Genk

Koninklijke Racing Club Genk (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈreːsɪŋ ˌklɵp ˈɣɛŋk]),[3] commonly known as KRC Genk, Racing Genk or simply Genk, is a Belgian professional football club based in the city of Genk in Belgian Limburg. Racing Genk plays in the Belgian Pro League and have won four championship titles; in 1998–99, in 2001–02, in 2010–11 and in 2018–19. They also won four Belgian Cups, most recently in 2008–09 and in 2012–13. They qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage in the 2002–03, 2011–12 and 2019–20 seasons.

The club formed in 1988 by the merger of Waterschei Thor with KFC Winterslag, from which it took over the matricule number. It has been one of the most successful clubs in Belgium since the late 1990s and so they regularly qualify for European competitions. The club has been playing in the first division since the 1996–97 season. They play their home matches in the Luminus Arena. Their main outfit is blue and white
History
KFC Winterslag history (1923–88)
The club FC Winterslag was founded in 1923 and that gave it the matricule number 322. On its 35th anniversary the club added the Royal prefix Koninklijke to their name to become KFC Winterslag. In 1972–73 Winterslag reached the second division and they eventually qualified for the 1974–75 Belgian First Division after finishing second in the second division final round. They had taken advantage of the increase in the number of first division clubs (from 16 to 20). The club ended the season in last place but won the second division right after.

KFC Winterslag reached the 5th place in 1981 which allowed them to play UEFA Cup matches, where it defeated Bryne FK from Norway and English Premier league giant FC Arsenal.[4] In the next round it was knocked out by Dundee United from Scotland. Two seasons later it was relegated to the second stage after a disappointing last place. That season Standard Liège won the championship on bribery in a match against the club of Waterschei Thor that would eventually merge with the matricule number 322. Following a spell of four seasons in the second division, Winterslag found its place again in the first division by winning the 1987 final round, one point ahead of Tongeren. It finished 15th on 18 but at the end of the season, the club merged with the neighbour club of Waterschei Thor which was playing in the second division since its relegation in 1986.

K Waterschei SV Thor Genk
Main article: K. Waterschei S.V. Thor Genk
K Waterschei SV Thor was created in 1919 as Waterschei's Sport Vereeniging Thor with Thor being the acronym of Tot Herstel Onzer Rechten (English: To recover our rights). It received matricule number n°533. The club enjoyed a spell in the first division in the late 1950s to the early 1960s and again from 1978 to 1986. After two seasons in the second division, K. Waterschei SV Thor Genk merged with KFC Winterslag to form KRC Genk.

During the 1982–83 season, the match between Standard Liège-Waterschei had been fixed and Standard eventually won the championship. Waterschei won the Belgian Cup twice (1980 and 1982). Quite remarkably, the latter victory led to Waterschei reaching the semi-finals of the European Cup Winners Cup in the 1982–83 season. After defeating PSG in the quarter-finals, Waterschei lost the first leg of the semi-final 5–1 at Pittodrie Stadium, home of the eventual winners, Aberdeen A 1–0 victory in Waterschei, courtesy of Eddy Voordeckers, could not reverse the position. They then merged with Winterslag in 1988 to form the current club.

K.R.C. Genk history (1988–present)
The new club was named KRC Genk and as it kept the Winterslag ranking, it began in the first division but finished last. The next year Genk managed to win the final round in 2nd division and then played 4 seasons in the first division. In 1995 the club hired Aimé Anthuenis a coach and Racing finished second and skipped the final round as two first division teams merged (Seraing and Standard Liège). After an eighth place in 1997, the club had a good 1997–98 season with a cup win and a second place in the championship. In its first European season, Racing Genk eliminated successively Apolonia Fier and MSV Duisburg but it lost to Mallorca in the round of 16 after two draws (1–1 on aggregate) in the last Cup Winners' Cup ever. The season was ended well as Genk won its first Belgian championship in May, with manager Aimé Anthuenis then moving to Anderlecht.

Genk played in the UEFA Champions League in 1999–00 but lost in the second qualifying round to Maribor. The season was salvaged by winning the Belgian Cup again, this time to Standard, but Genk ended the championship in 9th place. It finished 11th in the following season and lost in the UEFA Cup second round to Werder Bremen after a win against FC Zürich. After this poor spell, Genk managed to win the championship once more in the 2001–02 season. In 2002–03, they reached the Champions League group stages for the first time in their history. Although they came 4th, they impressed fans with draws against Real Madrid, Roma and AEK Athens.

In the 2006–07 season, Genk finished second to Anderlecht. The Limburgians had been ahead almost the entire season but were pipped at the post by Anderlecht after losing at Germinal Beerschot. The 2007–08 season was a disaster, as Genk didn't even manage to finish in the top half of the division, ending with a disappointing tenth place.

Three bad seasons followed. Genk finished the 2007–08 season 45 points and a 10th spot in the league: the worst result in seven years. The 2008–09 season was bad for Genk as well, finishing 8th in the domestic league. The season ended on a positive note with by winning the Belgian Cup, which gave them a ticket to the fourth Europa League qualifying round. The 2009–10 season Genk started off badly when they were kicked out of the Europa League by Lille. Things didn't go well in the domestic league either. Manager Hein Vanhaezebrouck was fired in December and was replaced by Franky Vercauteren. Genk finished 11th, but Vercauteren managed to lead the club to European football by beating derby rival Sint-Truiden in the final of Play-offs II.

The 2010–11 season started well for KRC Genk when they beat Inter Turku with 1–5 in Finland. They progressed to the 4th qualifying round of the Europa League and drew the Portuguese club Porto. Genk lost both games against Porto, despite two good performances.

On 30 January 2010, KRC Genk announced that coach Franky Vercauteren signed a new contract that runs till June 2013.

They only lost their first game of the season on the 20th matchday and started the Play-offs in second place. The club won the 2010–11 Belgian Pro League after drawing 1–1 with title challengers Standard Liége.[5] This was KRC Genk's third League win in its existence and its supporters celebrated with a pitch invasion straight after the final whistle.

On 11 August, coach Frank Vercauteren confirmed he was leaving Genk and signed with Abu Dhabi club Al-Jazira. In the 3rd Qualifying Round of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League KRC Genk beat FK Partizan over two legs and drew Maccabi Haifa in the play-off Round. Maccabi Haifa beat Genk 2–1 in the first leg in Israel, while the second leg was won by Genk with the same 2–1 score in Belgium. During the penalty shoot-out, goalkeeper László Köteles helped Genk to qualify by saving two penalties.[6] For the second time in its history, KRC Genk reached the group stages of the UEFA Champions League. They were drawn in Group E with Chelsea, Valencia and Bayer Leverkusen.

In late August 2011, Mario Been was announced as the new manager. The Champions League campaign was one with ups and downs. Genk managed to get a 1–1 result against both Chelsea and Bayer Leverkusen and a goalless draw against Valencia. Away from home, Genk lost all three games. The season in the Jupiler League was a difficult one, with Genk only just qualifying for the play-offs by finishing sixth in the regular competition. In the play-offs however, Genk started to play better and climbed up to third place. By finishing in third place, KRC Genk qualified for the third qualifying round of the Europa League.

The 2012–13 season started well for Genk by qualifying for the Europa League group stage after beating Aktobe and FC Luzern. In this group stage KRC Genk performed very well and ultimately won the group without a single defeat. Genk finished first with three points more than Basel and by doing so, qualified for the next round where they would face VfB Stuttgart. It would be the first time in the club's history that they played European football after Christmas. Stuttgart was the better of Genk over the two games. In the league, Genk qualified for the play-offs and performed well until the title was out of reach, fifth place was the result. Genk ended their season on a positive note, by winning the Belgian Cup. They defeated Cercle Brugge in the final, in front of 30,000 Genk fans.

In the 2016–2017 season, Genk participated in the UEFA Europa League; they started playing in the second qualifying round and qualified for the third qualifying round (on 21 July 2016)[7] and the play-off round (on 4 August 2016).[8] They won their group with 3 home victories over Athletic Bilbao, Rapid Wien and Sassuolo and after defeating Astra Giurgiu (2–2 and 1–0) in the 2nd round they drew KAA Gent from the domestic Belgian Pro League with 2 confusing games Gent-Genk, Genk-Gent and an impressive 2–5 away victory. Even when Genk got beaten twice in the quarter final against Celta de Vigo (3–2 and 0–1), it was Genk's most successful European season.

Later on, Genk won the 2018–19 Belgian First Division A for the fourth time in their history, hence they qualify for the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League after an eight-year absence.[9]

Youth academy
Genk is well known for its outstanding youth academy. In 2003 they built their youth center next to their stadium and set up a youth program with Ronny Vangeneugden. There are further plans to build a boarding school and some synthetic pitches. In the past and now, many young players have found their way through the youth system. Some examples are Yannick Carrasco, Jelle Vossen, Dennis Praet, Steven Defour, Christian Benteke, Thibaut Courtois, Divock Origi, Timothy Castagne and Kevin De Bruyne.

Their scouting is also highly regarded. Players like Kalidou Koulibaly, Wilfred Ndidi, Leon Bailey and Sergej Milinković-Savić all played for Genk.

Honours
Belgian First Division:
Winners (4): 1998–99, 2001–02, 2010–11, 2018–19
Runners-up (2): 1997–98, 2006–07
Belgian Second Division:
Winners (1): 1975–76
Runners-up (2): 1986–87, 1995–96
Belgian Second Division Final Round:
Winners (2): 1987, 1990
Runners-up (1):1974
Belgian Cup:
Winners (4): 1997–98, 1999–00, 2008–09, 2012–13
Runners-up (1): 2017–18
Belgian Super Cup
Winners (2): 2011, 2019
Runners-up (6): 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2009, 2013

Salzbourg

Salzbourg (prononcé, en français, [sals.buʁ] ; en allemand Salzburg [ˈzalt͡sbʊɐ̯k] Écouter ; en bavarois Soizburg ; littéralement « château du sel ») est une ville autrichienne de 150 000 habitants en 2006 et la capitale du Land de Salzbourg (520 000 habitants en 2003). La vieille ville est inscrite sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO. C'est la quatrième ville la plus peuplée de son pays avec ses 148 521 habitants en 2012.

Située à la frontière allemande, la ville est célèbre pour avoir vu naître Mozart. Elle tient son nom du sel (Salz en allemand) et de château (Burg), sur le commerce duquel la cité bâtit sa fortune. Le festival de musique classique de Salzbourg est l'un des plus prestigieux au monde.
Histoire

Vue de Salzbourg.

Vue du centre historique de Salzbourg avec la Forteresse de Hohensalzburg. Avril 2017.
Les premières traces remontent au Néolithique. Mille ans avant Jésus-Christ, les Illyriens occupent le site[réf. nécessaire], habité depuis l'âge de la pierre polie. Les Celtes sont arrivés 400 ans plus tard. À partir de 15 av. J.-C., une ville se forme sur les rives du Salzach. En 45, la ville s'appelle alors Juvavum, elle appartient à l'empire romain et acquiert le droit municipal. Au ve siècle un cloître y est aménagé. L'évêque Rupert von Worms (ou Rupert de Salzbourg) reçoit le reste de la ville en 699 en cadeau de la part du comte de Bavière. Il fonde l'abbaye Saint-Pierre. Le nom « Salzbourg » est évoqué pour la première fois en 755. La ville est depuis 739 le siège de l'évêché. Salzbourg devient une ville-État gouvernée par des princes-archevêques au xiiie siècle.

En 1077, la forteresse de Hohensalzburg (Festung Hohensalzburg) est construite par le prince-archevêque Gebhard.

Au xviie siècle, la ville se « baroquise », notamment sous les princes-archevêques Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, Markus Sittikus von Hohenems et Paris von Lodron. Le 31 octobre 1731 les protestants sont expulsés de la ville1.

1803 marque la fin des règnes des princes-archevêques de Salzbourg. La ville est donnée en compensation du Grand-duché de Toscane à l'archiduc Ferdinand d'Autriche ; en 1805, elle est annexée avec Berchtesgaden à l'Autriche. En 1810, elle est rattachée à la Bavière puis en 1816 (après le Congrès de Vienne) elle est de nouveau réintégrée à l'Autriche, ce que confirme en 1819 le recès de Francfort2.

Vers 1860, les fortifications ne suffisent plus pour contenir la ville et Salzbourg s'étend au dehors.

Le 7 juin 1935, une décision de l'assemblée de Salzbourg permet l'agrandissement du territoire de la ville. Annexant les communes avoisinantes, Salzbourg passe d'une surface de 8,79 km² à 24,9 km² et voit sa population grimper de 40 232 habitants à 63 275.

Monuments
La Salzach divise le centre ville en deux parties. À l'est, la rue commerçante Linzergasse conduit à la colline des Capucins (Kapuzinerberg), dominée par le couvent des Capucins (xviie siècle), puis conduit à l'église Saint-Sébastien et à son cimetière où sont enterrés la famille de Mozart et le médecin Paracelse.


La façade de la Cathédrale de Salzbourg avec ses trois portails - Salzburger Dom.
Du côté ouest, entre la rivière Salzach et la colline Mönchsberg, se trouve la vieille ville qui est particulièrement intéressante, car elle a su préserver son caractère gothique flamboyant et baroque avec de nombreuses constructions des architectes Vincenzo Scamozzi et Santino Solari entre autres.

La cathédrale Saint-Rupert (Salzburger Dom) est une de leurs contributions. Elle était à l'origine romane (terminée en 774), mais elle a brûlé en 1598 et une nouvelle fut érigée au même emplacement (construction de 1614 à 1628 (baroque)).

L'abbaye bénédictine de Nonnberg, de style baroque, a inspiré le film La Mélodie du bonheur avec Julie Andrews.


L'église de la Trinité : vue du maître-autel.
Parmi les places on trouve la Residenzplatz comprenant la Résidence, le Glockenspiel (jouant trois fois par jour -6,11 et 18h) une mélodie changeant chaque mois) et l'église Saint-Michel. L'Alter Markt est célèbre pour ses deux cafés (Tomaselli et Fürst) Il y a encore la Kapitelplatz (bâtiments du prince-archevêque), la Dom Platz (cathédrale) et l' Universitätplatz (Kollegienkirche, faculté de théologie).

Églises
Salzbourg est parfois surnommée « la ville aux cent églises ». Parmi les plus célèbres, on trouve l'abbaye bénédictine Saint-Pierre (fondée en 696 par l'évêque de Worms, saint Rupert, patron de la ville). Elle est bordée par le cimetière St Petersfriedhof, lui-même surplombé par des catacombes; L'église des franciscains, à la fois gothique et romane, la Kollegienkirche (construite en 1708, place de l'université), l'église Saint-Michel (place de la résidence), etc. sont aussi de très belles œuvres vivantes. Des messes (avec orchestre, chœurs et solistes chaque dimanche) et des concerts y ont lieu chaque jour. L'église Saint-Sébastien, sur la Linzergasse, est consacrée aux liturgies en latin. Son cimetière, le cimetière Saint-Sébastien, abrite la tombe de Constance Mozart, veuve du musicien.

Église de la Trinité : chef-d'œuvre de Fischer von Erlach.
Église Saint-Gaëtan : église baroque au sud de la vieille ville.
Rues

Residenzbrunnen, fontaine à Salzbourg.
Mais ce qui donne aussi tout son charme à Salzbourg, ce sont les rues de la vieille ville, véritable dédale composé de maisons anciennes et d'échoppes anciennes tout à fait remarquables. Les seules voitures que l'on y croise sont des fiacres. Les rues les plus célèbres sont la Goldgasse, la Judengasse et surtout la très fameuse Getreidegasse, rue commerçante dont les magasins sont reconnaissables grâce à leurs enseignes en fer forgé doré. On y trouve la maison où Mozart a vécu depuis sa naissance jusqu'à ses 19 ans.

Alentours
La forteresse de Hohensalzburg, située sur la colline de Festungsberg et surplombant la ville depuis le xie siècle est la plus grande d'Europe. On peut y monter à pied ou par le funiculaire construit au xxe siècle.

Sur cette colline on trouve également le couvent de Bénédictines Nonnberg, de jolies villas privées, le musée d'art moderne, la muraille protégeant la ville ainsi que plusieurs terrasses ayant un magnifique aperçu sur la ville.

En dehors de la vieille ville, on peut admirer le château Mirabell et ses jardins. L'ensemble a été construit par le prince-archevêque Wolf Dietrich en l'honneur de sa maîtresse Salomé. On y trouve aujourd'hui la mairie avec le célèbre escalier des mariages.

Au nord, se trouve le château de Klessheim et plus au sud, on trouve les châteaux d'Hellbrunn avec parc, fontaines, jeux d'eau, zoo et réserve de chasse, mais aussi celui de Léopoldskron où fut tourné une partie du film La Mélodie du bonheur et enfin celui d'Anif.

Musées
Rupertinum: le musée d'art moderne

Le 'Hangar 7' de nuit.
Le musée sur la Mönchsberg le musée de l'art moderne
Residenzgalerie, galerie de peinture du 16e au 19e siècle
Salzburg Museum, musée d'art et d'histoire de l'art
Haus der Natur Salzburg: « maison de la nature », en fait le musée d'histoire naturelle de Salzbourg
Dommuseum Salzburg: musée de la cathédrale de Salzbourg
Mozarts Geburtshaus, la maison natale de Mozart
La deuxième maison de Mozart
Le Hangar 7 : le Red Bull Hangar 7 est un bâtiment nouveau et très moderne, financé par Dietrich Mateschitz ; on y trouve un musée des avions (des avions historiques, des hélicoptères historiques et des bolides‚ Formule 1’ historiques), un café, un bar et le restaurant Ikarus, situé à l'Aéroport de Salzbourg
Stille Nacht Museum: alentours de Salzbourg
Salzburger Freilichtmuseum: musée montrant d'anciennes maisons en plein air, aux alentours de Salzbourg
Spielzeug Museum : musée du jouet
Culture
Salzbourg a connu une période florissante sous les princes-archevêques, accueillant des artistes de l'Europe entière et son centre-ville est un chef-d'œuvre d'art gothique et baroque. Parmi les plus grands artistes que Salzbourg a abrités entre ses murs, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart est de loin le plus célèbre et est devenu l'emblème de la ville.

De nombreux festivals ont lieu toute l'année, il y a des concerts presque quotidiennement. Le festival le plus renommé est sans doute le Festival de Salzbourg (Salzburger Festspiele), fondé en 1920 par Max Reinhardt et Hugo von Hofmannsthal, qui a lieu chaque année de fin juillet à fin août. Concerts, opéras et pièces de théâtre alternent pendant un mois. Un Festival de Pentecôte a lieu à partir de 1973.

En 1967, le chef d'orchestre Herbert von Karajan, né à Salzbourg en 1908, crée le Festival de Pâques (Salzburger Osterfestspiele), indépendant du festival d'été : un nouvel opéra est présenté chaque année avec quelques concerts, l'Orchestre philharmonique de Berlin étant en fosse.


Bâtiment de l’Institut Orff à Salzbourg.
Ces deux festivals ont lieu dans des salles aménagées par Clemens Holzmeister dans d'anciens bâtiments baroques, qui forment le « quartier du Festival » (Festspielbezirk) : le Grand Palais des festivals (Großes Festspielhaus), la Maison de Mozart (Haus für Mozart, ancien Petit Palais des festivals) et le Manège des rochers (Felsenreitschule).

Mozart est continuellement honoré à travers par exemple les Sérénades de Mozart, ensemble de concerts s'étalant de mai à décembre, et des festivals plus ponctuels comme le Mozart-Bach Festival ou le festival de musique de chambre. L'institution qui porte son nom, le Mozarteum, est connue bien au-delà des frontières de l'Autriche.

Les meilleurs musiciens du monde viennent étudier à la prestigieuse école de musique du Mozarteum où des concerts et opéras ont lieu chaque soir.


Plan du réseau de trolleybus.
L'Aéroport de Salzbourg est le deuxième aéroport d'Autriche. Il se trouve à deux kilomètres de la ville. L'aéroport de Salzbourg est desservi par les lignes intérieures, les vols internationaux et les vols longs courriers d'un grand nombre de compagnies aériennes.
La gare centrale des ÖBB est desservie par de nombreux trains internationaux, nationaux et régionaux.
Les transports urbains sont assurés par huit lignes de trolleybus. Le réseau de trolleybus de Salzbourg compte parmi les plus importants d'Europe.
Économie

Obligation de Salzbourg en date du 30 août 1921.
Salzbourg est également réputée pour avoir été choisi comme le siège autrichien de Schloetter, entreprise spécialisée dans la galvanisation de métaux.

Célébrités
De nombreuses célébrités y sont nées ou y ont vécu dont voici quelques noms :

Musiciens
Mönch von Salzburg (xive siècle), prêtre, compositeur d'importance du Moyen Âge à la cour de l'archevêque de Salzbourg
Paul Hofhaimer (1459-1537), compositeur et organiste autrichien, mort à Salzbourg
Johann Stadlmayr (ca. 1575-1648), compositeur, de 1603 à 1607, chef d'orchestre à la cour de Salzbourg
Bartholomäus Riedl († 1688), compositeur et trompettiste à Salzbourg
Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber (1644-1704), violoniste et compositeur baroque, mort à Salzbourg
Georg Muffat (1653-1704), il a composé à Salzbourg pendant quelques années
Leopold Mozart (1719-1787), il a composé au service de l'archevêque de Salzbourg
Maria Anna Mozart (1751-1829), pianiste, et la sœur de W.A. Mozart, née à Salzbourg
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791), compositeur, né à Salzbourg
Michael Haydn (1737-1806), décédé à Salzbourg
Sigismond von Neukomm (1778-1858), compositeur autrichien
Joseph Mohr (1792-1848), prêtre et écrivain, en 1816, il a écrit « Douce nuit, sainte nuit »
Joseph Messner (1893-1969), prêtre, musicieur et compositeur autrichien
Cesar Bresgen (1913-1988), compositeur autrichien, né à Salzbourg
Herbert von Karajan (1908-1989), maestro autrichien, né à Salzbourg
Belphegor, groupe autrichien de death / black metal
Carl Orff (1895-1982), compositeur allemand, de 1961 chef de l'Institut Orff à Salzbourg
Maria von Schmedes (1917-2003), chanteuse autrichienne morte à Salzbourg
Martin Grubinger (* 1983), multipercussionniste autrichien, né à Salzbourg
Benjamin Herzl (* 1994), violoniste autrichien, né à Salzbourg
Écrivains
Stefan Zweig (1881-1942), écrivain autrichien, il a vécu à Salzbourg de 1919-1933
Georg Trakl (1887-1914), poète autrichien né à Salzbourg
Thomas Bernhard (1931- 1989), écrivain et dramaturge autrichien, éducation à Salzbourg
Peter Handke (* 1942), écrivain et traducteur autrichien, a vécu à Salzbourg de 1979-1987
Scientifiques
Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (Paracelse) (1493 ou en 1494-1541), mort à Salzbourg
Christian Doppler (1803-1853), mathématicien et physicien autrichien, célèbre pour sa découverte de l'effet Doppler, né à Salzbourg
Michael Schwarz, (* 1929), islamologue et rechercheur de la philosophie juive, né à Salzbourg
Acteurs
Helmut Berger (* 1944), acteur autrichien, depuis 2004 il vit à Salzbourg
Peintres
Josef Bergler
Franz Hinterholzer (1851-1928) né et mort à Salzbourg, peintre paysagiste
Hans Makart (1840-1884), né à Salzbourg
Lucas Suppin (1911-1998), décédé à Salzbourg
Autres
Félix Baumgartner, parachutiste et sauteur extrême, né à Salzbourg
Thomas Eder, footballeur autrichien né le 25 décembre 1980
Robert Jungk (1913-1994), écrivain, journaliste et futurologue, il est récipiendaire du Prix Nobel alternatif en 1986. Il est décédé à Salzbourg
Joseph Adam Lorentz (1734-1801) médecin militaire français, décédé à Salzbourg
Roland Ratzenberger (1960-1994), pilote autrichien de course automobile, né à Salzbourg
Robert Ritter von Greim,(1945), officier allemand de l'armée de terre et de l'air décédé à Salzbourg
Arno Tausch, politologue autrichien né à Salzbourg
Film
Films qui ont été faits à Salzbourg :

La Mélodie du bonheur (The Sound of Music) (1965) de Robert Wise avec Julie Andrews
Ich hätte München Ehre gemacht (J'aurais rendu gloire à Munich) (2005) de Bernd Fischerauer avec Xaver Hutter, téléfilm sur Mozart
Night and Day de James Mangold (2010) avec Tom Cruise et Cameron Diaz
Jumelage
Drapeau de la France Reims (France), 1964
Sport

La Red Bull Arena, où évoluent le Red Bull Salzbourg et le FC Liefering, les deux clubs de football autrichiens du groupe Red Bull, dont le siège est à Salzbourg.
La ville abrite le siège de l'Union internationale de biathlon.
L'espace Salzburg Amadé Sport World est le plus grand domaine skiable d'Europe.
Le Red Bull Salzbourg, le SV Austria Salzbourg et le FC Liefering sont les trois principaux clubs de football de la ville. Le Red Bull Salzbourg et le FC Liefering appartiennent au groupe Red Bull, dont le siège est à Salzbourg. Ces deux clubs jouent leurs rencontres à domicile à la Red Bull Arena, inauguré en 2003.
La ville a accueilli les championnats du monde de cyclisme sur route en 2006.
Divers
Spécialités culinaires : les Mozartkugeln (Boules de Mozart, chocolats ronds fourrés) et les Salzburger Nockerln (dessert soufflé crémeux)
Voir (en) Mozartkugel
Voir (de) Mozartkugel, Salzburger Nockerln
L'Europrix, un festival de multimédias, a lieu tous les ans à Salzburg.
Salzbourg n'a pas été retenue par le CIO pour les Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2014, c'est Sotchi qui a été élue.
Radiofabrik émet depuis Salzbourg.
Worakls a composé une musique nommée Salzburg, sortie en juillet 2014.

Sean Spicer

Sean Michael Spicer[2] (born September 23, 1971)[3] is an American political aide who served as the twenty-eighth White House Press Secretary and as White House Communications Director under President Donald Trump in 2017. Spicer was communications director of the Republican National Committee from 2011 to 2017, and its chief strategist from 2015 to 2017.[4]

During his tenure as White House press secretary, Spicer made a number of public statements that were controversial and false,[5][6][7] and he developed a contentious relationship with the White House press corps.[8][9][10] The first such instance occurred on January 21, 2017, the day following Trump's inauguration. Spicer repeated the claim that crowds at Trump's inauguration ceremony were the largest ever at such an event and that the press had deliberately under-estimated the number of spectators.[11][12][13] After this statement was widely criticized, Trump aide Kellyanne Conway said that Spicer had presented what she called "alternative facts" regarding the inauguration's attendance numbers.[14]

Spicer resigned as White House Press Secretary on July 21, 2017, although he remained at the White House in an unspecified capacity until August 31
Early life
Spicer is the son of Kathryn (née Grossman) and Michael William Spicer (1944–2016).[18] The Spicers were living in Port Washington when Sean was born at North Shore Hospital in Manhasset, New York.[3][19] Spicer grew up in the East Bay area of Rhode Island.[20] His father was an insurance agent and his mother is the department manager in the East Asian studies department at Brown University.[2][21][22]

Spicer is of partial Irish descent,[23] and was raised Catholic.[24] From 1985 to 1989, Spicer attended Portsmouth Abbey School, a Roman Catholic boarding school in Rhode Island.[25] While in high school, he volunteered for local political campaigns in Rhode Island and continued those activities while at college.[26]

He attended Connecticut College from 1989 to 1993 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government.[27] In college he was a student senator. In April 1993, an article in the student paper, The College Voice, referred to Spicer as "Sean Sphincter"; Spicer submitted an angry complaint to the paper and followed up by pushing for college judicial action against the paper, for which he received further ribbing from the campus satirical publication Blats. The incident was later cited as a precursor of his contentious relationship with the media in later years.[28][29]

In 2012, he earned a master's degree in national security and strategic studies from the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.[30]

Early career
After graduating from college in 1993, Spicer worked on a number of political campaigns.[31] In the late 1990s, he worked for representatives Mike Pappas (R-NJ),[32] Frank LoBiondo (R-NJ),[33] Mark Foley (R-FL),[34] and Clay Shaw (R-FL).[35]

In 1999, Spicer joined the United States Navy Reserve as a public affairs officer; he currently holds the rank of commander.[36] As of December 2016, he was assigned to the Joint Chiefs of Staff's naval reserve contingent in Washington, D.C.[37]

Early government appointments
From 2000 to 2001, Spicer was the communications director on the House Government Reform Committee, and from 2001 to 2002, he was director of incumbent retention at the National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC).[38]

From 2003 to 2005,[38] Spicer was the communications director and spokesman for the House Budget Committee.[2] He subsequently was the communications director for the Republican Conference of the U.S. House of Representatives, and then, from 2006 to 2009, was the assistant for media and public affairs at the Office of the United States Trade Representative in President George W. Bush's administration.[39] He wore an Easter bunny suit during the White House Easter Egg Rolls.[40]

Endeavor Global Strategies
From 2009 to 2011, Spicer was a partner at Endeavor Global Strategies, a public relations firm he co-founded to represent foreign governments and corporations with business before the U.S. government.[41] His clients included the government of Colombia, which was then seeking a free trade agreement with the U.S. amid public criticism of its human rights record.[42] Spicer worked full-time at the firm until February 2011.[43]

Republican National Committee
In February 2011, Spicer became the communications director of the Republican National Committee.[43] At the RNC, he enlarged the organization's social media operations, built an in-house TV production team, and created a rapid response program to reply to attacks.[39] In February 2015, he was given an additional role, as chief strategist for the party.[44]

While at the RNC, Spicer was critical of then Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump. In June 2015, after Trump said illegal immigrants from Mexico were involved in crimes in the U.S., Spicer said "painting Mexican Americans with that kind of a brush, I think that's probably something that is not helpful to the cause."[45] In July 2015, he released a public criticism of Trump's comments on U.S. Senator John McCain, saying "there is no place in our party or our country for comments that disparage those who have served honorably."[46]

Press secretary for the Trump administration
On December 22, 2016, Spicer was named the White House press secretary for Donald Trump.[47] On December 24, he was also named the communications director for the Trump administration after the sudden and unexpected resignation of Jason Miller.[48]

An April 2017 Politico/Morning Consult poll showed that Spicer had a nationwide name recognition of 60%, much higher than most other White House staffers and previous press secretaries.[49]

First statement to the press
On January 21, 2017, which was the day after the inauguration and two days before his first official press conference, Spicer made a statement to the press that was negatively critical of the media; he said that they had underestimated the size of the crowds for President Trump's inaugural ceremony. He claimed that the ceremony had drawn the "largest audience to ever to witness an inauguration, period – both in person and around the globe". But as many sources immediately pointed out, that claim was false.[50][51]

Spicer stated that the press had altered images of the event to minimize the size of the crowds.[14] He said floor coverings over the grass were to blame for a visual effect that made the audience look smaller, and stated they had never been used before despite the fact that they had been used in 2013 for the preceding second inauguration of Barack Obama.[52][53] He also used incorrect figures to claim that Metro ridership was higher during Trump's inauguration than during Obama's inauguration, when in fact it was lower than during either of Obama's inaugurations.[54] Spicer took no questions after his statement.[50] Later, Spicer defended his previous statements by saying "sometimes we can disagree with the facts".[55] It was subsequently reported that Spicer had made the statement on direct orders from Trump, who was furious at what he considered unfair press coverage of his inauguration.[56]

In response to the briefing, conservative political analyst Bill Kristol wrote: "It is embarrassing, as an American, to watch this briefing by Sean Spicer from the podium at the White House."[57] Vanity Fair described Spicer's statement as "peppered with lies",[58] and The Atlantic described Spicer's briefing as "bizarre". The article referred to the "Trump administration's needless lies" and noted that Spicer's statements appeared to involve a "deliberate attempt to mislead".[59] Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post gave Spicer's claims four Pinocchios, writing that he was so appalled by the press secretary's performance that he wished he could have given him five Pinocchios instead of the maximum number of four.[5]

Trump's team defended Spicer's statements. White House chief of staff Reince Priebus stated that the purpose of Spicer's conference was to call out what he called "dishonesty in the media" and their "obsession with delegitimizing the president".[60] Trump's campaign strategist and counselor, Kellyanne Conway, told NBC's Chuck Todd that Trump's inauguration crowd numbers could not be proved nor quantified and that the press secretary was simply giving "alternative facts".[61] Todd responded by saying, "Alternative facts are not facts. They are falsehoods."[62]

First official press conference
Two days later on January 23, 2017, Spicer held his first official White House press conference and took questions from reporters.[63][64] When Spicer was asked about attendance at the inauguration, he said that his definition of a viewing audience also included individuals who watched the event on television as well as on social media online. He claimed that online viewership must have been in the "tens of millions".[65]

Spicer's argument was based on the reported figure of 16.9 million people who began streaming the inauguration on CNN's website. This argument has been criticized because the 16.9 million streams included people who started the stream and then left.[66]

On February 7, 2017, CNN reported that "President Donald Trump is disappointed in Spicer's performance during the first two weeks of the administration." Trump was also upset at White House chief of staff Reince Priebus for recommending Spicer, the network reported. Trump "regrets it every day and blames Priebus", a White House source told CNN.[67][68] His role as temporary communications director was filled by Michael Dubke on March 6, 2017.[69]

Hitler–Assad controversy
On April 11, 2017, Spicer issued a statement in reference to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack. He said that Russia should not support the Syrian government and also commented that in World War II "You had someone as despicable as Hitler who didn't even sink to using chemical weapons."[70][71]

His remarks were widely criticized, especially given the fact that the timing of the remarks coincided with the Jewish holiday of Passover.[72] Spicer later clarified that he was not trying to deny that Hitler used lethal gas during the Holocaust, instead that he was trying to compare how Assad dropped bombs on population centers to how Hitler used the gas.[73] Amid calls for his resignation, Spicer apologized the next day.[72][74]

Relationship with White House press corps
As White House press secretary, Spicer had a contentious relationship with the White House press corps.[8][9][10] In February 2017, the White House selectively blocked several news outlets—including the BBC, CNN, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times and Politico—from an off-camera briefing (or "gaggle") with Spicer, a move that prompted strong objections from the outlets concerned, as well as by the White House Correspondents' Association.[75][76][77] The Washington Post wrote that the barring of the outlets was "a rare and surprising move that came amid President Trump's escalating war against the media."[77] Reporters from the Associated Press and Time magazine were admitted to the briefing, but chose not to attend in protest of the exclusion of other journalists.[76][77]

Defendant in Twitter lawsuit
On July 11, 2017, Spicer, along with Donald Trump, and Dan Scavino (the White House director of social media), was sued by the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University in U.S. federal court in Manhattan. The suit, Knight First Amendment Institute v. Trump, alleges that Trump and the White House officials violated the First Amendment by blocking some users from accessing Trump's Twitter content.[78]

Resignation
On July 21, 2017, Spicer announced his intention to resign as White House Press Secretary. He made his decision known immediately after President Trump appointed financier Anthony Scaramucci as White House communications director. In the weeks leading up to the resignation announcement, Spicer had sought "a more strategic communications role" in the White House.[15] Trump had reportedly been dissatisfied for some time with Spicer's performance as White House Press Secretary.[79] According to The New York Times, Trump asked Spicer to stay on, but Spicer announced his resignation after telling the President he "vehemently disagreed" with the appointment of Scaramucci. In a tweet, Spicer said that it has been "an honor and a privilege" to serve Trump and that he would continue his service in the White House, through August 2017. His new position was not identified.[16] Sarah Sanders was announced as the new White House Press Secretary the same day.[80]

Post-White House activities
After several low-profile months, Spicer made a cameo appearance at the presentation of the Emmy Awards on September 17, spoofing his own image by predicting that the Emmys broadcast would garner "the largest audience to witness an Emmys, period". The following week he gave an interview to The New York Times and appeared on Good Morning America.[81][82] Also, it was revealed that during his eight-month tenure at the White House he kept copious notes on what he did, saw, and heard, filling numerous notebooks. The revelation provoked speculation that the notebooks would be of interest to the investigation of special prosecutor Robert Mueller.[83]

Spicer announced in December 2017 on The Sean Hannity Show that he would release a book, The Briefing: Politics, the Press, and the President, in July 2018 about his tenure with the Trump administration.[84]

On July 31, 2019, President Trump announced his intention to nominate Spicer to be a Member of the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy.[85]

In August 2019, Spicer was announced as a contestant on season 28 of Dancing with the Stars. This announcement was met with alarm on social media and by many at ABC News. One colleague told Oliver Darcy: "It's a slap in the face to those of us who had to deal with his baloney and the consequences of the ongoing lies and disinformation campaign at the White House." Spicer responded by saying that Dancing "is an entertainment show. I look forward to having some fun. And if people are looking for news, I suggest they tune into a news program".[86]

Personal life
On November 13, 2004, Spicer married Rebecca Miller, at the time a television producer, at St. Alban's Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C.[2] Spicer and his wife live in Alexandria, Virginia. They have two children.[87] His wife is senior vice president, communications and public affairs, for the National Beer Wholesalers Association.[88][89] He is Roman Catholic.[90][91]

In popular culture

Israel election

Snap legislative elections were held in Israel on 17 September 2019 to elect the 120 members of the twenty-second Knesset. Following the prior elections in April, incumbent Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu failed to form a governing coalition, the first such failure in Israeli history. On 30 May, the Knesset voted to dissolve itself and trigger new elections, in order to prevent Blue and White party leader Benny Gantz from being appointed Prime Minister-designate.[1] This election was the first time that the Knesset voted to dissolve itself before a government had been formed
Background
Further information: Thirty-fourth government of Israel, April 2019 Israeli legislative election, and List of members of the twenty-first Knesset
Following the April 2019 elections, Likud leader and incumbent Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu had until the end of 29 May to form a governing coalition, including a two-week extension granted by President Reuven Rivlin.[3] Should the deadline pass without a coalition being formed, Rivlin would be tasked with appointing a new Prime Minister-designate, presumed to be Blue and White party head Benny Gantz.[4]

Negotiations between Netanyahu and a number of potential coalition partners stalled.[5] One sticking point between Netanyahu and Yisrael Beitenu leader Avigdor Lieberman was the passage of the draft law, which is opposed by the Haredi parties in the coalition.[6] The law would remove the current exemption of yeshiva students from conscription.[7] Netanyahu needed both Yisrael Beitenu and the Haredi parties in his coalition in order to have enough seats to form a majority.[8]

As an alternative, Netanyahu approached Labor about the possibility of their support, but they rejected the offer. Meanwhile, Netanyahu's legal troubles overshadowed further possible coalition negotiations, with Blue and White refusing to work with him in the circumstances. The new elections also mean that Netanyahu's proposed immunity law cannot proceed for now.[9]

On 28 May, the Knesset passed on first reading a bill which would dissolve the Knesset and force a snap election. This move was intended to place additional pressure on coalition partners to reach an agreement in time, as well as to prevent Gantz from being given the opportunity to put together a coalition should the deadline pass.[10][4] Later that day, the committee approved the bill for second and third reading.[11]

Late in the evening on 29 May, it was announced that talks had failed. That night, and into the morning of 30 May, the Knesset passed second and third readings of the bill to dissolve itself and force a snap election with a vote of 74 in favour to 45 against.[12] The 45 votes against the resolution came from the entire membership of three parties: the Blue and White alliance (35 votes), Labor party (6 votes), and the Meretz party (4 votes). All other Knesset members voted for the resolution, with the exception of Roy Folkman, who was absent.[13]

The date for the election was set for 17 September.[1]

Electoral system
Further information: Elections in Israel
The 120 seats in the Knesset are elected by closed list proportional representation in a single nationwide constituency. The electoral threshold for the election is 3.25%. In most cases, this implies a minimum party size of four seats, but it is mathematically possible for a party to pass the electoral threshold and have only three seats (since 3.25% of 120 members = 3.9 members).[14]

Surplus-vote agreements
Further information: D'Hondt method
Two parties can sign an agreement that allows them to compete for leftover seats as though they are running together on the same list. The Bader–Ofer method disproportionately favors larger lists, meaning that such an alliance is more likely to receive leftover seats than both of its comprising lists would be individually. If the alliance receives leftover seats, the Bader–Ofer calculation is then applied privately, to determine how the seats are divided among the two allied lists.[15] The following agreements were signed by parties prior to the election:

Yamina and Likud[16]
Democratic Union and Labor-Gesher[17]
United Torah Judaism and Shas[18]
Blue and White and Yisrael Beiteinu[19
Contesting parties
The Likud (election symbol: מחל) was tied with Blue and White for the largest political party in the 21st Knesset, with 35 of the 120 seats. It is the party of Israel's current prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, who is seeking to gain more power to build a government after failing to do so following the April election. Prior to the September election, the Likud and Kulanu parties announced on 29 May their intention to run together in the new election.[20] Kulanu officially dissolved itself and its remaining members joined the Likud on 31 July,[21] bringing Likud's Knesset representation up to 39 seats.

The Blue and White (election symbol: פה) alliance was created ahead of the April 2019 election and ended up being tied with Likud for the largest political party in the 21st Knesset, with 35 seats. Despite suggestions that the alliance should make changes due to their failure to achieve a majority in the April election, the alliance confirmed on 2 June 2019 that it will keep the same rotating premiership of Benny Gantz and Yair Lapid as in the previous election.[22] The party decided to run with the almost exact same list as they did in the April elections. Blue and White has ruled out sitting with Benjamin Netanyahu, due to the corruption investigations against him; however, it has not ruled out creating a National unity government with Likud if it replaced Netanyahu.[23]

The Joint List (election symbol: ודעם) alliance (which was dissolved ahead of the April 2019 elections) was reformed ahead of the September 2019 elections. It is made up of four ideologically diverse Arab Israeli parties, who together had 10 seats in the 21st Knesset. The Ra'am, Hadash, and Ta'al factions announced on 27 July that the alliance would be re-established,[24] Balad decided to join the next day.[25] The list is led by Hadash Chairman Ayman Odeh, who also led the alliance in the 2015 election. Odeh said that he is open to cooperation with Blue and White, but would not join their coalition.[26]

Shas (election symbol: שס) was the third largest political party in the 21st Knesset, with eight seats. Shas is led by Minister of Interior Aryeh Deri. Shas is a Mizrahi and Sephardi Haredi party, primarily concerned with rights and funding for those demographics. Shas declared early on that it was going to support Benjamin Netanyahu for prime minister, and ruled out sitting with Blue and White, due to disagreements with Blue and White leader Yair Lapid.[27]

United Torah Judaism (UTJ) (election symbol: ג) was the fourth largest political alliance in the 21st Knesset, with eight seats. UTJ is an alliance of two Ashkenazi Haredi parties (Agudat Yisrael and Degel HaTorah), and is mainly concerned with preserving funding and rights for their sector of the population. UTJ is led by Deputy Minister of Health Yaakov Litzman. Much like its Mizrahi counterpart Shas, UTJ declared early on that it was going to support Benjamin Netanyahu for prime minister, and ruled out sitting with Blue and White, due to disagreements with Blue and White leader Yair Lapid.[28]

The Labor-Gesher (election symbol: אמת) alliance includes the Labor party, which was the sixth largest party in the 21st Knesset with six seats, and Gesher, a party led by Orly Levy-Abekasis which did not pass the electoral threshold in the April election. Due to its collapse in the April election, Labor held its leadership primary on 2 July, which was won by Amir Peretz.[29] Following his victory, Peretz rejected merging into a greater leftist bloc and declared that he wanted to bring in new crowds to the party, and it was announced on 18 July 2019 that Labor and Gesher will run on a joint list,[30] with seven seats on the list reserved for Labor and three for Gesher.[31]

Yisrael Beiteinu (election symbol: ל) was the seventh largest party in the 21st Knesset, with five seats. The party has been led since its founding by Avigdor Lieberman, and it is running with the same list it presented in the April election. Lieberman sparked the repeat election by refusing to join Netanyahu's coalition, citing differences with the Haredi parties over drafting Haredi into the military. Due to his opposition to Netanyahu's Haredi coalition partners, Lieberman has declared that he will only support a unity government between Likud and Blue & White.[32]

Yamina[33] (election symbol: טב) is an alliance of several Religious Zionist parties headed by Ayelet Shaked. It is made up of the Union of the Right-Wing Parties, which was the eighth largest party in the Knesset with five seats, and the New Right, which did not pass the electoral threshold. After long-winded negotiations between the two factions, URWP leader Rafi Peretz agreed on 28 July to give Ayelet Shaked the number one spot on the United Right list.[34] The next day, an agreement between the Union of the Right-Wing Parties and the New Right was announced.[35] The two parties of the URWP, National Union–Tkuma[36] and The Jewish Home,[37] both voted on and approved the run with the New Right on 31 July. Part of the deal stipulated that the list would support Benjamin Netanyahu for the position of prime minister, despite resistance to this from the New Right.[35]

The Democratic Union (election symbol: מרצ) alliance includes several left-wing parties, who decided to run together in the September elections. The alliance was announced on 25 July 2019 and is led by Nitzan Horowitz. It will be made up of Meretz, the ninth largest party in the 21st Knesset with four seats, the new Israel Democratic Party formed by former prime minister Ehud Barak, Israeli Labor Party defector Stav Shaffir, and the extra-parliamentary Green Movement. The alliance declared that it would not sit with Netanyahu under any circumstances.[38]

Otzma Yehudit (election symbol: כף) was part of the Union of the Right-wing Parties in the April elections, but left after accusing the other parties in the alliance of not upholding their part of the deal. Otzma is led by Itamar Ben-Gvir. The United Right (which later renamed itself Yamina) attempted to convince Otzma Yehudit to re-enter their alliance, but Otzma declined their offer, calling it "insulting".[39] Otzma Yehudit initially signed a deal with Noam, but will run independently following a split between itself and Noam.[40]

Withdrawn parties
Zehut (election symbol: זן) was the 13th largest party in the April election, receiving 2.74% of the vote and not passing the electoral threshold. Zehut is led by Moshe Feiglin. The party was initially interested in running in a joint list with the New Right, but was rejected when the New Right decided to run with the URWP instead. Following this, Zehut decided that it would run alone.[41] On 29 August 2019, Zehut leader Moshe Feiglin announced an agreement with Prime Minister Netanyahu had been reached and that Zehut would withdraw from the election in return for Feiglin serving as a minister in the next government, and the promise that Likud will implement some of Zehut's economic and cannabis reforms.[42] Tamar Zandberg of the Democratic Union stated that her party plans to appeal the deal to the Central Elections Committee, on the grounds that the deal might constitute election bribery under Israeli law.[43] The deal was approved in a referendum by 77% of Zehut party members on 1 September.[44]

Noam (election symbol: כ) is a new religious Zionist party which was announced on 12 July 2019, which will be backed by Rabbi Zvi Thau of the Har Hamor yeshiva and led by Rabbi Dror Aryeh.[45][46] The party announced on 28 July that it had agreed to a joint run with Otzma Yehudit,[47] which Otzma approved the next day,[48] though they split on 1 August because Noam did not agree with Otzma including a secular Jewish candidate on the combined list.[40] Following the failed deal with Otzma, Noam decided to run alone.[49] The party launched a signature campaign on 27 August,[50] but dropped out of the race on 15 September.[51]

Alex Trebek

George Alexander Trebek[1] OC (/trəˈbɛk/; born July 22, 1940) is a Canadian-American television personality. He has been the host of the syndicated game show Jeopardy! since it was revived in 1984, and has also hosted a number of other game shows, including The Wizard of Odds, Double Dare, High Rollers, Battlestars, Classic Concentration, and To Tell the Truth. Trebek is contracted to host Jeopardy! until 2022.[2] Trebek has also made appearances in numerous television series, in which he usually played himself. A native of Canada, he became a naturalized American citizen in 1998.
Early life
Trebek was born in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, on July 22, 1940,[4][5][6] the son of George Edward Trebek, a chef who had emigrated from Ukraine as a child, and Lucille Lagacé (born April 14, 1921), a Franco-Ontarian.[7] He grew up in a bilingual French-English household.[8] Trebek's first job was when he was 13; he was a bellhop at the hotel where his father worked as a chef.[9]

Trebek attended Sudbury High School, now Sudbury Secondary School and then attended the University of Ottawa.[10] Trebek graduated from the University of Ottawa with a degree in philosophy in 1961.[4][11] While a university student, he was a member of the English Debating Society. At the time, he was interested in a career in broadcast news, and before completing his degree, Trebek began his career in 1961 working for the CBC.[4] According to Trebek, "I went to school in the mornings and worked at nights; I did everything, at one time replacing every announcer in every possible job".[12] He would eventually read the national news and cover a wide range of special events for the CBC's radio and television divisions, including curling[13] and horse racing
Trebek's first hosting job was on a Canadian music program called Music Hop in 1963.[14] In 1966 he hosted a high school quiz show called Reach for the Top. From 1967 to 1970 he was a host for the CBC, introducing classical music programs including performances by Glenn Gould. For one or two seasons he hosted a weekly skating program. Starting in spring 1969, Trebek also hosted Strategy which aired on week days.[12]

In 1973, he moved to the United States and worked for NBC as host of a new game show, The Wizard of Odds. A year later Trebek hosted the popular Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley game show, High Rollers, which had two incarnations on NBC (1974–76 and 1978–80), and an accompanying syndicated season (1975–76). In between stints as host of High Rollers, Trebek hosted the short-lived CBS game show Double Dare[15] (not to be confused with the 1986 Nickelodeon game show of the same name). Double Dare turned out to be his only game show with the CBS network (he returned to CBS in 1994 to host Pillsbury Bake-Off until 1998), and the first show he hosted for what was then Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions, as well as the second season of the syndicated series The $128,000 Question, which was recorded in Toronto.

Since the second incarnation of High Rollers premiered while The $128,000 Question was still airing and taping episodes, Trebek became one of two hosts to emcee shows in both the United States and Canada, joining Jim Perry, who was hosting Definition and Headline Hunters in Canada and Card Sharks, which, coincidentally, premiered the same day as High Rollers in 1978 in the United States. Trebek's francophone side was put on display in 1978, in a special bilingual edition of Reach for the Top and its Radio-Canada equivalent, Génies en herbe. In this show Trebek alternated smoothly between French and English throughout.[16]

Like other hosts of the day, Trebek made several guest appearances as a panelist or player on other shows. One of his guest appearances was on a special week of NBC's Card Sharks, in 1980. He and several other game show hosts (Allen Ludden, Bill Cullen, Wink Martindale, Jack Clark, Gene Rayburn, and Jim Lange) competed in a week-long round robin tournament for charity. Trebek won the tournament, defeating Cullen in the finals. Trebek also appeared as a celebrity teammate on the NBC game show The Magnificent Marble Machine in 1975, and the Tom Kennedy-hosted NBC word game To Say the Least in 1978. Both of those shows were produced by Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley Productions, which also produced High Rollers, the show Trebek was hosting during both of those guest appearances. Trebek also was a contestant on Celebrity Bowling in 1976, teamed with Jim McKrell. The duo won their match against Dick Gautier and Scatman Crothers.

After High Rollers was cancelled in 1980, Trebek moved on to Battlestars for NBC. The series debuted in October 1981, and was cancelled in April 1982 after only six months on the air.[17] In September 1981 Trebek took the helm of the syndicated Pitfall, which taped in Vancouver and forced him to commute, as he had done while hosting High Rollers and The $128,000 Question in 1978. Pitfall was cancelled after its production company, Catalena Productions, went bankrupt. As a result, he was never paid for that series. After both series ended, Trebek hosted a revival of Battlestars called The New Battlestars that ended after thirteen weeks, then shot a series of pilots for other series for producers Merrill Heatter, for whom he had worked hosting High Rollers and Battlestars, and Merv Griffin. The Heatter pilots were Malcolm, an NBC-ordered pilot featuring Trebek with an animated character as his co-host, and Lucky Numbers, an attempt at a revival of High Rollers that failed to sell. For Griffin, he shot two pilots for a revival of Jeopardy! when original host Art Fleming (a friend of Trebek's) declined to return to the role due to creative differences. This revival sold; Trebek began hosting the revival in 1984 and has hosted ever since.

In 1987, while still hosting Jeopardy!, Trebek returned to daytime television as host of NBC's Classic Concentration his second show for Mark Goodson. He hosted both shows simultaneously until September 20, 1991, when Classic Concentration aired its final first-run episode[18] (NBC would air repeats until 1993). In 1991 Trebek made broadcast history by becoming the first person to host three American game shows at the same time, earning this distinction on February 4, 1991, when he took over for Lynn Swann as host of NBC's To Tell the Truth, also for Goodson-Todman, which he hosted until the end of the series' run on May 31, 1991.[19]

In 1994, Trebek returned to the CBS network for the first time since hosting Double Dare to host the Pillsbury Bake-Off, which he hosted until 1998.

In August 1995 in a return to his broadcast-news roots, Trebek filled in for Charles Gibson for a week on Good Morning America.

Trebek was a guest star in season 3 of The X-Files, playing one of two "Men in Black" (human agents charged with the supervision of extraterrestrial lifeforms on Earth, hiding their existence from other humans) opposite Jesse Ventura, in the episode Jose Chung's From Outer Space, which first aired on April 12, 1996.[20]

Trebek and Pat Sajak, host of Wheel of Fortune, traded places on April Fools' Day 1997. Pat Sajak hosted Jeopardy! and Alex Trebek hosted Wheel of Fortune with Sajak's wife, Lesly, as Trebek's co-host.[21] Sajak and Wheel of Fortune co-host Vanna White played contestants at the wheel, with winnings going toward charities.

Trebek appeared on Celebrity Poker Showdown in 2005. He came in second place in his qualifying game, losing to Cheryl Hines. On May 9, 2008, Trebek was a guest on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. On the program, he discussed his 24-year career as the host of Jeopardy!. Revisiting Kimmel in 2011, he talked about the IBM Challenge on Jeopardy!.

Trebek also appears in many commercials for Colonial Penn Life Insurance, of which he is a "compensated endorser", and he reprised his role as host of To Tell the Truth in a 2010 advertisement for DirecTV.[22]

In December 2010, Trebek guest-starred on How I Met Your Mother.[23]

On March 26, 2014, Alex Trebek made a guest appearance on Hot in Cleveland as himself.[24]

On June 13, 2014, Guinness World Records presented Alex with the world record for most episodes of a game show hosted, with 6,829 episodes at the time.[25]

On the December 18, 2014 series-finale episode of The Colbert Report, Trebek (introduced as "the one with all the answers") greets Colbert as he boards a sleigh driven by Santa Claus and Abraham Lincoln and leaves the studio for the last time.[26]

On June 24, 2018, Trebek returned as a panelist on the ABC revival of To Tell the Truth.

On October 1, 2018, Trebek moderated the only debate in the Pennsylvania governor's race.[27] According to news outlets, he wanted to change the flow of the debate to be more conversational instead of the more traditional format. He dominated the debate and talked for 41% of it,[28] often talking about himself without giving candidates time to discuss important political issues.[29] He also made surprising and unprovoked remarks regarding the sexual abuse scandals in the Catholic Church. Trebek later apologized for his performance, stating that he was "naive" and "misunderstood" the role of a moderator. "I offer my sincere apologies to the people of Pennsylvania, a state I dearly love," he said.[30]

Personal life
Trebek married businesswoman Elaine Callei in 1974.[31] The couple had no children and divorced in 1981. In 1990, he married Jean Currivan, a real estate project manager from New York.[32] They have two children, Matthew and Emily.

In 1996, Trebek ran the Olympic torch in Jacksonville, Florida, through a leg of its journey to Atlanta.[33]

Trebek became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1998.[34]

In late 2001 during Jeopardy!'s 18th season, Trebek shaved the mustache that he had worn for over 30 years. He wore a fake mustache for the first half of the April 1, 2008, episode as an April Fools' joke.[35] In summer 2014, Trebek regrew the mustache for the 31st season of Jeopardy!, only to shave it off again a month into the season.[36][37] Trebek grew out a full beard at the beginning of the 2018 season, shaving it down to a goatee for the second episode, and a mustache by the second week.[38]

On January 30, 2004, Trebek escaped major injury after falling asleep behind the wheel of his pick-up truck while driving alone on a rural road in the Central Coast town of Templeton, California, returning from a family home in Lake Nacimiento.[39][40] The truck sideswiped a string of mailboxes, flew 45 feet[41] over an embankment, and came to rest against a utility pole in a ditch. Trebek was not cited for the accident and returned to work taping Jeopardy! the following Tuesday, just four days after the accident.[42][43]

Trebek owned and managed a 700-acre (280 ha) ranch near Paso Robles in Creston, California, known as Creston Farms, where he bred and trained thoroughbred race horses.[34] Trebek's colt, Reba's Gold, is the stakes-winning son of Slew o' Gold.[44] Trebek sold the operation in 2008 and the property is now an event center called Windfall Farms.[45]

In 2018, in an interview with Vulture, Trebek stated that he was a political moderate and registered independent, neither conservative nor liberal, with some libertarian leanings.[46]

Health
On December 11, 2007, Trebek suffered a minor heart attack in his home, but returned to work as scheduled in January.[47][48][49] He injured an Achilles tendon, requiring six weeks in a cast, while chasing a burglar who had entered his San Francisco hotel room on July 27, 2011.[50][51] He suffered a mild heart attack on June 23, 2012,[52] but returned to work in July.[53]

On December 15, 2017, over the winter break of Jeopardy! taping, Trebek was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after reportedly experiencing complications from a fall in October of that year. The incident resulted in a subdural hematoma.[54] Trebek underwent surgery to remove blood clots from his brain the following day.[55] On January 4, 2018, the verified Twitter account of Jeopardy! announced that Trebek had been suffering from the fall. Trebek required a short medical leave and returned to regular hosting duty in mid-January 2018.[56]

In 2018, while being interviewed by Harvey Levin on Fox News, Trebek floated the idea of retirement, saying the odds of him leaving Jeopardy! in 2020 were 50/50 "and a little less". He added that he might continue if he is "not making too many mistakes" but would make an "intelligent decision" as to when he should give up the emcee role.[57] In October that year, he signed a new contract to continue as host through 2022,[2] stating in January 2019 that although he was beginning to slow down due to his age, the show's work schedule, consisting of 46 taping sessions each year, was still manageable.[58]

On March 6, 2019, Trebek announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer. In a prepared video announcement of the diagnosis, Trebek noted that his prognosis was poor but that he would aggressively fight the cancer in hopes of beating the odds and would continue hosting Jeopardy! for as long as he was able, joking that his contract obligated him to do so for three more years.[59] Trebek updated the situation in May 2019, stating that he was responding exceptionally well to treatment and that some of the tumors had shrunk to half their previously observed size; he credited the prayers and well-wishes of his fans for the better-than-usual results. He will undergo several more rounds of chemotherapy in hopes of pushing the cancer into full remission.[60] Trebek hoped to beat the odds as only 3% of patients with stage 4 pancreatic cancer are still alive 5 years after being diagnosed.[61] Trebek finished chemotherapy treatments in time to resume taping of the show in August 2019.[62] The following month, Trebek gave an update in which he said his belief that he was done with chemotherapy was premature and "overoptimistic", noting that his numbers "went south, dramatically and quickly" after immunotherapy, and expects to undergo more chemotherapy treatments.[63]

Philanthropy and activism
Trebek hosts the annual The Great Canadian Geography Challenge in Canada and previously hosted the National Geographic Bee in the United States. He hosted the National Geographic Bee until 2013. Active with World Vision Canada, a charitable organization, he has travelled to many developing countries with World Vision projects, taping reports on the group's efforts on behalf of children around the world.[64]

Trebek and the entire Jeopardy! crew became involved with the United Service Organizations in 1995 and have appeared on several military bases throughout the world, both in an attempt to find contestants and as a morale booster for the troops.[65]

In 1998, Trebek donated 74 acres (30 hectares) of open land in the Hollywood hills (worth over $2 million at the time) to the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy.[66]

The American Foundation for the Blind, in 2001, awarded Trebek one of the year's six Access Awards[67] for his role in accommodating notable Jeopardy! champion Eddie Timanus.

In 2016, Trebek donated $5 million to the University of Ottawa to fund the Alex Trebek Forum for Dialogue, the objective of which is "to expose students to a wide range of diverse views, through speeches, public panels, events and lectures by University of Ottawa researchers, senior government officials and guests speakers from around the world."[68] Trebek's gifts to the university, which at the time totaled $7.5 million, also fund a Distinguished Speaker Series, which has included a presentation by Nobel laureate Leymah Gbowee, introduced by Trebek.[68] In 2017, Trebek funded the Alex Trebek Leadership Award at the University of Ottawa, an annual $10,000 award to a summa cum laude graduate who has also demonstrated community leadership.[69]

Awards and honors
In addition to awards for Jeopardy!, Trebek has received a great deal of recognition. In March 2006, it was announced that he would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in Toronto.[70][71] He is the second game show host to be inducted (the first being Monty Hall of Let's Make a Deal and the third being Howie Mandel of Deal or No Deal). His star is located on King Street West near those of the Crazy Canucks and Eugene Levy.
Trebek has been awarded six Outstanding Game Show Host Emmy Awards (1989, 1990, 2003, 2006, 2008 and 2019),[72][73] and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (located at 6501 Hollywood Boulevard, near those for Ann-Margret and Vincent Price).

On November 4, 2010, Trebek received the Royal Canadian Geographical Society's Gold Medal for his contribution to geographic education and the popular study of geography.[74] Previous recipients of this award include the author and anthropologist Wade Davis (2009), Peter Gzowski (1997), and Mary May Simon (1998).[75]

In 2011, it was announced that Trebek would be one of the recipients of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Daytime Emmy Awards.[76][77]

As of June 13, 2014, Trebek has held a Guinness World Record for "the most gameshow episodes hosted by the same presenter (same program)" for having hosted 6,829 episodes of Jeopardy!,[78] overtaking previous record holder Bob Barker.[79] On May 4, 2015, Trebek's alma mater, the University of Ottawa, named its alumni hall in his honour, as a benefactor to the university.[80]

On June 30, 2017, he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada by then Governor General David Johnston for "his iconic achievements in television and for his promotion of learning, notably as a champion for geographical literacy."[81]

On June 28, 2019, the Daughters of the American Revolution awarded the 2019 Americanism Award to Trebek.[82][83]

Television and film appearances
Shows hosted
1963–1964: Music Hop
1964: Vacation Time – co-host
1966–1970: CBC Championship Curling – announcer
1966–1973: Reach for the Top
1969: Barris & Company – co-host/announcer (pilot)
1969: Strategy
1971: Pick and Choose
1972: Outside/Inside
1973: TGIF – announcer
1973: The Wizard of Odds
1974–1976, 1978–1980: High Rollers (NBC)
1976–1977: Double Dare (CBS)
1976–1980: Stars on Ice (CTV)
1977–1978: The $128,000 Question
1980–1981: Wall $treet
1981–1982: Pitfall
1981–1983: Battlestars
1983: Malcolm (pilot)
1983: Starcade (pilot)
1984–present: Jeopardy!
1985: Lucky Numbers (pilot)
1987: VTV-Value Television – co-host with Meredith MacRae
1987–1991: Classic Concentration
1989–2013: The National Geographic Bee national finals
1990: Super Jeopardy!
1991: To Tell the Truth (1990–1991) – from February to May 1991
1993: The Red Badge of Courage/Heart of Courage – Canadian-produced show highlighting brave individuals
1996–1998: The Pillsbury Bake-Off
1997: Wheel of Fortune – April Fools' Day episode (also a substitute host in August 1980)
1999: Live from the Hollywood Bowl – annual live broadcast
2017: Game Changers – host and executive producer
Acting
1987: Mama's Family – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1988: For Keeps – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1988: Rain Man – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1990: Cheers – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 8.14 – "What Is... Cliff Clavin?")
1990: Predator 2 – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (voice)
1990: The Earth Day Special – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1991: WrestleMania VII – as himself, a ring announcer and interviewer
1992: The Golden Girls – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 7.16 – "Questions and Answers")
1992: White Men Can't Jump – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1993: Short Cuts – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1993: Groundhog Day – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! show #1656
1993: The Larry Sanders Show – as himself, the minister who marries Hank Kinsley (episode 2.15 – "Hank's Wedding")
1993: Rugrats – as Alan Quebec, the host of "Super Stumpers" (episode 2.37 – "Game Show Didi")
1995: The Nanny – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 3.2 – "Franny and the Professor")
1995: Beverly Hills, 90210 – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1995: Blossom – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 5.14 – "Who's Not on First")
1995: Jury Duty – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1996: The X-Files – as a Man in Black who Agent Mulder thought looked "incredibly" like himself (episode: "Jose Chung's From Outer Space")
1996: Seinfeld – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 8.9 – "The Abstinence")
1996: The Magic School Bus – Announcer (voice) (episode 2.6 – "Shows and Tells")
1996: Ellen's Energy Adventure – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1997: The Simpsons – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "Miracle on Evergreen Terrace" (Voice)
1998: Baywatch – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 9.8 – "Swept Away")
1998: The Weird Al Show – as himself, the Host of Jeopardy! (voice)
1998: Mafia! – himself, riding on a parade float
2000: Finding Forrester – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
2000: Charlie's Angels – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
2000: Saturday Night Live – himself
2000: Arthur – as Alex Lebek, the host of Riddle Quest[84]
2000: Pepper Ann – as himself (2 episodes)
2002: Saturday Night Live – himself
2006: Family Guy – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "I Take Thee Quagmire" (voice)
2008: The Bucket List – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (voice)
2010: How I Met Your Mother – himself in "False Positive"
2013: How I Met Your Mother – himself in "P.S. I Love You"
2013: Delta Air Lines – as himself, answering a Jeopardy-like question in the final segment of Delta's Holiday-themed safety video.
2014: Hot in Cleveland – as himself and Park Ranger Alex Trebek[24]
2014: Delta Air Lines – as himself, seen raising hand after being asked if the passengers have any questions toward the end of a Delta safety video.
2014: The Colbert Report (series finale) – as himself, "the man who knows all the answers", in Santa's sleigh.
2015: The Amazing Race Canada – as himself/season 3 pit stop greeter
2018: Orange Is the New Black – as himself
2018: RuPaul's Drag Race – as himself

روب زومبي

روب زومبي مخرج و مغني امريكي ولد بتاريخ ( 12 يناير 1965) في هافر هيل في مقاطعة اسكس بولاية ماساشوستس

افلامه
اخرج روب زومبي الكثير من الافلام ابرزها هالووين هالووين (2007) و هالووين 2 (2009)

Rob Zombie

Rob Zombie (born Robert Bartleh Cummings;[7][8] January 12, 1965) is an American musician and filmmaker. He is a founding member of the heavy metal band White Zombie, releasing four studio albums with the band. He is the older brother of Spider One, lead vocalist for American rock band Powerman 5000.[9][10]

Zombie's first solo effort was a 1996 song titled "Hands of Death (Burn Baby Burn)", written and performed with Alice Cooper, which went on to receive a nomination for Best Metal Performance at the 39th Annual Grammy Awards. In 1997, he began working on his debut solo studio album, Hellbilly Deluxe, which was released in August 1998. A month later, Zombie officially disbanded White Zombie.[11] Hellbilly Deluxe went on to sell over three million copies worldwide and spawned three singles. Zombie directed the horror film House of 1000 Corpses in 2000, though the controversial project was not released until 2003. His second studio album, The Sinister Urge (2001), became his second platinum album in the United States.

Zombie directed The Devil's Rejects (2005), a direct sequel to his prior film House of 1000 Corpses. The project received a more positive reception than its predecessor. His third studio album, Educated Horses (2006), was a departure from his earlier recordings. The album became his third to enter the top ten of the Billboard 200, though saw a decrease in sales when compared to his previous releases. Deciding to focus on his directing career, Zombie directed the horror film Halloween (2007), a remake of the 1978 horror classic of the same name. The film became Zombie's highest-grossing film to date, though was met with a generally negative critical reception. He later directed Halloween II (2009), which failed to match the success of its predecessor. He released the animated film The Haunted World of El Superbeasto that same year. Zombie returned to music with the release of his fourth studio album, Hellbilly Deluxe 2 (2010). The album peaked at number eight in the United States and sold over 200,000 copies in the country.

In 2012, Zombie released a second remix album and directed the horror film The Lords of Salem, which was released the following year. He released his fifth studio album Venomous Rat Regeneration Vendor the following year (2013). He directed the horror film 31.

Since the beginning of his music career, Zombie's music and lyrics have featured notable horror and sci-fi themes. His live shows have been praised for their elaborate shock rock theatricality.[12] Since beginning his solo career, Zombie has sold an estimated fifteen million albums worldwide
Early life
Robert Bartleh Cummings was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts on January 12, 1965.[14] He is the oldest son of Robert and Louise Cummings.[15] His younger brother, Michael David Cummings, is the lead singer of the band Powerman 5000.[16] Growing up, Cummings had a fascination with horror films and has stated that he always "wanted to be Alice Cooper, Steven Spielberg, Bela Lugosi and Stan Lee."[17][18] His parents worked in a carnival,[19] but they chose to leave after a riot broke out and tents were set on fire.[20][21] Cummings recalled the experience in an interview, stating, "Everybody's pulling out guns, and you could hear guns going off. I remember this one guy we knew, he was telling us where to go, and some guy just ran up to him and hit him in the face with a hammer – just busted his face wide open. My parents packed up real quick, and we took off."[22] Cummings graduated from Haverhill High School in 1983.[23] He moved to New York City and began attending Parsons School of Design, where he met eventual girlfriend Sean Yseult.[24][25] Before the success of White Zombie, he was a production assistant for the television series Pee-wee's Playhouse.[26]

Career
1985–1998: White Zombie
Cummings and Yseult co-founded the band that would become known as White Zombie. They broke up after seven years of dating, but continued to work in the band together.[27] The band released three extended plays to little success, with their debut studio album Soul-Crusher following in 1987 through the band's own record label, Silent Explosion.[28] They released their second studio album two years later to little commercial reaction.[29] Yseult and Zombie ended their relationship in 1991 and Zombie began dating Sheri Moon shortly afterwards.[30] The band caught the attention of Geffen Records following the release of their fourth extended play; their third studio album was subsequently released through the label in 1992.[31] The album became the band's breakout hit, going on to sell over two million copies in the United States.[32] Their first single, "Thunder Kiss '65", was released through the label in 1993.[33]

White Zombie's fourth and final studio album, Astro-Creep: 2000 – Songs of Love, Destruction and Other Synthetic Delusions of the Electric Head (1995), became their first to enter the top ten of the Billboard 200; it went on to sell over two million copies in the United States.[32] Cummings directed the music video for the album's single "More Human than Human" (1995) and would go on to direct all subsequent videos for the band.[34][35] In 1996, Cummings legally changed his name to Rob Zombie.[36] White Zombie released a remix album that year, marking their final release before their eventual disbandment.[37] Zombie collaborated with Alice Cooper on the song "Hands of Death (Burn Baby Burn)" (1996) for Songs in the Key of X: Music from and Inspired by the X-Files.[38] The song was nominated in the category of Best Metal Performance at the 39th Annual Grammy Awards, though lost to Rage Against the Machine.[39] White Zombie officially broke up in September 1998, with Zombie stating, "Sometimes a band just breaks up because the band has run its course and the best days are behind them. White Zombie went through a lot together and did tons of great stuff, but it was time to stop. The good times were over and we were all moving in different directions."[40] A box-set for the group was released in 2008 featuring all of their released material.[41]

1998–2001: Solo debut and commercial success
Work on Zombie's debut solo album first began in 1997, before the band had officially broken up. For the album, Zombie worked with numerous artists, including Charlie Clouser of Nine Inch Nails fame and former White Zombie bandmate John Tempesta.[42][43][44][45][46] Zombie's solo debut album, Hellbilly Deluxe: 13 Tales of Cadaverous Cavorting Inside the Spookshow International, was released on August 25, 1998.[47] The album was a commercial success, debuting at number five on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 121,000 copies.[48] The album's first week sales topped that of his prior album's with White Zombie.[49] Hellbilly Deluxe went on to become Zombie's highest selling album to date, with sales exceeding three million copies in the United States.[50] The album was influenced by classic horror films,[51] with numerous songs on the album containing samples and quotes from some of Zombie's favorite horror films.[52] The album spawned three singles, all of which charted on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.[53] Numerous songs from the album were used in films and video games, mainly in the horror genre.[54] The success of the album led to the release of Zombie's first remix album, American Made Music to Strip By (1999).[55] The album entered the top forty of the Billboard 200 in its debut week.[55]

Zombie formed his own record label, Zombie-A-Go-Go Records, in 1998.[56] The label released the final album from American instrumental band The Bomboras,[57] as well as the debut album from the Ghastly Ones.[56] Both albums were released on June 2, 1998 though received little critical or commercial success. The label next released the compilation album Halloween Hootenanny (1998), featuring appearances from artists such as Reverend Horton Heat and Rocket From the Crypt.[58] Zombie himself contributed the song "Halloween (She Get So Mean)" to the soundtrack, which had previously appeared on promotional releases of "Dragula" (1998). Zombie released the album Rob Zombie Presents The Words & The Music Of Frankenstein on October 12, 1999 through Zombie-A-Go-Go Records.[59] The album, considered a soundtrack, features the original score and some dialogue from the original Frankenstein (1931).[59]

Zombie was set to make his directorial debut with the film The Crow: 2037, and even wrote the film's script.[60] The film was set to take place in the future, though it was never released.[61][62] It was decided that the film was not suited for the franchise, but would instead serve as a standalone project.[63] He composed the original score for the video game Twisted Metal III, released in 1998.[64] Zombie designed a haunted attraction for Universal Studios in 1999, which was later deemed instrumental in reviving the Halloween Horror Nights annual attraction.[65] It was during this time that Zombie began working with the studio on his directorial debut, a film titled House of 1000 Corpses.[66] The project began filming in May 2000 with a scheduled release date of the following year, though the studio ultimately cancelled its release due to the violent themes present throughout the film.[67] Zombie's song "Superbeast", taken from Hellbilly Deluxe, received a nomination for Best Metal Performance at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards.[68] Zombie contributed the song "Scum of the Earth" (2000) to the Mission: Impossible 2 soundtrack.[69]

Zombie's second studio album, The Sinister Urge, was released on November 13, 2001.[70][71] The album expands on the horror and shock rock elements seen in his debut album, and features collaborations with artists such as Ozzy Osbourne.[72] The album became his second to enter the top ten in the United States,[73] with its first week sales topping that of his previous album.[74][75] The album went on to sell over one million copies in the United States, his second to accomplish this feat.[50] The album was preceded by the single "Feel So Numb", with a second single being released the following year.[76] Despite the album's success, it was noted as a decline in sales when compared to his first studio album. The Sinister Urge and its subsequent singles were met with a positive critical reception,[77][78] with AllMusic writing "It is the slow burn of [the album's] last track that shows the most promise; after years of making good heavy metal, he finally expands the boundaries of his own sound. Few metal musicians kept their sound fresh for as long as Zombie, and this album is no exception."[72] The Sinister Urge was voted as the fans' favorite album on Zombie's official website.[79] The album is the final project to feature guitarist Mike Riggs and drummer John Tempesta, who had been with Zombie since the start of his solo career.

2002–2006: Marriage, directorial debut, and continued musical success
In 2002, Zombie announced his engagement to longtime girlfriend Sheri Moon, with a wedding date set for November 9, 2002.[80] Only ten days before the wedding date, the couple decided to elope on October 31, 2002.[81] Moon said, "We were actually taking a walk in our neighborhood the day before. The wedding date was to be November 9th. We're like, 'Oh, God, we've been together for nine years. We should just say our vows privately'. It was just like a spur of the moment decision. It just happens that the next day was Halloween. We didn't do it for any spooky reasons or anything".[30] Now married, Moon officially changed her name to Sheri Moon Zombie.[30]

Following years of struggling to find a distributor and various re-shoots, Zombie confirmed that his film House of 1000 Corpses would finally be released through Lions Gate Entertainment.[82] The film was released theatrically on April 11, 2003.[83][84] The film received a generally negative reception from critics, though grossed over $16 million worldwide.[85] The film was criticized for being too "grotesque" and "violent", but has since garnered a cult following.[86][87][88] Despite vastly negative reviews,[89] the film garnered a warmer reception in later years, and is frequently listed as one of the "best horror films ever made".[90] Zombie worked with Scott Humphrey on the majority of the film's soundtrack, which was released on March 25, 2003.[91][92] The release features original songs from Zombie such as "Pussy Liquor" and "Little Piggy", as well as Zombie's own rendition of the Commodores hit single "Brick House" (1977), re-titled "Brick House 2003".[93] The soundtrack peaked at number fifty-three on the Billboard 200, and number four on the Top Soundtracks chart.[94]

Zombie released his first compilation album, titled Past, Present & Future, on September 23, 2003.[95] The release featured a collection of songs taken from Zombie's solo albums as well as his releases with White Zombie; new material is also present on the album.[96] The album debuted at number eleven on the Billboard 200, and would go on to become Zombie's third release to sell over one million copies in the country.[50] Zombie guest starred on episodes of both Spider-Man: The New Animated Series and Justice League Unlimited that year, in a voice only role for both.[97] In November 2003, Zombie launched his Spookshow International comic book series.[98] His second series, The Nail, spawned four issues between June and October 2004, while his Bigfoot series lasted from February to May 2005, featuring four issues.[99][100] Zombie's second film, The Devil's Rejects, serves as a direct sequel to House of 1000 Corpses, and was released on July 22, 2005.[101][102] The film featured a more "violent Western film" theme as opposed to the horror aspects of its predecessor.[103] The film received a much more positive reception than its predecessor, though was still criticized for its violence and material.[104] The film has been described as "one giant loogie that comes straight from the heart", filled with moments of nihilism and cunning wit.[105] Much like the first film, The Devil's Rejects went on to gain a cult following after its release.[106] The film has a 53 out of 100 rating on Metacritic, meaning mixed to positive reviews.[107] Zombie released a number of The Devil's Rejects comics throughout 2005 to coincide with the film.[108]

Zombie began working on his third studio album in 2005, whilst finishing work on The Devil's Rejects; the album was influenced by glam rock artists like Slade, T. Rex, and Gary Glitter.[109] The release was described as "experimental" by Zombie, who claimed the project featured numerous acoustic-led songs.[110] The album, Educated Horses, was released on March 28, 2006.[111] It sold 107,000 copies in its first week, becoming Zombie's third album to enter the top ten on the Billboard 200.[112][113] The album received mixed critical reviews, with Rolling Stone writing "A handful of cuts are too long on sludgy instrumental grooves, but whether Zombie is out-Trent Reznoring Trent Reznor on the sitar-laden grindfest '17 Year Locust' or spitting fire amid the apocalyptic blues riffs of 'The Devil's Rejects', he sounds like a gifted schlockmeister that Strokes fans can enjoy. Or at least tolerate."[114] The song "The Lords of Salem" was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards.[115] Educated Horses saw a further decline in sales for Zombie, selling just over 500,000 copies in the United States. The album became his first studio album as a solo artist to not receive a certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[50] It served as Zombie's final studio album to be released through Geffen Records. Zombie had a cameo appearance in a voice only role for the film Slither (2006).[97] Zombie released his first official greatest hits album, The Best of Rob Zombie, on October 10, 2006.[116] The album was re-released only months later under the title The Best of Rob Zombie: 20th Century Masters The Millennium Collection.[117] The project debuted at number 166 on the Billboard 200, and went on to receive a gold certification from the RIAA.[50] The album featured no new material, and was released with little promotion on Zombie's behalf. It remains his final album to receive an RIAA certification to date.[50]

2007–2009: Focus on film work
Zombie opted to focus on his career as a director in 2007, following the release of his third studio album a year prior. It was confirmed in 2006 that Zombie had signed on to write and direct a remake of the horror classic Halloween (1978).[118] Zombie later referred to the film as a "re-imagining" of the original John Carpenter film.[119] Zombie's version of the film was officially released on August 31, 2007.[120][121] Thanks to its opening weekend of $30.5 million, the film broke the box-office record for the Labor Day weekend, surpassing the record set in 2005 by Transporter 2 with $20.1 million.[122] It still currently resides as the top Labor Day weekend grosser.[123] The film went on to become Zombie's highest grossing release to date.[124][125] Despite these achievements, the film was generally panned by critics upon its release.[126] Based on 109 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, Halloween received an average 25% overall approval rating based on 110 reviews, with the consensus "Rob Zombie doesn't bring many new ideas to the table in Halloween, making it another bloody disappointment for fans of the franchise."[127] Zombie directed a fictitious trailer for a film Werewolf Women of the SS, which was featured in the film Grindhouse (2007).[128][129] That same year, Zombie released his first live album, Zombie Live.[130]

Zombie announced work on a new film, Tyrannosaurus Rex, which was slated for release in 2009; the film was ultimately scrapped.[131][132][133][134] Despite previous comments made by Zombie that he would not do a sequel to Halloween, it was later announced he would both write and direct the series' next film, tentatively titled H2.[135][136] H2 was ultimately the reason for the postponement and eventual cancellation of Tyrannosaurus Rex.[137] Halloween II was released on August 28, 2009.[138][139] The film received a worse critical reception than Zombie's original remake, and failed to achieve the commercial success of the remake but it was a box office success nevertheless.[140] Unlike the original Halloween II (1981), Zombie's version of the film focused on the prior film's survivor and the effects that the film's events had on her mentality.[141][142][143] Following the completion of the film, Zombie confirmed he would not make another sequel.[144] Variety Magazine announced the weekend before the release of Halloween II that Zombie would be directing a remake of the 1950s film The Blob.[145] Zombie later chose to back out of the film as he "didn't want to do another remake".[146]

The day that Halloween II was released, Zombie and Jesse Dayton released the album Rob Zombie Presents Captain Clegg And The Night Creatures, based on the band featured in the film's party scene.[147] The album was released through Zombie's own Zombie-A-Go-Go Records, the first album released through the label in almost ten years.[148] There were initial reports of a film centering around Captain Clegg, though the project never materialized.[149] Dayton later toured in character as the band as the opening act for Zombie throughout 2009 and 2010.[149] The release of Rob Zombie Presents Captain Clegg And The Night Creatures marks the final release from Zombie-A-Go-Go Records, before Zombie formed his new Zodiac Swan label in 2013. Zombie was the executive producer of the animated film The Haunted World of El Superbeasto, based upon his comic book series The Adventures of El Superbeasto.[150] The series previously appeared in his Spookshow International comic book. The film was released in limited showings at selected theaters on September 12, 2009, and to DVD on September 22, 2009.[151] It features the voices of Tom Papa, Paul Giamatti, Zombie's wife Sheri Moon Zombie, and Rosario Dawson. The film received a generally mixed reaction upon its release.[152]

2010–2015: New label and return to music
It was announced in 2009 that Zombie had begun working on his fourth studio album, the follow up to his 2006 album Educated Horses.[153][154][155] Prior to the release of the album, it was confirmed that Zombie had parted ways with longtime label Geffen Records, penning a new deal with Roadrunner Records.[156] Zombie later claimed that Geffen had "morphed into a different label" and that being signed didn't "work for [him] anymore."[157] The album was confirmed to be titled Hellbilly Deluxe 2: Noble Jackals, Penny Dreadfuls and the Systematic Dehumanization of Cool, with Zombie describing it as a sequel to his 1998 debut as they sounded similar in both "vibe" and "attitude".[158] Hellbilly Deluxe 2 was released on February 2, 2010.[159][160] The album sold 49,000 copies in its first week of release, becoming his fourth top ten album in the United States.[161][162] The album received a mixed to positive critical reception upon its release.[163] Zombie released a special edition of the album on September 28, 2010 featuring three new songs.[164] Zombie promoted the release through his Hellbilly Deluxe 2 World Tour, which served as his first international tour since beginning his solo career.[165][166] The tour featured 150 dates, spanning over a two-year time span.[167] Zombie released the Icon greatest hits album on October 5, 2010 through Roadrunner Records.