of limitations,[50] the court confirmed that Moggi was actively involved in the sporting fraud which was intended to favor Juventus and increase his own personal benefits.[52] Eventually, in 2016 the TAR tribunal rejected the request of compensation promoted by Juventus.[53]

Return to Serie A
After returning to Serie A in the 2007–08 season, Juventus appointed Claudio Ranieri as manager.[54] They finished in third place in their first season back in the top flight and qualified for the Champions League third qualifying round in the preliminary stages. Juventus reached the group stages, where they beat Real Madrid in both home and away legs, before losing in the knockout round to Chelsea. Ranieri was sacked following a string of unsuccessful results and Ciro Ferrara was appointed as manager on a temporary basis for the last two games of the 2008–09 season,[55] before being subsequently appointed as the manager for the 2009–10 season.[56]

Ferrara's stint as Juventus manager, however, proved to be unsuccessful, with Juventus knocked out of Champions League and Coppa Italia, as well as just lying on the sixth place in the league table at the end of January 2010, leading to the dismissal of Ferrara and the naming of Alberto Zaccheroni as caretaker manager. Zaccheroni could not help the side improve, as Juventus finished the season in seventh place in Serie A. For the 2010–11 season, Jean-Claude Blanc was replaced by Andrea Agnelli as the club's president. Agnelli's first action was to replace Zaccheroni and director of sport Alessio Secco with Sampdoria manager Luigi Delneri and director of sport Giuseppe Marotta.[57] However, Delneri failed to improve their fortunes and was dismissed. Former player and fan favourite Antonio Conte, fresh after winning promotion with Siena, was named as Delneri's replacement.[58] In September 2011, Juventus relocated to the new Juventus Stadium.[59]

Historic four consecutive doubles and eight consecutive league titles
With Conte as manager, Juventus went unbeaten for the entire 2011–12 Serie A season. Towards the second half of the season, the team was mostly competing with northern rivals Milan for first place in a tight contest. Juventus won the title on the 37th matchday after beating Cagliari 2–0 and Milan losing to Internazionale 4–2. After a 3–1 win in the final matchday against Atalanta, Juventus became the first team to go the season unbeaten in the current 38-game format.[60] Other noteworthy achievements included the biggest away win (5–0 at Fiorentina), best defensive record (20 goals conceded, fewest ever in the current league format) in Serie A and second best in the top six European leagues that year.[61] In 2013–14, Juventus won a third consecutive scudetto with a record 102 points and 33 wins.[62][63] The title was the 30th official league championship in the club's history.[64] They also achieved the semi-finals of Europa League, where they were eliminated at home against ten-man Benfica's catenaccio, missing the final at the Juventus Stadium
In 2014–15, Massimiliano Allegri was appointed as manager, with whom Juventus won their 31st official title, making it a fourth-straight, as well as achieving a record tenth Coppa Italia for the double.[67] The club also beat Real Madrid in the semi finals of the Champions League 3–2 on aggregate to face Barcelona in the final in Berlin for the first time since the 2002–03 Champions League.[68] Juventus lost the final to Barcelona 3–1 after an early fourth-minute goal from Ivan Rakitić, followed by an Álvaro Morata equalizer in the 55th minute. Then Barcelona took the lead again with a goal from Luis Suárez in the 70th minute, followed by a final minute goal by Neymar as Juventus were caught out on the counterattack.[69] On 14 December 2015, Juventus won the Serie A Football Club of the Year award for the 2014–15 season, the fourth time in succession.[70] On 25 April 2016, the club won their fifth-straight title (and 32nd overall) since last winning five-straight between 1930–31 and 1934–35, after second place Napoli lost to Roma to give Juventus mathematical certainty of the title with three games to spare; last losing to Sassuolo on 25 October 2015, which left them in 12th place, before taking 73 points of a possible 75.[71] On 21 May, the club then won the Coppa Italia for the 11th time and their second-straight title, becoming the first team in Italy's history to complete Serie A and Coppa Italia doubles in back-to-back seasons.[72][73][74]

On 17 May 2017, Juventus won their 12th Coppa Italia title in a 2–0 win over Lazio (the first team to win three consecutive championships).[75] Four days later on 21 May, Juventus became the first team to win six consecutive Serie A titles.[76] On 3 June 2017, Juventus reached a second Champions League Final in three years, but were defeated 1–4 by defending champions Real Madrid—a stampede in Turin happened ten minutes before the end of the match.[77][78] On 9 May 2018, Juventus won their 13th Coppa Italia title, and fourth in a row, in a 4–0 win over Milan, extending the all-time record of successive Coppa Italia titles.[79] Four days later on 13 May, Juventus secured their seventh consecutive Serie A title, extending the all-time record of successive triumphs in the competition.[80] In July 2018, Juventus broke the record for a fee paid for a player over 30 years old and the record for a fee paid by an Italian club by purchasing the 33 year old Cristiano Ronaldo from Real Madrid for €112 million, or £99.2 million.[81] On 20 April 2019, Juventus secured their eighth consecutive Serie A title, further extending the all-time record of successive triumphs in the competition.[82]

Colours, badge, nicknames and symbols
Juventus have played in black and white striped shirts, with white shorts, sometimes black shorts since 1903. Originally, they played in pink shirts with a black tie. The father of one of the players made the earliest shirts, but continual washing faded the colour so much that in 1903 the club sought to replace them.[83] Juventus asked one of their team members, Englishman John Savage, if he had any contacts in England who could supply new shirts in a colour that would better withstand the elements. He had a friend who lived in Nottingham, who being a Notts County supporter, shipped out the black and white striped shirts to Turin.[83] Juventus have worn the shirts ever since, considering the colours to be aggressive and powerful
dge took place in 2004, when the emblem of the team changed to a black-and-white oval shield of a type used by Italian ecclesiastics. It is divided in five vertical stripes: two white stripes and three black stripes, inside which are the following elements, while in its upper section the name of the society superimposed on a white convex section, over golden curvature (gold for honour). The white silhouette of a charging bull is in the lower section of the oval shield, superimposed on a black old French shield and the charging bull is a symbol of the comune of Turin. There is also a black silhouette of a mural crown above the black spherical triangle's base. This is a reminiscence to Augusta Tourinorum, the old city of the Roman era which the present capital of Piedmont region is its cultural heiress.
In January 2017, president Andrea Agnelli announced the most recent change to the Juventus badge, revealing a video showing the introduction of the new badge. The badge shows the word Juventus on top, with two capital Js shown together in different fonts with a small opening between them to almost make a bigger J. Agnelli said that the badge reflects "the Juventus way of living".[84] Juventus was the first team in association football history to adopt a star, who added one above their badge in 1958 to represent their tenth Italian Football Championship and Serie A title, and has since become popularized with other clubs as well.[85]

In the past, the convex section of the emblem had a blue colour (another symbol of Turin) and it was concave in shape. The old French shield and the mural crown, also in the lower section of the emblem, had a considerably greater size. The two "Golden Stars for Sport Excellence" were located above the convex and concave section of Juventus' emblem. During the 1980s, the club emblem was the blurred silhouette of a zebra, alongside the two golden stars with the club's name forming an arc above.

Juventus unofficially won their 30th league title in 2011–12, but a dispute with the FIGC, which stripped Juventus of their 2004–05 and 2005–06 titles due to their involvement in a 2006 Italian football scandal, left their official total at 28. They elected to wear no stars at all the following season.[86] Juventus won their 30th title in 2013–14 and thus earned the right to wear their third star, but club president Andrea Agnelli stated that the club suspended the use of the stars until another team wins their 20th championship, thus having the right to wear two stars, "to emphasise Juventus' superiority".[87] However, for the 2015–16 season, Juventus reintroduced the stars and added the third star to their jersey as well with new kit manufacturers Adidas, in addition to the Coppa Italia badge for winning their tenth Coppa Italia the previous season.[88][89] For the 2016–17 season, Juventus re-designed their kit with a different take on the trademark black and white stripes.[90] For the 2017–18 season, Juventus introduced the J shaped logo onto the kits.[91]

Guillermo Pardini

Guillermo Pardini es un periodista argentino.
Radio
Comenzó su carrera como productor radial en Radio Rivadavia donde trabajó con figuras como Enrique Alejandro Mancini, Enrique Llamas de Madariaga y Héctor Larrea con quien estuvo seis años. y participó del programa Rapidísimo.1​ Participó de programas como Tarde de Radio con Paulo Vilouta o conduciendo programas propios como Faro Celta. Desde hace varios años y hasta diciembre de 2017 formó parte de la edición radial del programa La cornisa de Luis Majul, luego renombrado Majul 910 en radio La Red.2​ Desde marzo de 2018 forma parte del programa Magazine 910 que conduce Leo Gentili y con la participación de Tronco por Radio La Red AM 910.

Televisión
Debutó en televisión en el programa de ATC, Hetitor en vivo, en 1995.3​ En 1998, formó parte del primer Yo amo a la TV, conducido por Andrés Percivale, compartiendo panel con Jorge Lafauci, Any Ventura y Guillermo Blanc.

En 2001, integra el primer panel del programa Indomables, que más tarde se renombraría como Duro de domar en 2005. Desde entonces, es el único panelista que no faltó a ninguna temporada del programa que pasó por la conducción de Lucho Avilés, Mauro Viale, Roberto Pettinato, Fabio Alberti, Daniel Tognetti y nuevamente Pettinato, quien lo condujo hasta su finalización. El programa cambió su nombre por Duro de Domar4​

En 2009, Guillermo Pardini integró junto a Any Ventura y Oscar Mediavilla el jurado de El casting de la tele, conducido por Carla Conte y José María Listorti.5​

De enero a marzo de 2017 fue panelista del programa Infama en América TV y a partir de abril del mismo año pasó al programa Confrontados que se emite de lunes a viernes por El Nueve de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

INPRES

El Instituto Nacional de Prevención Sísmica (INPRES) tiene como objetivo realizar estudios e investigaciones básicas y aplicadas de sismología e ingeniería sismorresistente, destinados a la prevención del riesgo sísmico mediante el dictado de reglamentos que permitan en forma óptima la estabilidad y permanencia de las estructuras civiles existentes en las zonas sísmicas de Argentina.

Fue creado en 1972, y la sede central de dicho instituto se encuentra en la localidad de Desamparados, departamento Capital, provincia de San Juan.

Historia
Los orígenes del INPRES, están en las medidas tomadas tras el terremoto de San Juan de 1944, con la necesidad de regular las estructuras civiles, con el objetivo evitar el máximo de pérdidas humanas ante tal desastre. Con lo cual se crea el Consejo de Reconstrucción de San Juan' dependiente del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional, a través del Ministerio del Interior (Decreto Nº 17.432 de 1944). En 1964 se transforma en el Consejo Nacional de Construcciones Antisísmicas y de Reconstrucción de San Juan (CONCAR) por la Ley Nacional Nº 16.405 de 1964.

En 1972 el Poder Ejecutivo Nacional de Argentina dispone la disolución del CONCAR por considerar cumplidas las tareas de reconstrucción de la Ciudad de San Juan y crea por Ley Nº 19.616 del 8 de mayo de 1972 el INPRES, en el ámbito del Ministerio de Obras y Servicios Públicos, para llevar adelante la Política Nacional de Prevención Sísmica.

Acciones del INPRES
Las acciones del INPRES son:

Planificar y realizar el estudio de la sismicidad del territorio nacional, evaluando el riesgo sísmico en todas y cada una de las zonas del mismo.
Operar en todo el territorio nacional la Red Nacional de Estaciones Sismológicas, la Red Nacional de Acelerógrafos y, en la sede del Instituto Nacional, el Laboratorio de Estructuras Sismorresistentes.
Proyectar y aconsejar reglamentos que regulen la construcción de cada una de las zonas sísmicas del país.
Proyectar y realizar estudios tecnológicos y brindar asistencia técnica referente a materiales y sistemas de construcción sismorresistente.
Realizar campañas de divulgación en todos los niveles, destinadas a crear una conciencia del problema sísmico y sus soluciones y efectuar publicaciones de divulgación técnica.
Prestar asistencia técnica específica en los casos de desastre ocasionados por sismos, a fin de solucionar los problemas derivados de la destrucción de edificios e infraestructura civiles.
Actuar como autoridad de validación a nivel nacional, desde el punto de vista sísmico, en grandes obras de infraestructura tales como complejos hidroeléctricos, establecimientos mineros, centrales nucleares, etc., instaladas o a instalarse en el territorio nacional.
Implementar la Política Nacional de Prevención Sísmica.

صمام ثنائي باعث للضوء

الصمام الثنائي الباعث للضوء أو متصل ثنائي باعث للضوء أو ثبل (بالإنجليزية: light-emitting diode اختصاراً، LED) هو مصدر ضوئي مصنوع من مواد أشباه الموصلات تبعث الضوء حينما يمر خلاله تيار كهربائي. يكثر استخدامه كما يكثر تسميته بـ LED أو الإضاءة الثبلية، "ثبل".

يعتبر مصباح إل إي دي أوفر المصابيح الكهربائية من وجهة استهلاكه للكهرباء ، فمثلا فإذا كانت قوة لمبة عادية من التي تعمل بفتيل من التنجستن قدرتها 25 واط فإن مصباحا إل إي دي يعوضها بقدرة 4 - 5 واط فقط ، على الرغم من أن كل واحد منهما ينتج شدة إضاء تبلغ 190 لومن.

تنتج مصابيح "إل إي دي" بقدرات بين 4 واط إلى 100 واط .

بتاريخ 7 أكتوبر/تشرين الأول ، تم منح جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء لمخترعي الصمام الثنائي الباعث للضوء، إيسامو اكاساكي وهيروشي أمانو وشوجي ناكامورا لـ"اختراع الصمام الثنائي الباعث للضوء الأزرق المتميز بكفائته والذي ادى إلى إمكانية توفير مصادر ساطعة وموفرة للطاقة للضوء الأبيض"
ابتكاره وتطويره
يرجع تطويره إلى ستينات القرن العشرين عند اكتشاف أشباه الموصلات. في البدء كان يبعث ضوءا واحدا ضعيفا، لكن مع الوقت أمكن تطويره لبعث الثلاثة ألوان الأساسية : الأحمر والأزرق والأخضر. وكثيرا ما يستعمل في اللوحات الكبيرة المنيرة وغيرها.وأصبح لها طاقة كبيرة على إصدار ضوء ناصع باستهلاك قليل جدّاً للكهرباء.

بدأ نيك هولنياك ابتكاره على إثر اختراع أنصاف الموصلات التي ازداد استعمالها في النصف الثاني من القرن الماضي في الحاسوب. ونال بسبب هذا الاختراع جائزة الألفية للتكنلوجيا في عام 2006.

وكانت تستخدم الصمامات الباعثة للضوء في الأسواق التجارية بدلا من المصابيح المتوهجة ومؤشر النيون، وتستخدم في شاشات العرض ، ثم استخدمت في أجهزة كثيرة مثل: أجهزة التلفاز ، وأجهزة الراديو والهواتف والآلات الحاسبة والساعات.

طريقة عمله
يتكون الصمام الثنائي الباعث للضوء من مصعد ومهبط لتوصيل التيار الكهربائي يكونان منفصلان (انظر الصورة).يشكل المهبط في هيئة حفرة تركز الضوء الصادر وملتحم في قاعها بلورة المادة شبه الموصلة، تبعث الطبقة الوسطية لالتحام البلورة بمادة المهبط ضوء عند توصيلها بمصدر كهربائي، فيصلها التيار الكهربائي عن طريق سلك ربط  يوصل بين البلورة والمصعد.

يثير التيار الكهربائي الذرات في شبه الموصل فتشغل بعض إلكتروناتها مستوى طاقة عالي في الذرة. في الثنائي الضوئي تقفز متأثرة بالتيار الكهربائي إلكترونات الذرّة من مستوى طاقة عالي إلى مستوي طاقة منخفضة، فيصدر الإلكترون فارق الطاقة بين الحالتين على هيئة فوتون، أي شعاع ضوء ذو تردد محدد وبالتالي له طول موجة ولون محددة. وباختيار مادة الثنائي يمكن الحصول على لون الضوء الصادر المطلوب. وهذا يتعلق باختيار المادة المناسبة وكذلك اختيار مستويي الطاقة الذريين (المدارين المعنيين في الذرة) الذي يقفز الإلكترون من أحدهما إلى المستوي الآخر المنخفض. فهذا الفارق في طاقة المستويين يحدد طاقة الفوتون الذي يطلقه الإلكترون عند قفزته يتميز بطول موجة معينة وبالتالي بلون معين للشعاع.

ميزاته
له ميزات كثيرة يتفوق بها عن الوسائل المعتادة للإضاءة. فاستهلاكه للقدرة الكهربائية قليل، فيمكن تشغيله ببطاريات صغيرة، وعمره طويل، ويتحمل الصدمات، وصغير الحجم (فهو لايزيد عن 5 مللي متر في مقاييسه). إلا أنه مايزال باهظ الثمن نسبيا، كما أنه يحتاج إلى مصدر كهربائي ذو تيار ثابت وأنظمة لتشتيت الحرارة المنبعثة منه.

توجد منه أنواع صغيرة تصدر الضوء في نطاق الأشعة تحت الحمراء وتستخدم في أجهزة التحكم عن بعد مثلما في التلفزيونات وأجهزة التسجيل دي في دي.
تحسن أداء الصمامات الثناية المضيئة في السنوات الأخيرة بحيث كثر استخدامها في السيارات، فبينما كان استخدامها في الماضي ينقصر فقط على استخدام اللمبات الصغيرة على لوحات مقصورة السيارة، ازدادت قدرتها بحيث تستخدم في مصابيح السيارة لإضاءة الطريق والإضاءة البعيدة، وذلك عن طريق تجميع عدد كبير منها في حزمة مع استخدام عدسات تركيز الضوء.
ميزة الصمامات الثناية المضيئة أنها تحول 20 % من الطاقة الكهربائية إلى ضوء بالمقارنة باللمبات العادية ذات فتيل سلكي فهي تحول 4% فقط من الكهرباء إلى ضوء والباقي يتشتت كحرارة.
تطويره مستقبليا
كل تلك الميزات أفسحت المجال لاستخدامه في مجالات لا تستطيع وسائل الإضاءة التقليدية القيام بها، وعلى الأخص تلك التطبيقات القائمة على مصادر صغيرة للطاقة. كما تجرى بحوث بغرض توجيه الأشعة الصادرة مما يوفر مستقبلا جزء الإضاءة الضائع وخصوصا عند استخدامه في إضاءة الشوارع، فما ينبعث من الضوء إلى أعلى يعتبر ضائعا. وقد بدأت بعض الدول الأوروبية فعلا في استخدامه لإضاءة الشوارع. وعلى الرغم من ارتفاع ثمنه نسبيا فتجرى البحوث في تطويره ليقوم بوظائف خاصة بجانب الإضاءة، ومايزال طريق تطويره مفتوحا.

دائرة الثنائي باعث الضوء

مخطط لدائرة بسيطة تتضمن الصمام الباعث للضوء
توجد دوائر خاصة تستخدم لإضاءة الصمام الثنائي. وتتألف من عنصرين بجانبه موصولان في تسلسل؛ مصدر جهد، ومفتاح لفتح الدائرة (مؤديا لإظلام الثنائي) أو إغلاقها (مؤديا لإضاءة الثنائي). ويمكن توصيله بجهاز تحكم فيضيئ وينطفئ بطريقة دورية. تستخدم منه أعدادا كثيرة مختلفة الألوان في شاشات الإعلان.

أنواعه
مقارنة الاستهلاك
يتفوق الثنائي الباعث للضوء على المصباح العادي (مصباح متوهج) من وجهة ادخاره للكهرباء . فإذا رغبنا في شدة إضاءة قدرها 800 لومن مثلا فإننا نحتاج مصباح "إل إي دي" قدرته 12 واط ، في حين لو استخدمنا لهذا الغرض مصباها تقليديا (متوهجا) لاحتجنا لمصباح يستهلك 75 واط.

في نفس الوقت يتفوق مصباح "إل إي دي" على مصباح بخار الزئبق ، ففي مثالنا أعلاه يستهلك مصباح بخار الزئبق طاقة كهربية قدرها 16 واط.ويعتبر مصباح بخار الزئبق أيضا مصباحا قليل الاستهلاك للطاقة.

Led

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.[5] White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.[6]

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light.[7] Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as those used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with high light output.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Recent developments have produced high-output white light LEDs suitable for room and outdoor area lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper, plant growing light and medical devices.[8]

Unlike a laser, the color of light emitted from an LED is neither coherent nor monochromatic, but the spectrum is narrow with respect to human vision, and functionally monochromatic
Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector.[11][12] Russian inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927.[13] His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades.[14][15]

In 1936, Georges Destriau observed that electroluminescence could be produced when zinc sulphide (ZnS) powder is suspended in an insulator and an alternating electrical field is applied to it. In his publications, Destriau often referred to luminescence as Losev-Light. Destriau worked in the laboratories of Madame Marie Curie, also an early pioneer in the field of luminescence with research on radium.[16][17]

Hungarian Zoltán Bay together with György Szigeti pre-empted LED lighting in Hungary in 1939 by patenting a lighting device based on SiC, with an option on boron carbide, that emitted white, yellowish white, or greenish white depending on impurities present.[18]

Kurt Lehovec, Carl Accardo, and Edward Jamgochian explained these first LEDs in 1951 using an apparatus employing SiC crystals with a current source of a battery or a pulse generator and with a comparison to a variant, pure, crystal in 1953.[19][20]

Rubin Braunstein[21] of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide (GaAs) and other semiconductor alloys in 1955.[22] Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using gallium antimonide (GaSb), GaAs, indium phosphide (InP), and silicon-germanium (SiGe) alloys at room temperature and at 77 kelvins.

In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer[23] Braunstein "…had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward current of a GaAs diode. The emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an audio amplifier and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music. We had a great deal of fun playing with this setup." This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications
In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate.[7] By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n junction light emitter and an electrically isolated semiconductor photodetector.[24] On August 8, 1962, Biard and Pittman filed a patent titled "Semiconductor Radiant Diode" based on their findings, which described a zinc-diffused p–n junction LED with a spaced cathode contact to allow for efficient emission of infrared light under forward bias. After establishing the priority of their work based on engineering notebooks predating submissions from G.E. Labs, RCA Research Labs, IBM Research Labs, Bell Labs, and Lincoln Lab at MIT, the U.S. patent office issued the two inventors the patent for the GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode (U.S. Patent US3293513), the first practical LED.[7] Immediately after filing the patent, Texas Instruments (TI) began a project to manufacture infrared diodes. In October 1962, TI announced the first commercial LED product (the SNX-100), which employed a pure GaAs crystal to emit an 890 nm light output.[7] In October 1963, TI announced the first commercial hemispherical LED, the SNX-110.[25]

The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr. while working at General Electric. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on December 1, 1962.[26][27] M. George Craford,[28] a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972.[29] In 1976, T. P. Pearsall designed the first high-brightness, high-efficiency LEDs for optical fiber telecommunications by inventing new semiconductor materials specifically adapted to optical fiber transmission wavelengths.[30]

Initial commercial development
The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays,[31] first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as calculators, TVs, radios, telephones, as well as watches (see list of signal uses). Until 1968, visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, in the order of US$200 per unit, and so had little practical use.[32]

Hewlett-Packard (HP) was engaged in research and development (R&D) on practical LEDs between 1962 and 1968, by a research team under Howard C. Borden, Gerald P. Pighini and Mohamed "John" Atalla at HP Associates and HP Labs.[33] During this time, Atalla launched a material science investigation program on gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) and indium arsenide (InAs) devices at HP,[34] and they collaborated with Monsanto Company on developing the first usable LED products.[35] The first usable LED products were HP's LED display and Monsanto's LED lamp, both launched in 1968.[35] Monsanto was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using GaAsP in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators.[32] Monsanto had previously offered to supply HP with GaAsP, but HP decided to grow its own GaAsP.[32] In February 1969, Hewlett-Packard introduced the HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric Indicator, the first LED device to use integrated circuit technology.[33] It was the first intelligent LED display, and was a revolution in digital display technology, replacing the Nixie tube and becoming the basis for later LED displays.[36]

Mohamed Atalla left HP and joined Fairchild Semiconductor in 1969.[37] He was the vice president and general manager of the Microwave & Optoelectronics division,[38] from its inception in May 1969 up until November 1971.[39] He continued his work on LEDs, proposing they could be used for indicator lights and optical readers in 1971.[40] In the 1970s, commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. These devices employed compound semiconductor chips fabricated with the planar process (developed by Jean Hoerni,[41][42] based on Atalla's surface passivation method[43][44]). The combination of planar processing for chip fabrication and innovative packaging methods enabled the team at Fairchild led by optoelectronics pioneer Thomas Brandt to achieve the needed cost reductions.[45] LED producers continue to use these methods.[46]