قصة اسماعيل عليه السلام

نسبه عليه السلام

وقد كان للخليل بنون كما ذكرنا، ولكن أشهرهم الأخوان النبيان العظيمان الرسولان أسنهما وأجلهما الذي هو الذبيح على الصحيح: إسماعيل بكر إبراهيم الخليل، من هاجر القبطية المصرية عليها السلام من العظيم الجليل
ومن قال: إن الذبيح هو إسحاق فإنما تلقاه من نقلة بني إسرائيل، الذين بدلوا وحرفوا وأولوا التوراة والإنجيل، وخالفوا ما بأيديهم في هذا من التنزيل.

وقد أثنى الله تعالى عليه ووصفه بالحلم والصبر، وصدق الوعد، والمحافظة على الصلاة والأمر بها لأهله ليقيهم العذاب، مع ما كان يدعو إليه من عبادة رب الأرباب.
قال تعالى: {فَبَشَّرْنَاهُ بِغُلَامٍ حَلِيمٍ * فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ مَعَهُ السَّعْيَ قَالَ يَابُنَيَّ إِنِّي أَرَى فِي الْمَنَامِ أَنِّي أَذْبَحُكَ فَانْظُرْ مَاذَا تَرَى قَالَ يَاأَبَتِ افْعَلْ مَا تُؤْمَرُ سَتَجِدُنِي إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ مِنَ الصَّابِرِينَ}

فطاوع أباه على ما إليه دعاه، ووعده بأن سيصبر، فوفى بذلك بأن سيصبر وصبر على ذلك.


وقال تعالى: {وَاذْكُرْ فِي الْكِتَابِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ إِنَّهُ كَانَ صَادِقَ الْوَعْدِ وَكَانَ رَسُولاً نَبِيّاً * وَكَانَ يَأْمُرُ أَهْلَهُ بِالصَّلَاةِ وَالزَّكَاةِ وَكَانَ عِنْدَ رَبِّهِ مَرْضِيّاً}

وقال تعالى: {وَاذْكُرْ عِبَادَنَا إبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ أُولِي الْأَيْدِي وَالْأَبْصَارِ * إِنَّا أَخْلَصْنَاهُمْ بِخَالِصَةٍ ذِكْرَى الدَّارِ * وَإِنَّهُمْ عِنْدَنَا لَمِنَ الْمُصْطَفَيْنَ الْأَخْيَارِ * وَاذْكُرْ إِسْمَاعِيلَ وَالْيَسَعَ وَذَا الْكِفْلِ وَكُلٌّ مِنَ الْأَخْيَارِ}

وقال تعالى: {وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِدْرِيسَ وَذَا الْكِفْلِ كُلٌّ مِنَ الصَّابِرِينَ * وَأَدْخَلْنَاهُمْ فِي رَحْمَتِنَا إِنَّهُمْ مِنَ الصَّالِحِينَ}

وقال تعالى: {إِنَّا أَوْحَيْنَا إِلَيْكَ كَمَا أَوْحَيْنَا إِلَى نُوحٍ وَالنَّبِيِّينَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ وَأَوْحَيْنَا إِلَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ وَالْأَسْبَاطِ...} الآية

وقال تعالى: {قُولُوا آمَنَّا بِاللَّهِ وَمَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْنَا وَمَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ وَالْأَسْبَاطِ} الأية. ونظيرتها من السورة الأخرى.

وقال تعالى: {أَمْ تَقُولُونَ إِنَّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ وَإِسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ وَالْأَسْبَاطَ كَانُوا هُوداً أَوْ نَصَارَى قُلْ آنْتُمْ أَعْلَمُ أَمِ اللَّهُ} الآية.

فذكر الله عنه كل صفة جميلة، وجعله نبيه ورسوله، وبرأه من كل ما نسب إليه الجاهلون، وأمر بأن يؤمن بما أنزل عليهعباده المؤمنون.
وذكر علماء النسب وأيام الناس، أنه أول من ركب الخيل، وكانت قبل ذلك وحوشاً فأنسها وركبها.

عن عبد الله بن عمر أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال:
((اتخذوا الخيل واعتبقوها فإنها مراث أبيكم إسماعيل)).

وكانت هذه العراب وحشاً، فدعا لها بدعوته التي كان أعطي فأجابته

وإنه أول من تكلم بالعربية الفصيحة البليغة، وكان قد تعلمها من العرب العاربة الذين نزلوا عندهم بمكة، من جرهم والعماليق وأهل اليمن من الأمم المتقدمين من العرب قبل الخليل.

عن محمد بن علي بن الحسين، عن آبائه، عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قال:
((أول من فتق لسانه بالعربية البينة إسماعيل، وهو ابن أربع عشرة سنة)).
فقال له يونس: صدقت يا أبا سيار هكذا أبو جرى حدثني.

وقد تزوج لما شب من العماليق امرأة، فجاء إبراهيم بعد ما تزوج إسماعيل، يطالع تركته فلم يجد إسماعيل،
فسأل امرأته عنه؟
فقالت: خرج يبتغي لنا.
ثم سألها عن عيشهم وهيئتهم؟
فقالت: نحن بشرٍّ نحن في ضيق وشدّةٍ وشكت إليه.
قال: فإذا جاء زوجك فاقرئي عليه السلام وقولي له يغيّر عتبة بابه.

فلما جاء إسماعيل كأنه آنس شيئاً، فقال: هل جاءكم من أحد؟
فقالت: نعم جاءنا شيخ كذا كذا، فسألنا عنك فأخبرته، وسألني كيف عيشنا فأخبرته أنا في جهد وشدة.
قال: فهل أوصاك بشيء؟
قالت: نعم أمرني أن أقرأ عليك السلام، ويقول لك غيّر عتبة بابك.
قال: ذاك أبي وقد أمرني أن أفارقك، فالحقي بأهلك، وطلقها وتزوَّج منهم أخرى،

ولبث عنهم إبراهيم ما شاء الله. ثم أتاهم بعد فلم يجده، فدخل على امرأته فسألها عنه؟
فقالت: خرج يبتغي لنا
قال: كيف أنتم؟ وسألها عن عيشهم وهيئتهم،
فقالت: نحن بخير وسعة، وأثنت على الله عز وجل،
فقال: ما طعامكم؟
قالت: اللحم
قال: فما شرابكم؟
قالت: الماء.
قال اللهم بارك لهم في اللحم والماء.
قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: "ولم يكن لهم يومئذ حب. ولو كان لهم حب لدعا لهم فيه" قال: فهما لا يخلو عليهما أحد بغير مكة إلا لم يوافقاه.
قال: فإذا جاء زوجك فاقرئي عليه السلام ومُريه يثبت عتبة بابه.
فلما جاء إسماعيل قال هل أتاكم من أحد؟
قالت: نعم أتانا شيخ حسن الهيئة، وأثنت عليه، فسألني عنك فأخبرته فسألني كيف عيشنا؟ فأخبرته أنّا بخير.
قال: فأوصاك بشيء؟
قالت: نعم هو يقرأ عليك السلام ويأمرك أن تثبت عتبة بابك.
قال: ذاك أبي وأنت العتبة، أمرني أن أمسكك.

وهي السيدة بنت مضاض بن عمرو الجرهمي.
وقيل: هذه ثالثة فولدت له اثني عشر ولداً ذكراً، وقد سماهم محمد بن إسحاق رحمه الله وهم: نابت، وقيذر، وازبل، وميشى، ومسمع، وماش، ودوصا، وارر، ويطور، ونبش، وطيما، وقذيما.

وكان إسماعيل عليه السلام رسولاً إلى أهل تلك الناحية وما والاها، من قبائل جرهم، والعماليق، وأهل اليمن، صلوات الله وسلامه عليه.


وفاته عليه السلام

ولما حضرته الوفاة أوصى إلى أخيه إسحاق، وزوج ابنته نسمة من ابن أخيه العيص بن إسحاق فولدت له الروم، ويقال لهم: بنو الأصفر لصفرة كانت في العيص. وولدت له اليونان في أحد الأقوال، ومن ولد العيص الأشبان، قيل منهما أيضاً.

ودفن إسماعيل نبي الله بالحجر مع أمه هاجر، وكان عمره يوم مات مائة وسبعاً وثلاثين سنة، وروي عن عمر بن عبد العزيز أنه قال: شكى إسماعيل عليه السلام إلى ربه عز وجل حرَّ مكة، فأوحى الله إليه أني سأفتح لك باباً إلى الجنة إلى الموضع الذي تدفن فيه، تجري عليك روحها إلى يوم القيامة.

"الحاجب المنصور".. قائد المسلمين في الأندلس الذي لم يُهزم

"الحاجب المنصور".. قائد المسلمين في الأندلس الذي لم يُهزم






التاريخ الإسلامي[  ]  حافل بالأعلام والنجوم المتلألئة، الذين ملأواالدنيا[  ]  عدلا، وجاهدوا لتوسيع رقعة الإسلام ورفعة الدين، من هؤلاء محمد بن أبي عامر، أو من يُعرف في التاريخ الإسلامي بالحاجب المنصور.


هو الحاجب المنصور محمد بن عبد الله بن عامر بن أبي عامر بن الوليد بن يزيد بن عبد الملك المعافري، وكان جدُّه عبد الملك المعافري من العرب الفاتحين، الذين دخلواالأندلس[  ]  مع طارق بن زياد رحمه الله، فنزل بالجزيرة الخضراء في جنوب الأندلس، واستقرَّ بها، وكان والد المنصور (عبد الله بن عامر) من أهل الدين والعفاف والزهد في الدنيا والقعود عن السلطان، وقد مات في مدينة طَرَابُلُس الغرب، وهو عائد من أداء فريضةالحج[  ] ، وأمه هي بُرَيْهَة بنت يحيى من قبيلة بني تميم العربية المعروفة.

نشأته رحمه الله:

نشأ محمد بن أبي عامر في هذا البيت نشأة حسنة، وظهرت عليه النجابة منذ نعومة أظفاره، وقد سار على خطى أهله وسَلَك سبيل القضاء؛ فتعلَّم الحديث والأدب، ثم سافر إلى قُرْطُبَة ليُكمل تعليمه.


ابن أبي عامر في قصر الخلافة:

كان ابن أبي عامر ذا طموح كبير وهمة عالية وذكاء وقَّاد، وعمل كاتبًا للقاضي محمد بن إسحاق ابن السليم، الذي رأى من نبوغه ما جعله يوصي به عند الحاجب، جعفر بن عثمان المصحفي، في عهد الخليفة الحكم المستنصر بالله، الذي ولاه وكالة ابنه عبد الرحمن سنة (356هـ).

وقد أُعجب الحكم المستنصر بأخلاق محمد بن أبي عامر، وذكائه ونباهته وحُسن تصرُّفه، كما بهره هذا النبوغ العلمي، الذي يحوزه ذلك الشاب، ولقد كان الحكم كما سبق عالمًا وخبيرًا بالأنساب ومؤرخًا، فلا شَكَّ أن هذا كان من أهم أسباب تقريبه لابن أبي عامر وحبِّه إيَّاه.

توفي عبد الرحمن وهو طفل صغير، ثم ولدت صبح ولدها الثاني هشامًا، فتولَّى وكالته أيضًا ابن أبي عامر سنة (359هـ)، ولم يلبث أن تدرَّج في المناصب العليا، فعُيِّنَ أمينًا لدار السكة، وكُلِّفَ بالنظر على الخزانة العامة وخُطة المواريث، ثم أصبح قاضيًا لإِشْبِيلِيَة ولبلة، ثم عَيَّنه مديرًا للشرطة الوسطى، ثم ولاَّه الأمانات بالعدوة، فاستصلحها واستمال أهلها، ثم عينه الحكم قاضي القضاة في بلاد الشمال الإفريقي، وأمر عماله وقوَّاده هناك، ألا يقطعوا أمرًا إلاَّ بمشورته، ثم عينه الحكم المستنصر ناظرًا على الحشم وهو في مرض موته.

ومن المدهش في أمر محمد بن أبي عامر، أنه لم يتولَّ عملاً إلاَّ وأداره ببراعة وكفاءة، فاقت براعة من سبقوه، رغم أنه دونهم في السنِّ والخبرة، وأنه كانت تزيد عليه المناصب والتكاليف، فيستطيع أن يجمع بينها مهما اختلفت وتكاثرت، ويُبْدي بعد كل هذا مهارة فائقة في الإدارة والتصرف، رغم أن الدولة كانت في عصرها الذهبي؛ أي إن الأعمال كانت في الغاية من التفنن والدقة، وتتطلب خبرة وإتقانًا.


وفاة المستنصر:

بعد وفاة الحكم المستنصر، تولى ولده هشام المؤيد بالله الخلافة، وصفا الحال لحزب هشام المؤيد بالله، وهذا الحزب متمثِّل في الحاجب جعفر المصحفي، وأم الخليفة الصغير صبح البشكنسية، وهي الشخصية القوية في القصر، التي كانت أحب نساء الحكم إليه، وأحظاهن عنده. ثم ابن أبي عامر الشخصية القوية، التي تتولَّى العديد من الأعمال، والتي يتكئ عليها جعفر المصحفي، في كل عمل مهم.


الهجوم على ممالك المسلمين:

وما لبثت الخلافة الجديدة، أن تعرضت في الأندلس لحادث خطير؛ إذ ما أن علم نصارى الشمال بوفاة الحكم المستنصر، وجدوا الفرصة سانحة لنقض كلَّ ما كان بينهم وبينه، من عهود ومواثيق، وشرعوا يُهاجمون الثغور الإسلامية هجمات عنيفة، بغرض الثأر من المسلمين وإضعافهم؛ فلا يجدون فرصة لاستجماع قواهم من جديد، ولا يجد حاكمهم الجديد أيضًا الفرصة لتوطيد مُلكه؛ فيستطيع من بعدُ أن يُوَجِّه لهم الضربات العنيفة، التي اعتادوها في عهد الحكام الأقوياء؛ ومن هنا فقد اشتدَّت هجمات نصارى الشمال، على الثغور الإسلامية، بل وتخطّوها حتى كادت حملاتهم تصل إلى قُرْطُبَة، عاصمة الخلافة الإسلامية في الأندلس.

وكأنَّ ضعف الخليفة الصغير، قد انسحب على رجال الدولة جميعًا، فلم يُقدم أحد على كفاح النصارى وردِّهم، ولا يجدون أحدًا يتقدَّم لهم، كما أن حاجب الخلافة جعفر المصحفي، كان ضعيفا مترددا خائر الرأي، ليس له عزيمة، ولا يدري ماذا يفعل، وهو يجبن عن الخروج لملاقاة العدوِّ، بل بلغ به الأمر بالرغم من قوة الجيش الذي تركه الحكم المستنصر، ووفرة المال والسلاح والعتاد أن أمر أهل قلعة رباح بقطع سدِّ نهرهم، ظنًّا منه أن هذا قد يُنجيهم من ضربات النصارى المتلاحقة، إلا أن ابن أبي عامر استعد لصد هجمات النصارى، والذود عن الخلافة الإسلامية في الأندلس.


بزوغ نجم الحاجب المنصور:

استعدَّ ابن أبي عامر لهذه الغزوة أفضل استعداد، وقاد الجند، وأخذ معه المال، وسار في رجب سنة (366هـ) إلى الشمال، وهرب من أمامه جيش النصاري، ثم استطاع الاستيلاء على حصن الحامة وربضه، وعاد إلى قُرْطُبَة بعد اثنين وخمسين يومًا من خروجه إلى الغزو محملاً بالسبي والغنائم، ففرح الناس بذلك فرحًا عظيمًا، وزاد حبُّهم وتقديرهم له؛ إذ استطاع بشجاعته وإقدامه رفع الذلِّ والعار عنهم، وكذلك أحبه الجنود الذين كانوا معه؛ لِمَا رأوا من كثرة جوده، وكرم عشرته، وشجاعته في الحرب، فأحبوه والتفُّوا حوله، وزاد هو إحسانًا إليهم.

وهكذا انتهت الغزوة الأولى لصالح المسلمين عامة، ولصالح ابن أبي عامر خاصة، ولم تفتر همة ابن أبي عامر بعد هذه الغزوة؛ بل سارع بهمة عالية إلى استغلال آثارها على كافَّة المستويات.


محمد بن أبي عامر وغالب الناصري:

عرف ابن أبي عامر ما في نفس غالب الناصري، حاكم الشمال، من العداوة للمصحفي، وبأنه يرى نفسه فوقه، ويُغضبه أن يكون المصحفي في الحجابة، وفي مراتب الدولة، وهو الذي بلا تاريخ ولا سابقة، فسعى ابن أبي عامر للدفاع عن غالب، عند الخليفة الصغير وأُمِّه، فرُفع بذلك قدره، وأُعطيَ لقب ذي الوزارتين، وأصبح هو وابن أبي عامر المسئولَيْنِ عن الإعداد للصوائف؛ فهو المسئول عن جيش الثغر، وابن أبي عامر المسئول عن جيش الحضرة (أي الجيش المكلف بالدفاع عن قُرْطُبَة)، وفي عيد الفطر من العام نفسه (366هـ)، اتجه ابن أبي عامر بالجيش إلى الشمال، واجتمع ابن أبي عامر بغالب بن عبد الرحمن الناصري في مدينة مجريط (مدريد الآن)، واتجها بالجيش إلى قشتالة، وفتحا حصن مُولَة، وغنموا وسبوا كثيرًا، وكان غالب ورجاله قد أبلوا أحسن البلاء، حتى كانوا سببًا في هذا الفتح.

وكان غالب قد أحب ابن أبي عامر، لما رآه من مواهبه، أو لما رأى من سعيه للدفاع عنه، ورَفْع قدره عند الخليفة وأمه، ودوره في أن يُلَقَّب بذي الوزارتين، أو لما كان من العداوة بينه وبين المصحفي؛ فمن ثَمَّ رأى أن ابن أبي عامر أحق بالحجابة من المصحفي.

أيًّا ما كان الأمر، لسبب مما سبق، أو لكل هذه الأسباب معًا، فلقد توطَّدت العلاقة بين غالب الناصري ومحمد بن أبي عامر، إلى الحدِّ الذي تنازل فيه غالب، عمَّا أبلاه وجنوده في الفتح، فنُسب ذلك كله إلى ابن أبي عامر، فأرسل الرسائل إلى قُرْطُبَة، تُشيد بما كان منه ومن بطولته وجهاده، وعظم الفتح الذي تمَّ على يديه، ثم اتفقا على عزل المصحفي، ذلك الحاجب الضعيف متردِّد الرأي، وقال غالب لمحمد بن أبي عامر: "سيظهر لك بهذا الفتح اسم عظيم وذِكْر جليل، يشغلهم السرور به عن الخوض فيما تُحدثه من قصة، فإيَّاك أن تخرج عن الدار حتى تعزل ابن جعفر عن المدينة وتتقلدها دونه!؛ لأن ابن جعفر المصحفي كان متوليًا لقُرْطُبَة العاصمة، وعَزْل هذا الوالي أول طريق عزل المصحفي عن الحجابة.

عاد ابن أبي عامر إلى قُرْطُبَة، ومعه الغنائم والسبي، فاستمال بهذا الفتح الكبيرِ العامةَ والخاصةَ، وعَرفوا فيه حُسن النقيبة، وبُعدالهمة[  ] ، فما كاد يصل ابن أبي عامر إلى قُرْطُبَة، حتى أمر الخليفة في اليوم نفسه، بعزل محمد بن جعفر المصحفي عن مدينة قُرْطُبَة، وتولية ابن أبي عامر المدينة، فأظهر ابن أبي عامر في حُكم المدينة كفاءة منقطعة النظير.

ولما رأى الحاجب جعفر المصحفي، ما آل إليه أمر ابن أبي عامر من القوة، وما بدا من تضعضع قوته وانحسار نفوذه، بادر إلى استمالة غالب، فخطب ابنة غالب لابنه، وما أن علم ابن أبي عامر بالأمر، حتى أرسل إلى غالب يُناشده العهد، ويخطب ابنة غالب لنفسه، وسانده في ذلك أهل دار الخلافة، فخرج طلب خطبة أسماء إلى ابن أبي عامر من قصر الخلافة في الزهراء، وبهذا كان الميزان  كله في صالح ابن أبي عامر، فوافق غالب على تزويج ابنته أسماء له، وتم عقد القران بالفعل في المحرم سنة (367هـ)، وعندها أيقن المصحفي بالنكبة، وكفَّ عن اعتراض ابن أبي عامر في شيء، وانفضَّ الناس عن المصحفي، وأقبلوا على ابن أبي عامر إلى أن صار المصحفي يغدو إلى قصر قُرْطُبَة ويروح، وهو وحده وليس بيده من الحجابة سوى اسمها.


نهاية جعفر المصحفي:

وبعد أن تمَّ عقد قران ابن أبي عامر على أسماء ابنة غالب، خرج ابن أبي عامر في غزوته الثالثة، فخرج إلى طليطلة في غرَّة صفر 367هـ، واجتمع مع صهره غالب، ونهضا معًا إلى الشمال النصراني، فافتتحا حصن المال، وحصن زنبق، ودخلا مدينة شلمنقة، واستولوا على أرباضها، ثم عاد ابن أبي عامر بالغنائم والسبي، وبعدد كبير من رءوس النصارى، بعد أربعة وثلاثين يومًا من خروجه، فزادت حفاوة الخليفة به، وقلده خُطَّة الوزارتين للتسوية بينه وبين صهره، ورفع راتبه إلى ثمانين دينارًا في الشهر، وهو راتب الحجابة في ذلكالوقت[  ] ، ثم زُفت أسماء بنت غالب إلى محمد بن أبي عامر في ليلة النيروز من قصر الخليفة في عرس لا مثيل له في الأندلس، ثم قلَّده الخليفة خُطَّة الحجابة إلى جانب جعفر المصحفي.

ثم تغيَّر الخليفةُ على جعفر وسخط عليه، وأمر بعزله هو وأولاده وأقاربه عن أعمالهم في الدولة، والقبض عليهم، فسارع محمد بن أبي عامر إلى محاسبتهم، حتى استصفى كل أموالهم، ومزَّقهم كل ممزق، وأيقن جعفر المصحفي بأنه هالك لا محالة، فحاول استرضاء ابن أبي عامر، إلاَّ أن ذلك لم يُجْدِ شيئًا، حتى توفي سنة (372هـ) في سجنه، وقيل: قُتل. وقيل: دست إليه شربة فيها سُمّ.


وفاة الحاجب رحمه الله:

توفي محمد بن أبي عامر أو الحاجب المنصور في 27رمضان[  ]  392 هـ في مدينة سالم، وهو عائد من إحدى غزواته على برغش، التي أصيب فيها بجروح، وكان قد أوصى بأن يدفن حيث مات، كان يشتكي علة النقرس، وقد ترك المنصور من الولد اثنين عبد الملك وعبد الرحمن، غير ابنه عبد الله الذي قتل عام 380 هـ.  وقد بلغت غزواته التي غزاها بنفسه 57 غزوة، لم يهزم في أحدها قط.

Purdue Pharma

Purdue Pharma L.P. is a privately held pharmaceutical company owned principally by descendants of Mortimer and Raymond Sackler.[1][2] In 2007 it paid out one of the largest fines ever levied against a pharmaceutical firm for mislabeling its product OxyContin, and three executives were found guilty of criminal charges. Although the company has shifted its focus to abuse-deterrent formulations, Purdue continues to market and sell opioids, and continues to be involved in lawsuits around the opioid epidemic in the United States. Purdue filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on September 15, 2019 in New York.
History
Purdue Pharma was founded in 1892 by medical doctors John Purdue Gray and George Frederick Bingham in Manhattan as the Purdue Frederick Company.[3]

In 1952, the company was sold to two other medical doctors, Raymond and Mortimer Sackler, who relocated the business to Yonkers, New York. Their older brother, Arthur Sackler, also held a one-third option in Purdue Pharma, which, after his death, was sold to his brothers.[4] In the intervening years the company opened additional offices in New Jersey and Connecticut. The headquarters are in Stamford, Connecticut.

The present-day company, Purdue Pharma L.P., was incorporated in 1991, and focuses on pain management medication, calling itself a "pioneer in developing medications for reducing pain, a principal cause of human suffering". In September 2015, the company's website said it has some 1,700 people on its payroll.[5]

In September 2015, the company announced it would acquire VM Pharma, thereby gaining access to worldwide development and commercial rights to an allosteric selective tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitor program, i.e., the Phase II candidate VM-902A. The deal could generate more than $213 million for VM Pharma.[6]

Structure
The company's branches include Purdue Pharma L.P., The Purdue Frederick Company, Purdue Pharmaceutical Products L.P., and Purdue Products L.P. The company's manufacturing takes place at three sites: Purdue Pharmaceuticals L.P., a plant located in Wilson, North Carolina, the P.F. Laboratories, Inc. in Totowa, New Jersey, and Rhodes Technologies L.P., in Coventry, Rhode Island. Purdue Pharma L.P. also has research labs in Cranbury, New Jersey. OxyContin is currently distributed throughout the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. Distribution takes place from the P.F. Laboratories in Totowa, New Jersey.

Rhodes Pharmaceuticals is a sister company that was established in Rhode Island in 2007. The company is one of the largest producers of off-patent generic opioids in the US.[7]

Sister companies to Purdue that are also controlled by descendants of Mortimer and Raymond Sackler are Napp Pharmaceuticals in the United Kingdom and Mundipharma[8] that are selling opioids globally.

New drugs are being developed under other company names, such as Adlon Therapeutics and Imbrium. Both are based in the same building as their parent company in downtown Stamford, and share employees.[9]

Management
Craig Landau was appointed CEO on June 22, 2017.[10] He joined Purdue Pharma L.P. in 1999 and was chief medical officer and as vice president of R&D innovation, clinical and medical affairs. In 2013, he was appointed president and CEO of Purdue Pharma (Canada).[11]

By 2018, eight members of the Sackler family were listed to be active or former members of the Board of Directors.[12] By early 2019, the Sacklers had left the Purdue Pharma board, leaving none on the panel. Steve Miller became chairman in July 2018, with a current board left of five members.[13]

Controversy
Purdue Pharma makes pain medicines such as hydromorphone, oxycodone, fentanyl, codeine, and hydrocodone. It is widely known for the production of drugs such as MS Contin, Oxycontin, and Ryzolt. In 1972, Contin (a controlled drug-release system) was developed. In 1984, its extended-release formulation of morphine, MS Contin was released. In 1996 its extended-release formulation of oxycodone, OxyContin was released.[5]

The controversy behind the company emerged as a result of the drugs that they made and how they carried high potential for addiction. The most commonly abused medications that the company produces are MS Contin and OxyContin. Both can be abused by crushing, chewing, snorting, or injecting the dissolved product. These ingestion methods create a significant risk to the abuser; they can result in overdose and death. Drug-seeking tactics that addicts undergo to obtain the medication include "doctor shopping", which is visiting a number of different physicians to obtain additional prescriptions and refusal to follow up with appropriate examinations. Along with the high potential for abuse among people without prescriptions, there is also a risk for physical dependency and reduced reaction or drug desensitization for patients that are prescribed them. Nevertheless, strong analgesic drugs remain indispensable to patients suffering from severe acute and cancer pain.[14]

OxyContin, introduced in 1995, was Purdue Pharma's breakthrough palliative for chronic pain. Under a marketing strategy that Arthur Sackler had pioneered decades earlier, the company aggressively pressed doctors to prescribe the drug, wooing them with free trips to pain-management seminars and paid speaking engagements. Sales soared.[15] The drug was marketed as "smooth and sustained pain control all day and all night" when taken on a 12-hour schedule and as having lower abuse potential than immediate-release oxycodone because of its time-release properties, even though there was no scientific evidence backing that conclusion.[16] In these early years, Purdue Pharma was aware of OxyContin abuse, including "reports that the pills were being crushed and snorted; stolen from pharmacies; and that some doctors were being charged with selling prescriptions," according to The New York Times, based on a confidential Justice Department report that was revealed in May 2018. Over a hundred internal company memos between 1997 and 1999 included the words "street value," "crush," or "snort."[17]

At the start of 2000, widespread reports of OxyContin abuse surfaced. The results obtained from a proactive abuse surveillance program called Researched Abused, Diversion, and Addiction-Related Surveillance (RADARS) sponsored by Purdue Pharma L.P. pronounced Oxycontin and hydrocodone the most commonly abused pain medications.[18] In 2012, New England Journal of Medicine published a study that found that "76 percent of those seeking help for heroin addiction began by abusing pharmaceutical narcotics, primarily OxyContin"[19] and drew a direct line between Purdue's marketing of OxyContin and the subsequent heroin epidemic in the U.S.

In 2003, the Drug Enforcement Administration found that Purdue's "aggressive methods" had "very much exacerbated OxyContin's widespread abuse."[20]

A 2016, the Los Angeles Times investigation reported that in many people OxyContin's 12-hour schedule does not adequately control pain, resulting in withdrawal symptoms including intense craving for the drug. The journalists suggested that this problem gives "new insight into why so many people have become addicted." Using Purdue documents and other records, they claim that Purdue was aware of this problem even before the drug went to market but "held fast to the claim of 12-hour relief, in part to protect its revenue [because] OxyContin's market dominance and its high price — up to hundreds of dollars per bottle — hinge on its 12-hour duration."[21]

OxyContin became a blockbuster drug. "Between 1995 and 2001, OxyContin brought in $2.8 billion in revenue for Purdue Pharma."[22] Cumulative revenues had increased to US$31 billion by 2016[21] and US$35 billion by 2017.[23] According to a 2017 article in The New Yorker, Purdue Pharma is "owned by one of America's richest families, with a collective net worth of thirteen billion dollars".[23] In response to this and other journalism, photographer Nan Goldin launched the organization P.A.I.N., to pressure museums and other cultural institutions to divest from Sackler Family philanthropy.[24]

In 2018, Purdue Pharma patented a new form of buprenorphine, which controls cravings and is used to treat addiction to opioids such as OxyContin.[25]

Oxycontin-related lawsuits
Purdue has been involved in measures against prescription drug abuse, particularly of Oxycontin, an addiction-causing prescription drug which is among the drugs most commonly cited in connection with overdose deaths. In 2001, Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal issued a statement urging Purdue to take action regarding abuse of Oxycontin; he did note that while Purdue seemed sincere, there was little action being taken beyond "cosmetic and symbolic steps."[26] After Purdue announced plans to reformulate the drug, Blumenthal noted that this would take time and that "Purdue Pharma has a moral, if not legal obligation to take effective steps and address addiction and abuse even as it works to reformulate the drug."[27]

In 2004, the West Virginia Attorney General sued Purdue for reimbursement of "excessive prescription costs" paid by the state. Saying that patients were taking more of the drug than they had been prescribed because the effects of the drug wore off hours before the 12-hour schedule, the state charged Purdue with deceptive marketing. In his ruling the trial judge wrote: "Plaintiff's evidence shows Purdue could have tested the safety and efficacy of OxyContin at eight hours, and could have amended their label, but did not." The case never went to trial; Purdue agreed to settle by paying the state US$10 million (equivalent to approximately $13M in 2018) for programs to discourage drug abuse, with all the evidence remaining under seal and confidential.[21]

In May 2007, the company pleaded guilty to misleading the public about Oxycontin's risk of addiction and agreed to pay $600 million (equivalent to approximately $725M in 2018) in one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in U.S. history. The company's president (Michael Friedman), top lawyer (Howard R. Udell) and former chief medical officer (Paul D. Goldenheim) pleaded guilty as individuals to misbranding charges, a criminal violation and agreed to pay a total of US$34.5 million in fines.[28][29] Friedman, Udell and Goldenheim agreed to pay US$19 million, US$8 million and US$7.5 million, respectively. In addition three top executives were charged with a felony and sentenced to 400 hours of community service in drug treatment programs.[30]

On October 4, 2007, Kentucky officials sued Purdue because of widespread Oxycontin abuse in Appalachia. A lawsuit filed by Kentucky then-Attorney General Greg Stumbo and Pike County officials demanded millions in compensation.[31] Eight years later, on December 23, 2015, Kentucky settled with Purdue for $24 million.[32]

In January 2017, the city of Everett, Washington sued Purdue based on increased costs for the city from the use of oxycontin as well as Purdue not intervening when they noted odd patterns of sale of their product, per agreement in the 2007 suit noted above. The allegations include not following legal agreements to track suspicious excess ordering or potential black market usage. False clinics created by unscrupulous doctors using homeless individuals as 'patients' to purchase oxycontin, then sell to the citizens of Everett was the factual basis of the suit.[33][34][35]

The blackmarket sale of the drug out of legal pharmacies based in Los Angeles with distributions points in Everett is also part of the experience of the city. No intervention was made by Purdue to contact the DEA for years despite knowing of the practice and the overuse and sale of their product. The suit is asking for a yet to be determined reimbursement related to costs of policing, housing, health care, rehabilitation, criminal justice system, park and recreations department, as well as to the loss of life or compromised quality of life of the citizens of Everett directly.[33][34][35]

In May 2018, six states — Florida, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Tennessee and Texas — filed lawsuits charging deceptive marketing practices, adding to 16 previously filed lawsuits by other U.S. states and Puerto Rico.[36][37] By January 2019, 36 states were suing Purdue Pharma. Massachusetts attorney general Maura Healey complains in her lawsuit that eight members of the Sackler family are "personally responsible" for the deception. She alleges they "micromanaged" a "deceptive sales campaign."[38]

In March 2019, Purdue Pharma reached a $270m settlement in a lawsuit,[39] filed by Oklahoma, which claimed its opioids contributed to the deaths of thousands of people.[40][41]

In August 2019, Purdue Pharma and the Sackler family were in negotiations to settle the claims for a payment of $10-$12 billion. [42] The settlement would include a Chapter 11 filing by Purdue Pharma, which would be restructured as public beneficiary trust and the Sackler Family would give up any ownership in the company. Addiction treatment drugs currently developed by the company would be given to the public cost-free. All profits of Purdue would henceforth go to the plaintiffs in the case. On top, the Sackler family would contribute $3 billion in cash. The family would also sell Mundipharma and contribute another $1.5 billion from the sales proceeds to the settlement. However, the Sackler family would remain a billionaire family and would not be criminally charged for contributing to the opioid crisis.[43]

Many states are refusing the terms of the settlement and are vowing to pursue further litigation to recover additional money, much of it alleged to be hidden offshore. Whether or not a state has chosen to settle has mostly fallen along party lines, with Republican-led states choosing to settle.[44] not long after with the knowledge of more lawsuits Purdue Pharma has filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy according to Bloomberg.[45]

Bankruptcy
In mid-September 2019, Purdue filed for bankruptcy in White Plains, New York. It was only a few days after reaching a tentative settlement with state and local governments that were suing the company over the cost of the opioid epidemic to the public good

Hurricane Humberto

The name Humberto has been used for five tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean. The name, which is the Spanish and Portuguese variant of Humbert, replaced Hugo, which was retired after the 1989 season.

Hurricane Humberto (1995) – reached Category 2 Strength but remained in open sea.
Hurricane Humberto (2001) – passed near Bermuda but caused no damage.
Hurricane Humberto (2007) – rapidly forming storm which struck the U.S. state of Texas as a strong Category 1 hurricane, causing one death and $50 million in damage.
Hurricane Humberto (2013) – reached Category 1 strength in the eastern Atlantic after briefly affecting the Cape Verde Islands; tied the record for the latest-forming first hurricane of any season since 1941, and the first of only two hurricanes in the 2013 season.
Hurricane Humberto (2019) – currently active.

روبرت دي نيرو

روبرت ماريو دي نيرو الابن (بالإنجليزية: Robert Mario De Niro Jr) ممثل ومخرج ومنتج أمريكي من أصول إيطالية ولد في مدينة نيويورك في 17 أغسطس 1943. يعتبر أحد أفضل الممثلين في تاريخ السينما الأمريكية على مر العصور. حصل على جائزة الأوسكار مرتين، الأولى كأفضل ممثل ثانوي عام 1974 عن دور فيتو كورليوني الشاب في الجزء الثاني من فيلم العراب، والثانية كأفضل ممثل رئيسي عن فيلم الثور الهائج عام 1980.
بدايته
ولد دي نيرو في مدينة نيويورك، وهو ابن روبرت دي نيرو الأب، وهو رسام ونحات وشاعر من أصل إيطالي. والدته تدعى فرجينيا أدميرال، وقد كانت تعمل كرسامة أيضاً. قدم ماريو دي نيرو وزوجته صوفيا من إيطاليا، وهما جدا والد روبيرت، في بداية القرن العشرين إلى أمريكا. تلقى تعليمه الابتدائي في مدرسة ليتل ريد، وكان رفاقه يلقبونه بـ"bobby milk" بسبب جسمه النحيف وملامحه الناعمة وثم أدخلته والدته مدرسة الموسيقى والفنون الثانوية بولاية نيويورك. طرد منها وهو في عمر الثلاثة عشرة. حينما بلغ من العمر 18 سافر إلى باريس.

مشواره الفني
في عام 1963، حينما كان يبلغ من العمر 20 سنة، قام دي نيرو بأول دور سينمائي له مع براين دي بالما في فيلم "عقد القران"، الفيلم الذي صدر عام 1969. في الستينات كانت معظم أعماله في المسرح. حصل على دور ثانوي في فيلم فرنسي اسمه "ثلاث غرف في مانهاتن" عام 1965، وظهر بعد ذلك في أول فيلم بعد الاتحاد مع دي بالما عام 1968 في فيلم "التحيات"، ومرة أخرى في فيلم "مرحباً والدتي" عام 1970.

حصل على شعبية كبيرة بعد تأديته لدور لاعب بيسبول في دوري البيسبول الأمريكي، في فيلم "اضرب الطبل ببطئ" عام 1973. في نفس العام بدأ بعمل ناجح آخر بالتعاون مع سكورسيز حينما أدى دور "جوني بوي" و"تشارلي" في فيلم "الشوارع الوضيعة". تلى ذلك العديد من الأعمال الناجحة مثل "سائق التاكسي" (1976)، و"نيويورك، نيويورك" (1977)، و"الثور الهائج" (1980)، و"ملك الكوميديا" (1983)، و"غودفيلاز" (1990)، و"رأس الخوف" (1991)، و"كازينو" (1995).

في عام 1974 لعب دي نيرو دور شخصية "دون فيتو كورليوني" في مرحلة الشباب في فيلم العراب الجزء الثاني لفرانسيس فورد كوبولا. حصل لهذا الدور على جائزته الأكاديمية الأولى لأفضل ممثل مساعد. في عام 1976 ظهر دي نيرو مع جيرارد ديبارديو في فيلم "1900" الذي يسمى أيضاً "نوفيتشينتو".

في عام 1978 لعب الممثل دور "مايكل فرونسكي" في فيلم "صائد الغزلان" حول حرب فيتنام. كما ظهر في دور ملحوظ بفيلم سيرجيو ليون "حدث ذات مرة في أمريكا"، حيث مثل دور مجرم يهودي يدعى "ديفيد آرونسون" عام 1984. بعد ذلك قام بالعديد من الأفلام الأخرى الناجحة أبرزها: "اعترافات حقيقية" (1981)، و"الوقوع في الغرام" (1984)، و"البرازيل" (1985)، و"المهمة" (1986)، و"المنبوذون" (1987)، و"الحرارة" (1995)، و"رونن" (1998)، و"حلل هذا" (1999)، و"التق بالوالدين" (2000)

Robert De Niro

Robert Anthony De Niro Jr. (/də ˈnɪəroʊ/, Italian: [de ˈniːro]; born August 17, 1943) is an American actor, producer, and director. He is a recipient of numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, AFI Life Achievement Award, Presidential Medal of Freedom, and has been nominated for six BAFTA Awards, four Primetime Emmy Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards.

De Niro was cast as the young Vito Corleone in the 1974 film The Godfather Part II, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. His longtime collaboration with director Martin Scorsese earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Jake LaMotta in the 1980 film Raging Bull.

De Niro's first major film roles were in the sports drama Bang the Drum Slowly (1973) and Scorsese's crime film Mean Streets (1973). He earned Academy Award nominations for the psychological thrillers Taxi Driver (1976) and Cape Fear (1991), both directed by Scorsese. De Niro received additional nominations for Michael Cimino's Vietnam war drama The Deer Hunter (1978), Penny Marshall's drama Awakenings (1990), and David O. Russell's romantic comedy-drama Silver Linings Playbook (2012). His portrayal of gangster Jimmy Conway in Scorsese's crime film Goodfellas (1990), and his role as Rupert Pupkin in the black comedy film The King of Comedy (1983), earned him BAFTA Award nominations.[1]

De Niro has earned four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, for his work in the musical drama New York, New York (1977), the action comedy Midnight Run (1988), the gangster comedy Analyze This (1999), and the comedy Meet the Parents (2000). Other notable performances include roles in 1900 (1976), The Last Tycoon (1976), Once Upon a Time in America (1984), Brazil (1985), The Mission (1986), The Untouchables (1987), Heat (1995), Casino (1995), Ronin (1998), and Joker (2019). He has directed and starred in films such as the crime drama A Bronx Tale (1993) and the spy film The Good Shepherd (2006).

Early life
Robert Anthony De Niro Jr.[2] was born on August 17, 1943, in the Manhattan borough of New York City, the only child of painters Virginia Admiral and Robert De Niro Sr.[3] He is of Irish and Italian descent on his father's side,[4] while his mother had Dutch, English, French, and German ancestry.[5]

De Niro's parents, who had met at the painting classes of Hans Hofmann in Provincetown, Massachusetts, divorced when he was two years old after his father announced that he was gay.[6] De Niro was raised by his mother in the Greenwich Village and Little Italy areas of Manhattan. His father lived within walking distance and De Niro spent much time with him as he grew up.[7] His mother was raised Presbyterian but became an atheist as an adult, while his father had been a lapsed Catholic since the age of 12.[6][8] Against his parents' wishes, his grandparents had him secretly baptized into the Catholic Church while he was staying with them during his parents' divorce.[6][8]

De Niro attended PS 41, a public elementary school in Manhattan, through the sixth grade. He then went to Elisabeth Irwin High School, the private upper school of the Little Red School House, for the seventh and eighth grades.[9] He was accepted into the High School of Music and Art for the ninth grade, but only attended for a short time before transferring to a public junior high school, IS 71, Charles Evan Hughes Junior High School.[10] De Niro began high school at the private McBurney School[11] and later attended the private Rhodes Preparatory School,[12] although he graduated from neither.[13] Nicknamed "Bobby Milk" for his pallor, De Niro hung out with a group of street kids as a youth in Little Italy, some of whom have remained his lifelong friends.[14] His stage debut was at age 10, when he played the Cowardly Lion in a school production of The Wizard of Oz.[15][16] Along with finding relief from shyness through performing, he was also fixated by cinema, and he dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue acting.[14] He studied acting at HB Studio,[17] the Stella Adler Conservatory, as well as Lee Strasberg's Actors Studio.[13]

Career
Acting and filmmaking
De Niro's first film role came at the age of 20, when he appeared in Brian De Palma's 1963 film The Wedding Party, but the film was not released until 1969. He then appeared in Roger Corman's film Bloody Mama (1970). He gained popular attention with his role as a dying Major League Baseball player in Bang the Drum Slowly (1973), and began his collaboration with Martin Scorsese when he played the small-time criminal Johnny Boy in Mean Streets (1973).[15]

De Niro had a pivotal role in the Francis Ford Coppola film The Godfather Part II (1974), playing the young Vito Corleone. Coppola had remembered his previous auditions for the roles of Sonny Corleone, Michael Corleone, Carlo Rizzi, and Paulie Gatto in The Godfather. His performance earned him his first Academy Award, for Best Supporting Actor; Coppola accepted the award as De Niro was not present at the ceremony. De Niro became the first actor to win an Academy Award speaking mainly a foreign language; in this case, several Sicilian dialects,[15] though he delivered a few lines in English. He and Marlon Brando, who played the older Vito Corleone in the first film, are the only actors to have won Oscars for portraying the same fictional character.[18] After working with Scorsese in Mean Streets, De Niro went on to have a successful working relationship with him in films such as Taxi Driver (1976), New York, New York (1977), Raging Bull (1980), The King of Comedy (1982), Goodfellas (1990), Cape Fear (1991), and Casino (1995). They also acted together in Guilty by Suspicion (1991), and provided their voices for the animated feature Shark Tale (2004). Taxi Driver was particularly important to De Niro's career. His iconic performance as Travis Bickle catapulted him to stardom and forever linked his name with Bickle's famous "You talkin' to me?" monologue, which De Niro largely improvised.[19] The role of Bickle earned him his first Academy Award Nomination for Best Actor. His portrayal of Jake LaMotta in Raging Bull was lauded, as well as his interpretation of Max Cady in Cape Fear.
In 1976, De Niro appeared in 1900, Bernardo Bertolucci's biographical exploration of life in Italy before World War II, seen through the eyes of two Italian childhood friends at the opposite sides of society's hierarchy. He also starred in The Last Tycoon (1976), directed by Elia Kazan. Kazan recalls that De Niro "would do almost anything to succeed," and noted that he cut his weight down from 170 to 128 pounds for the role in this film. Kazan adds that De Niro "is one of a select number of actors I've directed who work hard at their trade, and the only one who asked to rehearse on Sundays. Most of the others play tennis. Bobby and I would go over the scenes to be shot. Bobby is more meticulous... he's very imaginative. He's very precise. He figures everything out both inside and outside. He has good emotion. He's a character actor: everything he does he calculates. In a good way, but he calculates."[23]:766 Kazan developed and used those personality traits for his character in the film.[23]:766 And though the film did poorly at the box office, reviewers praised De Niro's acting. Film critic Marie Brenner wrote that "for De Niro, it is a role that surpasses even his brilliant and daring portrayal of Vito Corleone in The Godfather Part II... his performance deserves to be compared with the very finest"
De Niro played Michael Vronsky in the acclaimed Vietnam War film The Deer Hunter (1978), for which he was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role. Fearing he had become typecast in mob roles, he began expanding into occasional comedic roles in the mid-1980s and had much success there as well, with such films as Brazil (1985), Midnight Run (1988), Analyze This (1999), Meet the Parents (2000), and Meet the Fockers (2004). Other films include True Confessions (1981), Falling in Love (1984), Once Upon a Time in America (1984), The Mission (1986), Angel Heart (1987), The Untouchables (1987), Goodfellas (1990), Awakenings (1990), Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994), Heat (1995), The Fan (1996), Sleepers (1996), Wag the Dog (1997), Jackie Brown (1997), Ronin (1998) and Flawless (1999).

In 1987, De Niro was the President of the Jury at the 15th Moscow International Film Festival.[25] He appeared in This Boy's Life (1993). Around this time, he was offered the role of the psychotic assassin Mitch Leary in In the Line of Fire opposite Clint Eastwood (1993). However, due to scheduling conflicts with his directorial debut A Bronx Tale (1993), he gave up the role to John Malkovich, who later received an Academy Award nomination for it. In A Bronx Tale, which De Niro agreed to direct after seeing the screenwriter's one-man off-Broadway play, he played a bus driver who struggles to keep his son away from a local mobster. At the 20th Moscow International Film Festival in 1997, he was awarded an Honorable Prize for contribution to cinema.[26]

De Niro would reference In the Line of Fire, along with Dirty Harry (1971) and Magnum Force (1973), two more of Eastwood's films, in Righteous Kill (2008). He also appeared in the crime drama Cop Land (1997). He starred in the police action-thriller Heat (1995), along with fellow actor and long-time friend, Al Pacino. The duo drew much attention from fans, as both have generally been compared throughout their careers. Though Pacino and De Niro both starred in The Godfather Part II (1974), they shared no screen time. They once again appeared together in Righteous Kill (2008).[27]

De Niro played Master Chief Billy Sunday in the biographical film Men of Honor (2000), based on the life of Carl Brashear, the first African American to become a U.S. Navy Master Diver. That same year, he starred in the comedy Meet the Parents opposite Ben Stiller as Jack Byrnes, a former CIA operative who takes a dislike to Stiller's character. He also hosted 9/11 (2002), a documentary about the 9/11 attacks, shown on CBS and focusing on video footage made by Jules and Gedeon Naudet that showed the role of firefighters following the attacks. Also that same year, he starred in the action comedy Showtime opposite Eddie Murphy. In the movie, he and Murphy play cops assigned to work together in a TV show while trying to bring down an arms dealer; the movie was a critical and box office failure. He reprised his role as Jack Byrnes in Meet the Fockers (2004) and was featured in Stardust (2007). All of the films were successful at the box office.
De Niro had to turn down a role in The Departed (2006) due to commitments with preparing The Good Shepherd (2006). He said: "I wanted to. I wish I could've been able to, but I was preparing The Good Shepherd so much that I couldn't take the time to. I was trying to figure a way to do it while I was preparing. It just didn't seem possible."[28] In June 2006, it was announced that De Niro had donated his film archive (including scripts, costumes, and props) to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin. On April 27, 2009, it was announced that the De Niro collection at the Ransom Center was open to researchers and the public. De Niro directed and starred in The Good Shepherd (2006). The film reunited him onscreen with Joe Pesci, with whom he had starred in Raging Bull, Goodfellas, A Bronx Tale, Once Upon a Time in America, and Casino. De Niro announced that he would appear in the film version of the BBC crime series Edge of Darkness in 2010. However, just after he arrived to begin shooting, De Niro left the film due to creative differences.[29] He was replaced by Ray Winstone.[30] He appeared as Senator John McLaughlin in the action film Machete (2010), and starred in the thriller Stone (2010). He again reprised his role as Jack Byrnes in Little Fockers (2010). He appeared in the action film Killer Elite (2011), Limitless (2011) and the romantic comedy film New Year's Eve (2011).[31][32]

De Niro starred in the film Manuale d'amore 3 (2011).[33] In January 2011, CBS picked up De Niro's crime pilot, NYC 22 (originally titled Rookies), but it was canceled after airing only four episodes.[34] In 2011, De Niro was the President of the Jury for the 64th Cannes Film Festival.[35] In 2012, he starred in the films Silver Linings Playbook, Freelancers, Red Lights, and Being Flynn. He received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Silver Linings Playbook.[36]

In July 2018 it was announced that De Niro would appear in Todd Phillips' 2019 film Joker, an original story based on the Batman comic book supervillain The Joker, who would be played by Joaquin Phoenix.[37]

De Niro is set to reunite with Martin Scorsese in the Netflix film The Irishman based on the book I Know You Paint Houses by Charles Brandt.[38] Al Pacino, Harvey Keitel, Joe Pesci, Bobby Cannavale, Anna Paquin, and Ray Romano are set to star in the film. The film's teaser trailer was released during the 91st Academy Awards.

Commercial ventures
De Niro's capital ventures have included co-founding the film studio TriBeCa Productions, the Tribeca Film Festival, the restaurants Nobu and Tribeca Grill (which he co-owns with Broadway producer Stewart F. Lane),[39] the Greenwich Hotel (located in Tribeca),[40] and the restaurant inside the hotel, Locanda Verde (run by executive chef and co-owner Andrew Carmellini).[41] In August 2019, De Niro's film production company Canal Productions filed a $6 million lawsuit against a former employee for breaching her fiduciary duties and violating New York's faithless servant doctrine by embezzling money and binge-watching Netflix at work, including watching 55 episodes of Friends in four days
Filmography
Main article: Robert De Niro filmography
Selected filmography:

Bang the Drum Slowly (1973)
Mean Streets (1973)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
Taxi Driver (1976)
1900 (1976)
The Last Tycoon (1976)
New York, New York (1977)
The Deer Hunter (1978)
Raging Bull (1980)
The King of Comedy (1983)
Once Upon a Time in America (1984)
Falling in Love (1984)
Brazil (1985)
The Mission (1986)
The Untouchables (1987)
Angel Heart (1987)
Midnight Run (1988)
Awakenings (1990)
Goodfellas (1990)
Cape Fear (1991)
Backdraft (1991)
Mad Dog and Glory (1993)
This Boys Life (1993)
A Bronx Tale (1993)
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1993)
Casino (1995)
Heat (1995)
The Fan (1996)
Sleepers (1996)
Marvins Room (1996)
Jackie Brown (1997)
Wag the Dog (1997)
Great Expectations (1998)
Ronin (1998)
Flawless (1999)
Analyze This (1999)
Meet the Parents (2000)
The Score (2001)
De Niro studied with Stella Adler, from whom he learned about the techniques of the Stanislavski system. The technique encouraged him to explore both internal and external aspects to fully realize the character being portrayed. He is praised for his commitment to roles; he gained 60 lb (27 kg) and learned how to box for his role as Jake LaMotta in Raging Bull,[15] ground his teeth down for Cape Fear, lived in Sicily for The Godfather Part II, worked as a cab driver for a few weeks for Taxi Driver,[51] and learned to play the saxophone for New York, New York. He again put on weight for his performance as Al Capone in The Untouchables.[52]

De Niro's brand of acting includes employing whatever extreme tactic he feels is necessary to elicit the best performance from those with whom he is working. During the filming of The King of Comedy, he directed a slew of anti-Semitic epithets at co-star Jerry Lewis to enhance and authenticate the anger demonstrated by Lewis' character. According to People magazine, the technique was successful, with Lewis recalling, "I forgot the cameras were there... I was going for Bobby's throat."[53]

Personal life
Family
De Niro married his first wife, Diahnne Abbott, in 1976. They have a son, Raphael, a former actor who works in New York real estate.[54] De Niro also adopted Abbott's daughter Drena De Niro from a previous relationship. They divorced in 1988. De Niro has twin sons, Julian and Aaron,[55] conceived by in vitro fertilization and delivered by a surrogate mother in 1995, from a long relationship with former model Toukie Smith.[56]

In 1997, De Niro married his second wife, actress Grace Hightower.[57] Their son, Elliot, was born in 1998 and the couple split in 1999. The divorce was never finalized and in 2004 they renewed their vows.[57] In December 2011, their daughter was born via surrogate.[58] In addition to his six children, De Niro has four grandchildren; his daughter, Drena, has one child, and his son, Raphael, has three.[59][60][61] In November 2018, it was reported De Niro and Hightower had separated after 20 years of marriage.[62]

In October 2003, his spokesman announced that De Niro had been diagnosed with prostate cancer. He underwent surgery at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in December 2003.[63]

De Niro announced on March 25, 2016, that his son, Elliot, has autism and explained his interest in its causes and treatment.[64]

Properties
De Niro, who has long resided in New York City, has been investing in Manhattan's Tribeca neighborhood since 1989. He has residences on the east and west sides of Manhattan. He also has a 32-hectare (78-acre) estate in Gardiner, New York, which serves as his primary residence.[65]

He is a stakeholder in Paradise Found Nobu Resort, a company planning to build a luxury resort on the island of Barbuda.[66]

Tribeca Grill
Tribeca Grill is a New American restaurant located at 375 Greenwich Street (at Franklin Street) in Tribeca, Manhattan, in New York City, co-owned by Robert De Niro, Drew Nieporent and Lou Diamond Phillips, among others. It opened in 1990. The Executive Chef is Scott Burnett. The "large mahogany bar is from the Maxwell's Plum restaurant."

Legal issues
During a film shoot in France in February 1998, De Niro was questioned as a witness about the Bourgeois prostitution ring.[67] De Niro denied any involvement,[68] later filing a complaint.[69] Despite saying at the time that he would not return to France, he later filmed there and presided over the jury at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.[70]

In 2006, the trust that owns De Niro's Gardiner estate sued the town to have its property tax assessment reduced, arguing that, at $6 million, it was too high and should be compared only with similar properties in Ulster County, where Gardiner is located. The town, which had been comparing its value to similar estates in Dutchess County, across the Hudson River, and Connecticut's Litchfield County, east of Dutchess, where many other wealthy New York City residents maintain estates on large properties, won in State Supreme Court.[71] But in 2014, the trust's lawyers appealed the decision and the town was unsure if it should continue to defend the suit because of its own financial limitations (it would have earned far less in payments on the increased taxes than it had spent in legal bills). This has made many residents, who initially sympathized with De Niro, angry, and some proposed to raise money privately to help the town continue the suit.[65]

A local newspaper's report on the continued dispute was picked up by The New York Times and made international news. "When he read about it on Election Day, he went bananas," due to the negative publicity, said Gardiner town councilman Wiegand. He had apparently been unaware that the trust had filed the lawsuit. Its accountants took the blame, citing their fiduciary duty. A short time later, his lawyer met with town officials, at De Niro's direction, and offered them withdrawal of the suit and $129,000 in reimbursement for the town's legal bills, paid by the accounting firm.[72] "[He] made it very clear that De Niro didn't want to screw the town, that he didn't know about any of it and that he wanted it settled as quickly as possible," Wiegand said.[73]

Political activism
In 1998, he lobbied Congress against impeaching President Bill Clinton.[74]

While promoting the film The Good Shepherd with co-star Matt Damon on the December 8, 2006, episode of Hardball with Chris Matthews at George Mason University, De Niro was asked whom he would like to see as President of the United States. De Niro responded, "Well, I think of two people: Hillary Clinton and Obama."[75] On February 4, 2008, De Niro supported Obama at a rally at the Izod Center in New Jersey before Super Tuesday.[76]

In 2012, De Niro joined the anti-fracking campaign Artists Against Fracking.[77]

During the 2016 presidential campaign, De Niro was an outspoken critic of then-Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump, calling him "so blatantly stupid" and stating, "He wants to punch people in the face?! I'd like to punch him in the face." This was in reference to the similar desire Trump expressed towards protestors at one of his rallies.[78]

On June 10, 2018, while introducing a performance by Bruce Springsteen of his song "My Hometown" at the 72nd Tony Awards, De Niro brought the audience to a standing ovation with this denunciation of President Trump:

I'm gonna say one thing. Fuck Trump. It's no longer "down with Trump". It's "fuck Trump".[79][80][81]

A day later, in front of a crowd in Toronto, he apologized to Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau for Trump's "idiotic behavior".[82] He has said that Trump is a racist, and that like many white liberals he was “naive” about Obama's two election wins and their implication of a post-racial America. "I felt we were on a new thing. I didn't realise how against him certain people were – racially against him, offended that he was there."[83]

De Niro initially supported the inclusion of the controversial documentary about an alleged vaccination coverup, Vaxxed, at the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival.[84][85][86] He explained that his interest in the film resulted from his family experience with an autistic son.[85] De Niro withdrew his recommendation "after reviewing it ... with the Tribeca Film Festival team and others from the scientific community".[85][87] He said he was pressured by some festival filmmakers to remove Vaxxed from the festival lineup. He also said that he intends to be a part of the conversation about vaccines and autism in the future.[88]

Religious views
De Niro was raised by an atheist mother and a lapsed Catholic father who left the Catholic Church at age 12.[6][8] His grandparents had him secretly baptized Catholic, and his grandmother was the main advocate of Catholicism in the family.[89] He refuses to be asked about religion in interviews.[citation needed]

When asked why he would not play Jesus Christ in Martin Scorsese's 1988 film The Last Temptation of Christ, he explained on at least two different occasions:

Last Temptation was something I was never interested in doing. But I did tell [Scorsese], "If you really have a problem, if you really want to do it, and you need me, I'll do it. If you're against the wall and have no other way, I'll do it as a friend.[6][8] [...] I was not interested in playing Christ. It's like playing Hamlet. I just didn't want to do it. Marty and I talked about it. We do things with each other because we like to work together, but also for our separate reasons. I have mine as an actor, he has his as a director. That's the best way.[8]

In addition, De Niro has played a number of Catholic characters in his movies, including a Catholic penitent in the 1986 film The Mission.

Citizenship
De Niro received an Italian passport in 2006. His Italian citizenship was granted by the Italian government despite strong opposition by the Sons of Italy, who believe that De Niro damaged the public image of Italians by portraying criminals.

Prix Gémeaux 2019

es prix Gémeaux sont des récompenses télévisuelles décernées par l'Académie canadienne du cinéma et de la télévision depuis 1987 et distinguant l'excellence de la télévision francophone au Canada.

Les prix Gemini1, créés un an auparavant, récompensant les productions anglophones du Canada, il est apparu judicieux de faire le pendant avec les œuvres francophones. Au fil des années, cet événement est devenu un important moyen pour faire reconnaître les productions de la télévision francophone à travers le Canada.

Depuis 2008, la remise des prix – qui a compté jusqu'à 89 catégories – se fait lors de trois cérémonies distinctes (Soirée des artisans et du documentaire, Avant-première et Gala) espacés de quelques jours, le dernier étant retransmis en direct depuis Montréal. La statuette, commune avec les Gemini, est l’œuvre du sculpteur Scott Thornley.

En mai 2012, les prix Gemini fusionnent avec les prix Génie (Genie Awards) récompensant le cinéma canadien (anglo- et francophone) pour donner les prix Écrans canadiens (Canadian Screen Awards). Les prix Gémeaux conservent leur indépendance.

Pour la trentième cérémonie de remise des Gémeaux, il est annoncé 110 catégories représentées au gala 2015.
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Meilleur montage : documentaire, affaires publiques, reportage, biographie - série
Meilleur montage : dramatique
Meilleur montage : émission documentaire ou série d’information
Meilleur montage : humour, variétés toutes catégories
Meilleur montage : humour, variétés, arts de la scène
Meilleur montage : magazine
Meilleur montage : série documentaire ou d’information
Meilleur son
Meilleur son : documentaire, affaires publiques, biographie
Meilleur son : documentaire, affaires publiques, reportage, biographie
Meilleur son : dramatique
Meilleur son : humour, variétés toutes catégories
Meilleur son : humour, variétés, arts de la scène, talk-show
Meilleur son : magazine, affaires publiques, documentaire toutes catégories
Meilleur son d’ensemble : documentaire ou d’information
Meilleur son d’ensemble : dramatique
Meilleur son d’ensemble : toutes catégories documentaires, variétés, humour ou arts de la scène
Meilleur son d’ensemble : toutes catégories variétés, humour, arts de la scène ou documentaire des arts
Meilleurs décors
Meilleurs décors : toutes catégories
Meilleurs décors : toutes catégories dramatiques
Meilleurs décors : toutes catégories variétés, magazines, affaires publiques, sports
Meilleure création de costumes
Meilleurs maquillages et coiffures
Meilleurs maquillages / coiffures : toutes catégories
Meilleurs maquillages : toutes catégories
Meilleure musique originale
Meilleure musique originale : documentaire
Meilleure musique originale : dramatique
Meilleure musique originale pour l’ensemble d’une émission ou d’une série : toutes catégories
Meilleure musique originale pour une émission ou une série : dramatiques ou documentaires
Meilleure musique originale pour une émission ou une série : toutes catégories autres que dramatiques ou documentaires
Meilleur thème musical : toutes catégories
Meilleur thème musical original : toutes catégories
Meilleure direction musicale
Meilleure infographie
Meilleure équipe de reportage
Interprétations
Meilleur premier rôle
Meilleure interprétation premier rôle : comédie de situation, spécial ou série humoristique – de 2001 à 2002
Meilleur premier rôle masculin
Meilleure interprétation premier rôle masculin : dramatique – depuis 1987
Meilleure interprétation premier rôle masculin : série dramatique ou de comédie – de 1988 à 1990
Meilleure interprétation premier rôle masculin : téléroman – depuis 1991
Meilleure interprétation premier rôle masculin : comédie – depuis 2004
Meilleure interprétation premier rôle masculin : téléroman, comédie – en 2003
Meilleur premier rôle féminin
Meilleure interprétation premier rôle féminin : dramatique – depuis 1987
Meilleure interprétation premier rôle féminin : série dramatique ou de comédie – de 1988 à 1990
Meilleure interprétation premier rôle féminin : téléroman – depuis 1991
Meilleure interprétation premier rôle féminin : comédie – depuis 2004
Meilleure interprétation premier rôle féminin : téléroman, comédie – en 2003
Meilleure interprétation premier rôle : jeunesse – depuis 2001
Meilleur rôle de soutien
Meilleur rôle de soutien masculin
Meilleure interprétation rôle de soutien masculin : dramatique – depuis 1987
Meilleure interprétation masculine dans un rôle de soutien : téléroman, comédie de situation ou humour – de 1998 à 2002
Meilleure interprétation rôle de soutien masculin : téléroman, comédie – en 2003
Meilleure interprétation rôle de soutien masculin : comédie – depuis 2004
Meilleure interprétation rôle de soutien masculin : téléroman – depuis 2004
Meilleur rôle de soutien féminin
Meilleure interprétation rôle de soutien féminin : dramatique – depuis 1987
Meilleure interprétation féminine dans un rôle de soutien : téléroman, comédie de situation ou humour – de 1998 à 2002
Meilleure interprétation rôle de soutien féminin : téléroman, comédie – en 2003
Meilleure interprétation rôle de soutien féminin : comédie – depuis 2004
Meilleure interprétation rôle de soutien féminin : téléroman – depuis 2004
Meilleure interprétation rôle de soutien : jeunesse – depuis 2001
Meilleure interprétation pour une émission d'humour ou de variétés – de 1987 à 1989
Meilleure interprétation pour un spécial ou une série humoristique – de 1990 à 2000
Meilleure interprétation : humour – depuis 2003
Meilleure interprétation pour une émission ou une série jeunesse – de 1991 à 2000
Meilleure animation
Meilleure animation : affaires publiques, magazine d’intérêt social – depuis 2011
Meilleure animation : émission ou série culturelle, à caractère social ou de services – de 1989 à 2000
Meilleure animation : émission ou série d’entrevues ou talk-show – depuis 2008
Meilleure animation : émission ou série d’information – de 1987 à 2002
Meilleure animation : affaires publiques – de 2003 à 2010
Meilleure animation : jeunesse – depuis 1987
Meilleure animation : magazine – de 2003 à 2010
Meilleure animation : magazine à caractère social – de 2001 à 2002
Meilleure animation : magazine culturel – de 2001 à 2002
Meilleure animation : magazine de services – de 2001 à 2002
Meilleure animation : magazine de services, culturel – depuis 2011
Meilleure animation : série ou spécial de variétés – de 1988 à 1999
Meilleure animation : sports – de 1987 à 2009
Meilleure animation : sports ou loisirs – depuis 2010
Meilleure animation : jeu – de 2001 à 2002
Meilleure animation : toutes catégories jeu, variétés et humour – en 2000
Meilleure animation : variétés ou humour – de 2001 à 2002
Meilleure animation : variétés, jeu, humour, talk-show, télé-réalité – de 2003 à 2007
Meilleure animation : humour, série ou spécial de variétés, jeu, télé-réalité – depuis 2008
Meilleur animateur-intervieweur : émission ou série de variétés ou d’information – en 1988
Meilleure entrevue – de 1996 à 2002
Meilleur reporter-journaliste – de 1987 à 1990
Internet et nouveaux médias
Meilleur site Web pour une émission ou série : affaires publiques, documentaire, magazine ou sport – depuis 2008
Meilleur site Web pour une émission ou série : dramatique, humour, variétés ou animation – de 2008 à 2010
Meilleur site Web pour une émission ou série : dramatique – depuis 2011
Meilleur site Web pour une émission ou série : humour variétés – depuis 2011
Meilleur site Web pour une émission ou série : jeunesse – depuis 2008
Meilleure émission ou série originale développée pour les nouveaux médias – en 2008
Meilleure émission ou série originale interactive produite pour les nouveaux médias : toutes catégories – depuis 2011
Meilleure émission ou série originale produite pour les nouveaux médias : affaires publiques, documentaire, magazine ou sport – depuis 2009
Meilleure émission ou série originale produite pour les nouveaux médias : dramatique, humour, variétés ou animation – de 2009 à 2010
Meilleure émission ou série originale produite pour les nouveaux médias : dramatique, comédie – depuis 2011
Meilleure émission ou série originale produite pour les nouveaux médias : humour, variétés – depuis 2011
Meilleure émission ou série originale produite pour les nouveaux médias : jeunesse – depuis 2011
Récompenses spéciales
Grand Prix de l'Académie – depuis 1989
Prix Jean-Besré – depuis 2003
Prix Gémeaux de la Diversité – depuis 2009
Prix Gémeaux du public – de 1995 à 2007
Prix Gémeaux du public Desjardins – depuis 2008
Prix Gémeaux spécial de l'Académie – de 1996 à 2000
Prix Gémeaux Profil – de 1987 à 1988
Prix Gémeaux de l'Innovation en télévision – en 1992 et 2000
Prix Gémeaux du meilleur site web – de 2001 à 2007
Prix Gémeaux de la Francophonie – en 2000
Prix Gémeaux du multiculturalisme – de 1988 à 2008