Naegleria fowleri

Naegleria fowleri, conocida coloquialmente como ameba comecerebros, es un ameboflagelado aeróbico de vida libre patogénica típica de aguas dulces templadas y estancadas como lagos, lagunas, estanques, piscinas, aguas termales y canales de riego. Es un parásito facultativo, que puede sobrevivir tanto fuera como dentro de un huésped, que puede producir la meningoencefalitis amebiana en los seres humanos, por lo cual se la conoce coloquialmente como «ameba comecerebros». Pertenece al filo Percolozoa y puede encontrarse en forma de trofozoíto (activo) o quiste (vegetativo). El trofozoíto puede cambiar de la forma ameboide a una temporalmente flagelada a unos 25-34 ºC.
Morfología
Naegleria es un protozoario ameboflagelado de ADN circular. En su ciclo de vida se pueden observar tres etapas: trofozoíto, flagelado y quiste.

En su primera etapa, la de trofozoíto o ameboide, su aspecto es cilíndrico, irregular y alargado, con uno de sus extremos ancho y el otro romo; en la porción anterior forma un área contráctil (pseudopodo) que comprime su citoplasma promoviendo la locomoción. Su núcleo contiene un endosoma central grande y en el citoplasma se observan abundantes gránulos. Mide de 10 a 20 μm y es la fase en la que puede reproducirse por fisión binaria, especialmente a temperaturas cálidas, alrededor de 43 ºC.

Cuando Naegleria es diluida naturalmente por acción de agua de lluvia, o en laboratorio con una solución baja en iones (agua destilada), rápidamente se transforma en su segunda etapa, la de flagelado. Su morfología es piriforme con dos flagelos largos en la porción más ancha, con los que se mueve formando círculos. La forma trofozoíto de Naegleria tiene que haber creado centríolos, que servirán como cuerpos basales de estos flagelos. No se reproduce y puede permanecer en ese estado durante un máximo de dos días, después de los cuales pierde sus flagelos y vuelve a su forma ameboide. Algunas especies de Naegleria nunca desarrollan la forma flagelada.

Cuando el ambiente es desfavorable, el trofozoíto puede transformarse en el tercer estado, un quiste esférico de 15 a 35 μm de diámetro que presenta una doble pared con dos o tres poros, por lo que puede resistir el ambiente hostil. Tiene un gran nucléolo rodeado de una especie de halo, sin cromatina visible (a diferencia del trofozoíto, que sí la tiene), y el citoplasma presenta granulaciones irregulares en tamaño.

Epidemiología
Naegleria tiene una distribución universal. Se han descrito en el medio ambiente, proliferando en aguas frescas, suelos, alcantarillado, lodo de aguas residuales, aguas de piscinas, arena, frotis faríngeos y nasales. También se han aislado del aire contaminado con polvo. Esta especie es termofílica y tolera temperaturas de 40-45 ºC, a diferencia de otras especies no patógenas.

Hasta el año 1998 se habían descrito más de 344 casos, de los cuales 86 proceden de los Estados Unidos. Se ha encontrado en Nueva Zelanda, Nueva Guinea, España, Australia, Checoslovaquia, Bélgica y la India.

En Latinoamérica se han registrado casos en Brasil, Colombia, Venezuela, Perú, Chile; en Argentina en febrero de 2018, se detectó el caso mortal de un niño. En México se han señalado varios casos de menigoencefalitis amebiana primaria (MAP); en ese país se confirmó en 1990 el primer brote de MAP en el que se aisló N. fowleri de los pacientes.

Mecanismo de transmisión
El protozoo se transmite a las personas que se bañan en aguas contaminadas: lagos, piscinas, embalses, corrientes termales, manantiales. En algunos casos, la ameba puede penetrar a través de la lámina cribosa del etmoides y alcanzar el cerebro y las meninges, causando graves cuadros de necrosis e inflamación. Observaciones experimentales inducen a pensar que la infección por Naegleria se contrae por penetración de los microorganismos a través de la nariz o a través del neuroepitelio olfatorio. Naegleria se ha mostrado resistente al agua poco clorada; de allí el riesgo de infección en las piscinas.

Meningoencefalitis amebiana primaria
La meningoencefalitis amebiana primaria es una enfermedad aguda y rápidamente mortal que se produce en niños o adultos jóvenes previamente sanos que refieren el antecedente epidemiológico de haber nadado o buceado en piscinas climatizadas o lagos artificiales poco tiempo antes, si bien se han descrito algunos casos de meningoencefalitis amebiana sin este antecedente. N. fowleri penetra por la cavidad nasal, por inhalación de polvo o aspiración de agua o aerosoles que contienen trofozoítos o quistes. La lesión primaria se produce en el neuroepitelio olfatorio, cuyas células fagocitan la N. fowleri, que de esta manera penetra a través de los nervios olfatorios al cerebro. El período de incubación oscila entre un día y dos semanas. El inicio de los síntomas es brusco y la enfermedad es fatal. Los síntomas principales son cefalea, anosmia, fiebre (que suele ser superior a los 40 ºC), obstrucción nasal, náuseas y vómitos en escopetazo. El cuadro progresa rápidamente a coma. Puede haber síntomas propios de encefalitis (delirio, agitación, desorientación, estupor, parálisis, midriasis, crisis de apnea, parosmia, augesia, hipotermia). La muerte se produce a la semana del inicio de los síntomas por paro cardiorrespiratorio y edema pulmonar.

Patogenia
La patología que produce en humanos se conoce como meningoencefalitis amebiana primaria (MAP). El parásito primero entra por la mucosa nasal, donde se reproduce abundantemente en forma de trofozoítos, y mediante la acción de enzimas y productos citotóxicos, origina congestión nasal, fiebre, focos hemorrágicos y necrosis. Invade la mucosa olfatoria, el plexo y el nervio olfatorios, atraviesa la lámina cribosa del hueso etmoides y llega al espacio subaracnoideo. Puede luego irse situando en el sistema nervioso central (cerebro, meninges) produciendo necrosis de los bulbos olfatorios. En poco tiempo provoca dolor de cabeza, náuseas, vómitos, anorexia, alteraciones sensoriales, fotofobia, síntomas de irritación meníngea y coma, y sigue evolucionando hasta causar la muerte por paro cardíaco después de unas 72 horas tras la aparición de los síntomas.

A pesar de que los casos de meningoencefalitis amebiana se presentan en niños y jóvenes aparentemente sanos, se contempla la idea de que existen factores tanto de resistencia como de susceptibilidad a la infección por amebas de vida libre; sin embargo, este aspecto no está bien estudiado.

Diagnóstico
Para el diagnóstico o valoración post mortem, se debe recurrir a un examen del líquido cefalorraquídeo con técnicas inmunológicas o tinciones de Giemsa o Wright, observándose el citoplasma de los trofozoítos de color azul y el núcleo, de color rosa. El líquido cefalorraquídeo se muestra turbio (purulento), sin bacterias, y con niveles de glucorraquia(nivel de glucosa presente) altos, además de proteinorraquia baja, lo que indica la posibilidad de una virosis o parasitosis.

N. fowleri puede crecer en varios medios líquidos axénicos o placas con pocos nutrientes con bacterias. Se toma una muestra de las aguas contaminadas, se somete a centrifugación y se cultiva con Escherichia coli en agar-agar. Tras varios días ya se pueden detectar quistes de Naegleria, cuya determinación final puede hacerse con varios métodos moleculares o bioquímicos. [1],

Como el tratamiento precoz es fundamental para maximizar las posibilidades de supervivencia, también se suele recurrir al diagnóstico etiológico, mediante la búsqueda al microscopio de la ameba en el líquido cefalorraquídeo y su posterior identificación, ya que difiere bastante de la otra ameba parásita que podemos encontrar en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (del género Acanthamoeba), tanto en clínica como al microscopio. Las infecciones por Naegleria siguen un curso fulminante mientras que las acantamebiasis son de curso lento y poseen menor capacidad infectiva, limitándose la mayor parte de casos a la población inmunodeprimida.

Tratamiento
Normalmente se emplea una droga antiparasitaria llamada miltefosina para tratar a los pacientes. En 2013, este medicamento salvó dos vidas. La niña de diez años que sobrevivió a la ameba en España también fue tratada con antiparasitarios, ya que en estos casos no sirven los antibióticos. (https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lifestyle/que-es-ameba-come-cerebros-como-podes-nid2182538)

No se conoce un tratamiento eficaz, cuando existen lesiones cerebrales, el pronóstico es malo, con una mortalidad cercana al 100%. Se puede tratar con diferentes antibióticos como la anfotericina B por vía endovenosa e intratecal, junto con miconazol por vía endovenosa e intratecal y rifampicina oral o endovenosa. Otra posibilidad es la asociación entre anfotericina B, rifampicina y doxiciclina.

El índice de supervivencia ronda el 2%. De los 300 casos conocidos, solo 7 han sobrevivido.[cita requerida]

Según datos del Centro de Control y Prevención de Enfermedades de Estados Unidos, solo ha sobrevivido una persona de las 128 infectadas por este organismo en el país entre 1962 y 2012.1​

Estudios realizados
El Departamento de Microbiología en la Universidad de Medicina de Ohio, Estados Unidos, ha mostrado[¿cuándo?] la efectividad de la miltefosina y la clorpromazina para combatir N. fowleri, pues actualmente solo se dispone de la anfotericina B como tratamiento, a pesar de su gran toxicidad y sus efectos adversos en los órganos del paciente.[cita requerida]

Miscelánea
Naegleria fowleri aparece en el episodio 21 de la segunda temporada de Dr. House.
Es mencionada en un episodio de la primera temporada de The X-Files.
Es mencionada y se describe un caso en el programa Dr. G Medical Examiner (Dra. G).
Es conocida como la «ameba asesina» o «ameba comecerebros».
Aparece en el capítulo 6 de Parásitos asesinos.
Aparece en el capítulo 13 de la primera temporada de The Resident.
Bibliografía
Beaver PC, Jung RC, Cupp EW. Parasitología Clínica. 2.ª edición. México, DF: Salvat; 1994.
Botero D, Restrepo M. Parasitosis humanas. 3.ª Edición. Medellín, Colombia: Corporación para investigaciones biológicas; 1998.
García Rodríguez JA, Picazo JJ. Microbiología Médica. Barcelona: Mosby; 1997.
García SL. Diagnostic medical parasitology. 4th edition. Washington, D.C: ASM Press; 2001.
Caruzo G, Cardozo J. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: a new case from Venezuela. Trop Doct 2009; 38(4): 256-257.

نادي ليفربول

نادي ليفربول لكرة القدم (بالإنجليزية: Liverpool Football Club) وغالباً ما يعرف اختصاراً باسم ليفربول (بالإنجليزية: Liverpool) هو نادي كرة قدم إنجليزي محترف، تأسس بتاريخ 15 مارس 1892، بمدينة ليفربول، في إقليم الميرسيسايد بإنجلترا، على يد رجل الأعمال الإنجليزي جون هولدينغ. يَشتَهر الفريق بألوانه الحمراء، لهذا يكنى بلقب "الريدز" (بالإنجليزية: The Reds) (بالعربية: الُحمرْ). ويلعب الفريق حاليّاً في الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز.

نادي ليفربول حصد 12 لقباً على مستوى القارة الأوروبية، حيث فاز بألقاب أوروبية أكثر من أي نادي إنجليزي آخر، بعدما حقق لقب دوري أبطال أوروبا 6 مرات آخرها عام 2019 ، متأخراً عن ريال مدريد بسبعة ألقاب و عن إيه سي ميلان بلقب واحد ، وفاز بلقب كأس الإتحاد الأوروبي 3 مرات، وفاز أيضاً بلقب كأس السوبر الأوروبي 4 مرات. أما من ناحية التصنيف الأوربي فيحتل المرتبة 42 على مستوى الفرق الأوروبية، وفقاً لتصنيف الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم، معتمدا على النتائج التي حققها في المسابقات الأوروبية في السنوات الخمس الأخيرة.

محلياً، ليفربول هو ثاني أكثر الأندية الإنجليزية فوزاً بلقب الدوري بـ18 بطولة متأخراً عن مانشستر يونايتد ببطولتين الذي فاز بلقب بالدوري 20 مرة. أيضاً حصل ليفربول على بطولة دوري لانكشاير وحيدة في عام 1892، وفاز بلقب الدوري الدرجة الثانية 4 مرات. أما على مستوى الكؤوس فقد حصد الفريق على 15 لقباً في درع الاتحاد الإنجليزي، و 7 ألقاب في كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي، و 8 ألقاب في كأس الرابطة الإنجليزية. ليصبح بذلك مجموع بطولاته المحلية حوالي 54 لقباً. بعد تأسيس النادي ليفربول في عام 1892، شارك في دوري كرة القدم في السنة التي تلتها. وتعتبر الفترة الأكثر نجاحاً لليفربول كانت في السبعينات و الثمانينات، عندما قاد بيل شانكلي وبوب بيزلي النادي لتحقيق أحد عشر لقب دوري و سبع كؤوس أوربية. ليفربول لديه منافسات طويلة مع جاره إيفرتون ومانشستر يونايتد. يلعب الفريق بالملابس الحمراء منذ عام 1964 عندما غيّر بيل شانكلي ملابس الفريق من القميص الأحمر و السروال الأبيض إلى اللون الأحمر. نشيد النادي هو "لن تسير لوحدك أبدا" والتي يقوم الجمهور بغنائها قبل بداية كل مباراة على أرضه. يلعب النادي في ملعبه الأنفيلد منذ تأسيسه.

يلعب نادي ليفربول كل مبارياته الرسمية في ملعب الأنفيلد (بالإنجليزية: Anfield)، والذي يتسع لحضور 54,074 متفرج. يعتبر نادي إيفرتون الغريم التاريخي لنادي ليفربول، حيث يجمع بينهما مباراة ديربي شهيرة تعرف بديربي الميرسيسايد، والذي يمثل ديربي بين أفضل فريقين في مدينة ليفربول. من جهة أخرى، يعتبر نادي مانشستر يونايتد العدو اللدود لنادي ليفربول، فتلك المواجهات تعتبر من أهم المنافسات الرياضية في كرة القدم الإنجليزية، حيث تجمع أكثر ناديي تحقيقاً للألقاب، حيث حقق مانشستر يونايتد 62، بينما حقق ليفربول 59 بطولة، وقيل عنها أنها "المباراة الأكثر شهرة في كرة القدم الإنجليزية". جماهير النادي كانت طرف في كارثتين، الأولى كانت كارثة ملعب هيسل في عام 1985، عندما انهار جدار تحت ضغط الجمهور الهاربين في ملعب هيسل، نتيجة لأعمال شغب قبل بداية مباراة نهائي كأس الأندية الأوروبية البطلة 1985 بين نادي ليفربول الإنجليزي ونادي يوفنتوس الإيطالي. مما تسبب في وفاة 39 شخصاً وإصابة 600 شخصاً. أما الثانية فكانت كارثة هيلزبره في عام 1989 في ملعب هيلسيبرة، ملعب نادي شيفيلد وينزداي، خلال مباراة كرة قدم بين نوتينغهام فورست و نادي ليفربول ضمن الدور قبل النهائي من بطولة كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي لكرة القدم. مما تسبب في وفاة 96 شخصاً وإصابة العديد من الأشخاص.

اقتصادياً، وبحسب تقرير مجلة فوربس المعروف باسم قائمة فوربس لأغنى أندية كرة القدم في العالم، يُعتبر نادي ليفربول عاشر أغنى نادي في العالم، الخامس في إنجلترا، حيث بلغت قيمته السوقية في عام 2014، 691 مليون دولار أمريكي. أيضا يحتل النادي المركز الثامن في ترتيب قائمة أغلى 10 علامات في كرة القدم بقيمه تبلغ 280 مليون يورو. والنادي المركز الثاني عشر في إحصائية السنوية المعروفة باسم قائمة لأغنى أندية كرة القدم في العالم التي تنشرها شركة ديلويت توش توهماتسو، بعدما بلغ قيمة دخل النادي حوالي 240.6 مليون يورو. منذ 15 أكتوبر 2010، أصبح النادي ملكاً لمجموعة فينواي الرياضية، بعدما اشترت ملكية النادي مقابل 300 مليون جنيه إسترليني £. ومن ناحية أخرى يُعتبر نادي ليفربول عضواً مؤسساً في مجموعة جي-14 للأندية القيادية الأوروبية، التي تم إلغاؤها حاليّا واستبدلت برابطة الأندية الأوروبية.
تأسس نادي ليفربول لكرة القدم بعد خلاف بين إدارة نادي إيفرتون ورئيس النادي ومالك أرض الأنفيلد جون هولدينغ. بعد ثمان سنوات في الملعب انتفل نادي إيفرتون إلى الغوديسون بارك في 1892 وأسس جون هولدينغ نادي ليفربول ليلعب على أرض الأنفيلد. في البداية سمي النادي "نادي إيفرتون لكرة القدم والأراضي الرياضية المحدودة (بالإنجليزية: Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd)" أو إيفرتون الرياضي اختصاراً. تغير اسم النادي إلى ليفربول لكرة القدم (بالإنجليزية: Liverpool F.C.) بعد رفض اتحاد كرة القدم الاعتراف باسم إيفرتون. الفريق فاز بدوري لانكشر في أول موسم، وانضم لدوري كرة القدم الدرجة الثانية في موسم 1893–94. بعد أن أنها الموسم في المركز الأول انتفل النادي إلى الدرجة الأولى، التي فاز بها في 1901 ومرة أخرى في 1906.

وصل ليفربول لنهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي لأول مرة في 1914، وخسر 1-0 من نادي بيرنلي. فاز ليفربول ببطولة الدوري على التوالي في 1922 و 1923، لكن لم يفز بأي بطولة أخرى حتى موسم 1946-1947، عندما فاز النادي ببطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى للمرة الخامسة تحت قيادة لاعب وست هام يونايتد السابق جورج كاي. تعرض ليفربول لخسارة ثانية في نهائي كأس الاتحاد في 1950 من نادي أرسنال. هبط النادي للدرجة الثانية في موسم 1953-1954. بعد فترة وجيزة خسر ليفربول من نادي وورسستر سيتي الذي لا يلعب في دوري في كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي، وعين بيل شانكلي مدرباً. عند وصوله سرح 24 لاعباً وحول غرفة تخزين أحذية في الأنفيلد إلى غرفة يجتمع فيها المدربون ويناقشون الإستراتيجية، هنا بدأ شانكلي بالاجتماع مع أعضاء "غرفة الأحذية" الآخرون جوي فاغان وروبن بينيت وبوب بيزلي في تشكيل الفريق.
صعد النادي للدرجة الأولى مرة أخرى عام 1962 وفاز بها في 1964، لأول مرة في 17 سنة. في 1965، فاز النادي بكأس الإتحاد الإنجليزي لأول مرة. في 1966، فاز النادي بالدرجة الأولى لكن خسر لصالح بروسيا دورتموند في نهائي كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي للأندية أبطال الكؤوس. ليفربول فاز بالدوري وكأس الإتحاد الأوربي في موسم 1972–73، وكأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي في الموسم التالي. بعد ذلك اعتزل شانكلي وحل محله مساعده بوب بيزلي. في 1976، موسم بينزي الثاني كمدرب، فاز ليفربول بثنائية الدوري وكأس الاتحاد الأوروبي مرة أخرى. وفي الموسم الذي يليه حافظ النادي على الدوري وفاز بكأس أوروبا لأول مرة، لكن خسر في نهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي 1977. ليفربول احتفظ بلقب كأس أوروبا في 1978 والدرجة الأولى في 1979. خلال موسم بيزلي التاسع كمدرب كان ليفربول قد فاز 21 بطولة، تشمل 3 كؤوس أوروبا، بطولة كأس اتحاد أوروبي، ستة بطولات دوري، وثلاث بطولات كأس الرابطة متتالية. البطولة المحلية الوحيدة التي لم يفز بها هي بطولة كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي.

اعتزل بيزلي في 1983 وحل محله مساعده جو فاغان. ليفربول فاز بالدوري وكأس الرابطة وكأس أوروبا في موسم فاغان الأول، وأصبح أول نادي إنجليزي يفوز بثلاث بطولات في موسم واحد. ليفربول وصل لنهائي كأس أوروبا مرة أخرى في 1985، ضد يوفنتوس في ملعب هيسل. قبل بداية المباراة، جماهير ليفربول كسرت السياج الفاصل بين جماهير الناديين، واتهموا جماهير يوفنتوس. الوزن الناتج من الناس تسبب في انهيار الجدار، مما تسبب في مقتل 39 من الجماهير معظمهم إيطاليين. الحادثة باتت معروفة بـكارثة ملعب هيسل. المباراة لُعِبت بالرغم من احتجاجات كلا المدربين، ليفربول خسر بنتيجة 1-0. كنتيجة للحادثة، حُرمت الأندية الإنجليزية من المشاركة الأوروبية لخمس سنوات، حصل ليفربول على منع لعشر سنوات، لكن خُفف في ما بعد لستة سنوات. أربعة عشر من جماهير ليفربول تحصلوا على إدانات بالقتل غير المتعمد.
فاغان أعلن إعتزاله قبيل الكارثة وعيّن كيني دالغليش كلاعب ومدرب. خلال هذه الفترة، الفريق فاز بثلاثة ألقاب دوري و كأسي اتحاد، منها ثنائية كأس الاتحاد وكأس الرابطة في موسم 1985–86. كارثة هيلزبرة عتمت على نجاح ليفربول، في نصف نهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي ضد نوتينغهام فورست في 15 أبريل 1989، مئات من جماهير ليفربول سُحِقوا على السياج المحيط بالملعب. أربعة وتسعين شخصاُ لقوا حتفهم ذلك اليوم، الضحية الخامسة والتسعين توفي في المستشفى متأثراً بإصاباته بعد أربعة أيام والضحية السادسة والتسعين توفي بعد أربع سنوات تقريباً، دون أن يستعيد وعية. بعد كارثة هيلزبرة كان هناك مراجعة حكومية لأمان الملعب. تقرير تايلور الناتج عن المراجعة مهد الطريق لتشريعات تطلب من جميع فرق الدرجة الأولى أن تكون في ملاعبها مقعد لكل متفرج. بيّن التقرير أن السبب الرئيسي للكارثة هو الاكتظاظ الناتج عن فشل سيطرة الشرطة.

ليفربول كان طرف في نهاية الدوري الأكثر تقارباً في الدوري موسم 1988–89. ليفربول أنهى الموسم متساوياً مع نادي آرسنال بالنقاط وفارق الأهداف، لكن خسر اللقب بمجموع الأهداف المسجلة عندما سجل أرسنال الهدف الأخير في آخر دقيقة من الموسم.

دالغليش بين أن كارثة هيلزبرة وتداعياتها هي السبب في استقالته في 1991، وحل محله اللاعب السابق غرايم سونيس. تحت قيادته ليفربول فاز بنهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي 1992، لكن أداء الفريق في الدوري تراجع، حيث حل في المركز السادس في مرتين متتاليتين، مما تسبب في إقالته في 1994. روي إيفانز حل محل سونيس، وفاز ليفربول بنهائي كأس الرابطة في 1995. في حين نافسوا على لقب الدوري تحت قيادة إيفانز، المركز الثالث هو أفضل ما وصل له الفريق في 1996 و1998، وعين جيرارد هولييه كمدرب مساعد، وأصبح المدرب في نوفمبر 1998 بعد استقالة إيفانز. في 2001، ثاني موسم كامل لهولييه، فاز ليفربول بالثلاثية: كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي وكأس الرابطة وكأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي. هولييه خضع لعملية جراحية في القلب خلال موسم 2001–02 وليفربول أنهى الموسم ثانياً في الدوري خلف أرسنال. فاز الفريق بكأس الرابطة في 2003، لكن فشل في المنافسة على لقب في الموسمين التاليين.

عند نهاية موسم 2003–04 عُين رافاييل بينيتز مكان هولييه، رغم إنهاء الموسم في المركز الخامس في أول موسم لبينيتز، ليفربول فاز بدوري أبطال أوروبا 2004-05 بعد أن هزم ميلان 3–2 في الركلات الترجيحية بعد أن انتهت المباراة بنتيجة 3-3. في الموسم التالي، ليفربول أنهى في المركز الثالث في الدوري، وفاز بكأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي، بعد فوزه على وست هام يونايتد بالركلات الترجيحية بعد نهاية المباراة بنتيجة 3–3. رجال الأعمال الأمريكيين جورج جيليت وتوم هيكس أصبحوا ملّاك النادي في موسم 2006–07، في صفقة قيمت النادي وديونه غير المسددة بـ£218.9 مليون. النادي وصل لنهائي دوري أبطال أوروبا 2007 ضد ميلان، كما كان في عام 2005، لكن هذه المرة ليفربول خسر 2-1. في موسم 2008–09، ليفربول حصل على 86 نقطة، أعلى عدد نقاط جمعه النادي في البريميرليغ، وأنهى وصيفاً لمانشستر يونايتد.

في موسم 2009–10، ليفربول حصل على المركز السابع وفشل في التأهل لدوري أبطال أوروبا. وبالتالي بينيتز ترك النادي بالتراضي وحل محله مدرب نادي فولهام روي هدجسون. عند بداية موسم 2010–11 ليفربول كان على وشك الإفلاس ودائني النادي طلبوا من المحكمة العليا السماح ببيع النادي، على عكس رغبات هيكس وجيليت. قُبل عرض جون دبليو هينري، مالك بوسطن ريد سوكس ومجموعة فينواي الرياضية، وحصل على ملكية النادي في أكتوبر 2010. تواضع النتائج في بداية الموسم أدى لمغادرة هدجسون النادي بالتراضي ليحل محله المدرب السابق كيني دالغليش. بعد أن أنهى الفريق في المركز الثامن في موسم 2011–12، أسوء مركز للفريق في 18 سنة، أُقيل دالغليش. جاء مكانه بريندان رودجرز. في موسم رودجرز الأول، أنهى ليفربول الدوري في المركز السابع ووصل لدور الـ32 في دوري أوروبا. في موسم موسم 2013-14، كان ليفربول طرف في منافسة على لقب الدوري رغم عدم ترشيحه وأنهى الموسم ثانياً خلف البطل مانشستر سيتي، مسجلاً 101 هدف.

رموز النادي
يذكر ايان سانت جون في ترجمته الذاتية:

هو [شانكلي] ظن أن الألوان تحمل تأثير نفسي—الأحمر رمز الخطر، الأحمر رمز القوة. جاء لغرفة تبديل الملابس ذات يوم وألقى بشورت أحمر إلى روني ييتس. وقال: "إلبس هذا الشورت لنرى كيف تبدو"، "ياإلهي، روني، تبدو مذهلاً، مُخيفاً، تبدو وكأنك بطول 7 أقدام." واقترحت أنا: "لما لا نكملها؟"، "لما لا نلبس جوارب حمراء؟ لنذهب بأحمر كامل." شانكلي وافق وولد لبس إيقوني.
الزي
خلال أغلب فترات تاريخ نادي ليفربول، كان اللون الأساسي للفريق هو الأحمر الكامل، لكن عندما تم تأسيس النادي، كان لباسه مشابهاً للباس نادي إيفرتون. حيث استخدم القميص الأبيض والأزرق حتى عام 1894، عندما اعتمد النادي اللون الأحمر. و اعتمد طائر الليفر والذي يمثل رمز المدينة، كشعار للنادي في عام 1901، على الرغم من أنه لم يوضع على القميص حتى عام 1955. استمر ليفربول في استخدام القمضان الحمراء والسراول البيضاء حتى عام 1964، عندما قرر المدرب بيل شانكلي تغييره إلى اللباس الأحمر الكامل. حيث لعب ليفربول لأول مرة، باللباس أحمر كامل ضد نادي أندرلخت.

غالباً ما كان القميص الأصفر أو الأبيض والشورت الأسود لباس نادي ليفربول الثاني، ولكن حدثت بعض استثناءات. حيث تم استخدام اللباس الرمادي الكامل في 1987، واستخدم حتى موسم 1991–92 وهو موسم ذكرى مئوية تأسيس النادي، بعدها استبدل بالقميص الأخضر والشورت الأبيض. هناك أيضاً عدة ألوان استخدمت في التسعينات، من بينها الذهبي والبحري، الأصفر الفاقع، الأسود والرمادي، وإكرو ، تناوب النادي على اللونين الأصفر والأبيض حتى موسم 2008–09، عندما أُعيد اللون الرمادي. يتم استخدام الزي الثالث في المباريات الأوروبية، في حالة تعارض الزي الاحتياطي الثاني مع اللباس الأل للفريق المستضف، و ذلك أن حدث، ُفإنه يحدث غالبا في منافسات الاتحاد الآوروبي. شركة وورير سبرتس هي المسؤولة عن تصميم اللباس الحالي منذ بداية موسم 2012–13. الشركات الأخرى التي صممت لباس الفريق هي امبرو حتى عام 1985، عندما حلت محلها أديداس والتي صممت لباس الفريق حتى عام 1996. بعدها جائت شركة ريبوك التي صممت لباس الفريق لعشر سنوات حتى عام 2006، قبل أن تعود أديداس في عام 2006 وحتى عام 2012.

الشعار
ليفربول هو أول فريق كرة قدم إنجليزي محترف يضع شعار راعي الفريق على قميصه، بعدما اتفقت إداة النادي مع شركة هيتاشي في عام 1979. ومنذ ذلك الحين، رعى النادي العديد من الشركات العالمية مثل كراون بينتس، كاندي، كارلسبيرغ، وستاندرد تشارترد. وتعبتر الشراكة مع كارلسبيرغ، ،التي وقعت في 1992، هي أطول شراكة بتاريخ الكرة الإنجليزية. حيث استمرت لغاية موسم 2011-2012، منهية بذلك شركة كارلسبيرغ 30 سنة كاملة من الشراكة مع نادي ليفربول، بعندما أصبح ستاندرد تشارترد الراعي الرسمي للفريق.

شعار الفريق يعتمد على شعار المدينة طائر الليفر، والذي وضع سابقاً داخل درع. لكن في عام 1992، ومن أجل الإحتفال بالذكرى المئوية لتأسيس النادي، صُمم شعار جديد للفريق، بعدما يتضمن بوابة شانكلي. في السنة التالية تم إضافة شعلتين على جانبي الشعار لتمثل النصب التذكاري لكارثة هيلزبرة الموجود خارج ملعب الأنفيلد رود، شعلة أبدية  لتخلد ذكرى الذين لقوا حتفهم في الكارثة. في 2012، في أول تصميم لووريرز سبورتس أُزيلت الدرع والبوابة، لتعيد الشعار المستخدم في السبعينات، الشعلتين نقلوا إلى خلف ياقة القميص لتحيط برقم 96 الذي يمثل عدد ضحايا هيلزبره
ملعب أنفيلد (بالإنجليزية: Anfield) هو ملعب كرة قدم يقع في مدينة ليفربول في شمال غرب إنجلترا. أنفيلد هو ملعب نادي ليفربول منذ تأسيس النادي عام 1892، بعد أن كان ملعب نادي إيفرتون في الفترة ما بين عامي 1884 و1892، قبل أن ينتقلوا إلى غوديسون بارك. تصل قدرة الأنفيلد الاستيعابية إلى 45,276 متفرجاً.

للأنفيلد أربعة مدرجات: سبيون كوب (للمشجعين المتعصبين)، والمدرج الرئيسي، ومدرج المئوية، والأنفيلد رود. سُجّل أكبر عدد حضور في تاريخ الملعب في الثاني من فبراير عام 1952 عندما واجه ليفربول نادي ولفرهامبتون، حيث كان عدد المتفرجين 61,905 متفرجين. أصبح الأنفيلد واحداً من الملاعب التي توفر مقعداً لكل متفرج عام 1994 نتيجةً لتقرير تايلور مما قلّص كثيراً من قدرته الاستيعابية. سُمّيت بوابتان من بوابات الملعب على اسم مدربَي ليفربول السابقَيْن بيل شانكلي وبوب بيزلي، كما أن هناك تمثال لشانكلي خارج الملعب. يبعد الأنفيلد حوالي ثلاثة كيلومترات عن محطة قطارات ليفربول لايم ستريت. ظهرت في عام 2002 خططٌ لاستبدال الأنفيلد بملعب جديد -ستانلي بارك- تصل قدرته الاستيعابية إلى 60,000 متفرج، لكن خطط بناء الملعب الجديد أصبحت غير أكيدة بسبب تفضيل ملّاك النادي الجدد إعادة تطوير الأنفيلد بدلاً من بناء ملعب غيره.

تم بناء ملعب أنفيلد في عام 1884 على أرض في ستانلي بارك. وكان أساساً يستعمل من نادي إيفرتون قبل أن ينتقل إلى الغوديسون بارك بعد خلاف على سعر الإيجار مع مالك الأنفيلد جون هولدينغ. بما أن الملعب أصبح بدون نادي، هولدينغ أسس ليفربول في 1892 والنادي يلعب فيه منذ ذلك الحين. سعة إستيعاب الملعب في ذلك الوقت كانت 20,000، رغم ذلك فقط 100 متفرج حظروا لمباراة ليفربول الأولى في الأنفيلد.

في 1906 مدرج البنك (بالإنجليزية: banked stand) في أحد أطراف الملعب أعيد تسميته إلى سبايون كوب (بالإنجليزية: Spion Kop) تيمناً بهضبة في كوازولو ناتال الهضبة التي كانت مكان معركة سبايون كوب في حرب البوير الثانية، أين قتل 300 رجل من كتيبة لانكشر، الكثير منهم كان من ليفربول. في أقصى إتساع له، المدرج يمكن أن يحمل 28,000 متفرج ويعد من أكبر مدرجات ذات طابق واحد في العالم. عديد الملاعب كان بها مدرجات باسم الكوب لكن المدرج الذي في الأنفيلد كان أكبرها، حيث يستوعب متفرجين أكثر من بعض الملاعب بأكملها.

Liverpool

Liverpool Football Club is a professional football club in Liverpool, England, that competes in the Premier League, the top tier of English football. The club has won six European Cups, more than any other English club, three UEFA Cups and four UEFA Super Cups, also English records, eighteen League titles, seven FA Cups, a record eight League Cups and fifteen FA Community Shields.

Founded in 1892, the club joined the Football League the following year and has played at Anfield since its formation. Liverpool established itself as a major force in English and European football in the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly, Bob Paisley, Joe Fagan and Kenny Dalglish led the club to a combined eleven League titles and four European Cups. Under the management of Rafael Benítez and captained by homegrown player Steven Gerrard, Liverpool became European champions for the fifth time in 2005 before adding a sixth crown under Jürgen Klopp in 2019.

Liverpool was the ninth highest-earning football club in the world in 2016–17, with an annual revenue of €424.2 million,[3] and the world's eighth most valuable football club in 2019, valued at $2,183 billion.[4] The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world.[5] Liverpool has long-standing rivalries with Manchester United and Everton.

The club's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies: the Heysel Stadium disaster, where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the 1985 European Cup Final in Brussels, with 39 people – mostly Italians and Juventus fans – dying, after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition, and the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing.

The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since. Red has been the main shirt colour ever since 1896.[6] The club's anthem is "You'll Never Walk Alone".
Liverpool F.C. was founded following a dispute between the Everton committee and John Houlding, club president and owner of the land at Anfield. After eight years at the stadium, Everton relocated to Goodison Park in 1892 and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play at Anfield.[7] Originally named "Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd" (Everton Athletic for short), the club became Liverpool F.C. in March 1892 and gained official recognition three months later, after The Football Association refused to recognise the club as Everton.[8] The team won the Lancashire League in its début season, and joined the Football League Second Division at the start of the 1893–94 season. After finishing in first place the club was promoted to the First Division, which it won in 1901 and again in 1906.[9]

Liverpool reached its first FA Cup Final in 1914, losing 1–0 to Burnley. It won consecutive League championships in 1922 and 1923, but did not win another trophy until the 1946–47 season, when the club won the First Division for a fifth time under the control of ex-West Ham Utd centre half George Kay.[10] Liverpool suffered its second Cup Final defeat in 1950, playing against Arsenal.[11] The club was relegated to the Second Division in the 1953–54 season.[12] Soon after Liverpool lost 2–1 to non-league Worcester City in the 1958–59 FA Cup, Bill Shankly was appointed manager. Upon his arrival he released 24 players and converted a boot storage room at Anfield into a room where the coaches could discuss strategy; here, Shankly and other "Boot Room" members Joe Fagan, Reuben Bennett, and Bob Paisley began reshaping the team
The club was promoted back into the First Division in 1962 and won it in 1964, for the first time in 17 years. In 1965, the club won its first FA Cup. In 1966, the club won the First Division but lost to Borussia Dortmund in the European Cup Winners' Cup final.[14] Liverpool won both the League and the UEFA Cup during the 1972–73 season, and the FA Cup again a year later. Shankly retired soon afterwards and was replaced by his assistant, Bob Paisley.[15] In 1976, Paisley's second season as manager, the club won another League and UEFA Cup double. The following season, the club retained the League title and won the European Cup for the first time, but it lost in the 1977 FA Cup Final. Liverpool retained the European Cup in 1978 and regained the First Division title in 1979.[16] During Paisley's nine seasons as manager Liverpool won 20 trophies, including three European Cups, a UEFA Cup, six League titles and three consecutive League Cups; the only domestic trophy he did not win was the FA Cup.[17]

Paisley retired in 1983 and was replaced by his assistant, Joe Fagan.[18] Liverpool won the League, League Cup and European Cup in Fagan's first season, becoming the first English side to win three trophies in a season.[19] Liverpool reached the European Cup final again in 1985, against Juventus at the Heysel Stadium. Before kick-off, Liverpool fans breached a fence which separated the two groups of supporters, and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse, killing 39 fans, mostly Italians. The incident became known as the Heysel Stadium disaster. The match was played in spite of protests by both managers, and Liverpool lost 1–0 to Juventus. As a result of the tragedy, English clubs were banned from participating in European competition for five years; Liverpool received a ten-year ban, which was later reduced to six years. Fourteen Liverpool fans received convictions for involuntary manslaughter
Fagan had announced his retirement just before the disaster and Kenny Dalglish was appointed as player-manager.[21] During his tenure, the club won another three league titles and two FA Cups, including a League and Cup "Double" in the 1985–86 season. Liverpool's success was overshadowed by the Hillsborough disaster: in an FA Cup semi-final against Nottingham Forest on 15 April 1989, hundreds of Liverpool fans were crushed against perimeter fencing.[22] Ninety-four fans died that day; the 95th victim died in hospital from his injuries four days later and the 96th died nearly four years later, without regaining consciousness.[23] After the Hillsborough disaster there was a government review of stadium safety. The resulting Taylor Report paved the way for legislation that required top-division teams to have all-seater stadiums. The report ruled that the main reason for the disaster was overcrowding due to a failure of police control.[24]

Liverpool was involved in the closest finish to a league season during the 1988–89 season. Liverpool finished equal with Arsenal on both points and goal difference, but lost the title on total goals scored when Arsenal scored the final goal in the last minute of the season.[25]

Dalglish cited the Hillsborough disaster and its repercussions as the reason for his resignation in 1991; he was replaced by former player Graeme Souness.[26] Under his leadership Liverpool won the 1992 FA Cup Final, but their league performances slumped, with two consecutive sixth-place finishes, eventually resulting in his dismissal in January 1994. Souness was replaced by Roy Evans, and Liverpool went on to win the 1995 Football League Cup Final. While they made some title challenges under Evans, third-place finishes in 1996 and 1998 were the best they could manage, and so Gérard Houllier was appointed co-manager in the 1998–99 season, and became the sole manager in November 1998 after Evans resigned.[27] In 2001, Houllier's second full season in charge, Liverpool won a "Treble": the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup.[28] Houllier underwent major heart surgery during the 2001–02 season and Liverpool finished second in the League, behind Arsenal.[29] They won a further League Cup in 2003, but failed to mount a title challenge in the two seasons that followed.
Houllier was replaced by Rafael Benítez at the end of the 2003–04 season. Despite finishing fifth in Benítez's first season, Liverpool won the 2004–05 UEFA Champions League, beating A.C. Milan 3–2 in a penalty shootout after the match ended with a score of 3–3.[30] The following season, Liverpool finished third in the Premier League and won the 2006 FA Cup Final, beating West Ham United in a penalty shootout after the match finished 3–3.[31] American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks became the owners of the club during the 2006–07 season, in a deal which valued the club and its outstanding debts at £218.9 million.[32] The club reached the 2007 UEFA Champions League Final against Milan, as it had in 2005, but lost 2–1.[33] During the 2008–09 season Liverpool achieved 86 points, its highest Premier League points total, and finished as runners up to Manchester United.[34]

In the 2009–10 season, Liverpool finished seventh in the Premier League and failed to qualify for the Champions League. Benítez subsequently left by mutual consent[35] and was replaced by Fulham manager Roy Hodgson.[36] At the start of the 2010–11 season Liverpool was on the verge of bankruptcy and the club's creditors asked the High Court to allow the sale of the club, overruling the wishes of Hicks and Gillett. John W. Henry, owner of the Boston Red Sox and of Fenway Sports Group, bid successfully for the club and took ownership in October 2010.[37] Poor results during the start of that season led to Hodgson leaving the club by mutual consent and former player and manager Kenny Dalglish taking over.[38] In the 2011–12 season, Liverpool secured a record 8th League Cup success and reached the FA Cup final, but finished in eighth position, the worst league finish in 18 years; this led to the sacking of Dalglish.[39][40] He was replaced by Brendan Rodgers,[41] whose Liverpool team in the 2013–14 season mounted an unexpected title charge to finish second behind champions Manchester City and subsequently return to the Champions League, scoring 101 goals in the process, the most since the 106 scored in the 1895–96 season.[42][43] Following a disappointing 2014–15 season, where Liverpool finished sixth in the league, and a poor start to the following campaign, Rodgers was sacked in October 2015.[44]

Rodgers was replaced by Jürgen Klopp,[45] who in his first season at Liverpool, took the club to the finals of both the Football League Cup and UEFA Europa League, finishing as runner-up in both competitions.[46] Liverpool finished second in the 2018–19 Premier League season with 97 points while losing just one game, a points record for a non-title winning side.[47] Klopp has taken Liverpool to successive Champions League Finals in 2018 and 2019, with the club defeating Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 to win the 2019 UEFA Champions League Final.[48][49]

Colours and badge
For much of Liverpool's history its home colours have been all red, but when the club was founded its kit was more like the contemporary Everton kit. The blue and white quartered shirts were used until 1894, when the club adopted the city's colour of red.[7] The city's symbol of the liver bird was adopted as the club's badge in 1901, although it was not incorporated into the kit until 1955. Liverpool continued to wear red shirts and white shorts until 1964, when manager Bill Shankly decided to change to an all red strip.[50] Liverpool played in all red for the first time against Anderlecht, as Ian St. John recalled in his autobiography:

He [Shankly] thought the colour scheme would carry psychological impact – red for danger, red for power. He came into the dressing room one day and threw a pair of red shorts to Ronnie Yeats. "Get into those shorts and let's see how you look", he said. "Christ, Ronnie, you look awesome, terrifying. You look 7 ft tall." "Why not go the whole hog, boss?" I suggested. "Why not wear red socks? Let's go out all in red." Shankly approved and an iconic kit was born.[51]

The Liverpool away strip has more often than not been all yellow or white shirts and black shorts, but there have been several exceptions. An all grey kit was introduced in 1987, which was used until the 1991–92 centenary season, when it was replaced by a combination of green shirts and white shorts. After various colour combinations in the 1990s, including gold and navy, bright yellow, black and grey, and ecru, the club alternated between yellow and white away kits until the 2008–09 season, when it re-introduced the grey kit. A third kit is designed for European away matches, though it is also worn in domestic away matches on occasions when the current away kit clashes with a team's home kit. Between 2012 and 2015, the kits were designed by Warrior Sports, who became the club's kit providers at the start of the 2012–13 season.[52] In February 2015, Warrior's parent company New Balance announced it would be entering the global football market, with teams sponsored by Warrior now being outfitted by New Balance.[53] The only other branded shirts worn by the club were made by Umbro until 1985, when they were replaced by Adidas, who produced the kits until 1996 when Reebok took over. They produced the kits for 10 years before Adidas made the kits from 2006 to 2012.
Liverpool was the first English professional club to have a sponsor's logo on its shirts, after agreeing a deal with Hitachi in 1979.[55] Since then the club has been sponsored by Crown Paints, Candy, Carlsberg and Standard Chartered. The contract with Carlsberg, which was signed in 1992, was the longest-lasting agreement in English top-flight football.[56] The association with Carlsberg ended at the start of the 2010–11 season, when Standard Chartered Bank became the club's sponsor.[57]

The Liverpool badge is based on the city's liver bird, which in the past had been placed inside a shield. In 1992, to commemorate the centennial of the club, a new badge was commissioned, including a representation of the Shankly Gates. The next year twin flames were added at either side, symbolic of the Hillsborough memorial outside Anfield, where an eternal flame burns in memory of those who died in the Hillsborough disaster.[58] In 2012, Warrior Sports' first Liverpool kit removed the shield and gates, returning the badge to what had adorned Liverpool shirts in the 1970s; the flames were moved to the back collar of the shirt, surrounding the number 96 for the number who died at Hillsborough.[59]

Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

Ucl

University College London, which has operated under the official name of UCL since 2005,[7][8][9] is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. It is a member institution of the federal University of London, and is the third largest university in the United Kingdom by total enrolment,[5] and the largest by postgraduate enrolment.

Established in 1826 as London University by founders inspired by the radical ideas of Jeremy Bentham, UCL was the first university institution to be established in London, and the first in England to be entirely secular and to admit students regardless of their religion.[10][11] UCL also makes the contested claims of being the third-oldest university in England[note 1] and the first to admit women.[note 2] In 1836 UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London, which was granted a royal charter in the same year. It has grown through mergers, including with the Institute of Neurology (in 1997), the Royal Free Hospital Medical School (in 1998), the Eastman Dental Institute (in 1999), the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (in 1999), the School of Pharmacy (in 2012) and the Institute of Education (in 2014).

UCL has its main campus in the Bloomsbury area of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London and satellite campuses in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford, east London and in Doha, Qatar. UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties, within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. UCL operates several culturally significant museums and manages collections in a wide range of fields, including the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and the Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, and administers the annual Orwell Prize in political writing. In 2017/18, UCL had around 41,500 students and 15,100 staff (including around 7,100 academic staff and 840 professors) and had a total group income of £1.45 billion, of which £476.3 million was from research grants and contracts.[2]

In the most recent Research Excellence Framework rankings for research power, UCL was the top-rated university in the UK as calculated by Times Higher Education,[12] and second as calculated by The Guardian/Research Fortnight.[13] UCL had the 9th highest average entry tariff in the UK for students starting in 2016.[14] UCL is ranked from eighth to eighteenth in the four major international rankings,[15][16][17][18] and from eighth to twenty-second in the national league tables.[19][20][21] UCL is a member of numerous academic organisations, including the Russell Group and the League of European Research Universities, and is part of UCL Partners, the world's largest academic health science centre,[22] and the "golden triangle" of research-intensive English universities.[23]

UCL alumni include the respective "Fathers of the Nation" of India, Kenya and Mauritius, the founders of Ghana, modern Japan and Nigeria, the inventor of the telephone, and one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. UCL academics discovered five of the naturally occurring noble gases, discovered hormones, invented the vacuum tube, and made several foundational advances in modern statistics. As of 2019, 33 Nobel Prize winners and 3 Fields medalists have been affiliated with UCL as alumni, faculty or researchers
History

UCL was founded on 11 February 1826 under the name London University, as an alternative to the Anglican universities of Oxford and Cambridge.[24][25][26] London University's first Warden was Leonard Horner, who was the first scientist to head a British university

Despite the commonly held belief that the philosopher Jeremy Bentham was the founder of UCL, his direct involvement was limited to the purchase of share No. 633, at a cost of £100 paid in nine instalments between December 1826 and January 1830. In 1828 he did nominate a friend to sit on the council, and in 1827 attempted to have his disciple John Bowring appointed as the first professor of English or History, but on both occasions his candidates were unsuccessful.[28] This suggests that while his ideas may have been influential, he himself was less so. However, Bentham is today commonly regarded as the "spiritual father" of UCL, as his radical ideas on education and society were the inspiration to the institution's founders, particularly the Scotsmen James Mill (1773–1836) and Henry Brougham (1778–1868).[29]

In 1827, the Chair of Political Economy at London University was created, with John Ramsay McCulloch as the first incumbent, establishing one of the first departments of economics in England.[30] In 1828 the university became the first in England to offer English as a subject[31] and the teaching of Classics and medicine began. In 1830, London University founded the London University School, which would later become University College School. In 1833, the university appointed Alexander Maconochie, Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, as the first professor of geography in the UK. In 1834, University College Hospital (originally North London Hospital) opened as a teaching hospital for the university's medical school.[32]

1836 to 1900 – University College, London

In 1836, London University was incorporated by royal charter under the name University College, London. On the same day, the University of London was created by royal charter as a degree-awarding examining board for students from affiliated schools and colleges, with University College and King's College, London being named in the charter as the first two affiliates.[33]

The Slade School of Fine Art was founded as part of University College in 1871, following a bequest from Felix Slade.[34]

In 1878, the University of London gained a supplemental charter making it the first British university to be allowed to award degrees to women. The same year, UCL admitted women to the faculties of Arts and Law and of Science, although women remained barred from the faculties of Engineering and of Medicine (with the exception of courses on public health and hygiene).[35][36] While UCL claims to have been the first university in England to admit women on equal terms to men, from 1878, the University of Bristol also makes this claim, having admitted women from its foundation (as a college) in 1876.[37] Armstrong College, a predecessor institution of Newcastle University, also allowed women to enter from its foundation in 1871, although none actually enrolled until 1881.[38] Women were finally admitted to medical studies during the First World War in 1917, although limitations were placed on their numbers after the war ended

In 1898, Sir William Ramsay discovered the elements krypton, neon and xenon whilst professor of chemistry at UCL.[40][41]

1900 to 1976 – University of London, University College

In 1900, the University of London was reconstituted as a federal university with new statutes drawn up under the University of London Act 1898. UCL, along with a number of other colleges in London, became a school of the University of London. While most of the constituent institutions retained their autonomy, UCL was merged into the University in 1907 under the University College London (Transfer) Act 1905 and lost its legal independence.[42] Its formal name became University of London, University College, although for most informal and external purposes the name "University College, London" (or the initialism UCL) was still used.

1900 also saw the decision to appoint a salaried head of the college. The first incumbent was Carey Foster, who served as Principal (as the post was originally titled) from 1900 to 1904. He was succeeded by Gregory Foster (no relation), and in 1906 the title was changed to Provost to avoid confusion with the Principal of the University of London. Gregory Foster remained in post until 1929.[43][44][45] In 1906, the Cruciform Building was opened as the new home for University College Hospital.[46]

UCL sustained considerable bomb damage during the Second World War, including to the Great Hall and the Carey Foster Physics Laboratory. The first UCL student magazine, Pi Magazine, was published for the first time on 21 February 1946. The Institute of Jewish Studies relocated to UCL in 1959.

The Mullard Space Science Laboratory was established in 1967.[47] In 1973, UCL became the first international node to the precursor of the internet, the ARPANET.[48][49]

Although UCL was among the first universities to admit women on the same terms as men, in 1878, the college's senior common room, the Housman Room, remained men-only until 1969. After two unsuccessful attempts, a motion was passed that ended segregation by sex at UCL. This was achieved by Brian Woledge (Fielden Professor of French at UCL from 1939 to 1971) and David Colquhoun, at that time a young lecturer in pharmacology.[50]

1976 to 2005 – University College London

In 1976, a new charter restored UCL's legal independence, although still without the power to award its own degrees.[51][52] Under this charter the college became formally known as University College London. This name abandoned the comma used in its earlier name of "University College, London".

In 1986, UCL merged with the Institute of Archaeology.[53] In 1988, UCL merged with the Institute of Laryngology & Otology, the Institute of Orthopaedics, the Institute of Urology & Nephrology and Middlesex Hospital Medical School.[53]

In 1993, a reorganisation of the University of London meant that UCL and other colleges gained direct access to government funding and the right to confer University of London degrees themselves. This led to UCL being regarded as a de facto university in its own right.[54]

In 1994, the University College London Hospitals NHS Trust was established.[55] UCL merged with the College of Speech Sciences and the Institute of Ophthalmology in 1995, the Institute of Child Health and the School of Podiatry in 1996[56] and the Institute of Neurology in 1997.[53][57] In 1998, UCL merged with the Royal Free Hospital Medical School to create the Royal Free and University College Medical School (renamed the UCL Medical School in October 2008). In 1999, UCL merged with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies[58][59] and the Eastman Dental Institute.[53]

The UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, the first university department in the world devoted specifically to reducing crime, was founded in 2001.[60]

Proposals for a merger between UCL and Imperial College London were announced in 2002.[61] The proposal provoked strong opposition from UCL teaching staff and students and the AUT union, which criticised "the indecent haste and lack of consultation", leading to its abandonment by the UCL provost Sir Derek Roberts.[62] The blogs that helped to stop the merger are preserved, though some of the links are now broken: see David Colquhoun's blog[63] and the Save UCL blog,[64] which was run by David Conway, a postgraduate student in the department of Hebrew and Jewish studies.

The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in 2003 as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London.[65][66]

Since 2003, when UCL professor David Latchman became master of the neighbouring Birkbeck, he has forged closer relations between these two University of London colleges, and personally maintains departments at both. Joint research centres include the UCL/Birkbeck Institute for Earth and Planetary Sciences, the UCL/Birkbeck/IoE Centre for Educational Neuroscience, the UCL/Birkbeck Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, and the Birkbeck-UCL Centre for Neuroimaging.

2005 to 2010

In 2005, UCL was finally granted its own taught and research degree awarding powers and all UCL students registered from 2007/08 qualified with UCL degrees. Also in 2005, UCL adopted a new corporate branding under which the name University College London was replaced by the initialism UCL in all external communications.[67] In the same year, a major new £422 million building was opened for University College Hospital on Euston Road,[68] the UCL Ear Institute was established and a new building for the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies was opened.

In 2007, the UCL Cancer Institute was opened in the newly constructed Paul O'Gorman Building. In August 2008, UCL formed UCL Partners, an academic health science centre, with Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.[69] In 2008, UCL established the UCL School of Energy & Resources in Adelaide, Australia, the first campus of a British university in the country.[70] The School was based in the historic Torrens Building in Victoria Square and its creation followed negotiations between UCL Vice Provost Michael Worton and South Australian Premier Mike Rann.[71]

In 2009, the Yale UCL Collaborative was established between UCL, UCL Partners, Yale University, Yale School of Medicine and Yale – New Haven Hospital.[72] It is the largest collaboration in the history of either university, and its scope has subsequently been extended to the humanities and social sciences.[73][74]

2010 to 2015

In June 2011, the mining company BHP Billiton agreed to donate AU$10 million to UCL to fund the establishment of two energy institutes – the Energy Policy Institute, based in Adelaide, and the Institute for Sustainable Resources, based in London.[75]

In November 2011, UCL announced plans for a £500 million investment in its main Bloomsbury campus over 10 years, as well as the establishment of a new 23-acre campus next to the Olympic Park in Stratford in the East End of London.[76] It revised its plans of expansion in East London and in December 2014 announced to build a campus (UCL East) covering 11 acres and provide up to 125,000m2 of space on Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.[77] UCL East will be part of plans to transform the Olympic Park into a cultural and innovation hub, where UCL will open its first school of design, a centre of experimental engineering and a museum of the future, along with a living space for students.[78]

The School of Pharmacy, University of London merged with UCL on 1 January 2012, becoming the UCL School of Pharmacy within the Faculty of Life Sciences.[79][80] In May 2012, UCL, Imperial College London and the semiconductor company Intel announced the establishment of the Intel Collaborative Research Institute for Sustainable Connected Cities, a London-based institute for research into the future of cities.[81][82]

In August 2012, UCL received criticism for advertising an unpaid research position; it subsequently withdrew the advert.[83]

UCL and the Institute of Education formed a strategic alliance in October 2012, including co-operation in teaching, research and the development of the London schools system.[84] In February 2014, the two institutions announced their intention to merge,[85][86] and the merger was completed in December 2014.[87][88]

In September 2013, a new Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy (STEaPP) was established within the Faculty of Engineering, one of several initiatives within the university to increase and reflect upon the links between research and public sector decision-making.[89]

In October 2013, it was announced that the Translation Studies Unit of Imperial College London would move to UCL, becoming part of the UCL School of European Languages, Culture and Society.[90] In December 2013, it was announced that UCL and the academic publishing company Elsevier would collaborate to establish the UCL Big Data Institute.[91] In January 2015, it was announced that UCL had been selected by the UK government as one of the five founding members of the Alan Turing Institute (together with the universities of Cambridge, Edinburgh, Oxford and Warwick), an institute to be established at the British Library to promote the development and use of advanced mathematics, computer science, algorithms and big data.[92][93]

2015 to present

In August 2015, the Department of Management Science and Innovation was renamed as the School of Management and plans were announced to greatly expand UCL's activities in the area of business-related teaching and research.[94][95] The school moved from the Bloomsbury campus to One Canada Square in Canary Wharf in 2016.[96]

UCL established the Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) in 2015 to promote interdisciplinary research in humanities and social sciences. The prestigious annual Orwell Prize for political writing moved to the IAS in 2016.

In June 2016 it was reported in the Times Higher Education that as a result of administrative errors hundreds of students who studied at the UCL Eastman Dental Institute between 2005–6 and 2013–14 had been given the wrong marks, leading to an unknown number of students being attributed with the wrong qualifications and, in some cases, being failed when they should have passed their degrees.[97] A report by UCL's Academic Committee Review Panel noted that, according to the Institute's own review findings, senior members of UCL staff had been aware of issues affecting students' results but had not taken action to address them.[98] The Review Panel concluded that there had been an apparent lack of ownership of these matters amongst the Institute's senior staff.[98]

In December 2016 it was announced that UCL would be the hub institution for a new £250 million national dementia research institute, to be funded with £150 million from the Medical Research Council and £50 million each from Alzheimer's Research UK and the Alzheimer's Society.[99][100]

In May 2017 it was reported that staff morale was at "an all time low", with 68% of members of the academic board who responded to a survey disagreeing with the statement "UCL is well managed" and 86% with "the teaching facilities are adequate for the number of students". Michael Arthur, the Provost and President, linked the results to the "major change programme" at UCL. He admitted that facilities were under pressure following growth over the past decade, but said that the issues were being addressed through the development of UCL East and rental of other additional space.[101]

In October 2017 UCL's council voted to apply for university status while remaining part of the University of London.[102] UCL's application to become a university is subject to Parliament passing a bill to amend the statutes of the University of London, which is, as of July 2018, held up by procedural issues in the House of Commons.[103][104] The bill received royal assent on 20 December 2018, allowing UCL's application for university status to proceed.[105]

The UCL Adelaide satellite campus closed in December 2017, with academic staff and student transferring to the University of South Australia.[106]

In 2018, UCL opened UCL at Here East, at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, offering courses jointly between the Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment and the Faculty of Engineering Sciences.[107] The campus offers a variety of undergraduate and postgraduate master's degrees,[108] with the first undergraduate students, on a new Engineering and Architectural Design MEng, starting in September 2018.[109] It was announced in August 2018 that a £215 million contract for construction of the largest building in the UCL East development, Marshgate 1, had been awarded to Mace, with building to begin in 2019 and be completed by 2022.[110]

In 2017 UCL disciplined an IT administrator who was also the University and College Union (UCU) branch secretary for refusing to take down an unmoderated staff mailing list. An employment tribunal subsequently ruled that he was engaged in union activities and thus this disciplinary action was unlawful. As of June 2019 UCL is appealing this ruling and the UCU congress has declared this to be a "dispute of national significance

ليزا راي

ليزا راني راي (ولدت في 4 أبريل 1972)  ممثلة نموذج، المضيف التلفزيون، فاعلة خيرية وناشطة اجتماعية كندية، ظهرت في عام 2005 في الفيلم الكندي المياه، الذي ي عرضت لأول مرة في مهرجان تورونتو السينمائي الدولي, في عام 2008 لعبت دور البطولة جنبا إلى جنب مع شيتال شيث في أفلام الرومانسية لا أستطيع التفكير بصورة صحيحة و العالم غير المرئي.

Lisa Ray

Lisa Rani Ray (born 4 April 1972)[1] is an Indian Canadian actress, model, television host, philanthropist and social activist. In 2005 she appeared in the Canadian film Water, which premièred at the Toronto International Film Festival. In 2008 she starred alongside Sheetal Sheth in the romance films I Can't Think Straight and The World Unseen.

Ray made her Indian cinematic debut in 1994 with the Tamil film Nethaji, alongside Sarath Kumar, in which she appeared in a brief role. In 2001, she appeared in the Bollywood film, Kasoor alongside Aftab Shivdasani. In 2002, she acted in the Telugu film Takkari Donga, alongside Mahesh Babu. On 16 November 2010, TLC India announced that it would film a new 5-part series, Oh My Gold, with Ray. It premiered in 2011. The series Oh My Gold was set against the cultural-yet-contemporary backdrop of India. Uncovering the beauty of various cities, Ray played both a host and a travel guide. In 2016, Ray appeared in Ram Gopal Varma's biographical Veerappan
Early life
Ray was born in Toronto to a Bengali Hindu father and a Polish mother[4] and grew up in the suburb of Etobicoke. She spoke Polish with her maternal grandmother and watched movies of Federico Fellini and Satyajit Ray with her cinephile dad.[2] During her childhood she spent some time in Calcutta.[5]

She excelled academically, doing five years of high school in four, while attending three different high schools: Etobicoke Collegiate Institute, Richview Collegiate Institute, and Silverthorn Collegiate Institute.[6]

Career
1987–2000
Ray came to public attention when she appeared in an advertisement for Bombay Dyeing wearing a high-cut black swimsuit in the 1990s,[7][8][9] opposite Karan Kapoor.[10]

Subsequently, she returned to Canada to attend university to study journalism, but a car accident that injured her mother derailed those plans. Instead, she returned to India, where she appeared on the cover of Glad Rags wearing a red Baywatch-style swimsuit. The sensation that caused led to more magazine covers, spokesperson deals, and a job as host of her own show-business program. A Times of India poll named her the "ninth most beautiful woman of the millennium," the only model in the top ten.[6] She also anchored the TV show Star Biz on Star Movies, with actor/model Kelly Dorji. Lisa also appeared in a desert-themed music video for the late Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan’s Aafreen Aafreen, and then took an assignment to anchor a TV show.[citation needed]

2001–2009
After turning down a number of roles,[11] Ray made her Indian Film Industry debut in 2001 with the Hindi film Kasoor, opposite Aftab Shivdasani,[10] in which her voice was dubbed by Divya Dutta, because she could not speak Hindi.[12] Her work in that film caught the eye of Deepa Mehta, who cast Ray in the romantic Indian-Canadian romp Bollywood/Hollywood, in 2002.[2]

Realizing that acting was something that she wanted to pursue more seriously, Ray moved to London to concentrate on a career in the performing arts. While there, Ray studied at the Central School of Speech and Drama, the London Centre for Theatre Studies, the Desmond Jones school of Physical Theatre, and BADA. She graduated from the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts (ALRA), in 2004, with a post-graduate degree in acting.[13] While studying, Ray made a conscious effort to not accept any film offers until she had graduated. However, while still at ALRA, she received another call from Deepa Mehta, who made her an offer she simply could not refuse—the lead role of Kalyani in Mehta's highly controversial and much-anticipated feature Water.[13]

In 2005, Ray worked again with Mehta, in the Oscar-nominated film Water, in which she spoke her lines in Hindi, although her voice was dubbed in the final cut.[12] Since then, Ray has worked in productions from Canada, Europe, and the United States. Past roles include a farm girl in All Hat, a school teacher in A Stone's Throw, and a housewife in 1950s-apartheid South Africa in The World Unseen. In 2008 Ray starred, alongside Sheetal Sheth and Amber Rose Revah, as an Arab lesbian in the humorously titled I Can't Think Straight, directed by Shamim Sarif. "I think every film that I’ve done so far has been a turning point because I experimented with each one and grew professionally. The movies I chose, dealt with a lot of thought-provoking subjects."[14]

After graduation, Ray based herself out of Milan, Paris, and New York from 2004–2008, returning to Toronto upon her mother's death in late 2008.[13] In 2007, Ray completed filming for Kill Kill Faster Faster, which is a contemporary film noir inspired by the critically acclaimed novel of the same name, by Joel Rose. She appeared in a few uninhibited sex scenes, "something unheard of for an artist from India."[15] She guest-starred in the USA Network series Psych, directed by Jay Chandrasekhar, which aired on 30 November 2009. She also appeared in a guest role of a reporter, Dominique Ball in Defendor.

Ray attended the Toronto International Film Festival in support of her work in Cooking with Stella. At this event, Ray revealed that she has multiple myeloma with the media and the public. At the same time, Ray started an acclaimed blog, The Yellow Diaries, chronicling her cancer experience.

"I believe it can be cured," Ray wrote on her blog. "That's the Dirty Realist in me... I'm getting better. My prognosis, given my 'junior' status and stage of disease, is very good. I'm aiming for full remission."

Ray went on to help raise funds for the establishment of the first research chair for multiple myeloma at Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto. She took part in Plan Canada’s Because I am a Girl campaign, a global movement that fights for the rights of girls around the world who face discrimination because of their gender and age.[citation needed]

2010s
On Christmas in 2009, Ray received a stem cell transplant to treat her rare cancer. In April 2010, she announced she was cancer-free due to the transplant. She gave a candid interview on her personal cancer trauma and surviving it, appearing on the cover of the 2010 anniversary issue of the Indian men's luxury magazine The Man.[citation needed]

Ray was seen in UniGlobe Entertainment's cancer docu-drama titled 1 a Minute, scheduled for release in 2010.[16] The documentary was made by Namrata Singh Gujral and featured cancer survivors Olivia Newton-John, Diahann Carroll, Melissa Etheridge, Mumtaz, and Jaclyn Smith, as well as William Baldwin, Daniel Baldwin, and Priya Dutt, whose lives have been touched by cancer. The feature was narrated by Kelly McGillis. It also starred Bárbara Mori, Deepak Chopra, and Morgan Brittany.

Ray is an advocate for stem cell technology, recording a PSA for the McEwan Centre for Regenerative Medicine. Also, she completed a national media tour in Canada for Multiple Myeloma called Making Myeloma Matter, in early 2011, to raise public awareness.[citation needed]

In 2011, Ray acted in the acclaimed stage play Taj, opposite Kabir Bedi in Luminato.[17] She was at the Taj Mahal and the Estee Lauder Breast Cancer event to spread awareness about breast cancer. A strong advocate of stem cell research and a long-time yoga practitioner, Ray partnered with co-owners Paris and Annette, in 2011, to open Moksha Yoga Brampton.[18]

On 5 July 2010, Ray was honored to be a host of the informal lunch for Queen Elizabeth's visit to Toronto, Ontario.[19] Ray hosted the 2011 International Indian Film Academy IIFA Rocks fashion and music event and was a presenter at the IIFA Awards and the 2011 Giller Prize.

On 15 November 2011, Ray announced that she had been named to host season two of Top Chef Canada,[20] which is Food Network Canada's top-rated series. The show premiered in March 2012.

Ray had one TV series Endgame. In 2011 she appeared in Craig Goodwill’s fantasy drama short film Patch Town and an Aprii episode of the Canadian-television drama series Murdoch Mysteries. In 2012, Goodwill cast Ray to star in his feature film Boy Toy, based on his Patch Town short film.[21]

In September 2012, Ray was named ambassador for the Pantene Beautiful Lengths campaign in Canada.[22] Pantene Beautiful Lengths is a charity campaign that asks people to grow and donate their hair to make real-hair wigs for women battling cancer.[23]

In 2015, Insight Vacations announced Ray as their new Global Brand Ambassador for the Exotics and Gold Collections.[24]

Personal life
On 23 June 2009, Ray was diagnosed with multiple myeloma, a cancer of the white blood cells known as plasma cells, which produce antibodies. It is a rare disease.[12][25] In April 2010, she announced that she was cancer-free, after a stem cell transplant.[26] As multiple myeloma is an incurable disease, Ray is not completely cured of the disease.[27]

In February 2012, Ray announced her engagement to management consultant Jason Dehni.[28] On 20 October 2012, Ray and Dehni (then a banking executive and philanthropist) were married in California's Napa Valley.[29][30]

In an interview with Times of India, Ray has said that most of her diet consists of juices, smoothies, and other vegetarian food. She has also cut down on dairy intake.[31]

In September 2018, Ray announced that she and her husband became parents to twin daughters via surrogacy, in June 2018.[32]

Humanitarian work
Ray has been involved in bringing the attention of the people towards the rights of girls around the world. She has initiated a number of fundraisers and campaigns for Multiple Myeloma such as the "Because I'm a Girl" campaign. After her recovery, Ray launched "Make Myeloma Matter" media campaign, which helped raise awareness about the disease worldwide. She also actively advocated the stem cell technology and its benefits. In the same year she became the face of Hillberg & Berk Jewellery, a part of the proceeds of which went to Multiple Myeloma Canada.[33]

Raising Funds with Satya Paul
In 2012, Ray initiated an effort to fund the Indian Innovation Research Centre (IIRC). The IIRC is a non-profit cancer research body that began with the 'Living With Cancer' program that was initiated by Ray the same year.[34] Their mandate is to promote convergence of fundamental as well as translational cancer in India, it played an instrumental role in helping Lisa fight Multiple Myeloma and overcome a trying phase of her life.[35]

She partnered with Satya Paul to create a range of exclusive sarees for the wedding season. These sarees (that were worn by Lisa) were then auctioned online with 100% of the proceeds going to IIRC for the development of their cancer research.[36]

The Run 5K Walk
After being diagnosed with Multiple Myeloma, Ray launched The Princess Margret Run 5k Walk, an initiative to raise funds for MM patients. Multiple Myeloma although treatable has no cure, the walk was an event with a purpose to fund research at Bloom Share for Multiple Myeloma Research at the Princess Margret Hospital. The research would help develop drugs that could help MM patients stabilize their condition till the cure can be developed. The walk was a success pooling in money from across the county to help the cause.[37]

Greeniche
In 2015, Ray partnered with Canadian Health and Wellness brand Greeniche, a natural healthcare product brand with pure vegetarian formulas, managed by healthcare professionals.[38]

At the launch of the brand she commented "I'm honored to launch into a special role as wellness guru for Greeniche Naturals. As a cancer survivor, I have healed myself through nutrition, healthy choices and wellness techniques and now I can support others in living their life to the fullest by sharing tips online and through special videos. Hopefully these will help fuel your Passion for life."[39]

Beauty Gives Back
Ray joined the Beauty Gives Back campaign, which launched in Canada in 2015. The campaign addresses the cancer blues- the emotional fallout from cancer and its treatment. While launching the campaign Ray commented, "The beauty gives back campaign helps and motivates women to overcome the shackles of cancer and the process of its treatment. It seeks to give them their lost confidence back so that they continue their fight against the deadly disease with a new belief and dignity. It was an absolute honor to be the part of such a worthy cause which works towards giving face value to the emotional fallout from cancer."[40]

Awards
Voted Star of the Future at the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival,[41]
Top Ten most Beautiful Indian Woman of the Millennium by the Times of India
Won the Best Actress in a Canadian film for Water by the Vancouver Critics Circle[42]
Won 'Voice Achievers Award for 2009' for outstanding contribution in fields of film, trade, literature and sports[43]
Named one of Canada's 50 Most Beautiful Stars in Hello Canada's May 2009 issue.[44]
Honored with Fortis Lisa Ray Award for Conquering Cancer in 2010[45]
Honored with a Special Achievement Award at Miss India-Canada 2011[46]
Named one of Canada's 50 Most Beautiful Stars in Hello Canada's May 2012 issue.[47]
Honored with People's Choice Award at the 'Light of India' Awards 2012 in Arts & Entertainment section.[48]
Named one of Canada's 50 Most Beautiful Stars in Hello Canada's 2013 issue.[49]
Honored with the prestigious 'Diamond Jubilee Medal' in May 2013.[50]
Awarded the 'Facing Cancer Together' Look Good, Feel Better award in September 2012[51]
Won Anokhi Prestige award in 2013 in the category of Canadian Actor of the Decade for movie Water.[52]
Awarded prestigious 2014 Women of Action Honoree by Israel Cancer Research Fund.[53]
Awarded Medscape award for Most Inspirational Fighter of India 2015[54]
Philanthropy
2009 : 5K Your Way Walk/Run, MMWalk for the Cure
2009 : Plan Canada’s ‘Because I Am A Girl’ campaign[55]
2010 : Plan Canada's ‘Because I Am A Girl’ campaign[55]
2010 : "1 a Minute", to inspire women and give them hope
2010 : Estee Lauder Breast Cancer Awareness[56]
2011 : 'Make Myeloma Matter' media campaign[57]
2011 : Artbound, in support of Free The Children
2011 : GIRL 20 SUMMIT
2012 : BE FAIR 2 RARE[58]
2012 : Wellspring Cancer 'Graduate' Fashion show
2012 : "Rhythm and Soul"-THE SPARK GALA 2012, to Ignite A Child's Potential[59]
2012 : Run or Walk, MM5K[60]
2012 : Plan Canada's ‘Because I Am A Girl’ campaign[55]
2012 : Ambassador for Pantene Beautiful Lengths campaign in Canada

TRB

The Transportation Research Board (TRB) is a division of the National Academy of Sciences, formerly, the National Research Council of the United States which serves as an independent adviser to the President of the United States, the Congress and federal agencies on scientific and technical questions of national importance. It is jointly administered by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Medicine.

As one of seven major divisions of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,[1] the TRB promotes innovation and progress in transportation through research in an objective and interdisciplinary setting. It stimulates research and offers research management services that promote technical excellence; provides expert advice on transportation policy and programs; and disseminates research results broadly and encourages their implementation. The TRB hosts some 200 standing committees that address specific aspects of transport and the annual TRB conference attracts more than 13,000 attendees.
History
The Transportation Research Board was established in 1920 as 'National Advisory Board on Highway Research', as the 'Highway Research Board' from 1925 until 1974 when it was renamed again as the 'Transportation Research Board'. Initially being solely involved in the sharing of information, it has commissioned ad-hoc research since 1950, became more involved in multi-modal transport in the 1960s and has extended its operations further more recently.[2]

Overview
TRB fulfills this mission through the work of its more than 200 standing committees and task forces addressing all modes and aspects of transportation; publication and dissemination of reports and peer-reviewed technical papers on research findings; management of cooperative research and other research programs; conduct of special studies on transportation policy issues at the request of the U.S. Congress and government agencies; operation of an on-line computerized file of transportation research information; and the hosting of an annual meeting that typically attracts more than 13,000 transportation professionals from throughout the United States and abroad.[3]

The Board's activities are organized as follows:

Division A – Technical Activities
Division B – Studies and Special Programs
Division C – Administration and Finance
Division D – Cooperative Research Programs
TRB's varied activities annually draw on over 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers from the public and private sectors and academia, who contribute expertise in the public interest by participating on TRB committees, panels, and task forces.[4] The program is supported by state transportation departments, the various administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation and other federal agencies, industry associations, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation.[5]

Publications include the Highway Capacity Manual and Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) offers several databases for researchers:

The TRID Database is an integrated database that combines the records from TRB's Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) Database and the OECD's Joint Transport Research Centre’s International Transport Research Documentation (ITRD) Database. TRID is the world's largest and most comprehensive bibliographic resource on transportation research information. It contains more than one million records of published and ongoing research, covering all modes and disciplines of transportation. More than 156,000 records contain links to full-text documents. The records in TRID are indexed with a standardized vocabulary from the Transportation Research Thesaurus (TRT) or the ITRD Thesaurus, depending on the source organization.[6]
The Research in Progress (RiP) Database contains more than 12,400 current or recently completed transportation research projects, mostly those funded by the modal administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, state Departments of Transportation (DOTs), University Transportation Centers, or by TRB's cooperative research programs.[7]
Research Needs Statements (RNS) Database An important function of TRB is to stimulate research that addresses issues facing the transportation community. In support of this function, TRB Technical Activities standing committees identify, develop, and disseminate research need statements (RNS) for use by practitioners, researchers, and others.[8]
The TRB Publications Index (Pubsindex) contains bibliographic information on almost 48,000 papers, articles, and reports published by the Highway Research Board, Transportation Research Board, Strategic Highway Research Program, and the Marine Board.[9]
The Practice Ready Papers (PRP) Database] contains papers that are defined as those in which the research results presented and discussed make a contribution to the solution of current or future problems or issues for practitioners. Information presented in these papers is ready for immediate implementation or requires minimal additional research or implementation effort.[10]
Funding Opportunities
The TRB offers selective research funding for graduate students and faculty, notably, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP), and the Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP). Each one of these programs has industry leaders who act as references while completing the project