فاروق عبد الله ( كشمير : फ़ारूक़ अब्दुल्लाह (ديوناكري) ، فاروق عبدالله (نستعليق) )، من مواليد 21 أكتوبر 1937 في سورا ، جامو وكشمير ، الهند )، هو نجل الشيخ عبد الله ، وهو دكتور في الطب، وكان يشغل منصب رئيس الوزراء جامو وكشمير في مناسبات عدة منذ عام 1982. ابنهما، عمر عبد الله ويشارك أيضا في الدولة والسياسة الوطنية، وكان عضوا في لوكسابها ، وهو رئيس وزراء جامو وكشمير.
الاثنين، 16 سبتمبر 2019
Farooq Abdullah
Farooq Abdullah (born 21 October 1937) is a Kashmiri politician and chairman of Jammu & Kashmir National Conference. He has served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir on several occasions since 1982, and as the union minister for New and Renewable Energy between 2009 and 2014. He is the father of former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Omar Abdullah.
Early life and education
Farooq Abdullah was born to the veteran statesman and National Conference leader Sheikh Abdullah and Begum Akbar Jehan Abdullah. He studied at Tyndale Biscoe School, and subsequently received his MBBS degree from SMS Medical College, Jaipur. He subsequently travelled to the UK to practice medicine.[1]
Family
He is married to Molly, a nurse of British origin. They have a son, Omar, and three daughters, Safia, Hinna, and Sara. Their son Omar Abdullah is also involved in state and national politics, who was a member of the Lok Sabha and was the chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir. Sarah is married to Congress politician Sachin Pilot.
Political career
Entry into politics
Abdullah was elected to the Lok Sabha unopposed [2] from Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency in the 1980 General Election.
Chief Minister, 1982–1984
Abdullah was a novice in the political arena of Jammu and Kashmir when he was appointed president of the National Conference in August 1981. His main qualification was that he was the son and heir of Sheikh Abdullah. After his father's death in 1982, Farooq Abdullah became the chief minister of the state. In 1984, a faction of the National conference led by his brother-in-law Ghulam Mohammad Shah broke away, leading to the collapse of his government and his dismissal. Shah subsequently became the Chief Minister with the support of the Congress.
1984–1996
In 1986, C.M. Shah's government was dismissed after communal riots in South Kashmir, and a new National Conference–Congress government was sworn in with Abdullah as the chief minister . after the Rajiv-Farooq accord. A new election was held in 1987 and the National Conference–Congress alliance won the election amid allegations of fraud. This period saw a rise in militancy in the state, with the return of trained militants in J&K and incidents that included the kidnapping of the daughter of the Union Home Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed. Subsequently, Farooq Abdullah resigned in protest after the Gawkadal Massacre,[3] and the state was brought under Governor's Rule.[4] He subsequently moved to the United Kingdom.[5]
Chief Minister, 1996–2002
After returning to India, and winning the Legislative Assembly elections in 1996, Abdullah was once again sworn in as chief minister of the state, his fifth time. His government lasted for a full six-year term. In 1999, the National Conference joined the Atal Bihari Vajpayee led National Democratic Alliance, and his son Omar Abdullah was subsequently appointed a union minister of state.
Subsequent political career
In the 2002 Legislative Assembly elections, Omar Abdullah was chosen to lead the National Conference, while Farooq Abdullah intended to continue his political career the Centre. The National Conference lost the election, with Omar Abdullah losing the traditional family seat of Ganderbal. A coalition government involving the Indian National Congress, People's Democratic Party, and Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party, headed by Mufti Mohammad Sayeed took office.
Abdullah was subsequently elected to the Rajya Sabha in 2002 from Jammu and Kashmir for a six-year term. He was subsequently re-elected in 2009. He resigned from the Rajya Sabha in May 2009, after contesting and winning from Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency.[6] Abdullah joined the United Progressive Alliance government as a Cabinet Minister of New and Renewable Energy.
He contested the Srinagar Lok Sabha seat again in the 2014 General Election, but was defeated by the People's Democratic Party candidate Tariq Hameed Karra. In 2017, he won the closely watched by-poll for the Srinagar parliamentary seat by defeating Nazir Ahmed Khan from the People's Democratic Party.[7]
On 16th September 2019, Abdullah became the first mainstream politician to be detained under the controversial Public Safety Act. The act has provisions for detention without trial for up to two years. Before this Abdullah was under house arrest since the scrapping of Article 370 of the Constitution of Indi
Early life and education
Farooq Abdullah was born to the veteran statesman and National Conference leader Sheikh Abdullah and Begum Akbar Jehan Abdullah. He studied at Tyndale Biscoe School, and subsequently received his MBBS degree from SMS Medical College, Jaipur. He subsequently travelled to the UK to practice medicine.[1]
Family
He is married to Molly, a nurse of British origin. They have a son, Omar, and three daughters, Safia, Hinna, and Sara. Their son Omar Abdullah is also involved in state and national politics, who was a member of the Lok Sabha and was the chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir. Sarah is married to Congress politician Sachin Pilot.
Political career
Entry into politics
Abdullah was elected to the Lok Sabha unopposed [2] from Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency in the 1980 General Election.
Chief Minister, 1982–1984
Abdullah was a novice in the political arena of Jammu and Kashmir when he was appointed president of the National Conference in August 1981. His main qualification was that he was the son and heir of Sheikh Abdullah. After his father's death in 1982, Farooq Abdullah became the chief minister of the state. In 1984, a faction of the National conference led by his brother-in-law Ghulam Mohammad Shah broke away, leading to the collapse of his government and his dismissal. Shah subsequently became the Chief Minister with the support of the Congress.
1984–1996
In 1986, C.M. Shah's government was dismissed after communal riots in South Kashmir, and a new National Conference–Congress government was sworn in with Abdullah as the chief minister . after the Rajiv-Farooq accord. A new election was held in 1987 and the National Conference–Congress alliance won the election amid allegations of fraud. This period saw a rise in militancy in the state, with the return of trained militants in J&K and incidents that included the kidnapping of the daughter of the Union Home Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed. Subsequently, Farooq Abdullah resigned in protest after the Gawkadal Massacre,[3] and the state was brought under Governor's Rule.[4] He subsequently moved to the United Kingdom.[5]
Chief Minister, 1996–2002
After returning to India, and winning the Legislative Assembly elections in 1996, Abdullah was once again sworn in as chief minister of the state, his fifth time. His government lasted for a full six-year term. In 1999, the National Conference joined the Atal Bihari Vajpayee led National Democratic Alliance, and his son Omar Abdullah was subsequently appointed a union minister of state.
Subsequent political career
In the 2002 Legislative Assembly elections, Omar Abdullah was chosen to lead the National Conference, while Farooq Abdullah intended to continue his political career the Centre. The National Conference lost the election, with Omar Abdullah losing the traditional family seat of Ganderbal. A coalition government involving the Indian National Congress, People's Democratic Party, and Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party, headed by Mufti Mohammad Sayeed took office.
Abdullah was subsequently elected to the Rajya Sabha in 2002 from Jammu and Kashmir for a six-year term. He was subsequently re-elected in 2009. He resigned from the Rajya Sabha in May 2009, after contesting and winning from Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency.[6] Abdullah joined the United Progressive Alliance government as a Cabinet Minister of New and Renewable Energy.
He contested the Srinagar Lok Sabha seat again in the 2014 General Election, but was defeated by the People's Democratic Party candidate Tariq Hameed Karra. In 2017, he won the closely watched by-poll for the Srinagar parliamentary seat by defeating Nazir Ahmed Khan from the People's Democratic Party.[7]
On 16th September 2019, Abdullah became the first mainstream politician to be detained under the controversial Public Safety Act. The act has provisions for detention without trial for up to two years. Before this Abdullah was under house arrest since the scrapping of Article 370 of the Constitution of Indi
Stuart Broad
Stuart Christopher John Broad, MBE (born 24 June 1986) is an English cricketer who plays Test cricket for the England cricket team and a former ODI and T20 captain. A right-arm seam bowler and left-handed batsman, Broad began his professional career at Leicestershire, the team attached to his school, Oakham School; in 2008 he transferred to Nottinghamshire, the county of his birth and the team for which his father played. In August 2006 he was voted the Cricket Writers' Club Young Cricketer of the Year.
Broad was awarded the Man of the Match in the fifth Test of the 2009 Ashes series at the Oval, after figures of 5/37 in the afternoon session of the second day. On 30 July 2011, at the Nottingham Test match against India, he achieved a Test match hat trick in the process gaining his then best Test figures of 6–46.[3] As a batsman, he holds the second-highest ever Test score made by a number 9—he made 169, his only century in first-class cricket, against Pakistan in August 2010. At the start of the summer in 2012 Broad, returning from injury, produced figures of 7 for 72 in a match haul of 11 wickets against the West Indies. In the fourth Test of the 2015 Ashes series Broad took career best figures of 8–15 in the Australian first innings as they were dismissed for just 60. He is England's second highest wicket taker in Test cricket.
Early life
Stuart was born 12 weeks premature and his life was saved by a doctor called John, after whom he was (middle) named when he survived. Broad originally started his cricketing career as an opening batsman, following in the footsteps of his father, the former England opener and current ICC match referee Chris Broad. It was not until he was 17 and had a growth spurt that he started to consider being a fast bowler.[4] Broad had been associated with Leicestershire since he was 8 years old, having represented them at Under-9 level, though he learnt most of his adult cricket at Melton Mowbray club Egerton Park, which also produced England seamer Tim Munton. Broad played for Egerton Park from the ages of 9 to 19; in his final two seasons he opened the batting with fellow Leicestershire player Matthew Boyce and spearheaded the attack. He was awarded the Leicestershire Young Cricketers Batsman Award in 1996.[4]
Before he was 17, he also played field hockey as a goalkeeper, and had trialled with England national field hockey team.[1]
Education
Broad was educated at Brooke Priory School and Oakham School, a co-educational independent school in the market town of Oakham in Rutland, where he was in the same year as England Rugby back-row Tom Croft.[4] Broad finished his school career with three B grades at A-level, and was given the choice of a place at Durham University or a contract with Leicestershire County Cricket Club.[4]
Domestic career
Broad played his first game for Leicestershire 2nd XI in 2004 just before his 18th birthday and impressed enough to be given a full contract for the following season. Broad continued to impress Director of Cricket James Whitaker and made his first-class debut early in the 2005 season against Durham University Centre of Cricketing Excellence. He returned credible figures of 1/40 from 15 overs. His maiden first-class wicket was that of Nick Lamb. Broad followed this appearance with his first County Championship appearance against Somerset at the familiar location of Oakham.
In the 2006 season Broad took his first 5 wicket haul against championship favourites Surrey and scored his first championship 50 against Derbyshire. His most eye-catching performances were in the Twenty20 Cup, where his economy of 4.50 was the second-best of the season of bowlers with more than 15 overs bowled.[5] In the County Championship Broad played twelve of Leicestershire's 13 matches until called up for England, and his 44 wickets at an average of 31.38 meant he led his county both in terms of wickets and bowling average.[6] On 23 August 2007 it was announced that Broad would be leaving Leicestershire at the end of the season to join Nottinghamshire, after choosing not to renew his contract and to return to his home county.[7] In the 2013 season, Broad played in the final of the Yorkshire Bank 40 tournament. He was out for a duck and got three wickets in his last over wrapping up the game against Glamorgan.[8]
International career
Development
Broad played for the England Under-19 squad in 2005, facing the Sri Lankan U-19 squad, and took five for seventeen in the first ’Test’ at Shenley.[citation needed] He was named in the ECB National Academy squad for the winter of 2005–06 and was then called up to the England ‘A’ squad touring the West Indies, as a replacement for James Anderson, who had been drafted into the Test side touring India. In April 2006, Broad was again called up to the England A squad, facing the touring Sri Lankan team.
Broad was also included in the ECB's 25-man development squad for the 2006 season. David Graveney, the chairman of selectors, said, "The squad essentially enables the England Head Coach (Duncan Fletcher), working with his support staff and the National Academy staff, to monitor more closely the development of international players and better prepare them for the demands of the international game."[citation needed]
2006: Pakistan
On 23 August 2006, Broad was included in the England one-day squad for the one-day internationals against Pakistan, and a couple of days later was named Young Cricketer of the Year by the Cricket Writers' Club.[9] On 28 August, Broad made his first England appearance, in the Twenty20 International against Pakistan. Broad bowled four overs for 35 runs, and took two wickets in two balls, Shoaib Malik and Younis Khan, and narrowly missed out on a hat-trick, after a lofted shot from Shahid Afridi fell just short of Kevin Pietersen.[10] On 30 August, he made his ODI debut, taking a wicket in his first over, as well as being involved in a last-wicket partnership of 29 with Darren Gough. In the third ODI on 5 September 2006, Broad once again found himself on a hat-trick with the wickets of Abdul Razzaq and Kamran Akmal, but again missed out on the third. He bowled ten overs and ended with figures of three for 57 with one maiden.
2007: West Indies and India
Broad was left out of the squad for the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy and the 2006-07 Commonwealth Bank Series. However, he was called up for the finals in the latter following injuries to Jon Lewis and Chris Tremlett.[11] He was also called into England's squad as a replacement partway through the 2007 World Cup. He finished the tournament by scoring the winning runs in England's final match against the West Indies.[12]
Broad also featured in the ODI squad at the end of the West Indies tour of England in summer 2007, taking three for twenty in the first match to take England to a 1–0 lead in the ODI series.[13] In the second ODI he took 2–49 but England lost the match by 61 runs. Broad was expensive in the final match of the series, conceding 71 runs for no wickets.
He took his first wicket against India in the ODI against them in the second match at Bristol. On 30 August, he took career-best bowling figures of four for 51 as England bowled out India for 212 in the fourth match of the summer's ODI series. Broad also hit an unbeaten 45 to take his first ODI Man of the Match award. The definitive unbeaten partnership of 99 runs he shared with Ravi Bopara is a record eighth-wicket stand for England in ODIs.[14] He bowled poorly in the next match, taking 1–84 as India won by 38 runs. He took 2–46 at the Oval but India narrowly won the match by 2 runs.
2007: T20 World Cup
Broad took 1–29 in the opening match of the 2007 world T20 against Zimbabwe. He followed this up by taking 0–23 against Australia as England lost by eight wickets. He took 3–37 against South Africa but England suffered another defeat, this time by 19 runs. He took 1–35 against New Zealand but could not prevent another defeat for England.
On 19 September 2007, Indian batsman Yuvraj Singh hit six sixes from one Broad over in a group match at Kingsmead Cricket Ground in Durban, South Africa, during 2007's ICC World Twenty20.[15] This was the fourth time the feat had been performed in senior cricket and the only time in Twenty20 cricket. The performance has never been repeated in any form of the game in international cricket against a leading bowler from a test playing nation.[16] The 36-runs from the Broad over helped Yuvraj Singh make the quickest 50 in international cricket, off just 12 balls. Referring to this rare occurrence as "Yuvraj's magic moment", Phil Long of BBC's Test Match Special blogged: "Every so often you have to take off your England sunhat, sit back and enjoy a once-in-lifetime 'I was there' moment."[17]
2007: Sri Lanka
Broad enjoyed a hugely successful ODI series in Sri Lanka in October 2007, taking eleven wickets in the series at an average of 19.27. He took figures of 2–54 in the first match and followed this up with 2–42 in the second match. In the third match of the series Broad made an unbeaten 20 with the bat and took another two wickets. In the final match of the series he took 3–36 and although England lost the match by over 100 runs, they won the series three-two to record its first ever ODI series win in Sri Lanka.[18] This resulted Broad a test debut against Sri Lanka. In a high scoring game, Broad could only manage to take 1 wicket, conceding 95 runs in the process as the match ended in a draw.
2008: New Zealand
Broad went on to have an equally successful ODI series against New Zealand. Although England fell to a three-one defeat, Broad was the leading wicket taker and held the highest batting average, 52, in the England team.[19] During the tour of New Zealand in 2008, Broad, along with Alastair Cook and James Anderson, posed naked for the Cosmopolitan paper with just a cricket bat for coverup.[20] England won the first Test against New Zealand by 121 runs, with Broad taking figures of 3–54 to help England win the game.
In the first Test against New Zealand on home soil, Broad took three wickets in the match. England won the second match by six wickets, although Broad picked up no wickets in the match. On 6 June 2008, Broad scored his maiden Test fifty against New Zealand at Trent Bridge, making 64 before being bowled by Chris Martin. In the first ODI against New Zealand Broad took 2–14, before taking another two wickets in the final match of the series, conceding fifty runs in the process.
2008: South Africa and India
He made his second Test fifty in July 2008, in the Test series against South Africa, scoring a new best of 76. In the Second Test at Headingley, Broad contributed seventeen runs in the first innings, as England was bowled out on the first day for 203. In the second innings, with the match already lost, Broad top-scored with 67 in an innings that included some impressive drives through midwicket and cover, giving further evidence of his batsmanship.[according to whom?] After this, his Test batting average rose above forty. His performances with the bat have led pundits to suggest that he may become a genuine all rounder, with Geoffrey Boycott comparing him to Garfield Sobers: "He's a wonderful player. There's a little bit of Sobers in him".[21] Broad was surprisingly dropped for the following Test at Edgbaston, making way for the returning Paul Collingwood. England captain Michael Vaughan said he was left out because of his bowling, but the decision has been criticised: Collingwood was no better a bowler than Broad, and Broad's batsmanship quite encouraging.[citation needed] Broad duly took seven wickets for Nottinghamshire against Durham while the Test was being played.
On 26 August 2008, he recorded the first five-wicket haul in his international career with best figures of five for 23 against South Africa at his home ground in the second ODI of the series, with England winning the series 4–0 with Broad taking 8 wickets within the series at an average of 18.4 and shooting up to 4th in the ICC ODI world rankings, the highest by far in his career and by any English bowler since Andrew Flintoff in 2003.
In the second ODI against India Broad performed well, taking figures of 4–55. He took 1–36 in the next match as England lost by 18 runs. In the final match of the series he took 1–54, but England lost again, this time by six wickets. In the second Test against India, Broad was ineffectual with the ball. He took 1–84 in an India's first innings before taking 1–50 in India's second innings as the match ended in a draw.
2009: West Indies and T20 World Cup
On 26 May 2009, Broad was named Man of the Series (one-day) against the West Indies in England. He took a total of six wickets, and England won the series two-nil after the first ODI was rained out. In the adjacent Test series, in which the home side fairly routed its opponents, Broad's wickets came at an average of just eighteen – "further evidence," reckoned journalist Nick Hoult, "of the top class international cricketer that lurks within. His bowling, particularly the variety he has added to his game, makes him a potential Ashes star [...]."[22]
On 5 June 2009, Netherlands defeated England by four wickets in the first match of the ICC World Twenty20.[23] The Netherlands needed seven to win from the final over with Broad bowling. He spurned two run-out opportunities from the first two balls, and dropped a catch off the third. The Dutch needed two runs from the final ball to win, and got them after Broad picked up the ball in his follow through and, attempting to win the match, overthrew, missing his third run-out opportunity of the over and allowing the batsmen to come back for the match-clinching second run.[24] in the next match against Pakistan, he took 3–17 to help England win by 48 runs. England also beat India by 3 runs. Although Broad failed to take a wicket, he bowled his four overs for just 21 runs to help England secure a narrow victory. England lost their final game of the tournament against the West Indies, with Broad taking 1–20.
2009: Ashes series
In July 2009, Broad was named in The Ashes squad to face Australia for the first Test at the SWALEC Stadium, Cardiff – his maiden Ashes Test. He scored a 22-ball 19 in England's first-innings total of 435, but in 32 overs he took just one wicket (that of Michael Clarke, caught behind for 83) as Australia amassed 674 for 6 declared, with four centurions. Nonetheless, his final-day 14 proved crucial, keeping the Australians at bay alongside Paul Collingwood for a minute over an hour before James Anderson and Monty Panesar blocked out the final 11½ overs to salvage an unlikely draw.[25]
The second Test at Lord's saw Broad take three wickets, including the important wicket of Australian skipper Ricky Ponting, bowled off an inside-edged cut for 38 as England pursued victory, and took a diving outfield catch to remove the opener Simon Katich in the first innings, as England took a 1–0 lead in the series.[26]
Though he took no wickets in the first innings of the third Test at Edgbaston, Broad hit a 64-ball 55 to extend England's first-innings lead to 114. On the final day, Broad took two of the three wickets to fall: Mike Hussey for 64 and, late in the day, Marcus North for 96. Nonetheless, Australia drew the match with ease.[27]
In the fourth Test at Headingley, Broad took his place in an England first-innings collapse, clipping Stuart Clark to square leg for 3 as Australia's seam attack bowled England out for 102. As Australia scored 445, Broad took six wickets for 91 in Australia's only innings, at that time his best first-class innings return, and in the second innings contributed a rapid 61 from 48 balls, though he could not avert an innings defeat.[28]
England therefore started the fifth Test at the Oval with the series level at 1–1, with a victory required to secure the Ashes. He took 5 for 37 in the afternoon session of the second day, taking five of the first seven wickets to fall to take the Australian innings from 73/0 to 111/7 and eventually 160 all out. He also contributed 37 and 29 with the bat, and on the final day took the wicket of Shane Watson lbw for 40, the second wicket to fall in consecutive overs to start Australia's collapse, winning the Man of the Match award as England won by 197 runs to regain the 'Ashes' 2–1.[29]
He finished the tour with an aggregate of 234 runs and 18 wickets, leading England's bowling figures both in wickets taken and in bowling average (30.22). Though three Australian bowlers took more wickets, Broad was the only bowler from either side to claim two five-wicket innings hauls during the series.[30]
2009: ICC Champions Trophy
This was a good tournament for Broad. He was the second highest wicket taker overall throughout the tournament with 10 wickets in 3 matches, only behind Wayne Parnell who took 11 in the same number of matches. In the first match of the tournament against Sri Lanka he took 3–49 in a winning effort. He followed it up with a 3–67 vs South Africa, putting England through to the semi finals. He then took 4–39 vs New Zealand in a losing effort after England had already been bowled out for 146, with New Zealand making the runs in just 27.1 overs. This was his last game in the tournament with Broad picking up an injury that kept him out of the semi finals, which England lost to Australia.
For his performances in 2009, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC.[31]
2009–10: South Africa
Broad's injuries continued through to the tour of South Africa, keeping him out of the two twenty20 matches, which both ended up being abandoned. The weather affected the 1st One Day International which was probably an advantage for Broad and the England team with Broad being fit for the 3rd ODI, with England winning the second ODI by 7 wickets after Paul Collingwood and Jonathan Trott had a partnership of 162 with Collingwood getting 105.
When Broad returned he instantly made an impact with numerous wickets but turned out to be very expensive. With his first game getting figures of 4–71, England suffered defeat by 112 runs. Broad improved on his economy rate in the 4th ODI with figures of 2–30 from 9.5 overs. This backed up James Anderson who took 5–23. The final game was rained off before a ball was bowled to leave England with a 2–1 victory and only the second team to win a one-day series vs South Africa in South Africa.
Broad struggled in the First test in Centurion with only taking 1–74 in the first innings and 2–54 in the second. His batting was unsuccessful, getting only 17 and a duck. The duck was during a dramatic collapse where England went from 205–4 to 218–9 with Graham Onions batting out the final over to save the test.
In the second test Broad showed good form with the ball with 2–44 in the first innings but then taking 4–43 in the second dismissing Jacques Kallis, AB de Villiers and JP Duminy all within 3 overs. He took the wicket of Mark Boucher the next day to leave Graeme Swann to dismiss the rest of the South African line up. This gave England an innings and 98 run victory. After this test Broad went up to 7th in the ICC Test bowling rankings, the highest in his career. During this tour he declined to play in the IPL with Jimmy Anderson on the grounds he wanted to focus on his Test cricket first, and feared injury in the IPL.
2010: Bangladesh, T20 World Cup, Australia and Pakistan
After South Africa, England toured Bangladesh, playing three ODIs and two Test matches. Injuries to Anderson, Onions and Sidebottom meant that Broad was the leader of a relatively inexperienced pace attack. However, an injury before the Test series meant that he wasn't fully fit and was outbowled by Tim Bresnan and debutant Steven Finn.
England then travelled to the West Indies for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20. England won the tournament, beating Australia in the final. Broad won the man of the match award against Sri Lanka in the semi-final, and overall took 8 wickets at an average of 17.50.
Back in England, Broad was rested for the home series against Bangladesh before returning to the side for a 5-match ODI series against Australia. England won the first three games to take the series, with Broad named man of the match in the second game after bowling figures of 4–44. England lost the last two games, though Broad did achieve another four-wicket haul in the fifth game to finish the series with an average of 19.83. The ODIs against Bangladesh were less note-worthy – England won 2–1 with Broad taking 4 wickets.
In the home series against Pakistan, Broad was involved in a disciplinary incident in the second Test. After Pakistani batsman Zulqarnain Haider defended a ball bowled by Broad down the pitch, Broad picked the ball up and threw it at Haider, striking him on the hand. Broad was fined 50% of his match fee.
In the final Test of the series, Broad reached his maiden Test century at Lord's. Coming to the crease at 102–7, he scored 169 and put on a 332-run partnership with fellow centurion Jonathan Trott; a world record for an eight-wicket partnership.[32] It was his first century in all forms of cricket since an under-19's match for Leicestershire and saw his name go on the Lord's batting honours board, a feat that his father never achieved. He also surpassed his father's Test best of 162, and they became the first father and son both to score centuries for England in Test match cricket. His efforts both with the bat and with the ball (he also took three wickets during the match and made a direct-hit run out) earned him the man of the match award.
For his performances in 2010, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC.[33]
2010–11: Ashes series
Broad had an indifferent tour of Australia, which was cut short due to injury. He started with a half-century in a warm-up game, and overall took 6 wickets over the two games against Western Australia and South Australia.[34][35] In the first Test at the Gabba, Brisbane, he fell for a golden duck in England's innings, the final victim of Peter Siddle's hat-trick. Wicketless in Australia's first innings, he had Simon Katich caught in the second as the Test was drawn.[36] In the second Test at Adelaide, he finished Australia's first innings off with the wicket of Brad Haddin, but a stomach muscle injury limited his participation in the second where England won by an innings.[37] That injury was revealed to be a muscle tear, and it ruled Broad out of the remaining three Tests and the one-day series that followed.[38] He was not missed for the rest of the Test series but he was for the ODIs because England were plagued by injuries throughout the 6–1 series defeat.
2011: India
After a difficult series against Sri Lanka[39] there was much pressure on the England selectors to drop him for the upcoming series against world number 1 India.[40] However, Broad was named in the side for the first test at Lord's and ended with match figures of 7–94, as well as scoring an unbeaten 74 in the second innings, as England won by 196 runs.[41] His good form with both bat and ball continued in the second test. Top scoring with an aggressive 64 in the first innings, he helped England recover from 124–8 to 221 all out before achieving his career best figures of 6–46 in India's first innings. This included a hat-trick, taking the wickets of Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Harbhajan Singh and Praveen Kumar in consecutive balls, the first ever hat-trick taken against India. The hat-trick was fortunate, as Harbhajan Singh had edged the ball onto his pad, which the umpire did not spot. Broad took five wickets from his final 16 balls of the innings, without conceding a single run.[42] With a positive second innings contribution with both bat and ball (44 runs with the bat and then two wickets, including the final wicket of the match) Broad was named Man of the Match.[43] In the Third Test at Edgbaston, Broad took four wickets along with Tim Bresnan to bowl India out cheaply. In England's innings he was not needed as Alistair Cook scored 294 to pass 700. Broad took two wickets in the second innings to beat India and for England to become World number 1 in Test Cricket. Broad made a lesser impact in the fourth Test with him taking two wickets in both India's innings and he did not bat due to an early declaration.
For his performances in 2011, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC and Cricinfo.[44][45]
2011–12: Pakistan and Sri Lanka
In the first Test against Pakistan Broad took 3–84 in the first innings. However, England suffered a ten wicket defeat as the batsmen struggled to acclimatise to sub continent conditions. Broad took 4–47 in the next match as well as an unbeaten fifty in England's 1st innings (he'd only score 1 test fifty in 5 years after scoring this 50) but another batting collapse saw England lose the match again (bowled out for 72 chasing 145) to go 2–0 down in the three match series. In the final match Broad took 4–36 in the first innings to help bowl out Pakistan for 99. However, Pakistan made over 300 in their second innings to build up a lead. England were unable to chase down their target and went on to lose the series 3–0.England lost their fourth straight match, this time against Sri Lanka as the batsmen continued to struggle. Broad took just two wickets in the match, although he made 33 runs with the bat in the match, and was not out in the second innings.
2012: West Indies and South Africa
Broad started off his summer with his best international innings yet, of 7–72, against the West Indies, at Lord's, the first test match of the series, was started with a bang as he was able to get a five wicket haul at the home of cricket, Lord's, becoming only the 8th player to join an elite club of all-rounders to be on both honours boards, after his maiden test century of 169 against Pakistan in 2010.[46]
He soon followed this up by taking 4 more wickets in the next innings, missing a possible hat trick however, to get Test best figures of 11 for 165, being the first to take a 10 wicket haul at Lord's since Ian Botham in 1978. He had to wait until after Lunch on the 4th day to take the last 3 wickets he needed for the haul. He was named Man of the Match the next day after England won by 5 wickets, in a chase of 191.[47]
Broad followed the performance by taking four wickets in the second test. which England also won. He was rested for the last Test match against the West Indies along with James Anderson. However the game was heavily disrupted by rain and the game ended as a draw. England won the following One Day series 2–0 with the third game being abandoned because of rain. On Broad's 26th birthday, he captained the team to a comfortable victory with Notts teammate Alex Hales scoring 99. He was then named in the squad to play Australia in a five match ODI series. Broad's bowling was overshadowed by Steven Finn who took 11 wickets in four games compared to Broad's 5.
Broad was picked in the first Test against South Africa but failed to take a wicket. He added 16 with the bat in England's first innings of 386. Broad and the England bowlers struggled in South Africa's innings of 637–2 with Hashim Amla scoring a triple century (the first South African to do so) with Jacques Kallis and Graeme Smith also scoring centuries. In the second innings Broad was out for a duck as England lost by an innings and 12 runs. In the second Test, South Africa scored 419 in the first innings with Broad taking 3–96. He then scored 1 run in England's innings of 425. Broad then had a burst of wickets on the last day with the wickets of AB de Villiers and JP Duminy in successive deliveries. He finished with figures of 5–69 as England couldn't reach the target and the game ended in a draw. In the following Test, Broad was pushed up the order to number 8 after Tim Bresnan was left out. Broad only managed one wicket in South Africa's first innings of 309. He then added 16 in England's first innings of 315. Broad, who had been down on pace all summer struggled as he took 2–76 as South Africa set England 346 to win. England lost by 51 runs, Broad adding 37 runs.
For his performances in 2012, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC.[48]
2013: New Zealand
ries
In the first test of the 2013 Ashes held at Trent Bridge, Broad controversially stood his ground after being incorrectly given not out when edging an Ashton Agar delivery which deflected off wicket keeper Brad Haddin's gloves and was caught by Australia captain Michael Clarke at first slip; the Umpire Decision Review System was in use during the series, but Australia had used all of its challenges when the incident occurred. Although neither the rules nor common practice required Broad to walk, he drew heavy criticism from many observers who thought his edge was too thick to have reasonably stood his ground.[53][54][55] Broad was on 37 at the time of the incident[56] and went to make 65, sharing a partnership of 138 with Ian Bell.[57] England went on to win the match by 14 runs with Broad taking the wickets of Shane Watson and Clarke in Australia's second innings.[57] Australia coach Darren Lehmann was later fined 20% of his match fee for calling Broad a cheat on Australian radio, and in doing so inciting Australian crowds to boo Broad in future English tours of Australia.[58]
On 2 August 2013, Broad took his 200th test wicket, bowling Clarke in the first innings of the drawn third Ashes test at Old Trafford.[59]
In the fourth test, at the Riverside Ground in Chester-le-Street, Broad took eleven wickets with two five-wicket hauls and was named man of the match as England ensured a series win.[60] In the first innings, he took 5–71, including a spell of 3–12 in the morning session of day 2 where he removed David Warner, Usman Khawaja and Clarke to reduce Australia to 49–3.[61][62] In their second innings, chasing 299 to win, Australia had made 174–3 when Broad took the wicket Clarke for the fifth time in the series with the first delivery after a drinks break. In this spell he took 6–20 from 45 balls,[63] including the final Australian wicket, to bowl Australia out for 224 and win the match by 74 runs.[64] Broad ended the match with his best test bowling match figures of 11–121.[65]
He was also named in the Test XI by Cricinfo for his performances in 2013.[66]
2013–14: Ashes series
Broad was England's leading wicket taker in the first test of the 2013–14 Ashes series at the Gabba in Brisbane, taking 6–81 in the first innings and ending with match figures of 8–136, in the match that England lost in four days by 381 runs.[67] In the second test Broad took 3–98 in Australia's first innings, but as England struggled he only bowled six overs in the second innings as Australia romped to victory. Broad took 3–100 in the third test but was then injured by a delivery from Mitchell Johnson, which dismissed him for just 5. The injury which Broad obtained prevented him from bowling in the second innings, as England went on to lose the game and the series. Broad was declared fit for the fourth test and took 3–45 in the Australian first innings, but struggled in the second, bowling 10 wicketless overs for 58 runs. In the final test, Broad batted well, making an unbeaten 30 in the first innings and then 42 in the second. England went on to lose the game and the series 5–0, leading to the England team being heavily criticised. Despite this, Broad was one of the few members of the team to come out of the series with any credibility.
2014: West Indies and T20 World Cup
Broad continued as captain for the tour of the West Indies. This included three ODI games and three 20/20 games. In the ODI series England won 2–1 with Broad bringing England home in the 2nd game with a knock of 28 not out. In the third game he took 2–58 as England won by 25 runs. He only played in the first T20 game as England lost by 27 runs, with Broad taking figures of 0–26.
Broad was named the Captain of the England Cricket Team for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh. Broad did not take a wicket in the first two games as England lost to New Zealand and beat Sri Lanka. In the third game against South Africa, Broad took 1–33 but England lost the match to end their hopes of qualifying. He took 3–24 against the Netherlands, but he was unable to prevent an embarrassing defeat for England.
2014: Sri Lanka and India
In the first Test Test Broad could only manage one wicket in Sri Lanka's first innings, although he took three in Sri Lanka's second innings as England came close to winning the match. In the second test against Sri Lanka at Headingley Broad became only the fourth player, and first Englishman to take two test hat-tricks, although he needed to be informed of this by the PA system as he was unaware. England went on to lose the game after James Anderson was dismissed in the penultimate ball of the match, meaning England lost the series 1–0.
Broad bowled well on a good batting pitch in the first game of the series against India, taking four wickets in the match. However, in the second game he was accused of bowling badly in the first innings as India won the match to go 1–0 up in the series. Broad's form improved in the next game, as he took 3–66 in the first innings to help England win the game and level the series. He took figures of 6–25 in India's first innings of the next game to help dismiss them for 152. His spell was nominated to be one of the best Test bowling performance of the year 2014 by ESPNCricinfo.[68] Broad was badly injured while batting and was later revealed he had broken his nose. Broad was later named man of the match. Despite being an injury doubt, Broad took part in the final test, taking 3 wickets in the match and scoring 37 to help England secure a 3–1 series win.
For his performances in 2014, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC.[69]
2015: Tri-Series
Following an injury which had kept him out of the one-day tour of Sri Lanka, Broad returned for the Tri-Series against Australia and India. In the first match of the series he was wicket less as England lost to Australia. In the next match against India, Broad finished with figures of 0–33.[70] His worst performance of the series came in the following match against Australia, where he finished with figures of 0–61.[71] However, he played well in the must win game against India, taking figures of 2–56 to help England qualify for the final.[72] In the final match against Australia he took figures of 3–55 and made 24 with the bat, but it was not enough to prevent an England defeat as they went on to finish the tournament as runners-up.
2015: World Cup
Broad took figures of 2–66 in England's opening game loss to Australia. In the following game against New Zealand, he was unimpressive as England suffered a humiliating eight wicket defeat. He failed to take a wicket against Scotland as England won their first match of the tournament, and also finished wicket less as England suffered a nine wicket defeat against Sri Lanka, meaning he had failed to take a wicket in his past three matches. He finished with 1–52 in England's must win game against Bangladesh, but was dismissed for 9 as England lost the game to bow out of the tournament at the group stage. He finished with figures of 1–18 against Afghanistan in a rain affected as England won their final match of the tournament by nine wickets.
2015: West Indies and New Zealand
The first match against the West Indies, Broad took 2–67 in their first innings to help restrict them to 295. However, in the second innings he could only manage to take one wicket as the West Indies held on for a draw. In the second Test ok 4–61 in West Indies first innings to help out England in a strong position. He took another wicket in the second innings as England forced a result to go 1–0 up in the series. In the first Test Broad took 1–31 in West Indies first innings to help England into a lead. However, England collapsed in their second innings and Broad himself was out for a duck. He took 1–29 in the West Indies second innings but it wasn't enough to prevent a five wicket defeat as the West Indies levelled the series at 1–1.
In the two match series against New Zealand, Broad took 3–77 in New Zealand's first innings. With New Zealand chasing a big score to win the match, Broad took 3–50 in New Zealand's second innings to help England win by 124 runs and go 1–0 up in the series. Broad took 5–109 in New Zealand's first innings of the next Test, although he went at an economy rate of over six an over. He made 46 with the bat to help England level the scores after the first innings. He took 2–94 in the second innings but was again expensive, and New Zealand went on to win the match and tie the series 1–1.
2015: Ashes series
In Australia's first innings of the first Test, Broad took figures of 2–60 and followed this up by taking 3–39 in their second innings as England won the match to take the lead in the series. Broad took 4–83 in Australia's first innings of the second Test but they built a large first innings score of 566. Broad did not take a wicket in the Australians second innings as they won by 405 runs. In the third Test Broad took 2–44 in Australia's first innings and also took a wicket in their second as England won the game to regain the lead. In the fourth Test Broad took career best figures of 8–15 in the Australian first innings as they were dismissed for just 60. England went on to win the match convincingly and regain the Ashes. In the final Test Broad did not take a wicket as Australia won by an innings and 48 runs, although England won the series 3–2.
For his performances in 2015, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC.[73] He was also named in the Test XI of the year 2015 by Cricinfo [74]
2015: Pakistan
Broad played in the first Test against Pakistan, which was played in the UAE. While Broad only took one wicket in the match, he bowled economically, including bowling eight overs for just eight runs in the second innings. England came to close to forcing a result, but the match ended in a draw. In the second Test Broad again only managed to take one wicket as Pakistan enjoyed a convincing win to go 1–0 up in the three-match series. In the third Test, Broad continued to bowl economically, taking figures of 2–13 from 13 overs in Pakistan's first innings, as they were dismissed for 234. In the second innings, he took 3–44 but England struggled in their second innings and Pakistan went on to win the game to win the series 2–0.
2015–16: South Africa
In the first test in South Africa, Broad took figures of 4–25 and 1–29 and hit an unbeaten 32 from just 33 balls as England won by 241 runs. The second game ended in a high scoring draw, with Broad taking 2–94 in South Africa's first innings. In the third Test, Broad took 2–82 in South Africa's first innings in a game which looked to be finely poised. However, in South Africa's second innings, he ripped through their top order, finishing with figures of 6–17. Included in his six wickets were the prized wickets of AB de Villiers and Hashim Amla. England went on to win the game by seven wickets, with the result giving them an unassailable 2–0 series lead. England performed poorly in the final game, with Broad taking three wickets in the match as South Africa secured a victory by a margin of 280 runs, meaning the series finished 2–1 to England. As a result of his performances, Broad became the number one ranked Test bowler in the world.
After not playing for England in limited overs cricket since their poor showing at the 2015 World Cup, Broad was included in the squad for the ODI series against South Africa. He played in the fourth ODI, although he returned expensive figures, finishing up with 1–55 in seven overs, as England lost the game. He was selected in the side for the final game, which proved to be the decider, and although he bowled economically, he did not pick up a wicket and England went on to lose the game and the series 3–2.
2016: Sri Lanka and Pakistan
Broad took figures of 4–21 in Sri Lanka's first innings of the first Test as they were dismissed for just 91. In the second innings he took 1–57 as England won by an innings and 88 runs. In the second match, Broad took 4–40 in Sri Lanka's first innings, but was less effective in their second, finishing with just one wicket, as England won the match by nine wickets. In the final rain affected match of the series, Broad took 2–79 as Sri Lanka were dismissed for 288, but the match ended in a draw due to the bad weather.
Broad took figures of 3–71 in Pakistan's first innings of the first Test, and took 3–38 in their second innings, although Pakistan did enough to secure a 75 run victory. In the second Test Broad took 1–20 in Pakistan's first innings as they were dismissed for 198 and England secured a 330 run victory. In the third Test, Broad took 3–83 in Pakistan's first innings as they reached 400, and then took 2–24 in their second innings to help England secure an unlikely victory after dismissing them for 201. In the final match of the series, Broad was less effective, taking just one wicket in the match, as England lost by 10 wickets.
2016: Bangladesh and India
In the first innings of the first Test against Bangladesh, Broad did not take a wicket in the first innings, although he bowled economically. In the second innings he took figures of 2–31 to help England win by 21 runs. He was rested for the second Test, which England lost
Broad played in the first Test against India, taking figures of 1–78 in the first innings, before taking 0–8 in the second innings as the match ended in a draw. In the second Test he took 1–49 as India made 455 in their first innings. He took 4–33 in the second innings to restrict India to 204 runs, although India won the match by 246 runs. Broad missed the next two Tests through injury, but returned in the fifth Test. He took figures of 2–80 as India scored 759/7 and went on to win the match by 75 runs to win the series 4–0.
2018: New Zealand
On 22 March 2018, In the first Test against New Zealand, Broad took his 400th wicket in Tests and became the youngest fast bowler to do so.[75][76]
2019: Ashes series
In the first Test of the 2019 Ashes series, Broad took his 100th wicket in The Ashes in the first innings of the match.[77] In the second innings of the match, he took his 450th wicket in Test cricket, dismissing David Warner.[78]
Achievements and honours
On 17 September 2015, NET tram 237 was named in honour of Broad.[79]
He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to cricket.[80]
At the conclusion of the 5th Test in India's tour of the United Kingdom in 2018, Broad and Anderson had tallied up 850 test wickets playing together across 111 tests, third all-time on the list of bowling pairs in tests, behind only Glenn McGrath and Shane Warne (1,001 wickets in 104 tests together) and Chaminda Vaas and Muttiah Muralitharan (895 wickets in 95 tests together).[81]
Broad was awarded the Man of the Match in the fifth Test of the 2009 Ashes series at the Oval, after figures of 5/37 in the afternoon session of the second day. On 30 July 2011, at the Nottingham Test match against India, he achieved a Test match hat trick in the process gaining his then best Test figures of 6–46.[3] As a batsman, he holds the second-highest ever Test score made by a number 9—he made 169, his only century in first-class cricket, against Pakistan in August 2010. At the start of the summer in 2012 Broad, returning from injury, produced figures of 7 for 72 in a match haul of 11 wickets against the West Indies. In the fourth Test of the 2015 Ashes series Broad took career best figures of 8–15 in the Australian first innings as they were dismissed for just 60. He is England's second highest wicket taker in Test cricket.
Early life
Stuart was born 12 weeks premature and his life was saved by a doctor called John, after whom he was (middle) named when he survived. Broad originally started his cricketing career as an opening batsman, following in the footsteps of his father, the former England opener and current ICC match referee Chris Broad. It was not until he was 17 and had a growth spurt that he started to consider being a fast bowler.[4] Broad had been associated with Leicestershire since he was 8 years old, having represented them at Under-9 level, though he learnt most of his adult cricket at Melton Mowbray club Egerton Park, which also produced England seamer Tim Munton. Broad played for Egerton Park from the ages of 9 to 19; in his final two seasons he opened the batting with fellow Leicestershire player Matthew Boyce and spearheaded the attack. He was awarded the Leicestershire Young Cricketers Batsman Award in 1996.[4]
Before he was 17, he also played field hockey as a goalkeeper, and had trialled with England national field hockey team.[1]
Education
Broad was educated at Brooke Priory School and Oakham School, a co-educational independent school in the market town of Oakham in Rutland, where he was in the same year as England Rugby back-row Tom Croft.[4] Broad finished his school career with three B grades at A-level, and was given the choice of a place at Durham University or a contract with Leicestershire County Cricket Club.[4]
Domestic career
Broad played his first game for Leicestershire 2nd XI in 2004 just before his 18th birthday and impressed enough to be given a full contract for the following season. Broad continued to impress Director of Cricket James Whitaker and made his first-class debut early in the 2005 season against Durham University Centre of Cricketing Excellence. He returned credible figures of 1/40 from 15 overs. His maiden first-class wicket was that of Nick Lamb. Broad followed this appearance with his first County Championship appearance against Somerset at the familiar location of Oakham.
In the 2006 season Broad took his first 5 wicket haul against championship favourites Surrey and scored his first championship 50 against Derbyshire. His most eye-catching performances were in the Twenty20 Cup, where his economy of 4.50 was the second-best of the season of bowlers with more than 15 overs bowled.[5] In the County Championship Broad played twelve of Leicestershire's 13 matches until called up for England, and his 44 wickets at an average of 31.38 meant he led his county both in terms of wickets and bowling average.[6] On 23 August 2007 it was announced that Broad would be leaving Leicestershire at the end of the season to join Nottinghamshire, after choosing not to renew his contract and to return to his home county.[7] In the 2013 season, Broad played in the final of the Yorkshire Bank 40 tournament. He was out for a duck and got three wickets in his last over wrapping up the game against Glamorgan.[8]
International career
Development
Broad played for the England Under-19 squad in 2005, facing the Sri Lankan U-19 squad, and took five for seventeen in the first ’Test’ at Shenley.[citation needed] He was named in the ECB National Academy squad for the winter of 2005–06 and was then called up to the England ‘A’ squad touring the West Indies, as a replacement for James Anderson, who had been drafted into the Test side touring India. In April 2006, Broad was again called up to the England A squad, facing the touring Sri Lankan team.
Broad was also included in the ECB's 25-man development squad for the 2006 season. David Graveney, the chairman of selectors, said, "The squad essentially enables the England Head Coach (Duncan Fletcher), working with his support staff and the National Academy staff, to monitor more closely the development of international players and better prepare them for the demands of the international game."[citation needed]
2006: Pakistan
On 23 August 2006, Broad was included in the England one-day squad for the one-day internationals against Pakistan, and a couple of days later was named Young Cricketer of the Year by the Cricket Writers' Club.[9] On 28 August, Broad made his first England appearance, in the Twenty20 International against Pakistan. Broad bowled four overs for 35 runs, and took two wickets in two balls, Shoaib Malik and Younis Khan, and narrowly missed out on a hat-trick, after a lofted shot from Shahid Afridi fell just short of Kevin Pietersen.[10] On 30 August, he made his ODI debut, taking a wicket in his first over, as well as being involved in a last-wicket partnership of 29 with Darren Gough. In the third ODI on 5 September 2006, Broad once again found himself on a hat-trick with the wickets of Abdul Razzaq and Kamran Akmal, but again missed out on the third. He bowled ten overs and ended with figures of three for 57 with one maiden.
2007: West Indies and India
Broad was left out of the squad for the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy and the 2006-07 Commonwealth Bank Series. However, he was called up for the finals in the latter following injuries to Jon Lewis and Chris Tremlett.[11] He was also called into England's squad as a replacement partway through the 2007 World Cup. He finished the tournament by scoring the winning runs in England's final match against the West Indies.[12]
Broad also featured in the ODI squad at the end of the West Indies tour of England in summer 2007, taking three for twenty in the first match to take England to a 1–0 lead in the ODI series.[13] In the second ODI he took 2–49 but England lost the match by 61 runs. Broad was expensive in the final match of the series, conceding 71 runs for no wickets.
He took his first wicket against India in the ODI against them in the second match at Bristol. On 30 August, he took career-best bowling figures of four for 51 as England bowled out India for 212 in the fourth match of the summer's ODI series. Broad also hit an unbeaten 45 to take his first ODI Man of the Match award. The definitive unbeaten partnership of 99 runs he shared with Ravi Bopara is a record eighth-wicket stand for England in ODIs.[14] He bowled poorly in the next match, taking 1–84 as India won by 38 runs. He took 2–46 at the Oval but India narrowly won the match by 2 runs.
2007: T20 World Cup
Broad took 1–29 in the opening match of the 2007 world T20 against Zimbabwe. He followed this up by taking 0–23 against Australia as England lost by eight wickets. He took 3–37 against South Africa but England suffered another defeat, this time by 19 runs. He took 1–35 against New Zealand but could not prevent another defeat for England.
On 19 September 2007, Indian batsman Yuvraj Singh hit six sixes from one Broad over in a group match at Kingsmead Cricket Ground in Durban, South Africa, during 2007's ICC World Twenty20.[15] This was the fourth time the feat had been performed in senior cricket and the only time in Twenty20 cricket. The performance has never been repeated in any form of the game in international cricket against a leading bowler from a test playing nation.[16] The 36-runs from the Broad over helped Yuvraj Singh make the quickest 50 in international cricket, off just 12 balls. Referring to this rare occurrence as "Yuvraj's magic moment", Phil Long of BBC's Test Match Special blogged: "Every so often you have to take off your England sunhat, sit back and enjoy a once-in-lifetime 'I was there' moment."[17]
2007: Sri Lanka
Broad enjoyed a hugely successful ODI series in Sri Lanka in October 2007, taking eleven wickets in the series at an average of 19.27. He took figures of 2–54 in the first match and followed this up with 2–42 in the second match. In the third match of the series Broad made an unbeaten 20 with the bat and took another two wickets. In the final match of the series he took 3–36 and although England lost the match by over 100 runs, they won the series three-two to record its first ever ODI series win in Sri Lanka.[18] This resulted Broad a test debut against Sri Lanka. In a high scoring game, Broad could only manage to take 1 wicket, conceding 95 runs in the process as the match ended in a draw.
2008: New Zealand
Broad went on to have an equally successful ODI series against New Zealand. Although England fell to a three-one defeat, Broad was the leading wicket taker and held the highest batting average, 52, in the England team.[19] During the tour of New Zealand in 2008, Broad, along with Alastair Cook and James Anderson, posed naked for the Cosmopolitan paper with just a cricket bat for coverup.[20] England won the first Test against New Zealand by 121 runs, with Broad taking figures of 3–54 to help England win the game.
In the first Test against New Zealand on home soil, Broad took three wickets in the match. England won the second match by six wickets, although Broad picked up no wickets in the match. On 6 June 2008, Broad scored his maiden Test fifty against New Zealand at Trent Bridge, making 64 before being bowled by Chris Martin. In the first ODI against New Zealand Broad took 2–14, before taking another two wickets in the final match of the series, conceding fifty runs in the process.
2008: South Africa and India
He made his second Test fifty in July 2008, in the Test series against South Africa, scoring a new best of 76. In the Second Test at Headingley, Broad contributed seventeen runs in the first innings, as England was bowled out on the first day for 203. In the second innings, with the match already lost, Broad top-scored with 67 in an innings that included some impressive drives through midwicket and cover, giving further evidence of his batsmanship.[according to whom?] After this, his Test batting average rose above forty. His performances with the bat have led pundits to suggest that he may become a genuine all rounder, with Geoffrey Boycott comparing him to Garfield Sobers: "He's a wonderful player. There's a little bit of Sobers in him".[21] Broad was surprisingly dropped for the following Test at Edgbaston, making way for the returning Paul Collingwood. England captain Michael Vaughan said he was left out because of his bowling, but the decision has been criticised: Collingwood was no better a bowler than Broad, and Broad's batsmanship quite encouraging.[citation needed] Broad duly took seven wickets for Nottinghamshire against Durham while the Test was being played.
On 26 August 2008, he recorded the first five-wicket haul in his international career with best figures of five for 23 against South Africa at his home ground in the second ODI of the series, with England winning the series 4–0 with Broad taking 8 wickets within the series at an average of 18.4 and shooting up to 4th in the ICC ODI world rankings, the highest by far in his career and by any English bowler since Andrew Flintoff in 2003.
In the second ODI against India Broad performed well, taking figures of 4–55. He took 1–36 in the next match as England lost by 18 runs. In the final match of the series he took 1–54, but England lost again, this time by six wickets. In the second Test against India, Broad was ineffectual with the ball. He took 1–84 in an India's first innings before taking 1–50 in India's second innings as the match ended in a draw.
2009: West Indies and T20 World Cup
On 26 May 2009, Broad was named Man of the Series (one-day) against the West Indies in England. He took a total of six wickets, and England won the series two-nil after the first ODI was rained out. In the adjacent Test series, in which the home side fairly routed its opponents, Broad's wickets came at an average of just eighteen – "further evidence," reckoned journalist Nick Hoult, "of the top class international cricketer that lurks within. His bowling, particularly the variety he has added to his game, makes him a potential Ashes star [...]."[22]
On 5 June 2009, Netherlands defeated England by four wickets in the first match of the ICC World Twenty20.[23] The Netherlands needed seven to win from the final over with Broad bowling. He spurned two run-out opportunities from the first two balls, and dropped a catch off the third. The Dutch needed two runs from the final ball to win, and got them after Broad picked up the ball in his follow through and, attempting to win the match, overthrew, missing his third run-out opportunity of the over and allowing the batsmen to come back for the match-clinching second run.[24] in the next match against Pakistan, he took 3–17 to help England win by 48 runs. England also beat India by 3 runs. Although Broad failed to take a wicket, he bowled his four overs for just 21 runs to help England secure a narrow victory. England lost their final game of the tournament against the West Indies, with Broad taking 1–20.
2009: Ashes series
In July 2009, Broad was named in The Ashes squad to face Australia for the first Test at the SWALEC Stadium, Cardiff – his maiden Ashes Test. He scored a 22-ball 19 in England's first-innings total of 435, but in 32 overs he took just one wicket (that of Michael Clarke, caught behind for 83) as Australia amassed 674 for 6 declared, with four centurions. Nonetheless, his final-day 14 proved crucial, keeping the Australians at bay alongside Paul Collingwood for a minute over an hour before James Anderson and Monty Panesar blocked out the final 11½ overs to salvage an unlikely draw.[25]
The second Test at Lord's saw Broad take three wickets, including the important wicket of Australian skipper Ricky Ponting, bowled off an inside-edged cut for 38 as England pursued victory, and took a diving outfield catch to remove the opener Simon Katich in the first innings, as England took a 1–0 lead in the series.[26]
Though he took no wickets in the first innings of the third Test at Edgbaston, Broad hit a 64-ball 55 to extend England's first-innings lead to 114. On the final day, Broad took two of the three wickets to fall: Mike Hussey for 64 and, late in the day, Marcus North for 96. Nonetheless, Australia drew the match with ease.[27]
In the fourth Test at Headingley, Broad took his place in an England first-innings collapse, clipping Stuart Clark to square leg for 3 as Australia's seam attack bowled England out for 102. As Australia scored 445, Broad took six wickets for 91 in Australia's only innings, at that time his best first-class innings return, and in the second innings contributed a rapid 61 from 48 balls, though he could not avert an innings defeat.[28]
England therefore started the fifth Test at the Oval with the series level at 1–1, with a victory required to secure the Ashes. He took 5 for 37 in the afternoon session of the second day, taking five of the first seven wickets to fall to take the Australian innings from 73/0 to 111/7 and eventually 160 all out. He also contributed 37 and 29 with the bat, and on the final day took the wicket of Shane Watson lbw for 40, the second wicket to fall in consecutive overs to start Australia's collapse, winning the Man of the Match award as England won by 197 runs to regain the 'Ashes' 2–1.[29]
He finished the tour with an aggregate of 234 runs and 18 wickets, leading England's bowling figures both in wickets taken and in bowling average (30.22). Though three Australian bowlers took more wickets, Broad was the only bowler from either side to claim two five-wicket innings hauls during the series.[30]
2009: ICC Champions Trophy
This was a good tournament for Broad. He was the second highest wicket taker overall throughout the tournament with 10 wickets in 3 matches, only behind Wayne Parnell who took 11 in the same number of matches. In the first match of the tournament against Sri Lanka he took 3–49 in a winning effort. He followed it up with a 3–67 vs South Africa, putting England through to the semi finals. He then took 4–39 vs New Zealand in a losing effort after England had already been bowled out for 146, with New Zealand making the runs in just 27.1 overs. This was his last game in the tournament with Broad picking up an injury that kept him out of the semi finals, which England lost to Australia.
For his performances in 2009, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC.[31]
2009–10: South Africa
Broad's injuries continued through to the tour of South Africa, keeping him out of the two twenty20 matches, which both ended up being abandoned. The weather affected the 1st One Day International which was probably an advantage for Broad and the England team with Broad being fit for the 3rd ODI, with England winning the second ODI by 7 wickets after Paul Collingwood and Jonathan Trott had a partnership of 162 with Collingwood getting 105.
When Broad returned he instantly made an impact with numerous wickets but turned out to be very expensive. With his first game getting figures of 4–71, England suffered defeat by 112 runs. Broad improved on his economy rate in the 4th ODI with figures of 2–30 from 9.5 overs. This backed up James Anderson who took 5–23. The final game was rained off before a ball was bowled to leave England with a 2–1 victory and only the second team to win a one-day series vs South Africa in South Africa.
Broad struggled in the First test in Centurion with only taking 1–74 in the first innings and 2–54 in the second. His batting was unsuccessful, getting only 17 and a duck. The duck was during a dramatic collapse where England went from 205–4 to 218–9 with Graham Onions batting out the final over to save the test.
In the second test Broad showed good form with the ball with 2–44 in the first innings but then taking 4–43 in the second dismissing Jacques Kallis, AB de Villiers and JP Duminy all within 3 overs. He took the wicket of Mark Boucher the next day to leave Graeme Swann to dismiss the rest of the South African line up. This gave England an innings and 98 run victory. After this test Broad went up to 7th in the ICC Test bowling rankings, the highest in his career. During this tour he declined to play in the IPL with Jimmy Anderson on the grounds he wanted to focus on his Test cricket first, and feared injury in the IPL.
2010: Bangladesh, T20 World Cup, Australia and Pakistan
After South Africa, England toured Bangladesh, playing three ODIs and two Test matches. Injuries to Anderson, Onions and Sidebottom meant that Broad was the leader of a relatively inexperienced pace attack. However, an injury before the Test series meant that he wasn't fully fit and was outbowled by Tim Bresnan and debutant Steven Finn.
England then travelled to the West Indies for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20. England won the tournament, beating Australia in the final. Broad won the man of the match award against Sri Lanka in the semi-final, and overall took 8 wickets at an average of 17.50.
Back in England, Broad was rested for the home series against Bangladesh before returning to the side for a 5-match ODI series against Australia. England won the first three games to take the series, with Broad named man of the match in the second game after bowling figures of 4–44. England lost the last two games, though Broad did achieve another four-wicket haul in the fifth game to finish the series with an average of 19.83. The ODIs against Bangladesh were less note-worthy – England won 2–1 with Broad taking 4 wickets.
In the home series against Pakistan, Broad was involved in a disciplinary incident in the second Test. After Pakistani batsman Zulqarnain Haider defended a ball bowled by Broad down the pitch, Broad picked the ball up and threw it at Haider, striking him on the hand. Broad was fined 50% of his match fee.
In the final Test of the series, Broad reached his maiden Test century at Lord's. Coming to the crease at 102–7, he scored 169 and put on a 332-run partnership with fellow centurion Jonathan Trott; a world record for an eight-wicket partnership.[32] It was his first century in all forms of cricket since an under-19's match for Leicestershire and saw his name go on the Lord's batting honours board, a feat that his father never achieved. He also surpassed his father's Test best of 162, and they became the first father and son both to score centuries for England in Test match cricket. His efforts both with the bat and with the ball (he also took three wickets during the match and made a direct-hit run out) earned him the man of the match award.
For his performances in 2010, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC.[33]
2010–11: Ashes series
Broad had an indifferent tour of Australia, which was cut short due to injury. He started with a half-century in a warm-up game, and overall took 6 wickets over the two games against Western Australia and South Australia.[34][35] In the first Test at the Gabba, Brisbane, he fell for a golden duck in England's innings, the final victim of Peter Siddle's hat-trick. Wicketless in Australia's first innings, he had Simon Katich caught in the second as the Test was drawn.[36] In the second Test at Adelaide, he finished Australia's first innings off with the wicket of Brad Haddin, but a stomach muscle injury limited his participation in the second where England won by an innings.[37] That injury was revealed to be a muscle tear, and it ruled Broad out of the remaining three Tests and the one-day series that followed.[38] He was not missed for the rest of the Test series but he was for the ODIs because England were plagued by injuries throughout the 6–1 series defeat.
2011: India
After a difficult series against Sri Lanka[39] there was much pressure on the England selectors to drop him for the upcoming series against world number 1 India.[40] However, Broad was named in the side for the first test at Lord's and ended with match figures of 7–94, as well as scoring an unbeaten 74 in the second innings, as England won by 196 runs.[41] His good form with both bat and ball continued in the second test. Top scoring with an aggressive 64 in the first innings, he helped England recover from 124–8 to 221 all out before achieving his career best figures of 6–46 in India's first innings. This included a hat-trick, taking the wickets of Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Harbhajan Singh and Praveen Kumar in consecutive balls, the first ever hat-trick taken against India. The hat-trick was fortunate, as Harbhajan Singh had edged the ball onto his pad, which the umpire did not spot. Broad took five wickets from his final 16 balls of the innings, without conceding a single run.[42] With a positive second innings contribution with both bat and ball (44 runs with the bat and then two wickets, including the final wicket of the match) Broad was named Man of the Match.[43] In the Third Test at Edgbaston, Broad took four wickets along with Tim Bresnan to bowl India out cheaply. In England's innings he was not needed as Alistair Cook scored 294 to pass 700. Broad took two wickets in the second innings to beat India and for England to become World number 1 in Test Cricket. Broad made a lesser impact in the fourth Test with him taking two wickets in both India's innings and he did not bat due to an early declaration.
For his performances in 2011, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC and Cricinfo.[44][45]
2011–12: Pakistan and Sri Lanka
In the first Test against Pakistan Broad took 3–84 in the first innings. However, England suffered a ten wicket defeat as the batsmen struggled to acclimatise to sub continent conditions. Broad took 4–47 in the next match as well as an unbeaten fifty in England's 1st innings (he'd only score 1 test fifty in 5 years after scoring this 50) but another batting collapse saw England lose the match again (bowled out for 72 chasing 145) to go 2–0 down in the three match series. In the final match Broad took 4–36 in the first innings to help bowl out Pakistan for 99. However, Pakistan made over 300 in their second innings to build up a lead. England were unable to chase down their target and went on to lose the series 3–0.England lost their fourth straight match, this time against Sri Lanka as the batsmen continued to struggle. Broad took just two wickets in the match, although he made 33 runs with the bat in the match, and was not out in the second innings.
2012: West Indies and South Africa
Broad started off his summer with his best international innings yet, of 7–72, against the West Indies, at Lord's, the first test match of the series, was started with a bang as he was able to get a five wicket haul at the home of cricket, Lord's, becoming only the 8th player to join an elite club of all-rounders to be on both honours boards, after his maiden test century of 169 against Pakistan in 2010.[46]
He soon followed this up by taking 4 more wickets in the next innings, missing a possible hat trick however, to get Test best figures of 11 for 165, being the first to take a 10 wicket haul at Lord's since Ian Botham in 1978. He had to wait until after Lunch on the 4th day to take the last 3 wickets he needed for the haul. He was named Man of the Match the next day after England won by 5 wickets, in a chase of 191.[47]
Broad followed the performance by taking four wickets in the second test. which England also won. He was rested for the last Test match against the West Indies along with James Anderson. However the game was heavily disrupted by rain and the game ended as a draw. England won the following One Day series 2–0 with the third game being abandoned because of rain. On Broad's 26th birthday, he captained the team to a comfortable victory with Notts teammate Alex Hales scoring 99. He was then named in the squad to play Australia in a five match ODI series. Broad's bowling was overshadowed by Steven Finn who took 11 wickets in four games compared to Broad's 5.
Broad was picked in the first Test against South Africa but failed to take a wicket. He added 16 with the bat in England's first innings of 386. Broad and the England bowlers struggled in South Africa's innings of 637–2 with Hashim Amla scoring a triple century (the first South African to do so) with Jacques Kallis and Graeme Smith also scoring centuries. In the second innings Broad was out for a duck as England lost by an innings and 12 runs. In the second Test, South Africa scored 419 in the first innings with Broad taking 3–96. He then scored 1 run in England's innings of 425. Broad then had a burst of wickets on the last day with the wickets of AB de Villiers and JP Duminy in successive deliveries. He finished with figures of 5–69 as England couldn't reach the target and the game ended in a draw. In the following Test, Broad was pushed up the order to number 8 after Tim Bresnan was left out. Broad only managed one wicket in South Africa's first innings of 309. He then added 16 in England's first innings of 315. Broad, who had been down on pace all summer struggled as he took 2–76 as South Africa set England 346 to win. England lost by 51 runs, Broad adding 37 runs.
For his performances in 2012, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC.[48]
2013: New Zealand
ries
In the first test of the 2013 Ashes held at Trent Bridge, Broad controversially stood his ground after being incorrectly given not out when edging an Ashton Agar delivery which deflected off wicket keeper Brad Haddin's gloves and was caught by Australia captain Michael Clarke at first slip; the Umpire Decision Review System was in use during the series, but Australia had used all of its challenges when the incident occurred. Although neither the rules nor common practice required Broad to walk, he drew heavy criticism from many observers who thought his edge was too thick to have reasonably stood his ground.[53][54][55] Broad was on 37 at the time of the incident[56] and went to make 65, sharing a partnership of 138 with Ian Bell.[57] England went on to win the match by 14 runs with Broad taking the wickets of Shane Watson and Clarke in Australia's second innings.[57] Australia coach Darren Lehmann was later fined 20% of his match fee for calling Broad a cheat on Australian radio, and in doing so inciting Australian crowds to boo Broad in future English tours of Australia.[58]
On 2 August 2013, Broad took his 200th test wicket, bowling Clarke in the first innings of the drawn third Ashes test at Old Trafford.[59]
In the fourth test, at the Riverside Ground in Chester-le-Street, Broad took eleven wickets with two five-wicket hauls and was named man of the match as England ensured a series win.[60] In the first innings, he took 5–71, including a spell of 3–12 in the morning session of day 2 where he removed David Warner, Usman Khawaja and Clarke to reduce Australia to 49–3.[61][62] In their second innings, chasing 299 to win, Australia had made 174–3 when Broad took the wicket Clarke for the fifth time in the series with the first delivery after a drinks break. In this spell he took 6–20 from 45 balls,[63] including the final Australian wicket, to bowl Australia out for 224 and win the match by 74 runs.[64] Broad ended the match with his best test bowling match figures of 11–121.[65]
He was also named in the Test XI by Cricinfo for his performances in 2013.[66]
2013–14: Ashes series
Broad was England's leading wicket taker in the first test of the 2013–14 Ashes series at the Gabba in Brisbane, taking 6–81 in the first innings and ending with match figures of 8–136, in the match that England lost in four days by 381 runs.[67] In the second test Broad took 3–98 in Australia's first innings, but as England struggled he only bowled six overs in the second innings as Australia romped to victory. Broad took 3–100 in the third test but was then injured by a delivery from Mitchell Johnson, which dismissed him for just 5. The injury which Broad obtained prevented him from bowling in the second innings, as England went on to lose the game and the series. Broad was declared fit for the fourth test and took 3–45 in the Australian first innings, but struggled in the second, bowling 10 wicketless overs for 58 runs. In the final test, Broad batted well, making an unbeaten 30 in the first innings and then 42 in the second. England went on to lose the game and the series 5–0, leading to the England team being heavily criticised. Despite this, Broad was one of the few members of the team to come out of the series with any credibility.
2014: West Indies and T20 World Cup
Broad continued as captain for the tour of the West Indies. This included three ODI games and three 20/20 games. In the ODI series England won 2–1 with Broad bringing England home in the 2nd game with a knock of 28 not out. In the third game he took 2–58 as England won by 25 runs. He only played in the first T20 game as England lost by 27 runs, with Broad taking figures of 0–26.
Broad was named the Captain of the England Cricket Team for the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh. Broad did not take a wicket in the first two games as England lost to New Zealand and beat Sri Lanka. In the third game against South Africa, Broad took 1–33 but England lost the match to end their hopes of qualifying. He took 3–24 against the Netherlands, but he was unable to prevent an embarrassing defeat for England.
2014: Sri Lanka and India
In the first Test Test Broad could only manage one wicket in Sri Lanka's first innings, although he took three in Sri Lanka's second innings as England came close to winning the match. In the second test against Sri Lanka at Headingley Broad became only the fourth player, and first Englishman to take two test hat-tricks, although he needed to be informed of this by the PA system as he was unaware. England went on to lose the game after James Anderson was dismissed in the penultimate ball of the match, meaning England lost the series 1–0.
Broad bowled well on a good batting pitch in the first game of the series against India, taking four wickets in the match. However, in the second game he was accused of bowling badly in the first innings as India won the match to go 1–0 up in the series. Broad's form improved in the next game, as he took 3–66 in the first innings to help England win the game and level the series. He took figures of 6–25 in India's first innings of the next game to help dismiss them for 152. His spell was nominated to be one of the best Test bowling performance of the year 2014 by ESPNCricinfo.[68] Broad was badly injured while batting and was later revealed he had broken his nose. Broad was later named man of the match. Despite being an injury doubt, Broad took part in the final test, taking 3 wickets in the match and scoring 37 to help England secure a 3–1 series win.
For his performances in 2014, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC.[69]
2015: Tri-Series
Following an injury which had kept him out of the one-day tour of Sri Lanka, Broad returned for the Tri-Series against Australia and India. In the first match of the series he was wicket less as England lost to Australia. In the next match against India, Broad finished with figures of 0–33.[70] His worst performance of the series came in the following match against Australia, where he finished with figures of 0–61.[71] However, he played well in the must win game against India, taking figures of 2–56 to help England qualify for the final.[72] In the final match against Australia he took figures of 3–55 and made 24 with the bat, but it was not enough to prevent an England defeat as they went on to finish the tournament as runners-up.
2015: World Cup
Broad took figures of 2–66 in England's opening game loss to Australia. In the following game against New Zealand, he was unimpressive as England suffered a humiliating eight wicket defeat. He failed to take a wicket against Scotland as England won their first match of the tournament, and also finished wicket less as England suffered a nine wicket defeat against Sri Lanka, meaning he had failed to take a wicket in his past three matches. He finished with 1–52 in England's must win game against Bangladesh, but was dismissed for 9 as England lost the game to bow out of the tournament at the group stage. He finished with figures of 1–18 against Afghanistan in a rain affected as England won their final match of the tournament by nine wickets.
2015: West Indies and New Zealand
The first match against the West Indies, Broad took 2–67 in their first innings to help restrict them to 295. However, in the second innings he could only manage to take one wicket as the West Indies held on for a draw. In the second Test ok 4–61 in West Indies first innings to help out England in a strong position. He took another wicket in the second innings as England forced a result to go 1–0 up in the series. In the first Test Broad took 1–31 in West Indies first innings to help England into a lead. However, England collapsed in their second innings and Broad himself was out for a duck. He took 1–29 in the West Indies second innings but it wasn't enough to prevent a five wicket defeat as the West Indies levelled the series at 1–1.
In the two match series against New Zealand, Broad took 3–77 in New Zealand's first innings. With New Zealand chasing a big score to win the match, Broad took 3–50 in New Zealand's second innings to help England win by 124 runs and go 1–0 up in the series. Broad took 5–109 in New Zealand's first innings of the next Test, although he went at an economy rate of over six an over. He made 46 with the bat to help England level the scores after the first innings. He took 2–94 in the second innings but was again expensive, and New Zealand went on to win the match and tie the series 1–1.
2015: Ashes series
In Australia's first innings of the first Test, Broad took figures of 2–60 and followed this up by taking 3–39 in their second innings as England won the match to take the lead in the series. Broad took 4–83 in Australia's first innings of the second Test but they built a large first innings score of 566. Broad did not take a wicket in the Australians second innings as they won by 405 runs. In the third Test Broad took 2–44 in Australia's first innings and also took a wicket in their second as England won the game to regain the lead. In the fourth Test Broad took career best figures of 8–15 in the Australian first innings as they were dismissed for just 60. England went on to win the match convincingly and regain the Ashes. In the final Test Broad did not take a wicket as Australia won by an innings and 48 runs, although England won the series 3–2.
For his performances in 2015, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC.[73] He was also named in the Test XI of the year 2015 by Cricinfo [74]
2015: Pakistan
Broad played in the first Test against Pakistan, which was played in the UAE. While Broad only took one wicket in the match, he bowled economically, including bowling eight overs for just eight runs in the second innings. England came to close to forcing a result, but the match ended in a draw. In the second Test Broad again only managed to take one wicket as Pakistan enjoyed a convincing win to go 1–0 up in the three-match series. In the third Test, Broad continued to bowl economically, taking figures of 2–13 from 13 overs in Pakistan's first innings, as they were dismissed for 234. In the second innings, he took 3–44 but England struggled in their second innings and Pakistan went on to win the game to win the series 2–0.
2015–16: South Africa
In the first test in South Africa, Broad took figures of 4–25 and 1–29 and hit an unbeaten 32 from just 33 balls as England won by 241 runs. The second game ended in a high scoring draw, with Broad taking 2–94 in South Africa's first innings. In the third Test, Broad took 2–82 in South Africa's first innings in a game which looked to be finely poised. However, in South Africa's second innings, he ripped through their top order, finishing with figures of 6–17. Included in his six wickets were the prized wickets of AB de Villiers and Hashim Amla. England went on to win the game by seven wickets, with the result giving them an unassailable 2–0 series lead. England performed poorly in the final game, with Broad taking three wickets in the match as South Africa secured a victory by a margin of 280 runs, meaning the series finished 2–1 to England. As a result of his performances, Broad became the number one ranked Test bowler in the world.
After not playing for England in limited overs cricket since their poor showing at the 2015 World Cup, Broad was included in the squad for the ODI series against South Africa. He played in the fourth ODI, although he returned expensive figures, finishing up with 1–55 in seven overs, as England lost the game. He was selected in the side for the final game, which proved to be the decider, and although he bowled economically, he did not pick up a wicket and England went on to lose the game and the series 3–2.
2016: Sri Lanka and Pakistan
Broad took figures of 4–21 in Sri Lanka's first innings of the first Test as they were dismissed for just 91. In the second innings he took 1–57 as England won by an innings and 88 runs. In the second match, Broad took 4–40 in Sri Lanka's first innings, but was less effective in their second, finishing with just one wicket, as England won the match by nine wickets. In the final rain affected match of the series, Broad took 2–79 as Sri Lanka were dismissed for 288, but the match ended in a draw due to the bad weather.
Broad took figures of 3–71 in Pakistan's first innings of the first Test, and took 3–38 in their second innings, although Pakistan did enough to secure a 75 run victory. In the second Test Broad took 1–20 in Pakistan's first innings as they were dismissed for 198 and England secured a 330 run victory. In the third Test, Broad took 3–83 in Pakistan's first innings as they reached 400, and then took 2–24 in their second innings to help England secure an unlikely victory after dismissing them for 201. In the final match of the series, Broad was less effective, taking just one wicket in the match, as England lost by 10 wickets.
2016: Bangladesh and India
In the first innings of the first Test against Bangladesh, Broad did not take a wicket in the first innings, although he bowled economically. In the second innings he took figures of 2–31 to help England win by 21 runs. He was rested for the second Test, which England lost
Broad played in the first Test against India, taking figures of 1–78 in the first innings, before taking 0–8 in the second innings as the match ended in a draw. In the second Test he took 1–49 as India made 455 in their first innings. He took 4–33 in the second innings to restrict India to 204 runs, although India won the match by 246 runs. Broad missed the next two Tests through injury, but returned in the fifth Test. He took figures of 2–80 as India scored 759/7 and went on to win the match by 75 runs to win the series 4–0.
2018: New Zealand
On 22 March 2018, In the first Test against New Zealand, Broad took his 400th wicket in Tests and became the youngest fast bowler to do so.[75][76]
2019: Ashes series
In the first Test of the 2019 Ashes series, Broad took his 100th wicket in The Ashes in the first innings of the match.[77] In the second innings of the match, he took his 450th wicket in Test cricket, dismissing David Warner.[78]
Achievements and honours
On 17 September 2015, NET tram 237 was named in honour of Broad.[79]
He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to cricket.[80]
At the conclusion of the 5th Test in India's tour of the United Kingdom in 2018, Broad and Anderson had tallied up 850 test wickets playing together across 111 tests, third all-time on the list of bowling pairs in tests, behind only Glenn McGrath and Shane Warne (1,001 wickets in 104 tests together) and Chaminda Vaas and Muttiah Muralitharan (895 wickets in 95 tests together).[81]
Clash of Champions
Clash of Champions (2019) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view and WWE Network event produced by WWE for their Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brands. It took place on September 15, 2019, at Spectrum Center in Charlotte, North Carolina.[1][2] It was the third event under the Clash of Champions chronology. As per the theme of the event, all of WWE's titles across the Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brands were defended.
Eleven matches were contested at the event, including two on the pre-show. In the main event, Seth Rollins defeated Braun Strowman to retain the Universal Championship. In other prominent matches, Kofi Kingston retained the WWE Championship against Randy Orton, Bayley defeated Charlotte Flair to retain the SmackDown Women's Championship, and the Raw Women's Championship match between Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks ended in a disqualification win for Banks, but with Lynch retaining. In the only non-title match on the card, Erick Rowan defeated Roman Reigns in a No Disqualification match thanks to the returning Luke Harper.
Of WWE's eleven championships across Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live, only the Raw Tag Team Championship and SmackDown Tag Team Championship changed hands. Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode defeated Seth Rollins and Braun Strowman to win the Raw title, while The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder) defeated The New Day's Big E and Xavier Woods to win the SmackDown title.
Production
Background
In mid-2016, the WWE reintroduced the brand extension, splitting its main roster between the Raw and SmackDown brands, represented by the shows of the same name. Clash of Champions was established that year to replace Night of Champions, a pay-per-view in which the concept was that all WWE titles were defended; Clash of Champions was established on the same concept.[3] The 2016 event was Raw-exclusive while the 2017 event was SmackDown-exclusive; all titles exclusive to the respective brands during those years were defended at these respective events.[4][5] A Clash of Champions event did not occur in 2018, but following WrestleMania 34 that year, all WWE pay-per-views became dual-branded.[6] In 2019, Clash of Champions was brought back, and, as a dual-branded event, all WWE titles across Raw and SmackDown, as well as 205 Live, were defended – the Universal Championship, the WWE Championship, the Raw Women's Championship, the SmackDown Women's Championship, the United States Championship, the Intercontinental Championship, the Raw Tag Team Championship, the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, the Cruiserweight Championship, the Women's Tag Team Championship, and the 24/7 Championship.[7]
Storylines
The show comprised eleven matches, including two on the pre-show. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brands,[8][9] while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, Monday Night Raw, SmackDown Live,[10] and the cruiserweight-exclusive 205 Live.[11]
Feeling that she deserved an opportunity for the SmackDown Women's Championship for her win over Trish Stratus at SummerSlam, Charlotte Flair issued a challenge to reigning champion Bayley during "A Moment of Bliss" on the August 20 episode of SmackDown. Bayley accepted the challenge for Clash of Champions.[12]
On the August 12 episode of Raw, Universal Champion Seth Rollins faced United States Champion and O.C. member AJ Styles in a non-title champion versus champion match, which resulted in a brawl with fellow O.C. members Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson with Braun Strowman coming to Rollins' aid.[13] The following week, Rollins and Strowman defeated Gallows and Anderson to win the Raw Tag Team Championship.[14] Rollins was then scheduled to defend both the Universal and Raw Tag Team championships at Clash of Champions. On the August 26 episode of Raw, Robert Roode and Dolph Ziggler won a Tag Team Turmoil to earn a Raw Tag Team Championship match at the event, while later that same night, Strowman challenged Rollins for the Universal Championship, which Rollins accepted.[15]
During the WWE Championship match at SummerSlam, Randy Orton attempted to target Kofi Kingston's family, who were at ringside. Kingston brawled with Orton outside the ring, resulting in both men being counted out, thus Kingston retained the title, but he continued to attack Orton.[16] On the following episode of SmackDown, The New Day (Kingston and SmackDown Tag Team Champions Big E and Xavier Woods) faced the team of Orton and The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder) in which the latter won, after which, Orton performed an RKO on all three members of New Day.[17] On the following Raw, Big E and Woods faced The Revival in a non-title match that New Day won by disqualification due to interference from Orton. Kingston came to their aid only for Orton to attack Kingston, while The Revival and Orton temporarily injured Woods' leg.[14] The following week on SmackDown, Orton threatened to go after Kingston's family and a WWE Championship rematch was scheduled between the two for Clash of Champions, while Big E and Woods were scheduled to defend the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Revival at the event.[18]
On the August 20 episode of 205 Live, Team Oney Lorcan won the Captain's Challenge against Team Drew Gulak with Humberto Carrillo and Lorcan being the last remaining members of their team.[19] The following week, 205 Live General Manager Drake Maverick scheduled Carrillo and Lorcan to compete in a number one contender's match to face Gulak for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship at Clash of Champions, which Carrillo won.[20] On the September 3 episode, Lince Dorado defeated Carrillo, thus making it a triple threat match for the title.[21]
On the August 20 episode of SmackDown, Sami Zayn was a guest on "Miz TV". Zayn stated that after months of losing matches, he realized that he would be better suited to helping people on SmackDown and introduced his first client, Intercontinental Champion Shinsuke Nakamura. The Miz questioned why Nakamura would associate himself with Zayn, who said that Nakamura was unable to express himself because of the language barrier and that he would communicate for Nakamura. Miz then received a beatdown from Nakamura and Zayn.[12] The following week, Miz challenged Nakamura for the Intercontinental Championship at Clash of Champions and Miz received yet another beatdown. Later, the title match was made official.[18]
At SummerSlam, Becky Lynch defeated Natalya in a submission match to retain the Raw Women's Championship.[16] On the following Raw, Lynch said she respected Natalya and put out a warning to the rest of the women's division. Natalya later came out with her arm in a sling and said they would face each other again. She was then interrupted by the returning Sasha Banks, who was last seen at WrestleMania 35. Banks hugged Natalya, but then attacked her, turning heel. Lynch came to Natalya's aid, but was attacked by Banks with a chair.[13] Banks later challenged Lynch for the title at Clash of Champions and Lynch accepted.[22]
As Roman Reigns was getting ready to announce his SummerSlam opponent on the July 30 episode of SmackDown, an unidentified person pushed lighting equipment on top of Reigns backstage.[23] The attacker was originally alleged to be Samoa Joe due to their previous rivalry, but he was proven innocent during a hit and run on Reigns in which Joe was a witness.[24] Buddy Murphy then became a suspect/witness as he was spotted in the background in the footage of the original attack, prompting Reigns to force Murphy to reveal that the attacker was Erick Rowan.[25] On the SummerSlam Kickoff show, Rowan attacked Murphy for the accusation.[26] Rowan and his tag team partner Daniel Bryan then forced Murphy to reveal that he was lying and they conducted their own investigation to find out that Reigns' attacker was a man that looked like Rowan.[12] However, Reigns found additional footage that showed Rowan pushing over the equipment.[18] This caused Bryan and Rowan to split due to Rowan lying, and a match between Reigns and Rowan was scheduled for Clash of Champions,[27] which later became a No Disqualification match.[28]
On the August 5 episode of Raw, Alexa Bliss and Nikki Cross defeated defending champions The IIconics (Peyton Royce and Billie Kay), The Kabuki Warriors (Asuka and Kairi Sane), and Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville in a fatal four-way tag team elimination match to win the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship.[24] On the September 3 episode of SmackDown, Rose and Deville challenged Bliss and Cross for the titles at Clash of Champions. Bliss said that they did not deserve an opportunity, however, Cross accepted a non-title match for that night, which Rose and Deville won.[27] A title match was then scheduled between the two teams for Clash of Champions.[29]
On the September 9 episode of Raw, Cedric Alexander faced O.C member AJ Styles for the United States Championship only for the match to end via disqualification due to interference from fellow O.C. members, Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson. Later that night, Alexander pinned Styles in a 10-man tag team match that featured Alexander, Seth Rollins, Braun Strowman, and The Viking Raiders (Ivar and Erik) against The O.C. (Styles, Gallows, and Anderson), Robert Roode, and Dolph Ziggler. Styles was then scheduled to defend the title in a rematch against Alexander at Clash of Champions.[30]
Canceled match
In August 2019, the King of the Ring tournament was revived – the first time since the 2015 tournament – with the finals originally scheduled for Clash of Champions.[13][14][31] However, the finals were rescheduled for the September 16 episode of Raw
Pre-show
Two matches were contested on the pre-show. In the first match, Drew Gulak defended the Cruiserweight Championship against Humberto Carrillo and Lince Dorado in a triple threat match. In the end, Carrillo performed an Asteck press on Dorado, however, Gulak threw Carrillo out of the ring and pinned Dorado to retain the title.[33]
In the second pre-show match, AJ Styles defended the United States Championship against Cedric Alexander. In the end, Styles performed a Phenomenal Forearm and a Styles Clash on Alexander to retain the title.[33]
Preliminary matches
The actual pay-per-view began with Seth Rollins and Braun Strowman defending the Raw Tag Team Championship against Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode. In the end, Strowman tackled Roode, who collided with Rollins, and Strowman then went after Ziggler. This allowed Roode to perform a Glorious DDT on Rollins to win the title.[34]
Next, Bayley defended the SmackDown Women's Championship against Charlotte Flair. At the start of the match, Flair performed a Big Boot on Bayley for a nearfall. In the end, Bayley threw Flair against an exposed turnbuckle and rolled her up to retain the title.[34]
After that, The New Day (Big E and Xavier Woods) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder). The climax saw The Revival perform a Shatter Machine on Woods and forced him to submit to an Inverted Figure Four Leglock to win the title.[34]
In the fourth match, Alexa Bliss and Nikki Cross defended the Women's Tag Team Championship against Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville. During the match, an impromptu 24/7 Championship defense occurred when reigning champion R-Truth ran out to the ring, being chased by several wrestlers. Bliss tried pinning Truth to win the 24/7 title for a nearfall. Truth then rushed out of the ring. After resuming the tag team title match, Cross performed a Swinging Neckbreaker on Rose to retain the title.[34]
Next, Shinsuke Nakamura (accompanied by Sami Zayn) defended the Intercontinental Championship against The Miz. In the end, as Miz performed a Skull Crushing Finale on Nakamura, Zayn stopped the referee. Miz then chased Zayn before Nakamura caught him and performed a Kinshasa to retain the title.[34]
After that, Becky Lynch defended the Raw Women's Championship against Sasha Banks. During the match while the referee was distracted, Banks struck Lynch with a chair and then performed a shining wizard kick for a nearfall. After Lynch got the chair, she accidentally knocked out the referee with it before going after Banks where the two brawled outside of the ring. Due to Lynch's actions, she was disqualified, thus Banks won the match, but Lynch retained the title since titles do not change hands via disqualification unless stipulated.[34]
Next, Kofi Kingston defended the WWE Championship against Randy Orton. During the match, Orton performed a snap powerslam on Kingston for a nearfall. Orton performed an RKO, only for Kingston to place his leg on the rope thus voiding the pin. In the end, as Orton went for the Punt Kick, Kingston countered with a Trouble in Paradise to retain the title.[34]
In the penultimate match, Roman Reigns faced Erick Rowan in a no disqualification match. Reigns and Rowan fought outside of the ring where Rowan attempted to attack Reigns with the steel steps. Reigns intercepted Rowan with a Samoan Drop for a nearfall. Reigns performed a Superman Punch for another nearfall. As Reigns then went for another Superman Punch outside the ring, Rowan countered Reigns with a powerbomb through the English announce table. Rowan intercepted Reigns with the Iron Claw through another table, however, Reigns countered with a Superman Punch. In the end, as Reigns went for a Spear, a returning Luke Harper appeared and performed a big boot and a discus clothesline on Reigns. Rowan then performed the Iron Claw to win the match.[34]
Main event
In the main event, Seth Rollins defended the Universal Championship against Braun Strowman. During the match, Rollins perfomed three superkicks and a frog splash, however, Strowman kicked out before the referee could count. Strowman performed a top rope splash for a nearfall. Rollins performed three Stomps, which all resulted in nearfalls. As Strowman went for a Running Powerslam, Strowman's leg gave out, allowing Rollins to perform a Pedigree and a fourth Stomp to retain the title. After the match, Bray Wyatt as "The Fiend" appeared and attacked Rollins with a Sister Abigail and the Mandible Claw
Eleven matches were contested at the event, including two on the pre-show. In the main event, Seth Rollins defeated Braun Strowman to retain the Universal Championship. In other prominent matches, Kofi Kingston retained the WWE Championship against Randy Orton, Bayley defeated Charlotte Flair to retain the SmackDown Women's Championship, and the Raw Women's Championship match between Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks ended in a disqualification win for Banks, but with Lynch retaining. In the only non-title match on the card, Erick Rowan defeated Roman Reigns in a No Disqualification match thanks to the returning Luke Harper.
Of WWE's eleven championships across Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live, only the Raw Tag Team Championship and SmackDown Tag Team Championship changed hands. Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode defeated Seth Rollins and Braun Strowman to win the Raw title, while The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder) defeated The New Day's Big E and Xavier Woods to win the SmackDown title.
Production
Background
In mid-2016, the WWE reintroduced the brand extension, splitting its main roster between the Raw and SmackDown brands, represented by the shows of the same name. Clash of Champions was established that year to replace Night of Champions, a pay-per-view in which the concept was that all WWE titles were defended; Clash of Champions was established on the same concept.[3] The 2016 event was Raw-exclusive while the 2017 event was SmackDown-exclusive; all titles exclusive to the respective brands during those years were defended at these respective events.[4][5] A Clash of Champions event did not occur in 2018, but following WrestleMania 34 that year, all WWE pay-per-views became dual-branded.[6] In 2019, Clash of Champions was brought back, and, as a dual-branded event, all WWE titles across Raw and SmackDown, as well as 205 Live, were defended – the Universal Championship, the WWE Championship, the Raw Women's Championship, the SmackDown Women's Championship, the United States Championship, the Intercontinental Championship, the Raw Tag Team Championship, the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, the Cruiserweight Championship, the Women's Tag Team Championship, and the 24/7 Championship.[7]
Storylines
The show comprised eleven matches, including two on the pre-show. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brands,[8][9] while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, Monday Night Raw, SmackDown Live,[10] and the cruiserweight-exclusive 205 Live.[11]
Feeling that she deserved an opportunity for the SmackDown Women's Championship for her win over Trish Stratus at SummerSlam, Charlotte Flair issued a challenge to reigning champion Bayley during "A Moment of Bliss" on the August 20 episode of SmackDown. Bayley accepted the challenge for Clash of Champions.[12]
On the August 12 episode of Raw, Universal Champion Seth Rollins faced United States Champion and O.C. member AJ Styles in a non-title champion versus champion match, which resulted in a brawl with fellow O.C. members Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson with Braun Strowman coming to Rollins' aid.[13] The following week, Rollins and Strowman defeated Gallows and Anderson to win the Raw Tag Team Championship.[14] Rollins was then scheduled to defend both the Universal and Raw Tag Team championships at Clash of Champions. On the August 26 episode of Raw, Robert Roode and Dolph Ziggler won a Tag Team Turmoil to earn a Raw Tag Team Championship match at the event, while later that same night, Strowman challenged Rollins for the Universal Championship, which Rollins accepted.[15]
During the WWE Championship match at SummerSlam, Randy Orton attempted to target Kofi Kingston's family, who were at ringside. Kingston brawled with Orton outside the ring, resulting in both men being counted out, thus Kingston retained the title, but he continued to attack Orton.[16] On the following episode of SmackDown, The New Day (Kingston and SmackDown Tag Team Champions Big E and Xavier Woods) faced the team of Orton and The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder) in which the latter won, after which, Orton performed an RKO on all three members of New Day.[17] On the following Raw, Big E and Woods faced The Revival in a non-title match that New Day won by disqualification due to interference from Orton. Kingston came to their aid only for Orton to attack Kingston, while The Revival and Orton temporarily injured Woods' leg.[14] The following week on SmackDown, Orton threatened to go after Kingston's family and a WWE Championship rematch was scheduled between the two for Clash of Champions, while Big E and Woods were scheduled to defend the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Revival at the event.[18]
On the August 20 episode of 205 Live, Team Oney Lorcan won the Captain's Challenge against Team Drew Gulak with Humberto Carrillo and Lorcan being the last remaining members of their team.[19] The following week, 205 Live General Manager Drake Maverick scheduled Carrillo and Lorcan to compete in a number one contender's match to face Gulak for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship at Clash of Champions, which Carrillo won.[20] On the September 3 episode, Lince Dorado defeated Carrillo, thus making it a triple threat match for the title.[21]
On the August 20 episode of SmackDown, Sami Zayn was a guest on "Miz TV". Zayn stated that after months of losing matches, he realized that he would be better suited to helping people on SmackDown and introduced his first client, Intercontinental Champion Shinsuke Nakamura. The Miz questioned why Nakamura would associate himself with Zayn, who said that Nakamura was unable to express himself because of the language barrier and that he would communicate for Nakamura. Miz then received a beatdown from Nakamura and Zayn.[12] The following week, Miz challenged Nakamura for the Intercontinental Championship at Clash of Champions and Miz received yet another beatdown. Later, the title match was made official.[18]
At SummerSlam, Becky Lynch defeated Natalya in a submission match to retain the Raw Women's Championship.[16] On the following Raw, Lynch said she respected Natalya and put out a warning to the rest of the women's division. Natalya later came out with her arm in a sling and said they would face each other again. She was then interrupted by the returning Sasha Banks, who was last seen at WrestleMania 35. Banks hugged Natalya, but then attacked her, turning heel. Lynch came to Natalya's aid, but was attacked by Banks with a chair.[13] Banks later challenged Lynch for the title at Clash of Champions and Lynch accepted.[22]
As Roman Reigns was getting ready to announce his SummerSlam opponent on the July 30 episode of SmackDown, an unidentified person pushed lighting equipment on top of Reigns backstage.[23] The attacker was originally alleged to be Samoa Joe due to their previous rivalry, but he was proven innocent during a hit and run on Reigns in which Joe was a witness.[24] Buddy Murphy then became a suspect/witness as he was spotted in the background in the footage of the original attack, prompting Reigns to force Murphy to reveal that the attacker was Erick Rowan.[25] On the SummerSlam Kickoff show, Rowan attacked Murphy for the accusation.[26] Rowan and his tag team partner Daniel Bryan then forced Murphy to reveal that he was lying and they conducted their own investigation to find out that Reigns' attacker was a man that looked like Rowan.[12] However, Reigns found additional footage that showed Rowan pushing over the equipment.[18] This caused Bryan and Rowan to split due to Rowan lying, and a match between Reigns and Rowan was scheduled for Clash of Champions,[27] which later became a No Disqualification match.[28]
On the August 5 episode of Raw, Alexa Bliss and Nikki Cross defeated defending champions The IIconics (Peyton Royce and Billie Kay), The Kabuki Warriors (Asuka and Kairi Sane), and Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville in a fatal four-way tag team elimination match to win the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship.[24] On the September 3 episode of SmackDown, Rose and Deville challenged Bliss and Cross for the titles at Clash of Champions. Bliss said that they did not deserve an opportunity, however, Cross accepted a non-title match for that night, which Rose and Deville won.[27] A title match was then scheduled between the two teams for Clash of Champions.[29]
On the September 9 episode of Raw, Cedric Alexander faced O.C member AJ Styles for the United States Championship only for the match to end via disqualification due to interference from fellow O.C. members, Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson. Later that night, Alexander pinned Styles in a 10-man tag team match that featured Alexander, Seth Rollins, Braun Strowman, and The Viking Raiders (Ivar and Erik) against The O.C. (Styles, Gallows, and Anderson), Robert Roode, and Dolph Ziggler. Styles was then scheduled to defend the title in a rematch against Alexander at Clash of Champions.[30]
Canceled match
In August 2019, the King of the Ring tournament was revived – the first time since the 2015 tournament – with the finals originally scheduled for Clash of Champions.[13][14][31] However, the finals were rescheduled for the September 16 episode of Raw
Pre-show
Two matches were contested on the pre-show. In the first match, Drew Gulak defended the Cruiserweight Championship against Humberto Carrillo and Lince Dorado in a triple threat match. In the end, Carrillo performed an Asteck press on Dorado, however, Gulak threw Carrillo out of the ring and pinned Dorado to retain the title.[33]
In the second pre-show match, AJ Styles defended the United States Championship against Cedric Alexander. In the end, Styles performed a Phenomenal Forearm and a Styles Clash on Alexander to retain the title.[33]
Preliminary matches
The actual pay-per-view began with Seth Rollins and Braun Strowman defending the Raw Tag Team Championship against Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode. In the end, Strowman tackled Roode, who collided with Rollins, and Strowman then went after Ziggler. This allowed Roode to perform a Glorious DDT on Rollins to win the title.[34]
Next, Bayley defended the SmackDown Women's Championship against Charlotte Flair. At the start of the match, Flair performed a Big Boot on Bayley for a nearfall. In the end, Bayley threw Flair against an exposed turnbuckle and rolled her up to retain the title.[34]
After that, The New Day (Big E and Xavier Woods) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Revival (Scott Dawson and Dash Wilder). The climax saw The Revival perform a Shatter Machine on Woods and forced him to submit to an Inverted Figure Four Leglock to win the title.[34]
In the fourth match, Alexa Bliss and Nikki Cross defended the Women's Tag Team Championship against Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville. During the match, an impromptu 24/7 Championship defense occurred when reigning champion R-Truth ran out to the ring, being chased by several wrestlers. Bliss tried pinning Truth to win the 24/7 title for a nearfall. Truth then rushed out of the ring. After resuming the tag team title match, Cross performed a Swinging Neckbreaker on Rose to retain the title.[34]
Next, Shinsuke Nakamura (accompanied by Sami Zayn) defended the Intercontinental Championship against The Miz. In the end, as Miz performed a Skull Crushing Finale on Nakamura, Zayn stopped the referee. Miz then chased Zayn before Nakamura caught him and performed a Kinshasa to retain the title.[34]
After that, Becky Lynch defended the Raw Women's Championship against Sasha Banks. During the match while the referee was distracted, Banks struck Lynch with a chair and then performed a shining wizard kick for a nearfall. After Lynch got the chair, she accidentally knocked out the referee with it before going after Banks where the two brawled outside of the ring. Due to Lynch's actions, she was disqualified, thus Banks won the match, but Lynch retained the title since titles do not change hands via disqualification unless stipulated.[34]
Next, Kofi Kingston defended the WWE Championship against Randy Orton. During the match, Orton performed a snap powerslam on Kingston for a nearfall. Orton performed an RKO, only for Kingston to place his leg on the rope thus voiding the pin. In the end, as Orton went for the Punt Kick, Kingston countered with a Trouble in Paradise to retain the title.[34]
In the penultimate match, Roman Reigns faced Erick Rowan in a no disqualification match. Reigns and Rowan fought outside of the ring where Rowan attempted to attack Reigns with the steel steps. Reigns intercepted Rowan with a Samoan Drop for a nearfall. Reigns performed a Superman Punch for another nearfall. As Reigns then went for another Superman Punch outside the ring, Rowan countered Reigns with a powerbomb through the English announce table. Rowan intercepted Reigns with the Iron Claw through another table, however, Reigns countered with a Superman Punch. In the end, as Reigns went for a Spear, a returning Luke Harper appeared and performed a big boot and a discus clothesline on Reigns. Rowan then performed the Iron Claw to win the match.[34]
Main event
In the main event, Seth Rollins defended the Universal Championship against Braun Strowman. During the match, Rollins perfomed three superkicks and a frog splash, however, Strowman kicked out before the referee could count. Strowman performed a top rope splash for a nearfall. Rollins performed three Stomps, which all resulted in nearfalls. As Strowman went for a Running Powerslam, Strowman's leg gave out, allowing Rollins to perform a Pedigree and a fourth Stomp to retain the title. After the match, Bray Wyatt as "The Fiend" appeared and attacked Rollins with a Sister Abigail and the Mandible Claw
Rachel Riley
Rachel Annabelle Riley (born 11 January 1986)[3] is an English television presenter and mathematician. She co-presents the Channel 4 daytime puzzle show Countdown and its comedy spin-off 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown. A mathematics graduate, her television debut came when she joined Countdown aged 22.
With an interest in popularising mathematics and the sciences, she has since co-presented The Gadget Show on Channel 5 (2013–14) and It's Not Rocket Science on ITV (2016). She was also a contestant on the BBC celebrity dance show Strictly Come Dancing in 2013.
Early life and early career
Born in Rochford, Essex,[4] she identifies as Jewish, saying: “My family came over in the pogroms.”[5] Riley was raised in the Thorpe Bay area of Southend-on-Sea and was educated at the independent Thorpe Hall School, and Southend High School for Girls, a grammar school, where she obtained four As at A-Level.[citation needed] She then studied mathematics at Oriel College, Oxford, gaining an upper second-class honours degree.[6][7]
During a university vacation, Riley considered a career in the financial sector, and completed an internship at Deutsche Bank in the City of London. The experience put her off: although already familiar with male-dominated environments in the field of mathematics, she found the extreme behaviour of city traders wearing, and she disliked the early morning train commute.[8]
Television career
Riley's television debut came in January 2009, when at the age of 22 she joined the Channel 4 letters and numbers game show Countdown.[9] Riley had received no training for working in television and had no other experience with the media industry, leading to descriptions of her landing this role as a baptism of fire, given its status as a "jewel in the broadcasting crown", according to one media commentator.
She later branched out into other roles, co-presenting 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown and The Gadget Show, although her profile was significantly boosted by her appearance as a contestant on Strictly Come Dancing, which "catapulted [Riley] onto the A-list" and opened up the doors for new television roles, according to another commentator.[8] In 2014, two years before her role on It's Not Rocket Science, she said, "I'd love to present a popular science programme because it's something I feel very passionate about."[8]
Countdown
On Countdown, Riley replaced the long-serving Carol Vorderman. Like Vorderman, Riley's role is to handle the placement of tiles on the board for the letters and numbers rounds and to find an exact solution in the numbers rounds if the contestants are unable to do so.[9]
Riley's appointment to Countdown was announced at the same time as the announcement of a new main host, Jeff Stelling, replacing Des O'Connor; the duo of Stelling and Riley was in place for the new series beginning in January 2009.[9] Although she had no ambition to be a television presenter, she was encouraged to apply by her mother, and decided to do so because she was interested in the numbers part of the game. Having beaten 1,000 applicants for the role, she commented, "There's only one cool maths job around and I was lucky enough to get it so I'm absolutely thrilled".[9]
Riley takes the role of solving the numbers round so seriously that if she cannot solve it on the show, she takes it away with her to finish, commenting "I'm really OCD about it. I have to get it. I like puzzles – that's what I do, that's why I applied for the job, that's why I used to watch Countdown when I was younger. I like solving stuff." She has attributed this compulsion to a nervy and flustered start in the role which resulted in her making some errors, although she says she has since got the hang of it and the task is now a matter of routine. In contrast, on account of her "really immature sense of humour" she has some difficulty in maintaining her composure during the words round whenever rude words appear.
Riley frequently encounters close media and public scrutiny of what she wears on the show, with her wardrobe choices attracting intense social media comment on Twitter and YouTube and even national headlines. Working with a wardrobe consultant, she obtains most of the clothes from High Street stores, although some are purchased from a small boutique near her home in Southend. While trying to please everybody with varied choices, she nonetheless takes a phlegmatic approach to the attention, commenting, "even with the same outfit you'll get polar-opposite views, so you can't win. You’ve just got to learn that you can't please everyone all of the time". The number of episodes means wearing some outfits more than once is inevitable—she donates items she no longer requires to charity, some being auctioned by her mother.
On 11 January 2019, Riley celebrated 10 years of being on Countdown. To mark the occasion she showcased some of the ruder words that she has come across during her time on the show.[10][11]
8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown
Since it was first broadcast on 2 January 2012, Riley has also performed her Countdown role on the comedy crossover spin-off version, 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown, alongside comedian Jimmy Carr as host. While Countdown is seen as a straight light entertainment show, in explaining the difference between the two, Riley sees Countdown as the role she is happy for her grandmother to see, while Cats Does Countdown is the more risqué, cheeky role which she shows to her friends. Some of the running gags used on the show are made by Carr at Riley's expense, aimed at her lack of dancing ability and a supposed frosty relationship with Vorderman, while in return Riley is often given jokes which mock Carr's supposed desires on herself and his tax avoidance. Due to scheduling conflicts with filming for It's Not Rocket Science, Riley was replaced by Claudia Winkleman for two episodes in series nine (broadcast 3 and 10 March 2016).
Strictly Come Dancing
From September 2013, Riley appeared in the eleventh series of the BBC One ballroom dancing programme Strictly Come Dancing with professional dancing partner Pasha Kovalev. She was eliminated in week 6 of the show, on 3 November, after losing out in the dance-off against Abbey Clancy and Aljaž Škorjanec.
According to Riley she lacked a natural talent for performing, so instead sought to frame each dance as that of a character.[8] For the first five weeks, Riley suffered from stage fright, commenting that "As soon as the music would start, I would have a fuzzy brain and it was like an out-of-body experience"; after seeing a cognitive behavioural therapist she was able to control her breathing, and so was only able to truly enjoy the show for what proved to be her final appearance.[12]
The Gadget Show
From 2013 until 2014, Riley co-presented on the Channel 5 programme The Gadget Show with Jason Bradbury.[13] She presented three series of the show and was later replaced by Amy Williams.[14]
It's Not Rocket Science
In 2016, Riley was part of the three-person presenting team for ITV's six-part series, It's Not Rocket Science, billed by the network as an entertainment series celebrating science.[15] Her co-presenters, Ben Miller and Romesh Ranganathan, similarly had a background in science and maths. Explaining the purpose of the show as popularising science and making it seem less intimidating, she said "It's showing that you can't separate the world of science from the world we live in". She added that while her background is in mathematics, "You can't separate them either. Maths is the language of science." A key part of the show was a weekly challenge where one of the presenters "risked their lives" to prove a scientific theory – in Riley's case she cycled on a tightrope and zip-lined through a ring of fire.
Sky Sports
In August 2016, it was announced that Riley would join Sky Sports to present Friday Night Football alongside her former Countdown co-presenter Jeff Stelling and Fantasy Football Club with Max Rushden and Paul Merson.[16] She left Friday Night Football in 2017.[17]
Personal life
In August 2012, Riley married Jamie Gilbert, whom she had met while they were both studying at the University of Oxford. It was announced in November 2013 that they were separating.[18] The split has been cited as an example of the Strictly curse.[19] She began dating her Strictly dance partner, Pasha Kovalev, soon after the show ended in December 2013.[20] In May 2019, Riley announced that she was pregnant with the couple's first child.[21] In June 2019, Riley and Kovalev married in Las Vegas.[22]
Riley is a keen supporter of Manchester United, like her father (who was originally from Salford, Lancashire).[23][24] In October 2010, Riley presented a programme on the club's television channel, MUTV, featuring a tour of their Trafford Training Centre in Carrington. She has also hosted episodes of An Audience with... on the channel. To mark her 1,000th episode of Countdown (aired on 25 June 2013), United player Ryan Giggs presented her with a signed team shirt, Giggs himself having celebrated his 1,000th game for the club the same year.[24][25] In her appearance as a contestant on the BBC quiz show Celebrity Mastermind, broadcast on 4 January 2012, her specialist subject was a limited (13 year) history of the club; she eventually finished in joint second place.[26][27]
Riley's identifies herself as of Jewish heritage and as an atheist.[5][28] Since 2018, she has campaigned against how the Labour Party has handled allegations of antisemitism.[29][30][31] In September 2018, she said she had been called "Tory, brainwashed and thick" for criticising Jeremy Corbyn over the ongoing antisemitism row, but stated she did not have "any party loyalties".[32] In January 2019, Riley made a speech at a Westminster reception for the Holocaust Educational Trust and addressed what she described as the "hideous abuse" she had received.[33] In February 2019, it was reported that she had been involved in talks to set up a breakaway Labour party.[34][35] In the same month, Riley and fellow campaigner Tracy Ann Oberman instructed a lawyer to take action against 70 individuals for libel or harassment.[36] According to Jewish News, Riley has also been involved in the Stop Funding Fake News campaign which, she says, is aimed at making it "less profitable to spread hate, racism, misogyny, antisemitism, Islamophobia and their bedmates". The campaign has targeted Westmonster, since closed, Canadian site The Rebel Media, the left wing sites, The Canary and Evolve Politics, and other news sites by promoting an advertising boycott.[37]
In July 2019, the Durham Miners' Association called a tweet from Riley "damaging" after she said that playing an Israeli folk song, "Hava Nagila", at the Durham Miners' Gala was “as tasteful as showing Black Panther at a Klan rally.” According to the association, the tune had been played by a community brass band at the gala for many years. They said she had caused "great hurt to good people" with her comments.[38]
Other work
Riley's mathematics background and love of football has seen her assist bookmakers in preparing betting odds for football tournaments; based on her analysis she predicted Chile would win the 2014 FIFA World Cup, despite appreciating fans would see it as an unlikely outcome (Chile was ultimately knocked out in the Round of 16).[8]
Riley has visited schools to enthuse pupils on the "joys of applied maths, quantum mechanics and time travel and so on".[8][12] A blog, written by University of Surrey academic Julia Percival and hosted by The Guardian, which argued that Riley's looks and figure would work against any aim to increase female participation in the sciences, was described by The Daily Telegraph as unfair and a case of Riley being damned if she did and damned if she didn't.[8][39]
In June 2019, Riley was criticised by environmental groups and accused of greenwashing for her promotion of the "future energy solutions" of Shell.
With an interest in popularising mathematics and the sciences, she has since co-presented The Gadget Show on Channel 5 (2013–14) and It's Not Rocket Science on ITV (2016). She was also a contestant on the BBC celebrity dance show Strictly Come Dancing in 2013.
Early life and early career
Born in Rochford, Essex,[4] she identifies as Jewish, saying: “My family came over in the pogroms.”[5] Riley was raised in the Thorpe Bay area of Southend-on-Sea and was educated at the independent Thorpe Hall School, and Southend High School for Girls, a grammar school, where she obtained four As at A-Level.[citation needed] She then studied mathematics at Oriel College, Oxford, gaining an upper second-class honours degree.[6][7]
During a university vacation, Riley considered a career in the financial sector, and completed an internship at Deutsche Bank in the City of London. The experience put her off: although already familiar with male-dominated environments in the field of mathematics, she found the extreme behaviour of city traders wearing, and she disliked the early morning train commute.[8]
Television career
Riley's television debut came in January 2009, when at the age of 22 she joined the Channel 4 letters and numbers game show Countdown.[9] Riley had received no training for working in television and had no other experience with the media industry, leading to descriptions of her landing this role as a baptism of fire, given its status as a "jewel in the broadcasting crown", according to one media commentator.
She later branched out into other roles, co-presenting 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown and The Gadget Show, although her profile was significantly boosted by her appearance as a contestant on Strictly Come Dancing, which "catapulted [Riley] onto the A-list" and opened up the doors for new television roles, according to another commentator.[8] In 2014, two years before her role on It's Not Rocket Science, she said, "I'd love to present a popular science programme because it's something I feel very passionate about."[8]
Countdown
On Countdown, Riley replaced the long-serving Carol Vorderman. Like Vorderman, Riley's role is to handle the placement of tiles on the board for the letters and numbers rounds and to find an exact solution in the numbers rounds if the contestants are unable to do so.[9]
Riley's appointment to Countdown was announced at the same time as the announcement of a new main host, Jeff Stelling, replacing Des O'Connor; the duo of Stelling and Riley was in place for the new series beginning in January 2009.[9] Although she had no ambition to be a television presenter, she was encouraged to apply by her mother, and decided to do so because she was interested in the numbers part of the game. Having beaten 1,000 applicants for the role, she commented, "There's only one cool maths job around and I was lucky enough to get it so I'm absolutely thrilled".[9]
Riley takes the role of solving the numbers round so seriously that if she cannot solve it on the show, she takes it away with her to finish, commenting "I'm really OCD about it. I have to get it. I like puzzles – that's what I do, that's why I applied for the job, that's why I used to watch Countdown when I was younger. I like solving stuff." She has attributed this compulsion to a nervy and flustered start in the role which resulted in her making some errors, although she says she has since got the hang of it and the task is now a matter of routine. In contrast, on account of her "really immature sense of humour" she has some difficulty in maintaining her composure during the words round whenever rude words appear.
Riley frequently encounters close media and public scrutiny of what she wears on the show, with her wardrobe choices attracting intense social media comment on Twitter and YouTube and even national headlines. Working with a wardrobe consultant, she obtains most of the clothes from High Street stores, although some are purchased from a small boutique near her home in Southend. While trying to please everybody with varied choices, she nonetheless takes a phlegmatic approach to the attention, commenting, "even with the same outfit you'll get polar-opposite views, so you can't win. You’ve just got to learn that you can't please everyone all of the time". The number of episodes means wearing some outfits more than once is inevitable—she donates items she no longer requires to charity, some being auctioned by her mother.
On 11 January 2019, Riley celebrated 10 years of being on Countdown. To mark the occasion she showcased some of the ruder words that she has come across during her time on the show.[10][11]
8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown
Since it was first broadcast on 2 January 2012, Riley has also performed her Countdown role on the comedy crossover spin-off version, 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown, alongside comedian Jimmy Carr as host. While Countdown is seen as a straight light entertainment show, in explaining the difference between the two, Riley sees Countdown as the role she is happy for her grandmother to see, while Cats Does Countdown is the more risqué, cheeky role which she shows to her friends. Some of the running gags used on the show are made by Carr at Riley's expense, aimed at her lack of dancing ability and a supposed frosty relationship with Vorderman, while in return Riley is often given jokes which mock Carr's supposed desires on herself and his tax avoidance. Due to scheduling conflicts with filming for It's Not Rocket Science, Riley was replaced by Claudia Winkleman for two episodes in series nine (broadcast 3 and 10 March 2016).
Strictly Come Dancing
From September 2013, Riley appeared in the eleventh series of the BBC One ballroom dancing programme Strictly Come Dancing with professional dancing partner Pasha Kovalev. She was eliminated in week 6 of the show, on 3 November, after losing out in the dance-off against Abbey Clancy and Aljaž Škorjanec.
According to Riley she lacked a natural talent for performing, so instead sought to frame each dance as that of a character.[8] For the first five weeks, Riley suffered from stage fright, commenting that "As soon as the music would start, I would have a fuzzy brain and it was like an out-of-body experience"; after seeing a cognitive behavioural therapist she was able to control her breathing, and so was only able to truly enjoy the show for what proved to be her final appearance.[12]
The Gadget Show
From 2013 until 2014, Riley co-presented on the Channel 5 programme The Gadget Show with Jason Bradbury.[13] She presented three series of the show and was later replaced by Amy Williams.[14]
It's Not Rocket Science
In 2016, Riley was part of the three-person presenting team for ITV's six-part series, It's Not Rocket Science, billed by the network as an entertainment series celebrating science.[15] Her co-presenters, Ben Miller and Romesh Ranganathan, similarly had a background in science and maths. Explaining the purpose of the show as popularising science and making it seem less intimidating, she said "It's showing that you can't separate the world of science from the world we live in". She added that while her background is in mathematics, "You can't separate them either. Maths is the language of science." A key part of the show was a weekly challenge where one of the presenters "risked their lives" to prove a scientific theory – in Riley's case she cycled on a tightrope and zip-lined through a ring of fire.
Sky Sports
In August 2016, it was announced that Riley would join Sky Sports to present Friday Night Football alongside her former Countdown co-presenter Jeff Stelling and Fantasy Football Club with Max Rushden and Paul Merson.[16] She left Friday Night Football in 2017.[17]
Personal life
In August 2012, Riley married Jamie Gilbert, whom she had met while they were both studying at the University of Oxford. It was announced in November 2013 that they were separating.[18] The split has been cited as an example of the Strictly curse.[19] She began dating her Strictly dance partner, Pasha Kovalev, soon after the show ended in December 2013.[20] In May 2019, Riley announced that she was pregnant with the couple's first child.[21] In June 2019, Riley and Kovalev married in Las Vegas.[22]
Riley is a keen supporter of Manchester United, like her father (who was originally from Salford, Lancashire).[23][24] In October 2010, Riley presented a programme on the club's television channel, MUTV, featuring a tour of their Trafford Training Centre in Carrington. She has also hosted episodes of An Audience with... on the channel. To mark her 1,000th episode of Countdown (aired on 25 June 2013), United player Ryan Giggs presented her with a signed team shirt, Giggs himself having celebrated his 1,000th game for the club the same year.[24][25] In her appearance as a contestant on the BBC quiz show Celebrity Mastermind, broadcast on 4 January 2012, her specialist subject was a limited (13 year) history of the club; she eventually finished in joint second place.[26][27]
Riley's identifies herself as of Jewish heritage and as an atheist.[5][28] Since 2018, she has campaigned against how the Labour Party has handled allegations of antisemitism.[29][30][31] In September 2018, she said she had been called "Tory, brainwashed and thick" for criticising Jeremy Corbyn over the ongoing antisemitism row, but stated she did not have "any party loyalties".[32] In January 2019, Riley made a speech at a Westminster reception for the Holocaust Educational Trust and addressed what she described as the "hideous abuse" she had received.[33] In February 2019, it was reported that she had been involved in talks to set up a breakaway Labour party.[34][35] In the same month, Riley and fellow campaigner Tracy Ann Oberman instructed a lawyer to take action against 70 individuals for libel or harassment.[36] According to Jewish News, Riley has also been involved in the Stop Funding Fake News campaign which, she says, is aimed at making it "less profitable to spread hate, racism, misogyny, antisemitism, Islamophobia and their bedmates". The campaign has targeted Westmonster, since closed, Canadian site The Rebel Media, the left wing sites, The Canary and Evolve Politics, and other news sites by promoting an advertising boycott.[37]
In July 2019, the Durham Miners' Association called a tweet from Riley "damaging" after she said that playing an Israeli folk song, "Hava Nagila", at the Durham Miners' Gala was “as tasteful as showing Black Panther at a Klan rally.” According to the association, the tune had been played by a community brass band at the gala for many years. They said she had caused "great hurt to good people" with her comments.[38]
Other work
Riley's mathematics background and love of football has seen her assist bookmakers in preparing betting odds for football tournaments; based on her analysis she predicted Chile would win the 2014 FIFA World Cup, despite appreciating fans would see it as an unlikely outcome (Chile was ultimately knocked out in the Round of 16).[8]
Riley has visited schools to enthuse pupils on the "joys of applied maths, quantum mechanics and time travel and so on".[8][12] A blog, written by University of Surrey academic Julia Percival and hosted by The Guardian, which argued that Riley's looks and figure would work against any aim to increase female participation in the sciences, was described by The Daily Telegraph as unfair and a case of Riley being damned if she did and damned if she didn't.[8][39]
In June 2019, Riley was criticised by environmental groups and accused of greenwashing for her promotion of the "future energy solutions" of Shell.
Champions League
The UEFA Champions League (abbreviated as UCL) is an annual club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and contested by top-division European clubs, deciding the best team in Europe. It is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world and the most prestigious club competition in European football, played by the national league champions (and, for some nations, one or more runners-up) of the strongest UEFA national associations.
Introduced in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs' Cup, more commonly known as the European Cup, it was initially a straight knockout tournament open only to the champion club of each national championship. The competition took on its current name in 1992, adding a round-robin group stage and allowing multiple entrants from certain countries.[1] It has since been expanded, and while most of Europe's national leagues can still only enter their champion, the strongest leagues now provide up to five teams.[2][3] Clubs that finish next-in-line in their national league, having not qualified for the Champions League, are eligible for the second-tier UEFA Europa League competition. (Beginning in 2021, UEFA will hold a third-tier competition called UEFA Europa League 2, which will be composed of teams not eligible for the UEFA Europa League.[4])
In its present format, the Champions League begins in late June with a preliminary round, three qualifying rounds and a play-off round, all played over two legs. The six surviving teams enter the group stage, joining 26 teams qualified in advance. The 32 teams are drawn into eight groups of four teams and play each other in a double round-robin system. The eight group winners and eight runners-up proceed to the knockout phase that culminates with the final match in late May or early June.[5] The winner of the Champions League qualifies for the following year's Champions League, the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.[6][7]
The competition has been won by 22 clubs, 12 of which have won it more than once.[8] Real Madrid is the most successful club in the tournament's history, having won it 13 times, including its first five seasons. Liverpool are the reigning champions, having beaten Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 in the 2019 final. Spanish clubs have the highest number of victories (18 wins), followed by England (13 wins) and Italy (12 wins). England has the largest number of winning teams, with five clubs having won the title.
The first pan-European tournament was the Challenge Cup, a competition between clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[9] The Mitropa Cup, a competition modelled after the Challenge Cup, was created in 1927, an idea of Austrian Hugo Meisl, and played between Central European clubs.[10] In 1930, the Coupe des Nations (French: Nations Cup), the first attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe, was played and organised by Swiss club Servette.[11] Held in Geneva, it brought together ten champions from across the continent. The tournament was won by Újpest of Hungary.[11] Latin European nations came together to form the Latin Cup in 1949.[12]
After receiving reports from his journalists over the highly successful Campeonato Sudamericano de Campeones of 1948, Gabriel Hanot, editor of L'Équipe, began proposing the creation of a continent-wide tournament.[13] After Stan Cullis declared Wolverhampton Wanderers "Champions of the World" following a successful run of friendlies in the 1950s, in particular a 3–2 friendly victory against Budapest Honvéd, Hanot finally managed to convince UEFA to put into practice such a tournament.[1] It was conceived in Paris in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs' Cup.[1]
1955–66: Beginnings
The first edition of the European Cup took place during the 1955–56 season.[14][15] Sixteen teams participated: Milan (Italy), AGF Aarhus (Denmark), Anderlecht (Belgium), Djurgården (Sweden), Gwardia Warszawa (Poland), Hibernian (Scotland), Partizan (Yugoslavia), PSV Eindhoven (Netherlands), Rapid Wien (Austria), Real Madrid (Spain), Rot-Weiss Essen (West Germany), Saarbrücken (Saar), Servette (Switzerland), Sporting CP (Portugal), Stade de Reims (France), and Vörös Lobogó (Hungary).[14][15] The first European Cup match took place on 4 September 1955, and ended in a 3–3 draw between Sporting CP and Partizan.[14][15] The first goal in European Cup history was scored by João Baptista Martins of Sporting CP.[14][15] The inaugural final took place at the Parc des Princes between Stade de Reims and Real Madrid.[14][15][16] The Spanish squad came back from behind to win 4–3 thanks to goals from Alfredo Di Stéfano and Marquitos, as well as two goals from Héctor Rial.[
Introduced in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs' Cup, more commonly known as the European Cup, it was initially a straight knockout tournament open only to the champion club of each national championship. The competition took on its current name in 1992, adding a round-robin group stage and allowing multiple entrants from certain countries.[1] It has since been expanded, and while most of Europe's national leagues can still only enter their champion, the strongest leagues now provide up to five teams.[2][3] Clubs that finish next-in-line in their national league, having not qualified for the Champions League, are eligible for the second-tier UEFA Europa League competition. (Beginning in 2021, UEFA will hold a third-tier competition called UEFA Europa League 2, which will be composed of teams not eligible for the UEFA Europa League.[4])
In its present format, the Champions League begins in late June with a preliminary round, three qualifying rounds and a play-off round, all played over two legs. The six surviving teams enter the group stage, joining 26 teams qualified in advance. The 32 teams are drawn into eight groups of four teams and play each other in a double round-robin system. The eight group winners and eight runners-up proceed to the knockout phase that culminates with the final match in late May or early June.[5] The winner of the Champions League qualifies for the following year's Champions League, the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.[6][7]
The competition has been won by 22 clubs, 12 of which have won it more than once.[8] Real Madrid is the most successful club in the tournament's history, having won it 13 times, including its first five seasons. Liverpool are the reigning champions, having beaten Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 in the 2019 final. Spanish clubs have the highest number of victories (18 wins), followed by England (13 wins) and Italy (12 wins). England has the largest number of winning teams, with five clubs having won the title.
The first pan-European tournament was the Challenge Cup, a competition between clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[9] The Mitropa Cup, a competition modelled after the Challenge Cup, was created in 1927, an idea of Austrian Hugo Meisl, and played between Central European clubs.[10] In 1930, the Coupe des Nations (French: Nations Cup), the first attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe, was played and organised by Swiss club Servette.[11] Held in Geneva, it brought together ten champions from across the continent. The tournament was won by Újpest of Hungary.[11] Latin European nations came together to form the Latin Cup in 1949.[12]
After receiving reports from his journalists over the highly successful Campeonato Sudamericano de Campeones of 1948, Gabriel Hanot, editor of L'Équipe, began proposing the creation of a continent-wide tournament.[13] After Stan Cullis declared Wolverhampton Wanderers "Champions of the World" following a successful run of friendlies in the 1950s, in particular a 3–2 friendly victory against Budapest Honvéd, Hanot finally managed to convince UEFA to put into practice such a tournament.[1] It was conceived in Paris in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs' Cup.[1]
1955–66: Beginnings
The first edition of the European Cup took place during the 1955–56 season.[14][15] Sixteen teams participated: Milan (Italy), AGF Aarhus (Denmark), Anderlecht (Belgium), Djurgården (Sweden), Gwardia Warszawa (Poland), Hibernian (Scotland), Partizan (Yugoslavia), PSV Eindhoven (Netherlands), Rapid Wien (Austria), Real Madrid (Spain), Rot-Weiss Essen (West Germany), Saarbrücken (Saar), Servette (Switzerland), Sporting CP (Portugal), Stade de Reims (France), and Vörös Lobogó (Hungary).[14][15] The first European Cup match took place on 4 September 1955, and ended in a 3–3 draw between Sporting CP and Partizan.[14][15] The first goal in European Cup history was scored by João Baptista Martins of Sporting CP.[14][15] The inaugural final took place at the Parc des Princes between Stade de Reims and Real Madrid.[14][15][16] The Spanish squad came back from behind to win 4–3 thanks to goals from Alfredo Di Stéfano and Marquitos, as well as two goals from Héctor Rial.[
RNLI
The Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) is the largest charity that saves lives at sea around the coasts of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, as well as on some inland waterways. There are numerous other lifeboat services operating in the same area.
Founded in 1824 as the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck, the RNLI was granted a Royal Charter in 1860. It is a charity in the UK and in the Republic of Ireland. Queen Elizabeth II is Patron. The RNLI is principally funded by legacies and donations, and most of the members of its lifeboat crews are unpaid volunteers.
The RNLI, whose main base is in Poole, Dorset, has 238 lifeboat stations and operates 444 lifeboats. Crews rescued on average 22 people a day in 2015. RNLI Lifeguards operate on more than 200 beaches. They are paid by local authorities, while the RNLI provides equipment and training. The Institution also operates Flood Rescue Teams (FRT) nationally and internationally (iFRT), the latter prepared to travel to emergencies overseas at short notice.
Considerable effort is put into training and education by the Institution, particularly for young people; more than 6,000 children a week are spoken to by education volunteers about sea and beach safety, and over 800 children a week receive training. The Institution has saved some 140,000 lives since its foundation, at a cost of more than 600 lives lo
Sir William Hillary moved to the Isle of Man in 1808. Being aware of the treacherous nature of the Irish Sea, with many ships being wrecked around the Manx coast, he drew up plans for a national lifeboat service manned by trained crews. Initially he received little response from the Admiralty. However, on appealing to the more philanthropic members of London society, the plans were adopted and, with the help of Member of Parliament Thomas Wilson and former MP and merchant George Hibbert, the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck was founded in 1824. At the age of 60, Sir William took part in the 1830 rescue of the packet St George, which had foundered on Conister Rock at the entrance to Douglas Harbour. He commanded the lifeboat and was washed overboard with others of the lifeboat crew, yet finally everyone aboard the St George was rescued with no loss of life. It was this incident which prompted Sir William to set up a scheme to build The Tower of Refuge on Conister Rock – a project completed in 1832 which stands to this day at the entrance to Douglas Harbour. In 1854 the institution's name changed to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (in 1849 Prince Albert had added his support to the Institution[3]) and the first of the new lifeboats to be built was stationed at Douglas in recognition of the work of Sir William.
In its first year the RNLI raised £10,000, however by 1849, income had dropped to £354.[5] Finding itself in financial difficulties, the RNLI accepted a government subsidy of £2,000, which rose in subsequent years. This lasted until 1869, when the RNLI ceased accepting subsidies – it had found that voluntary donations had fallen by more than the subsidies; in addition, the government's imposition of bureaucracy and regulations were detrimental to the service.[6] It was the loss of 27 lifeboat crew of Southport and St Annes in 1886 that gave new impetus to fundraising and an 1889 appeal raised £10,000. The first Lifeboat Saturday was held in that year.[5]
Wartime
During World War I, lifeboat crews launched 1,808 times, rescuing 5,332 people. With many younger men on active service, the average age of a lifeboatman was over 50. Many launches were to ships that had been torpedoed or struck mines, including naval or merchant vessels on war duty; a notable example was the hospital ship SS Rohilla which foundered in 1914 and was attended by six lifeboats, saving 144 lives over a 50-hour rescue mission.[7]
World War II placed considerable extra demands on the RNLI, particularly in south and east England where the threat of invasion and enemy activity was ever-present,[8] rescuing downed aircrew a frequent occurrence, and the constant danger of mines.[9] During the war 6,376 lives were saved.[10]
Dunkirk evacuation
Main article: Little ships of Dunkirk § RNLI lifeboats at Dunkirk
Nineteen RNLI lifeboats sailed to Dunkirk between 27 May and 4 June 1940 to assist with the Dunkirk evacuation. Lifeboats from Ramsgate and Margate went directly to France with their own crews. The crew of Ramsgate's Prudential (now Trimilia) (ON 697) collected 2,800 troops. Margate's Coxswain, Edward Parker, was awarded a Distinguished Service Medal for his work taking the RNLB Lord Southborough (ON 688) to the beaches. Of the other lifeboats and crews summoned to Dover by the Admiralty, the first arrivals questioned – reasonably in their view – the details of the service, in particular the impracticality of running heavy lifeboats on to the beach, loading them with soldiers, then floating them off. The dispute resulted in the first three crews being sent home. Subsequent lifeboats arriving were commandeered without discussion, much to the disappointment of many lifeboatmen. A later RNLI investigation resulted in the dismissal of two Hythe crew members, who were nevertheless vindicated in one aspect of their criticism, as Hythe's Viscountess Wakefield was run on to the beach and unable to be refloated; she was the only lifeboat to be lost in the operation. Some RNLI crew members stayed in Dover for the emergency to provide repair and refuelling facilities, and after the end of the evacuation most lifeboats returned to their stations with varying levels of damage and continued their lifesaving services.[8][9][11]
Rescues, losses and honours
Rescues and lives saved
The RNLI's lifeboat crews and lifeguards have saved more than 140,000 lives since 1824.[12] The RNLI makes a distinction between people aided and lives saved. There were 8,462 lifeboat launches in 2014, rescuing 8,727 people, including saving 460 lives. Lifeguards helped or rescued 19,353 people. Flood rescuers deployed seven times.[13] In 2015 crews rescued on average 22 people a day.[14]
The biggest rescue in the RNLI's history was on 17 March 1907, when the 12,000 tonne liner SS Suevic hit the Maenheere Reef near Lizard Point in Cornwall. In a strong gale and dense fog, RNLI lifeboat volunteers rescued 456 passengers, including 70 babies. Crews from The Lizard, Cadgwith, Coverack and Porthleven rowed out repeatedly for 16 hours to rescue all of the people on board. Six silver RNLI medals were later awarded, two to Suevic crew members.[15]
Losses
Main article: List of lifeboat disasters in Britain and Ireland
More than 600 people have lost their lives in the RNLI's service;[12] their names are inscribed on the RNLI Memorial sculpture at RNLI HQ, Poole.[16][17]
Honours
More than 2,500 medals have been awarded for bravery: Gold (150), Silver (1,564) and Bronze (793). Bronze medals were awarded from 1917. The obverse of the gold medal carries the motto: "Let not the deep swallow me up", from Psalm 69.[18] The Thanks of the Institution Inscribed on Vellum or a framed Letter of Appreciation may be given for other notable acts, such as those awarded to crews of Aberystwyth Lifeboat Station.[19] The Ralph Glister Award is a monetary award made for the most meritorious service in each year and was inaugurated in 1968.[20][21] The Walter and Elizabeth Groombridge Award is given annually for the most outstanding service by an Atlantic 21 (and successors) lifeboat crew. Established in 1986 as the Walter Groombridge Award in memory of Brighton Lifeboat Station's Administration Officer it was renamed in memory of his wife who died in 1989.[22]
The most decorated lifeboatman was Henry Blogg, coxswain of Cromer for 37 years, with three gold medals and four silver. He also received the George Cross and the British Empire Medal and is known as "The Greatest of all Lifeboatmen".[23] The youngest recipient was Frederick Carter (11) who with Frank Perry (16) was awarded a Silver Medal for a rescue at Weymouth in 1890. Other notable lifeboatmen include Henry Freeman of Whitby, coxswain for 22 years,[24] Robert William Hook (1828–1911), coxswain at Lowestoft from 1853 to 1883 and credited with saving over 600 lives plus two dogs and a cat,[25] Henry "Shrimp" Davies, coxswain of the Cromer Lifeboat with 45 years service[26] and James Haylett, coxswain of Caister-on-Sea.[27] One lifeboat has received an award: for the Daunt lightship rescue in 1936, the RNLB Mary Stanford and her entire crew were decorated (see illustration in history section, above).[28]
Heritage
The RNLI maintains or encourages a number of entities in respect of the history and activity of the Institution along with preserved lifeboats, including:
Historic Lifeboat Collection in Chatham Historic Dockyard with 17 historic vessels.[29]
The Grace Darling Museum opened in 1938 at Bamburgh, commemorating her rescue of the SS Forfarshire.[30] The museum is run by the RNLI.[31]
The Henry Blogg Museum illustrates the history of Cromer's lifeboats, and tells the story of Henry Blogg's most famous rescues.[32]
The Lifeboat Enthusiasts' Society (a branch of the RNLI)[33]
The (independent) Historic Lifeboat Owners Association, promoting the study and preservation of lifeboats.[34]
The RNLI Heritage Trust's collection of historic items at its HQ in Poole, including fine art, model lifeboats, and an archive of historic documents and photographs.[16]
The National Memorial Arboretum has a memorial dedicated to those who have served in the RNLI.[35]
In 2017 Mikron Theatre Company toured a commissioned play In At The Deep End about the RNLI.[36]
Operations
Throughout Great Britain and Ireland, ships in distress, or the public reporting an accident, contact the emergency services by telephone or radio. Calls are redirected to HM Coastguard or the Irish Coast Guard as appropriate, who will coordinate air-sea rescue operations and may call on the RNLI (or independent lifeboats), their own land-based rescue personnel and rescue helicopters to help.[37]
Lifeboat stations
There are 238 RNLI lifeboat stations[38] around the coasts of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. Tower Lifeboat Station on the River Thames in London is the RNLI's busiest, in 2013 rescuing 372 people and saving 25 lives.[39] In 2015 Tower's launches had increased to 465.[14] Five new lifeboat station buildings were completed in 2013.[40]
For public access the RNLI classifies stations as one of three types: Explore, which are normally open all year round and have a shop, Discover, normally open during the summer months and Observe which, because of their location, still welcome visitors but may not be easily accessible.[41]
From time to time the RNLI may close a station; some of these are later reopened by independent services. The history of some former lifeboat stations can be found in Wikipedia articles on the places where those stations were. (See also: List of Lifeboat Disasters in the British Isles for further information on closed stations.)[42]
Founded in 1824 as the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck, the RNLI was granted a Royal Charter in 1860. It is a charity in the UK and in the Republic of Ireland. Queen Elizabeth II is Patron. The RNLI is principally funded by legacies and donations, and most of the members of its lifeboat crews are unpaid volunteers.
The RNLI, whose main base is in Poole, Dorset, has 238 lifeboat stations and operates 444 lifeboats. Crews rescued on average 22 people a day in 2015. RNLI Lifeguards operate on more than 200 beaches. They are paid by local authorities, while the RNLI provides equipment and training. The Institution also operates Flood Rescue Teams (FRT) nationally and internationally (iFRT), the latter prepared to travel to emergencies overseas at short notice.
Considerable effort is put into training and education by the Institution, particularly for young people; more than 6,000 children a week are spoken to by education volunteers about sea and beach safety, and over 800 children a week receive training. The Institution has saved some 140,000 lives since its foundation, at a cost of more than 600 lives lo
Sir William Hillary moved to the Isle of Man in 1808. Being aware of the treacherous nature of the Irish Sea, with many ships being wrecked around the Manx coast, he drew up plans for a national lifeboat service manned by trained crews. Initially he received little response from the Admiralty. However, on appealing to the more philanthropic members of London society, the plans were adopted and, with the help of Member of Parliament Thomas Wilson and former MP and merchant George Hibbert, the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck was founded in 1824. At the age of 60, Sir William took part in the 1830 rescue of the packet St George, which had foundered on Conister Rock at the entrance to Douglas Harbour. He commanded the lifeboat and was washed overboard with others of the lifeboat crew, yet finally everyone aboard the St George was rescued with no loss of life. It was this incident which prompted Sir William to set up a scheme to build The Tower of Refuge on Conister Rock – a project completed in 1832 which stands to this day at the entrance to Douglas Harbour. In 1854 the institution's name changed to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (in 1849 Prince Albert had added his support to the Institution[3]) and the first of the new lifeboats to be built was stationed at Douglas in recognition of the work of Sir William.
In its first year the RNLI raised £10,000, however by 1849, income had dropped to £354.[5] Finding itself in financial difficulties, the RNLI accepted a government subsidy of £2,000, which rose in subsequent years. This lasted until 1869, when the RNLI ceased accepting subsidies – it had found that voluntary donations had fallen by more than the subsidies; in addition, the government's imposition of bureaucracy and regulations were detrimental to the service.[6] It was the loss of 27 lifeboat crew of Southport and St Annes in 1886 that gave new impetus to fundraising and an 1889 appeal raised £10,000. The first Lifeboat Saturday was held in that year.[5]
Wartime
During World War I, lifeboat crews launched 1,808 times, rescuing 5,332 people. With many younger men on active service, the average age of a lifeboatman was over 50. Many launches were to ships that had been torpedoed or struck mines, including naval or merchant vessels on war duty; a notable example was the hospital ship SS Rohilla which foundered in 1914 and was attended by six lifeboats, saving 144 lives over a 50-hour rescue mission.[7]
World War II placed considerable extra demands on the RNLI, particularly in south and east England where the threat of invasion and enemy activity was ever-present,[8] rescuing downed aircrew a frequent occurrence, and the constant danger of mines.[9] During the war 6,376 lives were saved.[10]
Dunkirk evacuation
Main article: Little ships of Dunkirk § RNLI lifeboats at Dunkirk
Nineteen RNLI lifeboats sailed to Dunkirk between 27 May and 4 June 1940 to assist with the Dunkirk evacuation. Lifeboats from Ramsgate and Margate went directly to France with their own crews. The crew of Ramsgate's Prudential (now Trimilia) (ON 697) collected 2,800 troops. Margate's Coxswain, Edward Parker, was awarded a Distinguished Service Medal for his work taking the RNLB Lord Southborough (ON 688) to the beaches. Of the other lifeboats and crews summoned to Dover by the Admiralty, the first arrivals questioned – reasonably in their view – the details of the service, in particular the impracticality of running heavy lifeboats on to the beach, loading them with soldiers, then floating them off. The dispute resulted in the first three crews being sent home. Subsequent lifeboats arriving were commandeered without discussion, much to the disappointment of many lifeboatmen. A later RNLI investigation resulted in the dismissal of two Hythe crew members, who were nevertheless vindicated in one aspect of their criticism, as Hythe's Viscountess Wakefield was run on to the beach and unable to be refloated; she was the only lifeboat to be lost in the operation. Some RNLI crew members stayed in Dover for the emergency to provide repair and refuelling facilities, and after the end of the evacuation most lifeboats returned to their stations with varying levels of damage and continued their lifesaving services.[8][9][11]
Rescues, losses and honours
Rescues and lives saved
The RNLI's lifeboat crews and lifeguards have saved more than 140,000 lives since 1824.[12] The RNLI makes a distinction between people aided and lives saved. There were 8,462 lifeboat launches in 2014, rescuing 8,727 people, including saving 460 lives. Lifeguards helped or rescued 19,353 people. Flood rescuers deployed seven times.[13] In 2015 crews rescued on average 22 people a day.[14]
The biggest rescue in the RNLI's history was on 17 March 1907, when the 12,000 tonne liner SS Suevic hit the Maenheere Reef near Lizard Point in Cornwall. In a strong gale and dense fog, RNLI lifeboat volunteers rescued 456 passengers, including 70 babies. Crews from The Lizard, Cadgwith, Coverack and Porthleven rowed out repeatedly for 16 hours to rescue all of the people on board. Six silver RNLI medals were later awarded, two to Suevic crew members.[15]
Losses
Main article: List of lifeboat disasters in Britain and Ireland
More than 600 people have lost their lives in the RNLI's service;[12] their names are inscribed on the RNLI Memorial sculpture at RNLI HQ, Poole.[16][17]
Honours
More than 2,500 medals have been awarded for bravery: Gold (150), Silver (1,564) and Bronze (793). Bronze medals were awarded from 1917. The obverse of the gold medal carries the motto: "Let not the deep swallow me up", from Psalm 69.[18] The Thanks of the Institution Inscribed on Vellum or a framed Letter of Appreciation may be given for other notable acts, such as those awarded to crews of Aberystwyth Lifeboat Station.[19] The Ralph Glister Award is a monetary award made for the most meritorious service in each year and was inaugurated in 1968.[20][21] The Walter and Elizabeth Groombridge Award is given annually for the most outstanding service by an Atlantic 21 (and successors) lifeboat crew. Established in 1986 as the Walter Groombridge Award in memory of Brighton Lifeboat Station's Administration Officer it was renamed in memory of his wife who died in 1989.[22]
The most decorated lifeboatman was Henry Blogg, coxswain of Cromer for 37 years, with three gold medals and four silver. He also received the George Cross and the British Empire Medal and is known as "The Greatest of all Lifeboatmen".[23] The youngest recipient was Frederick Carter (11) who with Frank Perry (16) was awarded a Silver Medal for a rescue at Weymouth in 1890. Other notable lifeboatmen include Henry Freeman of Whitby, coxswain for 22 years,[24] Robert William Hook (1828–1911), coxswain at Lowestoft from 1853 to 1883 and credited with saving over 600 lives plus two dogs and a cat,[25] Henry "Shrimp" Davies, coxswain of the Cromer Lifeboat with 45 years service[26] and James Haylett, coxswain of Caister-on-Sea.[27] One lifeboat has received an award: for the Daunt lightship rescue in 1936, the RNLB Mary Stanford and her entire crew were decorated (see illustration in history section, above).[28]
Heritage
The RNLI maintains or encourages a number of entities in respect of the history and activity of the Institution along with preserved lifeboats, including:
Historic Lifeboat Collection in Chatham Historic Dockyard with 17 historic vessels.[29]
The Grace Darling Museum opened in 1938 at Bamburgh, commemorating her rescue of the SS Forfarshire.[30] The museum is run by the RNLI.[31]
The Henry Blogg Museum illustrates the history of Cromer's lifeboats, and tells the story of Henry Blogg's most famous rescues.[32]
The Lifeboat Enthusiasts' Society (a branch of the RNLI)[33]
The (independent) Historic Lifeboat Owners Association, promoting the study and preservation of lifeboats.[34]
The RNLI Heritage Trust's collection of historic items at its HQ in Poole, including fine art, model lifeboats, and an archive of historic documents and photographs.[16]
The National Memorial Arboretum has a memorial dedicated to those who have served in the RNLI.[35]
In 2017 Mikron Theatre Company toured a commissioned play In At The Deep End about the RNLI.[36]
Operations
Throughout Great Britain and Ireland, ships in distress, or the public reporting an accident, contact the emergency services by telephone or radio. Calls are redirected to HM Coastguard or the Irish Coast Guard as appropriate, who will coordinate air-sea rescue operations and may call on the RNLI (or independent lifeboats), their own land-based rescue personnel and rescue helicopters to help.[37]
Lifeboat stations
There are 238 RNLI lifeboat stations[38] around the coasts of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. Tower Lifeboat Station on the River Thames in London is the RNLI's busiest, in 2013 rescuing 372 people and saving 25 lives.[39] In 2015 Tower's launches had increased to 465.[14] Five new lifeboat station buildings were completed in 2013.[40]
For public access the RNLI classifies stations as one of three types: Explore, which are normally open all year round and have a shop, Discover, normally open during the summer months and Observe which, because of their location, still welcome visitors but may not be easily accessible.[41]
From time to time the RNLI may close a station; some of these are later reopened by independent services. The history of some former lifeboat stations can be found in Wikipedia articles on the places where those stations were. (See also: List of Lifeboat Disasters in the British Isles for further information on closed stations.)[42]
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