الثلاثاء، 17 سبتمبر 2019

الإمام ابن قدامة ـ رحمه الله

اسمه ونسبه :
هو أبو محمد عبدالله بن أحمد بن محمد بن قدامة بن مقدام بن نصر المقدسي الجمَّاعيلي شيخ المذهب الإمام بحر علوم الشريعة المطهرة ـ رحمه الله وأسكنه الفردوس الأعلى من الجنة آمين ـ .

مولده ونشأته :
ولد ـ رحمه الله ـ بجمَّاعيل من عمل نابلس في فلسطين سنة 541 هـ ، وقدم دمشق مع أهله .

وصفه :
قال الضياء ـ رحمه الله ـ : كان تام الخلقه أبيض مشرق الوجه أدعج كأن النور يخرج من وجهه لحسنه وأسع الجبين طويل اللحية قائم الأنف مقرون الحاجبين صغير الرأس لطيف اليدين والقدمين نحيف الجسم ممتعا بحواسه .

طلبه للعلم :
حفظ القرآن دون سن البلوغ وحفظ مختصر الخرقي ، وكتبَ الخط المليح ، وقرأ على مشايخ دمشق ، ثم سافر إلى بغداد هو وابن خالته الحافظ عبدالغني المقدسي ـ رحمه الله ـ سنة إحدى وستين ، وأقاما بها أربع سنوات يدرس على شيوخها.

شيوخه :
بلغ شيوخه ـ رحمه الله ـ 32 شيخ منهم :
1. أحمد بن محمد بن قدامة والده بدمشق
2. الشيخ عبدالقادر بن عبدالله الجيلى
3. الإمام أبو الفرج عبدارحمن بن علي ابن الجوزي ببغداد .
4. الشيخ أبو الفتح نصر بن فتيان بن مطر ابن المَنِّيّ ببغداد .
5. الشيخ أبو المكارم بن هلال بدمشق .
6. الشيخ أبو الفضل عبدالله بن أحمد الطوسي بالموصل .
7. الشيخ المبارك بن الطباخ [2] بمكة ـ حرسها الله ـ .
8. خديجة بنت أحمد بن الحسن النهروانية ببغداد .

نبذه عن حياته :
لما رجع الإمام الموفق من بغداد إلى دمشق تصدر في جامع دمشق مدة طويلة ، وبعد موت أخيه أبي عمر صار هو الذي يؤم المصلين بالجامع المظفري ويخطب يوم الجمعة إذا حضر ، وهو إمام محراب الحنابلة بجامع دمشق [3]فيصلى فيه الموفق إذا كان في البلد .
قال ابن كثير ـ رحمه الله ـ : كان يتنفل بين العشاءين بالقرب من محرابه ، فإذا صلى العشاء انصر إلى منزله بدرب الدّولَعِيّ بالرصيف ، وأخذ معه الفقراء من تيسر ، يأكلون معه من طعامه وكان منزله الأصلي بقاسيون .
، كان لا يناظر أحدا إلا وهو يبتسم ، حتى قال بعض الناس : هذا الشيخ يقتل خصمه بتبسمه .
وقيل أنه ناظر ابن فضلان الشافعي ـ الذي كان يضرب به المثل في المناظرة ـ فقطعه .
وقال الضياء : كان حسن الأخلاق لا يكاد يراه أحد إلا مبتسما يحكي الحكايات ويمزح زسمعت البهاء يقول : كان الشيخ يمازحنا وينبسط ، وكان لا ينافس أهل الدنيا ، ولا يكاد يشكو ، وربما كان أكثر حاجة من غيره ، وكان يؤثر .
وسمعت البهاء يصفه بالشجاعة ، وقال : كان يتقدم للعدو وجرح في كفه وكان يرامي العدو .
وجاءه مرة الملك العزيز ابن العادل يزوره فصادفه يصلي فجلس بالقرب منه إلى أن فرغ من صلاته ثم اجتمع به ، ولم يجوز في صلاته .
قال السبط بن الجوزي ـ رحمه الله ـ : كان صحيح الاعتقاد مبغضا للمشبهة ، وقال : من شرط التشبيهات أن يرى الشيء ثم يشبهه ، من رأى الله تعالى حتى يشبهه لنا ؟!! .
وقال ابن رجب ـ رحمه الله ـ : لم يكن يرى الخوض مع المتكلمين في دقائق الكلام وكان كثير المتابعة للمنقول في باب الأصول وغيره ، ولا يرى إطلاق مالم يؤثر من العبارات .. .
قال السبط بن الجوزي : شاهدت من الشيخ أبي عمر وأخيه الموفق ونسيبه العماد ما نرويه عن الصحابة والأولياء الأفراد فأنساني حالهم أهلي وأوطاني ثم عدت إليهم على نية الإقامة عسى أن أكون معهم في دار المقامة [4].
وله ـ رضي الله عنه ـ اخبار كثيرة ومآثرة مشهورة ونكتفي بما قدمناه .

نماذج من شعره :

أبعد بياض الشعر أعمر مسكناً *** سوى القبر إني إن فعلت لأحمق
يخبرني شيبي بأني ميت *** وشيكا وينعاني إلي فيصدق
تخرق عمري كل يوم وليلة *** فهل مستطيع رفق ما يتخرق
كأني بجسمي فوق نعشي ممددا *** فمن ساكت ومعول يتحرق
إذا سئلوا عني أجابوا وأعولوا *** وأدمعهم تنهل : هذا الموفق
وغيبت في صدعٍ من الأرض ضيق *** وأودعت لحدا فوقه الصخر مطبق
ويحثو علي الترب أوثق صاحب *** ويسلمني للقبر من هو مشفق
فيا رب كن لي مؤنسًا يوم وحشتي *** فإني لما أنزلته لمصدق
وما ضرني إني إلى الله صائر *** ومن هو من أهلي أبر وأرفق

طلابه :
تفقه علي يديه الكثير من أهل العلم منهم
1. الحافظ أبو إسحاق إبراهيم بن علي بن أحمد الواسطي ـ رحمه الله ـ .
2. أحمد بن إبراهيم بن عبدالواحد المقدسي إبن العمادر ـ رحمه الله ـ .
3. أحمد بن سلامة بن أحمد النجار ـ رحمه الله ـ .
4. الحافظ أبو العباس أحمد بن عيسى بن عبدالله ابن قدامة حفيده ـ رحمهما الله ـ .
5. إسماعيل بن عبدالرحمن بن عمروالمرداوي ابن الفراء ـ رحمه الله ـ .
6. خليل بن أبي بكر بن صديق المراغي ـ رحمه الله ـ .
7. الحافظ محمد بن عبدالواحد بن أحمد السعدي المقدسي ضياء الدين ـ رحمه الله ـ.
8. عبدالحافظ بن بدران بن شبل بن طرخان ـ رحمه الله ـ .
9. عبدالرحمن بن محمد بن أحمد ابن قدامة ـ رحمه الله ـ شارح المقنع .
10. الحافظ محمد بن سعيد بن يحي ابن الدبيثي الشافعي .
11. الحافظ محمد بن محمود بن الحسن ابن النَّجَّار ـ رحمه الله ـ .

مؤلفاته :
له مؤلفات كثيرة ذكرها ابن رجب وغيرها منها :
1. العمدة .
2. المقنع .
3. الكافي .
4. المغني ، وهو أكبر كتبه ومن كتب الإسلام المعدودة .
5. الاستبصار ، في الأنساب .
6. الاعتقاد .
7. التوابين .
8. ذم التأويل
9. ذم الوسواس .
10. روضة الناضر وجنة المناظر .
11. فضائل الصحابة
12. القدر .
13. لمعة الاعتقاد .
14. مسألة في تحريم النظر في علم الكلام .
15. مناسك الحج .

قال الشيخ يحي الصرصيري ـ رحمه الله ـ :

وفي عصرنا كان الموفق حجة *** على فقهه يثبت الأصول محولي
كفى الخلق بالكافي وأقنع طالبا *** بمقنع فقه عن كتاب مطّول
وأغنى بمغني الفقه من كان باحثا *** وعمدته من يعتمدها يحصل
وروضته ذات الأصول كروضةٍ *** أماستْ بها الأزهار أنفاس شمْأَل
تدل على المنطوق أوفى دلالة *** وتحمل في المفهوم أحسن محمل

عقبه :
1. عيسى
2. محمد
3. يحي
4. صفية
5. فاطمة
ومات أولاده الثلاثة في حياته ولم يعقب إلا عيسى خلف ولدين صالحين وماتا وانقطع عقبه ، وكان قد تزوج من بنت عنه مريم بنت أبي بكر المقدسي ثم تزوج عزِّيَّة وماتت قبله ، وتسرى بجاريتن .

وفاته :
توفي ـ رحمه الله ـ يوم السبت في يوم عيد الفطر عام 620هـ ودفن من الغد في جبل قاسيون خالف الجامع المطفري .

ومما قيل في رثائه ـ رحمه الله ـ :
قال الشيخ صلاح الدين أبي عيسى موسى بن محمد بن راجح المقدسي ـ رحمه الله ـ :

لم يبق لي بعد الموفق رغبة *** في العيش إن العيش سم مقنع
صدر الزمان وعينه وطرازه *** ركن الأنام الزاهد المتورع
بحر العلوم أبو الفضائل كلها *** شمل الشريعة بعد لا يجتمع
كان ابن أحمد في مقام محمد *** إن هالهم أمر اليه يفزعوا
فبين مشكله ويوضح سره *** ويذب عن دين الإله ويدفع
ببصيرة يجلو الظلام ضياؤها *** يبدي العجائب نورها يتشعشع
فاليوم قد اضحى الزمان وأهله *** غرضا لكل بلية تتنوع
والعلم قد أمسى كأن بواكنا *** تبكي عليه وحبله يتقطع
وتعطلت تلك المجالس وانقضت *** تلك المحافل ليتها لو ترجع
هيهات بعدك يا موفق يرتجى *** للناس خير أو مقال يسمع
لله درك كم لشخصك من يد *** بيضاء في كل اللفضائل ترتع
قد كنت عبدا طائعا لا تنثني *** عن باب ربك في العبادة توسع
كم ليلة أحييتها وعمرتها *** والله ينظر والخلائق هجع
تتلو كتاب الله في جنح الدجى *** كزبور داود النبي ترجع
لو كان يمكن من فدائك رخصة *** لفدتك أفئدة عليك تقطع

صالح بن عبد العزيز آل الشيخ

سيرة الشيخ ومعلومات عن حياته :




واسمه : صالح بن عبد العزيز بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن عبد اللطيف بن عبد الرحمن بن حسن بن محمد بن عبد الوهاب -رحمهم الله جميعًا- وحفظ الله الشيخ ورعاه، والشيخ يرجع نسبه إلى قبيلة بني تميم المشهورة.



الشيخ في دار علم وديانة -ولا نزكي على الله أحدا-.




ولد في مدينة الرياض سنة 1378هـ، وأكمل تعليمه الثانوي في الرياض، ولحرصه -حفظه الله- على أن يكون تعليمه الجامعي شرعيًّا فقد التحق بجامعة الإمام محمد ابن سعود الإسلامية ممثلة في كلية أصول الدين بقسم القرآن وعلومه، وبعد تخرجه منها عمل ضمن هيئة التدريس فيها، منذ ذلك الحين إلى عام 1416هـ حيث عين نائبًا لوزير الشؤون الإسلامية والأوقاف والدعوة والإرشاد.




وفي عام 1420هـ صدر الأمر بتعيينه وزيرًا للشؤون الإسلامية والأوقاف والدعوة والإرشاد، إلى جانب إشرافه على المؤسسات الخيرية كمؤسسة الحرمين الخيرية، وهيئة الإغاثة الإسلامية العالمية، والندوة العالمية للشباب الإسلامي.




والشيخ -حفظه الله- منصرف إلى طلب العلم وتحقيق المسائل على نحو ما كان عليه علماء الدعوة السلفية وكبار العلماء منذ نعومة أظفاره، ودأب على نشر ذلك وتعليمه في دروسه ومحاضراته وتوجيهاته التي يلقيها في المساجد وفي غيرها.




والشيخ قارئ وباحث كبير في فتاوى جده سماحة الشيخ العلامة محمد بن إبراهيم -رحمه الله تعالى-، حيث تفرغ لدراستها وفهم مقاصدها واصطلاحاتها الفقهية والعلمية ومقاصدها التي انفردت بها بحكم الزمان والمكان، وكان يستعين بعد الله بكبار العلماء في ذلك كسماحة الشيخ عبد العزيز بن باز -رحمه الله-، وسماحة والده الشيخ عبد العزيز بن محمد بن إبراهيم -حفظه الله-، وسماحة الشيخ عبد العزيز آل الشيخ مفتي عام المملكة -حفظه الله-، وفضيلة الشيخ عبد الله بن عقيل رئيس الهيئة الدائمة بمجلس القضاء الأعلى سابقًا -حفظه الله-.




وتلقى العلم على عدد من العلماء منهم :ـ



سماحة الشيخ عبد العزيز بن باز -رحمه الله تعالى-.



والده سماحة الشيخ عبد العزيز بن محمد بن إبراهيم -حفظه الله تعالى-.



فضيلة الشيخ عبد الله بن عبد العزيز بن عقيل -حفظه الله تعالى-.



فضيلة الشيخ عبد الله بن غديان عضو هيئة كبار العلماء -حفظه الله-.



فضيلة الشيخ عبد العزيز بن مرشد -رحمه الله تعالى-.



فضيلة الشيخ أحمد المرابط الشنقيطي -حفظه الله- نائب مفتي الديار الموريتانية درس عليه في علوم اللغة.

الشيخ محمد بن سعد الدبل -حفظه الله- درس عليه في النحو.



وكان له جلسات ومباحثات علمية متكررة مع فضيلة الشيخ المحدث حماد الأنصاري -رحمه الله تعالى-.




وقد حرص -رعاه الله- على جمع الإجازات العلمية من شتى أنحاء الأرض ، حيث حصل على إجازات عدة من بعض علماء المملكة، ورحل إلى: تونس والمغرب وباكستان والهند وغيرها في سبيل ذلك.




وله من المؤلفات والتحقيقات التي يحرص على اقتنائها طلبة العلم لما فيها من الشمولية والتدقيق العلمي ما يقارب سبعة عشر عملًا علميًّا. 

صفي الرحمن المباركفوري

 سيرة الشيخ ومعلومات عن حياته :

علمٍ من أعلام أهل الحديث بالهند ، الشيخ العلامة المحدث الفقيه صفي الرحمن المباركفوري رحمه الله وأسكنه فسيح جناته . نسبه : هو صفي الرحمن بن عبد الله بن محمد أكبر بن محمد علي بن عبد المؤمن بن فقيرالله المباركفوري الأعظمي . ولادته: ولد الشيخ في 6 يونيو 1943م حسب ما دون في شهادته الصادرة بقرية من ضواحي مباركفور وهي معروفة الآن بقرية حسين آباد، الواقعة في مقاطعة أعظم كده من إيالة أترابراديش . أسرته : تنتسب أسرة الشيخ إلى الأنصار وتعرف بهذا ، ومن ينتسب إلى الأنصار كثيرون في الهند ، ويزعم عامة هؤلاء ممن ينتمي إلى الأنصار هناك أنهم من ولد الصحابي الجليل أبي أيوب الأنصاري -رضي الله عنه- والله أعلم. تعليمه ودراسته : تعلم في صباه القرآن الكريم ، ثم التحق بمدرسة دار التعليم في مباركفور سنة 1948 م ، وقضى هناك ست سنوات دراسية أكمل فيها دراسة المرحلة الابتدائية. ثم انتقل إلى مدرسة إحياء العلوم بمباركفور في شهر يونيو سنة 1954 م ، حيث بقي هناك خمس سنوات يتعلم اللغة العربية وقواعدها والعلوم الشرعية من التفسير والحديث والفقه وأصوله وغير ذلك من العلوم ، حتى تخرج منها في شهر يناير سنة 1961م ، ونال شهادة التخرج بتقدير ممتاز . كما حصل على الشهادة المعروفة بشهادة «مولوي» في فبراير سنة 1959 م . ثم حصل على شهادة «عالم» في فبراير سنة 1960م من هيئة الاختبارات للعلوم الشرقية في مدينة الله أباد بالهند . ثم حصل على شهادة الفضيلة في الأدب العربي في فبراير سنة 1976م . جوانب من سيرة الشيخ العلمية والدعوية : بعد تخرجه من كلية فيض عام اشتغل بالتدريس والخطابة وإلقاء المحاضرات والدعوة إلى الله في مقاطعة «الله آباد» وناغبور . ثم دعي إلى مدرسة فيض عام بمئو وقضى فيها عامين . ثم درّس سنة واحدة بجامعة الرشاد في أعظم كده . ثم دعى إلى مدرسة دار الحديث ببلدة مؤ في فبراير سنة 1966م ، وبقى هناك ثلاث سنوات يدرس فيها ، ويدير شؤونها الدراسية والداخلية نيابة عن رئيس المدرسين . ثم نزل ببلدة سيوني في يناير سنة 1969م يدرس في مدرسة فيض العلوم ، ويدبر جميع شؤونها الداخلية والخارجية نيابة عن الأمين العام ويشرف على المدرسين ، إضافة إلى الخطابة في جامع سيوني ، كما كان يقوم بجولات في أطرافها وضواحيها لإلقاء المحاضرات بين المسلمين ودعوتهم إلى تعاليم الإسلام وفق الكتاب والسنة ونهج السلف الصالح ، ومحذرا من الشرك والمحدثات في الدين ، وقضى هناك أربعة أعوام دراسية. ولما رجع إلى وطنه في أواخر سنة 1972م، قام بالتدريس في مدرسة دار التعليم ، كما تولى إدارة شؤونها التعليمية ، وقضى فيها سنتين دراسيتين . ثم انتقل إلى الجامعة السلفية ببنارس بطلب من الأمين العام للجامعة سنة 1974م ، واستمر بالقيام بالمسؤوليات التعليمية والتدريسية والدعوية فيها ، لمدة عشر سنوات . وفي تلك الفترة أعلنت رابطة العالم الإسلام بمكة المكرمة عقد مسابقة عالمية حول السيرة النبوية الشريفة ، وذلك في المؤتمر الإسلامي الأول للسيرة النبوية الذي عقد بباكستان سنة 1976م , فقام الشيخ على إثر ذلك بتأليف كتاب «الرحيق المختوم» وقدمه للجائزة ، ونال به الجائزة الأولى من رابطة العالم الإسلامي . ثم انتقل إلى الجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة النبوية ليعمل باحثا في مركز خدمة السنة والسيرة النبوية عام 1409هـ. وعمل فيه إلى نهاية شهر شعبان 1418هـ ويقول الدكتور عاصم القريوتي : وكان دور الشيخ المباركفوري رحمه الله في مجال السيرة النبوية متميزا خلال عمله في مركز خدمة السنة والسيرة النبوية ،وكان ذلك جليا في الخطط التي وضعت من قسم السيرة الذي كان ركنه الأساس ، ومن خلال نقده وتقاريره للكتب والبحوث التي كانت تحال إليه في السيرة النبوية للتحكيم ، كما كان له التقدير والاحترام من الباحثين في المركز المذكور ومن أهل العلم والمسؤولين في الجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة . ثم انتقل إلى مكتبة دار السلام بالرياض ، وعمل فيها مشرفاً على قسم البحث والتحقيق العلمي إلى أن توفاه الله عز وجل. من أهم مناصبه: تولى الشيخ في حياته مناصب عدة أبرزها : 1- تدريسه في الجامعة السلفية ببنارس الهند. 2- عين أمينا عاما لجمعية أهل الحديث بالمركزية بالهند فترة من الزمن . 3- عين باحثا في مركز خدمة السنة والسيرة النبوية بالجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة المنورة. 4- تولى الإشراف على قسم البحث والتحقيق العلمي في مكتبة دار السلام بالرياض. 5- كان رئيسا لتحرير مجلة "محدث" الشهرية باللغة الأردية بالهند. مؤلفاته: للشيخ مؤلفات عديدة في التفسير و الحديث النبوي و المصطلح والسيرة النبوية ، والدعوة ، وهي تربوا على ثلاثين كتاباً باللغتين العربية والأردية ، ومن أشهرها وأهمها باللغة العربية : 1- الرحيق المختوم : (وقد ترجم هذا الكتاب لأكثر من خمس عشرة لغة مختلفة. 2- روضة الأنوار في سيرة النبي المختار . 3- سنة المنعم في شرح صحيح مسلم. 4- إتحاف الكرام في شرح بلوغ المرام. 5- بهجة النظر في مصطلح أهل الأثر. 6- إبراز الحق والصواب في مسألة السفور والحجاب. 7- الأحزاب السياسية في الإسلام ، وقد طبع من قبل رابطة الجامعات الإسلامية . 8- تطور الشعوب والديانات في الهند ومجال الدعوة الإسلامية فيها. 9- الفرقة الناجية خصائصها وميزاتها في ضوء الكتاب والسنة ومقارنتها مع الفرق الأخرى. 10- البشارات بمحمد صلى الله عليه وسلم في كتب الهند والبوذيين. 11- المصباح المنير في تهذيب تفسير ابن كثير. وأما مؤلفاته باللغة الأردية فمن أهمها ما يلي : 12- ترجمة كتاب الرحيق المختوم. 13- علامات النبوة . 14- سيرة شيخ الإسلام محمد بن عبد الوهاب. 15- نظرة إلى القاديانية. 16- فتنة القادياينية والشيخ ثناء الله الأمرتسرى. 17- لماذا إنكار حجية الحديث ؟ 18- إنكار الحديث حق أم باطل. 19- المعركة بين الحق والباطل. 20- الإسلام وعدم العنف. المقالات : وقد كتب الشيخ رحمه الله العديد من المقالات في موضوعات إسلامية مختلفة تبلغ المئات ، وقد نشرت في مجلات وصحف مختلفة في بلاد متعددة. تلاميذه : للشيخ تلاميذ كثيرون من خلال تدريسه في مدارس الهند ومدارسها والجامعة السلفية ببنارس . كما قرأ عليه عدد من طلبة العلم بالمملكة العربية السعودية كتباً عدة ، إبان عمله بمركز خدمة السنة والسيرة النبوية بالمدينة النبوية . عنايته بالأسانيد : امتاز علماء الهند بالعناية بالأسانيد والإجازات فيها ، وكان للشيح عناية بذلك إقراءً وإجازةً ، وممن قرأ على الوالد بالمدينة الشيخ المقرىء حامد بن أكرم البخاري والدكتور عبد الله الزهراني إذ قرآ أطرافاً من صحيح الإمام البخاري مع أطراف الكتب الستة . وأما من استجازه في الحديث الشريف وعلومه فكثيرون . كما حصل للشيخ ما يعرف في مصطلح الحديث بالتدبيج مع الدكتور عاصم بن عبد الله القريوتي ، وذلك بإجازة كل منهما للآخر ، وحصول الرواية لهما بذلك . وفاته : توفي الشيخ عقب صلاة الجمعة 10/11/1427هـ الموافق 1/12/2006م ، في موطنه مباركفور أعظم كر – بالهند ، بعد مرض ألَمَّ به ، جعل الله ذلك كفارة له ورفعا لدرجته . تغمد الله الشيخ بالرحمة الواسعة ، وأدخله فسيح جناته وإنا لله وإنا إليه راجعون كتبها: طارق بن صفي الرحمن المباركفوري الطالب بالدراسات العليا بالجامعة الإسلامية وهذبها وأضاف إليها بعض الإضافات : د.عاصم بن عبد الله القريوتي



Eli Manning

Elisha Nelson Manning IV[1] (born January 3, 1981) is an American football quarterback for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Mississippi from 2000 to 2003. He was drafted as the first overall pick in the 2004 NFL Draft by the San Diego Chargers and was immediately traded to the Giants who in return gave up a package, highlighted by fourth overall selection Philip Rivers. Manning is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning and the younger brother of former NFL quarterback Peyton Manning.

Manning holds Giants franchise records for most passing yards, touchdown passes, and completed passes in a career.[2] In 2012, in a 41–34 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he threw for 510 yards, 3 yards short of Phil Simms' record of 513. He led the Giants to victory in Super Bowls XLII and XLVI, defeating the New England Patriots in both games. Manning was named Most Valuable Player in both Super Bowls, becoming one of five players to have multiple Super Bowl MVP awards (Bart Starr and Terry Bradshaw also have two, Joe Montana three and Tom Brady four).

Manning started 210 straight games from 2004 to 2017, the second-longest consecutive starts streak by a quarterback in NFL history. He is the seventh all-time leader in passing yards and eighth in touchdowns.[3] Though lacking his brother's regular-season consistency and high-caliber performances, Manning is known for his two improbable Super Bowl-winning postseason runs in 2007 and 2011, in which he led an underdog Giants squad to Super Bowl victories twice against the Patriots.
Early years
Manning attended Isidore Newman School, where he played football and basketball for the Greenies.[5][6] In his high school career, Manning passed for 7,389 yards and 89 touchdowns.[7] On February 7, 1999, he committed to play college football at Ole Miss.[8]

College career
During his years with the Rebels at Ole Miss, Manning set or tied 45 single-game, season, and career records. His career numbers include 10,119 passing yards (fifth on the SEC career list), 81 touchdown passes (third on the SEC career list), and a passer rating of 137.7 (tied for sixth on the SEC career list).[9]

2000 season
As a freshman, Manning competed with veteran Romaro Miller for the starting quarterback position.[10] Manning saw little playing time behind Miller.[11] He appeared in six games and passed for 170 total yards and one interception.[12]

2001 season
With the departure of Miller, Manning became the Rebels' starting quarterback as a sophomore. In the first game, against Murray State, he passed for 271 yards and five passing touchdowns.[13] In the following game, a loss to Auburn, he had 265 passing yards, one passing touchdown, and one interception.[14][15] Over the next few games, Manning helped lead the Rebels to victories over Kentucky, Alabama, and LSU.[16][17][18] On November 3, in 58–56 loss to Arkansas, Manning passed for 312 passing yards and six passing touchdowns.[19] Overall, Manning had a solid first year as the Rebels' starting quarterback with 2,948 passing yards, 31 touchdowns, and nine interceptions.[20]

2002 season
Manning's junior season started out promising with the Rebels winning their first two games over Louisiana-Monroe and Memphis. Manning had four passing touchdowns and one interception in those two games.[21][22] In the next game, at Texas Tech, Manning passed for 374 yards, three touchdowns, and one interception in a losing effort.[23] The Rebels won their next three games, which were over Vanderbilt, #6 Florida, and Arkansas State to earn Ole Miss a #21 ranking in the AP Poll.[24][25][26] Manning had five touchdowns and one interception in that stretch. The Rebels' fortunes turned in the latter half of the season with a five-game losing streak.[27] In the stretch was a loss to Arkansas, in which Manning passed for 414 yards, two touchdowns, and two interceptions. In addition, he had a rushing touchdown.[28] After a win over rival Mississippi State, the Rebels qualified for the Independence Bowl against Nebraska. Manning passed for 313 yards and one touchdown in the 27–23 victory.[29][30] Overall, Manning finished with 3,401 passing yards, 21 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions in his junior season.[31]

2003 season
Manning started off his senior season with a 2–2 record. He played well in that stretch with 1,329 passing yards, 11 touchdowns, and four interceptions with victories over Vanderbilt and Louisiana-Monroe but losses to Memphis and Texas Tech.[32][33][34][35] The Rebels went on a six-game winning streak that included victories over major SEC opponents #24 Florida,[36] Alabama,[37] #21 Arkansas,[38] South Carolina,[39] and Auburn.[40][41] Manning passed for over 1,500 yards, 12 touchdowns, and four interceptions in the winning streak. Overall, he led the Rebels to a 10–3 record and a 31–28 SBC Cotton Bowl Classic victory over the #21 Oklahoma State Cowboys with 259 passing yards and two touchdowns in 2003.[42][43] He was invited to play in the 2004 Senior Bowl, but chose not to play.[44][45]

As his senior year came to a close, Manning won many awards, including the Maxwell Award as the nation's best all-around player, the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award, the National Football Foundation and College Football Hall of Fame Scholar-Athlete Award, the Sporting News Radio Socrates Award, and the SEC Most Valuable Player Award. He was also a candidate for the 2003 Heisman Trophy, finishing third in the voting after winning quarterback Jason White of the University of Oklahoma and University of Pittsburgh wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald.[46][47]

Manning graduated from the University of Mississippi with a degree in marketing and a GPA of 3.44.[48]

Awards
2001: Conerly Trophy – Best College Football Player in Mississippi[49]
2001: Davey O'Brien Award (finalist) – Awarded to the Nation's Top Quarterback[49]
2001: Honorable Mention All-American – The Football News[50]
2002: Independence Bowl MVP[51]
2002: Second Team All-American – The Associated Press[52]
2003: Maxwell Award – Nation's Top Player[53]
2003: Conerly Trophy – Best College Football Player in Mississippi[54]
2003: SEC MVP – Birmingham Monday Morning Quarterback Club[54]
2003: Sports Person of the Year in Mississippi – The Clarion-Ledger[54]
2003: Mississippi Amateur Athlete of the Year – Jackson Touchdown Club[54]
2003: National Scholar-Athlete Class – Division I-A QB[55]
2003: Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award – Awarded to the Nation's Top Quarterback[56]
2003: SEC Offensive Player of the Year – The Associated Press and the SEC Coaches[53]
2003: Sporting News Radio Socrates Award
2004: SBC Cotton Bowl Classic MVP[54]
Colonel Earl (Red) Blaik Leadership Award – All-American Football Foundation[54]
USA Today Player of the Year in Louisiana[44]
First team All-American – The All-American Foundation[50]
SEC Player of the Year – The Commercial Appeal and the SEC Coaches[53]
First Team All-SEC – Associated Press[53]
SEC Top Offensive QB – Touchdown Club of Atlanta Wally Butts Award
Professional career
The San Diego Chargers originally held the rights to the first overall pick in the 2004 NFL Draft due to their 4–12 record in 2003. With Manning being the most coveted player in the draft, it appeared that the Chargers' intentions were to draft him first overall. However, Manning (echoed by his father) stated publicly that he would refuse to play for the Chargers if drafted by them.[58] The Chargers selected him with the first pick overall nonetheless, as the team had a deal in place with the New York Giants, whereby the Giants would draft and then trade Philip Rivers and a 2004 third-round pick, used to select linebacker Shawne Merriman, a 2005 first round pick, used to select placekicker Nate Kaeding, and a 2005 fifth round pick, which was later traded, to the Chargers for Manning. He signed a six-year, $45 million contract with the New York Giants.[59]

Manning was one of four quarterbacks taken in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft along with Ben Roethlisberger, Philip Rivers, and J. P. Losman.[60] Manning, Roethlisberger, and Rivers have all been voted to the Pro Bowl since becoming starters. Until 2013, Roethlisberger and Manning had not produced a season with a losing record (although each had an 8–8 season), and Roethlisberger and Manning have each won two Super Bowls.[61] They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks Dan Marino, John Elway, and Jim Kelly.[62]

2004 season: Rookie year
See also: 2004 New York Giants season
Manning made his NFL debut in Week 1 against the Philadelphia Eagles. He came into the game toward the end the fourth quarter in relief of Kurt Warner. He finished the 31–17 loss 3-of-9 for 66 yards.[63] Manning made his first career regular season start against the Atlanta Falcons at Giants Stadium on November 21, 2004.[64] In his fourth start, against the Baltimore Ravens at M&T Bank Stadium on December 12, 2004, he ended the day with a 0.0 passer rating and was benched in the second half in favor of Warner, but remained the Giants starter through the end of the season.[65] [66] The Giants finished with a 6–10 record and were 1–6 in games that Manning started in.[67][68]

2005 season: NFC East champions
See also: 2005 New York Giants season
Following 2004, Warner left the Giants,[69] and Manning was named the starter for 2005. Manning led the Giants to a 2–0 record with victories against the Arizona Cardinals and New Orleans Saints,[70][71] before traveling to the West Coast for a test in a road game agasint the San Diego Chargers. Chargers fans did not forget the snub, and on September 25, 2005 when Manning and the Giants made their first trip to San Diego for a game since that draft day, the crowd booed Manning loudly every time he touched the ball.[72] San Diego defeated the Giants,[73] 45–23, but Manning displayed what may have been his most impressive performance of his young career, going 24-of-41 for 352 yards and two touchdowns.[74]

Manning returned home to throw for almost 300 yards and a career-high four touchdowns against the St. Louis Rams at Giants Stadium in a 44–24 romp.[75] Two games later, he led a last-minute drive against the Denver Broncos to secure a 24–23 victory for the Giants.[76] The drive culminated in a two-yard touchdown to Amani Toomer with five seconds remaining.[76] Two weeks later, Manning overcame a weak first half at San Francisco to help his team secure their first official road victory of the season, 24–6. Despite a poor performance at home against the Minnesota Vikings, throwing four interceptions, he again led his team back to tie the game in the final minutes before the Vikings won on a late field goal.[77]

Manning finished among the top five quarterbacks in both passing yards and touchdown passes, while leading an offense that finished third in the NFL in scoring with a total of 422 points.[78][79] It was the most points the Giants scored in a single season since 1963. The Giants won the NFC East with an 11–5 record[80] and advanced to the postseason as the #4-seed.[81] In the Wild Card Round against the Carolina Panthers, Manning was 10-of-18 for 113 yards and three interceptions in the 23–0 loss.[82]

2006 season
See also: 2006 New York Giants season
Manning's second full season was reminiscent of his 2005 season. He started off playing well and completed over 65 percent of his passes through the first four games. However, he struggled in the second half of the season and his production diminished towards the end of the regular season. After losing a tough game to his brother Peyton and the Indianapolis Colts on opening day,[83] Manning and the Giants rebounded from a 24–7 4th-quarter deficit en route to a 30–24 overtime victory over the division rival Philadelphia Eagles in Week 2.[84] Manning threw for a career-high 371 yards in the win with three touchdowns including a game-winning pass to Plaxico Burress in overtime to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week.[85][86] Following a poor performance against Seattle the next week,[87] Manning and the Giants responded by winning five straight games including wins over the Washington Redskins, Dallas Cowboys, and Atlanta Falcons to push their record to 6–2.[88]

Following this winning streak, key injuries including one to receiver Amani Toomer pushed Manning and the Giants into a downward slide.[89] Playing against the Chicago Bears, Manning started well, but the Giants' offense was derailed by the loss of left tackle Luke Petitgout to a broken leg.[90] Manning was held to only 141 yards passing with two interceptions. Petigout's loss left a gaping hole at the crucial left tackle position, and Manning was unable to repeat his first-half success.[91][92] Manning struggled the next week at Jacksonville[93] and the week after that, a costly interception helped to culminate a huge collapse at Tennessee, with the Giants seeing a 21-point fourth quarter lead simply evaporate.[94] Manning improved the following week, throwing for 270 yards and two touchdowns against the Dallas Cowboys, but the Giants lost 23–20.[95] Finally regaining momentum, Manning threw three touchdowns in a win on the road against the Carolina Panthers,[96] but then he stumbled badly in the final three games. He threw two interceptions against the Eagles and tallied only 73 passing yards in a game against the New Orleans Saints.[97] Although the Giants battled back to 8–8 the following week on the road against the Washington Redskins, Manning completed only 12 of 26 passes for 101 yards and one touchdown.[98] The Giants qualified for the postseason as the #6-seed and met the Philadelphia Eagles.[99] Although he did significantly better in this game than the 2005 playoff game against the Carolina Panthers, completing 16 of 27 passes for 161 yards and two touchdowns, the Giants lost in the Wild Card Round on a last-second field goal by the Eagles.[100]

For the year, Manning threw for 3,244 yards, 24 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions.[101] He completed 57.7 percent of his passes, a five-point improvement from 2005, but he again struggled badly in the second half of the season. Manning finished the season with a quarterback efficiency rating of 77.0 (18th in the league) with 6.2 yards per attempt.[102]

2007 season: Super Bowl champions
Manning trained in the Meadowlands with offensive coordinator Kevin Gilbride and new quarterbacks coach Chris Palmer prior to the 2007 regular season.[103] For the first time ever, Plaxico Burress[104] and Jeremy Shockey[105] practiced in the off-season with Manning to perfect their timing and chemistry rather than training alone in Miami as they did in previous years.[106]

Regular season
Manning opened the 2007 season with an outstanding personal performance against the Dallas Cowboys, completing 28 of 41 passing attempts for 312 yards, four touchdowns, and an interception,[107] but suffered a shoulder sprain[108] and was removed from the game late in the second half. Although he did play against the Green Bay Packers in week 2 while throwing for 211 yards with one touchdown,[109] the Giants defense performed poorly again and the team dropped to 0–2 with Green Bay winning, 35–13.[109] In week three, Manning got a come-from-behind victory as the Giants defense improved, pitching a shutout in the second half and stopping the Washington Redskins on a fourth and goal situation, winning the game 24–17.[110] The Giants defense then shut down the Philadelphia Eagles with an NFL record-tying 12 sacks,[111] holding the Eagles offense to one field goal. The Giants won with a score of 16–3.[112] The following week, Manning overcame a dismal first half to throw for two second-half scores[113] in a 35–24 win over their in-city rivals, the New York Jets.[114]

Following two straight home victories, Manning and the Giants obtained their fourth consecutive victory with a 31–10 defeat of the Atlanta Falcons in the Georgia Dome on Monday Night Football.[115] Manning performed well, completing 27 of 39 passes for 303 yards along with a pair of touchdowns while giving away two interceptions.[116] Behind a dominant defensive effort, the Giants improved to 5–2 the next week with a 33–15 win over the San Francisco 49ers.[117] Manning played well again, throwing for two touchdowns in the effort. In week 8, the Giants played a road game against the Miami Dolphins on October 28, 2007, in London's Wembley Stadium.[118] Manning only threw for 59 yards in the rain and mud, but he scored the Giants' only touchdown on a 10-yard run.[119] This touchdown was the first in an NFL regular season game that was played outside of North America. The Giants defeated the Dolphins, 13–10, bringing the Giants to a 6–2 record at the mid-way point of the 2007 season.[119] After losing to their division rivals the Dallas Cowboys in week 9,[120] New York Giants co-owner John Mara publicly questioned Manning's ability to lead the New York Giants in 2007 but more importantly in the future:[121]

The only thing we evaluate is 'Can we win with this guy?' That's the one thing. When we talk about any player at the end of the season, the No.1 question is 'Will he help us win?' And to take it one step further, 'Can we win a championship with this guy?'

— John Mara
After a week of criticism in the New York media and being outplayed by Tony Romo, Manning had a bounce-back victory versus their conference wildcard competitors the Detroit Lions.[122] Manning managed to throw for 283 yards and one touchdown but most importantly, no interceptions in a critical road game.[123][124]

The following week in a 41–17 loss to the Minnesota Vikings, Manning threw four interceptions and had three of them returned for touchdowns.[125] He continued to struggle until the last game of the season, against the 15–0 New England Patriots. With a playoff spot secured, the Giants could have rested their starters for the playoffs, but they instead chose to keep in the regulars and attempt to stop New England's quest for an undefeated regular season.[126] The Giants lost 38–35, with Manning completing 22 of 32 passes for 252 yards, with four touchdowns and one interception.[127]

2007 playoffs
See also: 2007–08 NFL playoffs
The Giants entered the playoffs as the #5-seed.[128] On January 6, 2008, in the Wild Card Round, Manning went 20-of-27 for 185 yards playing on the road against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The underdog Giants won 24–14, and Manning had two touchdown passes.[129]

On January 13, 2008, in the Divisional Round Manning led the Giants to an upset victory over the heavily favored Dallas Cowboys, the number one seed in the NFC.[130] For the third straight game, Manning played well, completing 12 of 18 passes for 163 yards and two touchdowns with no interceptions.[130] The Giants were the first team to beat an NFC number one seed in the Divisional Round since the start of the 12-team format in 1990.[131] This victory secured an NFC Championship berth against the Green Bay Packers on Sunday, January 20, 2008. In the NFC Championship, the Giants beat the Packers in overtime, with a score of 23–20.[132] The dramatic victory secured Manning and the Giants a trip to Super Bowl XLII.[133] This was the first Super Bowl appearance for the New York Giants since Super Bowl XXXV in 2001,[134] and their first Super Bowl victory since Super Bowl XXV.

Super Bowl XLII
Main article: Super Bowl XLII
In front of a record-setting American television audience[135] and on the strength of a late fourth-quarter drive led by Manning, the Giants beat the 12.5 point-favored, undefeated New England Patriots 17–14.

Manning takes the snap, back to throw, under pressure, avoids the rush and he's gonna...fight out of it, still fights out of it, now throws it deep down field, wide open Tyree who... MAKES THE CATCH! AT THE 24-YARD LINE! What a play by Manning!

— Bob Papa calling Manning's completion to David Tyree[136]
Trailing 14-10 with 2:42 remaining, Manning led the Giants 83 yards on a game-winning touchdown drive. On a crucial third-and-5 at the Giants' 44-yard line, Manning connected with David Tyree on a play in which he avoided several near-sacks and Tyree caught the ball off his helmet for a large gain. Four plays later, Plaxico Burress caught a 13-yard touchdown pass with just 35 seconds remaining for the winning margin.[137] Manning became only the second quarterback in NFL history to throw two go-ahead fourth-quarter touchdowns in a Super Bowl (Joe Montana being the first).[138] Manning also became the first quarterback to throw a last-minute, championship-winning touchdown in the NFL title game (including the pre-Super Bowl era) when a field goal would not at least tie the game.[139] Following the Giants' monumental victory, Manning and the coaching staff spoke briefly with President George W. Bush.[140]

Manning was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XLII.[141] He and his brother Peyton are the only brother combination to play at quarterback in the Super Bowl and the only set of brothers to win Super Bowl MVP, doing so in successive years.[142]

For winning Super Bowl MVP, he was given his choice of any 2008 model Cadillac, and Manning chose an Escalade Hybrid.[143] The Wednesday following the Super Bowl he appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman.[143]

2008 season: NFC East champions
Manning and the Giants opened the 2008 season with a win over their division rivals, the Washington Redskins, 16–7.[145] "It was a great opening to the season", said Manning, who completed 19 passes of 35 for 216 yards, and had one rushing touchdown and one interception. "There was a lot of emotion, a lot of excitement. You could feel it in the crowd."[145] In the Giants' next game, against the St. Louis Rams, they won again, 41–13, behind a stellar Manning performance.[146] Manning finished the game with 20 completions, 260 yards passing and threw three touchdowns to three different receivers.[146] The victory also marked the team's fourth straight victory over the Rams. The following week, Manning rallied the Giants to more fourth quarter magic, overcoming a late deficit to throw the go-ahead touchdown pass to tight end Kevin Boss, and then in overtime, throwing a clutch 31-yard pass to Amani Toomer in the Giants' 26–23 win over Cincinnati Bengals.[146] The fourth week of the season saw the Giants score on each of their first six possessions and dominate the Seattle Seahawks, 44–6. Manning threw for two touchdowns, completing 19 of 25 passes for 267 yards as the Giants totaled 523 yards on offense, their most since 2002.[147]

Following a poor team performance in a 35–14 loss on the road against the Cleveland Browns,[148] Manning and the Giants responded with a 29–17 win over the 49ers and battled to a hard earned 21–14 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers at Pittsburgh's Heinz Field.[149][150] Manning completed 19 of 32 passes for 199 yards and one touchdown in the crucial win, which pushed the Giants to a 6–1 record.[150] The following week, the Giants beat the Dallas Cowboys at home 35–14 to get to 7–1 at the midway point of the regular season. Manning threw three touchdowns in the game.[151] New York improved to 8–1 with a 36–31 win on the road against the Philadelphia Eagles. Manning threw two touchdowns in the victory, but the crucial play occurred in the third quarter. With the Giants trailing by four, Manning appeared to make an illegal forward pass to tight end Boss. After review, it was determined that the pass was legal. The Giants scored a touchdown two plays later.[152] Week nine pitted the Giants in a battle with the visiting Baltimore Ravens. The Ravens had come into the game with the league's third-ranked defense; nevertheless, Manning led the Giants to a decisive 30–10 victory, improving to 9–1, which included a 200-yard rushing effort by running backs Brandon Jacobs, Derrick Ward and Ahmad Bradshaw.[153] Two weeks later, the Giants faced the Redskins at Washington in their second encounter in the season. Manning threw his first 300-yard game of the season going 21-of-34 with an interception and a 40-yard touchdown pass to Toomer. The Giants beat the Redskins 23–7.[154] In November, Manning was named the NFC Offensive Player of the Month. For the month, Manning threw for 1,036 yards and ten touchdowns, and compiled a 94.9 passer rating while leading the Giants to a perfect 5–0 record.[155]

Manning was named to his first Pro Bowl on December 16, making him the first Giants quarterback to earn the honor since Phil Simms in 1993.[156][157] In week 15, Manning and the Giants visited Texas Stadium, where Tony Romo battled through a lower back contusion and connected with nine different receivers, finishing 20-of-30 for 244 yards and two touchdowns leading the Dallas Cowboys to a 20–8 victory. In week 16 against the Carolina Panthers with NFC homefield advantage on the line, Manning had a passing day of 17 of 27 for 181 yards and no interceptions. Manning led the Giants back from deficits of 21–10 and 28–20 to tie the game with just over three minutes left, including a bullet pass to Domenik Hixon for a key two-point conversion to tie the game at 28. The game was played in freezing conditions.[158]

After becoming the No. 1 seed in the NFC with a 12–4 record, the Giants had a first playoff round bye week and home field advantage through the rest of the playoffs.[159] In the Divisional Round, they faced their archrival Philadelphia Eagles at Giants Stadium with its signature windy conditions. Philadelphia went on to win the game 23–11. Manning completed 15 out of 29 passes for 169 yards with no touchdowns and two interceptions.[160]

2009 season
On August 5, 2009, he signed a six-year US$97.5 million contract extension.[59] Manning and the Giants opened the 2009 season with a win over their division rival, the Washington Redskins, 23–16.[161] Manning played well completing 20 of 29 passing attempts for 256, one touchdown and one interception. Manning and the Giants traveled to Dallas to play the Dallas Cowboys in the opening of their new Cowboys Stadium on Sunday Night Football. Manning played outstanding completing 25 of 38 passing attempts for 330 yards, two touchdowns and no interceptions which resulted in a 33–31 win for the Giants on a last second field goal.[162] In Week 3, Manning and the Giants played the Tampa Bay Buccaneers where he completed 14 of 24 passes for 161 yards, two touchdowns and no interceptions and as the Giants had a big lead he was taken from the game at the start of the second quarter, the Giants ended up winning 24–0.[163]

In Week 4, the Giants played the Kansas City Chiefs. Manning was playing well up until the start of the fourth quarter when on a play action fake Manning injured his heel while passing downfield to Steve Smith. He stayed in for the next play completing a 54-yard touchdown to Hakeem Nicks. It was discovered that Manning had plantar fasciitis (inflammation of connective tissue within the soles of the feet) and there was speculation he would not play against the Oakland Raiders in Week 5. However, in Week 5, Manning played well, completing eight of ten passes for 173 yards and two touchdowns with the Giants winning 44–7. This was the first time in his career that Manning had a posted a perfect passer rating.[164][165][166]

After this five-game winning streak, the Giants fell to a four-game losing streak, losing to the New Orleans Saints, the Arizona Cardinals, the Philadelphia Eagles, and the San Diego Chargers before winning again after a bye week on Week 11 when they played the Atlanta Falcons, winning 34–31 in overtime. Against the Falcons, Manning posted a career-high 384 passing yards with three touchdowns and one interception.[167]

On Thanksgiving, the Giants traveled to Denver to play the Denver Broncos where they lost 26–6. Manning completed 24 of 40 passes for 230 yards, with no touchdowns and an interception.[168] In Week 14 they played their divisional rivals, the Philadelphia Eagles, and lost 45–38, where it was a close game from the start. Manning passed for a career-high 391 yards, three touchdowns and no interceptions but was not able to win the game.[169] Next week, on Monday Night Football, Manning and the Giants dominated the Redskins, winning the game 45–12.[170]

The next week, in the final game in Giants Stadium, Manning and the Giants embarrassed themselves, losing 41–9 against the Carolina Panthers and repeated that feat the next week on the road against the Minnesota Vikings in the final regular season game, losing 44–7 while down 38 points in the 4th quarter.[171][172] After the games, Manning apologized to the fans for the team's performance.[173] The Giants finished the 2009 season with an 8–8 record and missed the playoffs.[174]

Manning ended the 2009 season with career highs including 4,021 passing yards, 27 touchdowns, a 62.3 completion percentage rating, and a passer rating of 93.1.[175][176]

2010 season
n August 16 during a preseason game against the New York Jets, Manning was hit by Brandon Jacobs, then by Calvin Pace, which knocked off his helmet, then went face first into Jim Leonhard's face mask. As a result, Manning had a large gash that needed 12 stitches. Manning left the game.[177]

The Giants ended the 2010 NFL season with a 10–6 record with losses coming against the Indianapolis Colts, the Tennessee Titans, the Dallas Cowboys, the Philadelphia Eagles and the Green Bay Packers.[178] Manning led the Giants to a 17–14 win in the last game of the season against the Washington Redskins, however, because of Green Bay Packers 10–3 win over the Chicago Bears, the Giants did not make the playoffs.[179] He ended the season with 4,002 yards, a career-high 31 touchdowns, but also a career-high 25 interceptions, which marked the most by a quarterback in the 2010 season, and a 62.5 completion percentage.[180][181]

2011 season: Second Super Bowl championship
In August 2011, Manning generated mild controversy in the sports media during a radio interview on The Michael Kay Show. When asked by host Michael Kay whether he was an elite "Top 10, Top 5" quarterback in the same class as Tom Brady, he responded:

I consider myself in that class. Tom Brady is a great quarterback... I think now he's grown up and gotten better every year and that's what I'm trying to do. I kind of hope these next seven years of my quarterback days are my best.[182]

Manning received criticism for the quote for trying to inflate his own status and skills, with critics pointing out his past inconsistent stats, including his 25 interceptions in the previous season, as evidence contradicting his claims.[183][184] However, Manning also received support for his comments from Giants coach Tom Coughlin and teammates such as wide receiver Hakeem Nicks.[185] Later in the season, Dallas Cowboys defensive coordinator Rob Ryan commented on the quote, agreeing with Manning that he was an elite quarterback "for sure."[186]

Regular season
The Giants opened the 2011 season with a slow start, losing to the rival Washington Redskins 14–28 in an emotional game for both fanbases on the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks.[187] Manning completed 18 of 32 passes for 268 yards but threw a costly interception in the third quarter to linebacker Ryan Kerrigan, who returned it for a touchdown and swung the momentum of the game.[188] However, the Giants would recover and win their next three games, including over the arch-rival Philadelphia Eagles, where he had 254 passing yards and four touchdowns in the 29–16 victory to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week.[189][190] During this streak, Manning improved, throwing for eight touchdowns and one interception.[191]

After a 6–2 start, including a 24–20 last-minute comeback by Manning over the New England Patriots that evoked comparisons to Super Bowl XLII,[192] the Giants entered a tough stretch of their schedule, facing off against the San Francisco 49ers, the New Orleans Saints, and the Green Bay Packers, the respective eventual NFC West, South, and North champions. The Giants would lose all three games as well as falling to the Philadelphia Eagles at home, leading them into a 4-game skid and once again putting their postseason hopes in jeopardy. However, unlike the previous three seasons, the Giants would finish strong, winning three of their last four games. This included a key win over their crosstown rival New York Jets as well as a sweep of their fellow division rival Dallas Cowboys. In the final regular season game against the Cowboys, Manning threw for 346 yards and three touchdowns, giving the Giants the win, the NFC East title, and a playoff berth for the first time in three years.[191] He earned a Pro Bowl nomination for his performance in the 2011 season.[193]

2011 playoffs
The Giants entered the 2011 postseason as underdogs, with the lowest winning record of any NFC team.[194] However, Manning and his team would once again demonstrate their endurance and durability late in the year. The Giants first easily routed the Atlanta Falcons 24–2 in the Wild Card Round and then stunned the defending Super Bowl champions and top-seeded Green Bay Packers in the Divisional Round to advance to the NFC Championship Game.[195] In the win, Manning completed 21 out of 33 attempts and threw three touchdowns and one interception.[196] The following week, the Giants avenged their regular season loss to the San Francisco 49ers with a dramatic 20–17 overtime win in the NFC Championship Game.[197] In the game, Manning set franchise playoff records with 32 completions on 52 attempts, good enough for 316 yards and two touchdowns despite being sacked a franchise-record-tying six times.[198] This victory secured Manning and the Giants a second trip in five years to the Super Bowl, setting up a highly anticipated Super Bowl XLII rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots. The Giants also made history as the first Super Bowl team ever team outscored in the regular season (394 points scored, 400 points allowed).[199]

Super Bowl XLVI
Main article: Super Bowl XLVI
In the most-watched program in the history of United States television,[200] Manning once again led the Giants to an upset victory over the 2½ point favored Patriots 21–17, his second Super Bowl win and the fourth overall for the franchise.[201]

I was yelling to [Bradshaw], "Don't score, don't score", Manning said. "He tried to stop, but he fell into the end zone."

— Eli Manning recalling the game-winning touchdown by Ahmad Bradshaw
While trailing the Patriots 15–17 in the final minutes, Manning led the Giants 88 yards down the field to a touchdown that many observers described as "accidental".[203][204] With just over a minute of time left in the game, the Giants called a running play and Manning handed off the ball to Ahmad Bradshaw with the hopes of stopping short of the goal line and forcing the Patriots to use their final time out, thus allowing the Giants to run out the clock. The Patriots, in turn, did not attempt to tackle Bradshaw in his run, and he then fell over the goal line despite making an attempt to stop. However, the remaining time was not enough for Patriots quarterback Tom Brady to lead a comeback and the Giants held onto the lead to win. Manning was again named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XLVI, becoming the third quarterback in a row to win the award.[205] The Giants also became the first team ever with fewer than ten wins in a 16-game regular season to win the Super Bowl.[206] Manning also became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw for 4,900+ yards and win a Super Bowl in the same season. The Giants were the first team with a running game ranked last (32nd) and a defense ranked as low as 27th to win a Super Bowl.

For winning the Super Bowl, Manning and the Giants received a victory parade in Manhattan and were honored with symbolic keys to the city by mayor Michael Bloomberg.[207] He was ranked 31st by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.[208]

2012 season
The Giants endured a disappointing season following up their Super Bowl run in 2011.[209] Manning led the Giants to a 6–2 record to begin their season, including a career-best 510 yards in a Week 2 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (second only to Phil Simms' 513 in 1985 for the franchise record[210]), overcoming three interceptions and a fumble.[211][212] However, Manning averaged an anemic 204 yards per game and 74.3 passer rating over games 8–15, including his lowest rating in five years (38.9) in a 0–34 loss to the Atlanta Falconsin Game 14.[213] He ended the 2012 season on a high note, throwing a career-high five touchdown passes while completing 13 of 21 pass attempts and passing for 208 yards with no interceptions, in a 42–7 Giants win over the Philadelphia Eagles.[214] He finished the season with 26 touchdown passes, 15 interceptions, and 3,948 passing yards.[215] As was typical for this phase of his career (2012–16), Manning was exceptionally well-protected by his offensive line; he was sacked just 19 times for a league-lowest 3.4% of passing plays.[215] Although the Giants did not qualify for the playoffs with a 9–7 season, Manning was selected to his third Pro Bowl as a second alternate.[216][217]

2013 season

Amoebozoa

Les amibozoaires (Amoebozoa) (du grec amoibē signifiant « transformation ») constituent un grand groupe de protozoaires simples, la majorité se déplaçant par vagues cytoplasmiques internes. À ne pas confondre avec les amiboïdes (également nommés rhizopodes) qui sont un sous-groupe des amibes (200 espèces environ) d'organismes vivants unicellulaires hétérotrophes.

Leur pseudopode est appelé lobopodia. Ils peuvent plus rarement être équipées de flagelles pour assurer leur mobilité. La plupart sont unicellulaires, et sont souvent rencontrés dans les sols et les milieux aquatiques, où ils cohabitent avec d'autres organismes. Plusieurs sont pathogènes. Les Amoebozoa peuvent aussi être multicellulaires et peuvent produire des spores, généralement visibles à l'œil nu.

La taille des Amoebozoa varie beaucoup. Beaucoup font seulement 10-20 μm, mais certains font la taille des plus grands protozoaires. La fameuse espèce Amoeba proteus peut atteindre 800 μm de longueur3 ce qui en fait un géant dans le monde des amiboïdes4 et est souvent étudiée comme représentant une cellule (en raison de sa taille). Quand ils s'agglutinent, ils peuvent couvrir de très grandes surfaces. Quelques amibes, appartenant à différents genres atteignent une taille plus grande, par exemple dans les genres Gromia, Pelomyxa et Chaos.
Une des caractéristiques des amibes est qu’elles comprennent un ou plusieurs noyaux dans une même cellule, et une vacuole contractile pour maintenir leur équilibre osmotique.

La cellule est généralement divisée en une masse granuleuse centrale, appelée endoplasme, et une couche extérieure, appelée ectoplasme. Au cours de la locomotion, des flux endoplasmiques se produisent à l'avant et à l'arrière de la cellule. De nombreux amibes ont un antérieur et un postérieur, la cellule fonctionne comme un seul pseudopode. En général, ils produisent de nombreuses projections appelées subpseudopodia, qui ne sont pas directement impliquées dans la locomotion.

D'autres amoebozoa peuvent avoir de multiples pseudopodes indéterminés, qui sont plus ou moins tubulaires et sont pour la plupart remplis de granulés endoplasmiques. Le flux de masse des cellules dans l'un des principaux pseudopodes, et les autres se rétracte seulement si elle change de direction. En plus de quelques formes comme Amoeba et Chaos, cela concerne la plupart des amibes qui produisent des coquillages. Ces êtres peuvent être composés de matériaux organiques, comme dans l'Arcella, ou de particules collectées et collées, comme dans Difflugia, avec une seule ouverture par laquelle le pseudopodia émerge.

La plupart des Amoebozoa n'ont pas de flagelles et, plus généralement, ne sont pas soutenus par un réseau microtubulaire sauf pendant la mitose. Toutefois, des flagelles se produisent chez certains Archamoebae, et de nombreux moules produisent des gamètes biflagellate. Les flagelles sont généralement ancrées à un cône de microtubules, ce qui suggère une relation étroite à l'opisthokonta. Les mitochondries caractéristiques de branchement ont des cristas tubulaires, mais ont été perdues à l'archamoebae.

Nutrition
Ce sont des organismes non-photosynthétiques. La chlorophylle parfois observée dans leurs cytoplasmes provient de microalgues phagocytées et en cours d'assimilation par l'amibe.

Le principal mode de nutrition est la phagocytose : la cellule entoure de potentielles particules d'aliments, puis la vacuole se referme et l'absorbe. Certaines amibes ont un postérieur appelé une ampoule uroid, qui peut servir à accumuler des déchets, qui se détache périodiquement du reste de la cellule. Lorsque la nourriture est rare, la plupart des espèces peuvent former des kystes pouvant alors devenir aérien et les emmener vers de nouveaux environnements. Ces structures sont appelées spores, et la forme de structures appelées pétiolées organes de fructification ou sporocystes.

Habitat
Les amibes sont des protozoaires qui occupent presque tous les compartiments de l'environnement aquatique et des sols humides.

L’amibe évolue en milieu fortement aqueux et riche en matières organiques. Certaines ne tolèrent pas les milieux hyper salins comme la mer et se développent dans les eaux riches en matières organiques : marais, eaux stagnantes ou polluées. On en a trouvé dans les eaux de refroidissement de centrales thermiques et les eaux de piscines (mal traitées).

Reproduction
Les amibes, comme les autres organismes unicellulaires eucaryotes, se reproduisent de façon asexuée par mitose et cytocinèse (à ne pas confondre avec la fission binaire qui est la façon dont procaryotes (bactéries) se reproduisent).

Quand l'amibe est divisée par la force (coupée en deux), seule la partie contenant le noyau va survivre et reconstituer une nouvelle cellule et un cytoplasme. Les amibes n'ont également pas de forme définie5.

Classification
Historiquement toutes les amibes à pseudopodes ont été regroupées sous la classe des Lobosea, placées avec d'autres amiboïdes dans les taxons Sarcodina ou Rhizopoda, mais ceux-ci étaient considérés comme des groupes non-naturels. Des études génétiques et structurelles ont montré que les Percolozoa et les Archamoebae sont des groupes indépendants. Les études en phylogénie basée sur l'ARNr ont montré que leurs représentants étaient séparés des autres amibes, et ont dû diverger près de la base de l'évolution des eucaryotes, de même que la plupart des myxomycètes.

Toutefois, les arbres ont été révisés par Cavalier-Smith et Chao en 1996 et il a été suggéré que les autres lobosans forment un groupe monophylétique, et qu'Archamoebae et Mycetozoa sont étroitement liées à celui-ci, bien que les Percolozoa ne le soient pas.

L'amibe dans l’environnement
On distingue les amibes libres des amibes parasitaires.

Les amibes libres sont capables d'évoluer de façon parfaitement autonome dans leur environnement. Cependant certaines d'entre elles peuvent investir le corps d'un hôte si l'occasion leur en est offerte et y déclencher une pathologie.
Les amibes parasitaires sont en permanence à la recherche d'un hôte ; elles survivent dans l'environnement mais s'y développent généralement peu. Il arrive que certaines ne déclenchent pas de syndrome pathologique chez l'hôte ; on parlera alors préférentiellement de commensalisme mais rarement de symbiose (l'amibe est unicellulaire).
Pathogénie
Certaines amibes ont un pouvoir pathogène pour diverses espèces, dont l'Homme.

C'est le cas de Entamoeba histolytica responsable de la dysenterie amibienne ou amibiase dans les milieux tropicaux. La prévalence de ce protozoaire varie considérablement dans les différents groupes de population et est généralement étroitement liée aux conditions socio-économiques.
Les taux les plus élevés sont retrouvés dans des endroits dépourvus d'installations sanitaires comme les toilettes, égouts ou dépourvus d'accès à l'eau potable.

Une espèce particulièrement dangereuse : Naegleria fowleri est responsable d'une très rare (environ 200 cas dans le monde) mais gravissime pathologie : la méningo-encéphalite amibienne primitive (ou MEAP) presque systématiquement mortelle pour l'Homme (~97 % de mortalité dans les 15 jours).

Le genre Acanthamoeba comme l'espèce Acanthamoeba castellanii est responsable d'encéphalite amibienne granulomateuse (ou EAG) ou d'atteintes oculaires (kératite ou kérato-uvéite) chez les animaux et humains immunodéprimés.

De plus, on soupçonne une association entre des amibes pathogènes comme Acanthamoeba spp. avec des bactéries pathogènes comme le genre des Legionella plus particulièrement Legionella pneumophila responsable des légionelloses où l'amibe jouerait le rôle de vecteur et de catalyseur de surinfections en conservant, par exemple, des foyers infectieux de la bactérie dans ses kystes.

Système immunitaire de l'amibe
Le système immunitaire primitif de l'amibe est constitué de « cellules sentinelles » qui ont une capacité de stockage dix fois plus importante que les autres cellules ; ces cellules spécifiques éliminent toxines et bactéries6.

Résistances
Certaines amibes font preuve d'une relative résistance à certains biocides (dont le chlore actif des piscines, sous un certain seuil de concentration).

Les Acanthamoeba s'avèrent plus résistantes que les Naegleria (ils ont une durée de survie dans une eau 40 fois plus longue : 40 min contre 1 min). 0,5 mg/l de chlore actif (acide hypochloreux) est le minimum nécessaire dans une piscine pour éliminer les amibes, ce qui implique 0,5 à 1 mg/l de chlore actif en permanence. Si l'acide hypochloreux est activé par 5 à 10 % de brome naissant, le chlore tue les amibes plus rapidement.

Génomique
Une autre caractéristique remarquable des amibes est la grande taille de leur génome.

L'espèce Amoeba proteus a 270 milliards (109) de paires de bases dans son génome, et Polychaos dubium (autrefois nommé Amoeba dubia) en compte 670 milliards. Le génome humain est petit par contraste (environ 2,9 milliards de bases)7.

Dans l'histoire des sciences
Les amibes ont été pour la première fois décrites par August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof en 17578.

Pour les premiers naturalistes Amoeba l'« animalcule protéen » faisait référence à la Mythologie grecque dans laquelle le dieu Proteus pouvait changer d'apparence. Le nom « amibe » a été ensuite donné à ces organismes par Bory de Saint-Vincent9, depuis le grec amoibè (αμοιβή), signifiant « changement10 ».

Dientamoeba fragili a été décrite dès 191811 et n'a été reconnue comme pathogène important chez l'Homme qu'avec difficulté et on ne sait toujours pas comment cette amibe est transmise (peut être en même temps que les spores du ver parasite (oxyure) Enterobius vermicularis)11.

Organisme modèle

كيانو ريفز

كيانو ريفز (بالإنجليزية: Keanu Reeves) ممثل كندي مولود في بيروت 2 سبتمبر 1964 من أم بريطانية وأب منحدر من أصول إنجليزية-أمريكية برتغالية واسكتلندية و 1/32 صينية-هاواي.

بدأ رحلته الفنية بتدرج ونجاح متراكم، معروف في الوطن العربي بشكل كبير لدوره الرئيسي في ثلاثية أفلام الماتريكس (بالإنجليزية: The Matrix Trilogy).
نشأته
ولد في لبنان لأب أمريكي يحمل أصول أوروبية من بينها برتغالية وإسكتلندية وإنكليزية وفرنسية وهولندية ويحمل كذلك أصول صينية. واسمه سامويل نولين ريفز وامه بريطانية باتريكا راقصة استعراضية ولديه أيضًا أخت شقيقة تدعى كيم، العلاقة بين والديه لم تكن مستقره فتم الطلاق ورحل الأب إلى هاواي ولم يرى ابنه كيانو إلا مرة واحدة وكان عمره ثلاثة عشر، انتقل كيانو وأخته وأمه إلى نيويورك وتزوجت أمه هناك من منتج يدعى بول أرون، ومن ثم سافروا إلى تورنتو وأخذ كيانو الجنسية الكندية التي لازالت لديه ولكن بعدها تم الطلاق أيضا وتزوجت أمه مرتان الأول روبرت ميللر الذي انجبت منه الأخت غير الشقيقة لكيانو كارينا 1976 وبعدها من جاك بوند مالك صالون لتصفيف الشعر وأيضا تم الطلاق وتعمل أمه حاليا في مجال تصميم الأزياء اما والده فقد سجن بتهمة حيازة المخدرات وأفرج عنه في منتصف 1996.

Keanu Reeves

Keanu Charles Reeves (/kiˈɑːnuː/ kee-AH-noo;[2][3][4] born September 2, 1964) is a Canadian[a] actor and musician. He gained fame for his starring roles in several blockbuster films, including comedies from the Bill and Ted franchise (1989–2020); action thrillers Point Break (1991), Speed (1994), the John Wick franchise (2014–present[when?]); psychological thriller The Devil's Advocate (1997); supernatural thriller Constantine (2005); and science fiction/action series The Matrix (1999–present[when?]). He has also appeared in dramatic films such as Dangerous Liaisons (1988), My Own Private Idaho (1991), and Little Buddha (1993), as well as the romantic horror Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992).

Reeves has earned critical acclaim for his acting. One New York Times critic praised Reeves' versatility, saying that he "displays considerable discipline and range... he moves easily between the buttoned-down demeanor that suits a police procedural story and the loose-jointed manner of his comic roles."[5] However, Reeves has spent much of his later career being typecast. Saving the world is a recurring character arc in many roles he has portrayed, as manifested in characters such as Ted "Theodore" Logan, Gautama Buddha, Neo, Johnny Mnemonic, John Constantine, and Klaatu. The John Wick franchise represented a return to critical praise and commercial success for Reeves.[6][7][8] His acting has garnered several awards, and he has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Outside of film acting, Reeves has pursued other forms of artistry, including stage acting, music performing, and directing. Onstage, he performed as Prince Hamlet for the Manitoba Theatre Centre's production of Hamlet. He is a musician and played bass guitar for the bands Dogstar and Becky. He wrote the text for a picture book, Ode to Happiness, illustrated by Alexandra Grant. He has also produced a documentary, Side by Side, and directed the martial arts film Man of Tai Chi.
Early life
Keanu Charles Reeves was born in Beirut on September 2, 1964, as the son of Patricia (née Taylor), a costume designer and performer, and Samuel Nowlin Reeves, Jr.[9] His mother is English and from Essex.[10] His father, an American from Hawaii, is of Chinese-Hawaiian, English, Irish, and Portuguese descent.[11][12][13][14][15] Reeves states that his grandmother is Chinese and Hawaiian and that he grew up around Chinese art, furniture, and cuisine.[16] Regarding his English ancestry, Reeves mentioned watching comedy shows such as The Two Ronnies during his childhood; his mother imparted English manners that he has maintained into adulthood.[17] Reeves' mother was working in Beirut as costume designer when she met his father.[18]

Reeves' father earned his GED while imprisoned in Hawaii for selling heroin at Hilo International Airport.[19] He abandoned his wife and family when Reeves was three years old, but Reeves knew him until he was six. They last met on the island of Kauai when Reeves was 13.[20][21] After his parents divorced in 1966, his mother became a costume designer and moved the family to Sydney,[22] and then to New York City, where she married Paul Aaron, a Broadway and Hollywood director, in 1970.[23] The couple moved to Toronto, Ontario, and divorced in 1971. When Reeves was 15, he worked as a production assistant on Aaron's films.[24] Reeves' mother then married Robert Miller, a rock music promoter, in 1976; the couple divorced in 1980. She subsequently married her fourth husband, a hairdresser named Jack Bond. The marriage ended in 1994. Grandparents and nannies babysat Reeves and his sisters, and Reeves grew up primarily in the Yorkville neighbourhood of Toronto.[25][26]

Within five years, Reeves attended four high schools, including the Etobicoke School of the Arts, from which he was expelled. Reeves stated he was expelled because he was "just a little too rambunctious and shot [his] mouth off once too often... [he] was not generally the most well-oiled machine in the school."[27] He was a successful ice hockey goalkeeper at De La Salle College. He thought of playing hockey for the Canadian Olympic team but decided to become an actor when he was 15.[28] After leaving De La Salle College, he attended Avondale Secondary Alternative School, which allowed him to obtain an education while working as an actor. He later dropped out and did not obtain a high school diploma.[29]

Career
Early career: 1980–1986
Reeves began his acting career at the age of nine, appearing in a theatre production of Damn Yankees.[30] At 15, he played Mercutio in a stage production of Romeo and Juliet at the Leah Posluns Theatre.[31] Reeves dropped out of high school when he was 17. He obtained a green card through his American stepfather and moved to Los Angeles three years later.[24] Reeves made his screen acting debut in an episode of Hangin' In. In the early 1980s, he appeared in commercials including one for Coca-Cola, short films including the NFB drama One Step Away,[32] and stage work such as Brad Fraser's cult hit Wolfboy in Toronto. In 1984, he was a correspondent for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation TV youth program Going Great.[33]

Reeves' first studio movie appearance was Youngblood (1986), in which he played a Québécois goalie. His stepfather had convinced Erwin Stoff in advance to be Reeves' manager and agent. Stoff has remained Reeves' manager and has co-produced many of his films.[34]

Breakthrough: 1986–1994
After a few minor roles, Reeves received a sizeable role in the 1986 drama film River's Edge, which depicted how a murder affected a group of teens. Following this film's critical success, he spent the late 1980s appearing in a number of movies aimed at teenage audiences, including the lead roles in Permanent Record and the unexpectedly successful 1989 comedy, Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, along with its 1991 sequel, Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey. The same year, he had a break-out role in the movie Parenthood.

From 1991, Reeves played bass guitar in the alternative rock band Dogstar. During the early 1990s, Reeves started to break out of his teen-film period. He appeared in high-budget action films such as Point Break, for which he won MTV's "Most Desirable Male" award in 1992. He was involved in various lower-budget independent films, including the well-received 1991 film, My Own Private Idaho with River Phoenix. In 1992, he played Jonathan Harker in the Francis Ford Coppola-directed blockbuster Bram Stoker's Dracula.

Rise of prominence in film: 1994–1999
In 1994, Reeves' career reached a new high as a result of his starring role in the action film Speed. His casting in the film was controversial because he was primarily known for comedies and indie dramas with the exception of Point Break. He had never been the sole headliner on a film. The summer action film had a fairly large budget and was helmed by veteran cinematographer Jan de Bont in his directorial debut.

Reeves' career choices after Speed were eclectic: despite his successes, Reeves continued to accept supporting roles and appear in experimental films. He scored a hit with a romantic lead role in A Walk in the Clouds. He made news by refusing to take part in Speed 2: Cruise Control – despite the offered $11 million paycheque, which would have been his largest to date – in favour of touring with his band and playing the title role in a 1995 Manitoba Theatre Centre production of Hamlet in Winnipeg, Manitoba.[35] Of Reeves' performance, Sunday Times theatre critic Roger Lewis wrote, he "quite embodied the innocence, the splendid fury, the animal grace of the leaps and bounds, the emotional violence, that form the Prince of Denmark ... He is one of the top three Hamlets [Lewis has] seen, for a simple reason: he is Hamlet."[36] However, according to Reeves, his decision to not do Speed 2 left him blacklisted by 20th Century Fox for a decade, until The Day the Earth Stood Still.[37]

Reeves' choices after A Walk in the Clouds failed with critics and audiences. Big-budget films such as the sci-fi action film Johnny Mnemonic and the action-thriller Chain Reaction were critically panned and failed at the box office, while indie films like Feeling Minnesota were also critical failures. Reeves finally started to climb out of his career low after starring in the horror-drama The Devil's Advocate alongside Al Pacino and Charlize Theron. Reeves took a pay cut of $1 million for The Devil's Advocate so that Pacino would be cast, and he later took a 90 percent pay cut for the less successful The Replacements to guarantee the casting of Gene Hackman.[38] The Devil's Advocate did well at the box office and garnered good reviews.

Hollywood stardom and The Matrix trilogy: 1999–2009
The 1999 science fiction-action hit The Matrix, a film in which Reeves had a starring role, was a box office success and attracted positive reviews
In between the first Matrix film and its sequels, Reeves received positive reviews for his portrayal of an abusive husband in The Gift. Aside from The Gift, Reeves appeared in several films that received mostly negative reviews and unimpressive box office grosses, including The Watcher, Sweet November, and The Replacements. However, the two Matrix sequels, The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions, along with Something's Gotta Give and the 2005 horror-action film, Constantine, were box office successes and brought Reeves back into the public spotlight. Reeves performed with the band Becky for a year, but he quit in 2005, citing his lack of interest in a serious music career.[40]

In early 2005, Reeves' accomplishments in Hollywood were recognized by the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a star located at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard.[41]

His appearance in A Scanner Darkly (2006), based on the dystopian science fiction novel by Philip K. Dick, received favourable reviews, and The Lake House, his romantic outing with Sandra Bullock, was a success at the box office.[42] He went on to play the lead character in two 2008 films, Street Kings and The Day the Earth Stood Still. In February 2009, he starred in director Rebecca Miller's film The Private Lives of Pippa Lee, which premiered at Berlinale.[43]

Eclectic filmmaking and John Wick: 2009–present
In 2008, Reeves began pre-production on his directorial debut, Man of Tai Chi. The film is a multilingual narrative, partly inspired by the life of Reeves' friend, stuntman Tiger Chen. Filming occurred in mainland China and Hong Kong. During Man of Tai Chi's five years of scripting and production, Reeves acted in several B movies with lead roles as Henry in Henry's Crime (2010) and John in Generation Um... (2012). During that time, Reeves also played Kai in the critically panned 47 Ronin.[44]

In 2011, he returned to other artistic mediums of expression. Having played music earlier in his career, he forayed into literature by writing the text for a "grown-up picture book" entitled Ode to Happiness. The text was complemented by Alexandra Grant's illustrations.[45][46] In 2011, Reeves produced the documentary Side by Side about the supplanting of photo-chemical film by digital camera technology; he interviewed several prominent directors including James Cameron, Martin Scorsese, and Christopher Nolan.

Reeves' first directorial film, Man of Tai Chi, premiered in 2013 with showings at the Beijing Film Festival[47] and Cannes Film Festival.[48] The work was awarded in Beijing and praised by John Woo, a recognized director of action genre films.

Reeves has continued acting while exploring other forms of artistry. In October 2014, he played the title role in the action thriller John Wick. The film, which stars Reeves as a retired hitman, opened to positive reviews and performed well at the box office.[44] He reprised the role in John Wick: Chapter 2 (2017)[49] and again in John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum (2019). Both films were well-received.

In 2016, Reeves appeared in the horror thriller The Neon Demon and the dystopian romance The Bad Batch. Reeves had a cameo in the action-comedy film Keanu, in which he voiced the eponymous kitten.

Reeves paired up with Winona Ryder in the 2018 movie Destination Wedding[50] about wedding guests who develop a mutual affection for each other. They had previously worked together in other movies including Bram Stoker's Dracula, A Scanner Darkly and The Private Lives of Pippa Lee.

In 2019, Reeves starred in John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum, had a cameo in the Netflix original film Always Be My Maybe, and voiced a toy stuntman in Toy Story 4.[51] His cameo in Always Be My Maybe was intended to reveal his Asian ancestry.[52] Given the number of high-profile roles Reeves had in one year, USA Today dubbed the time period "The Summer of Keanu Reeves".[51] In addition, 2019 saw Europe's first Keanu Reeves film festival titled KeanuCon, hosted in Glasgow, Scotland.[53] Originally scheduled on the birthday of Reeves in September 2018, the festival was postponed due to a fire at the Glasgow school of Art. The festival was held on April 27 and 28, 2019, featuring nine films over two days. The movies screened included My Own Private Idaho, Speed, The Matrix, Constantine, Reeves' directorial debut Man of Tai Chi, and John Wick.[54]

Future projects
In January 2009, it was announced that Reeves was to star in a live-action film adaptation of the anime series Cowboy Bebop,[55][56] initially slated for release in 2011. Due to budgeting problems, the script was sent for a rewrite. The project's status is currently unknown.

Plans for a third Bill & Ted film had been in the work since around 2011, and Reeves, along with his co-star Alex Winter had expressed interest in replaying their roles. After much work to gain production and distribution rights with the series' original directors and producers, Bill & Ted Face the Music was affirmed in May 2018, with both Reeves and Winter returning in their title roles, and a planned release in August 2020.[57][58][59] Reeves has been linked to the maritime romance The Modern Ocean, directed by Shane Carruth,[60] though Carruth noted that the film is unlikely to be realized.[61]

Reeves will return in the fourth John Wick film, scheduled for release on May 21, 2021.[62]

Reeves will portray the character Johnny Silverhand in the 2020 video game Cyberpunk 2077; he has completed motion capture and voice recordings for the role.[63][64]

In August 2019, Warner Bros announced the fourth instalment of The Matrix, with Keanu Reeves and Carrie-Anne Moss set to reprise their roles.[65][66]

Personal life
Family and views
Reeves is entitled to British citizenship through his English mother. He holds Canadian citizenship by naturalization and identifies as such.[1]

On December 24, 1999, Reeves' girlfriend, Jennifer Syme, gave birth eight months into her pregnancy to Ava Archer Syme-Reeves, who was stillborn. The strain put on their relationship by their grief resulted in their break-up several weeks later. On April 2, 2001, Syme was driving alone on Los Angeles' Cahuenga Boulevard when she sideswiped three parked cars, rolled over several times, and was thrown from the car. Authorities believed she died instantly. She was reportedly being treated for depression and taking two prescription drugs, which police found in her car.[67][68] Reeves, who was scheduled to begin shooting back-to-back Matrix sequels during the subsequent spring, sought "peace and time" to deal with the incident, according to his friend Bret Domrose, a guitarist in Reeves' alternative rock band Dogstar.[67]

While often described as a Buddhist or atheist, including being mentioned on a "Famous Atheists" list, Reeves is non-religious and has occasionally expressed a belief in God or some other higher power, stating that he believes in God and the Devil, but "they don't have to have pitchforks and a long white beard."[69] He has clarified that he has a lot of interest in and respect for Buddhism, but has not "taken refuge in the dharma".[70] In September 2013, when asked if he was a spiritual person, Reeves replied with a laugh that he believes "in God, faith, inner faith, the self, passion, and things" and that he is "very spiritual" and "supremely bountiful"[71] Reeves has generally been reticent about his spiritual beliefs, saying that it is something "personal and private."[72] When asked by Stephen Colbert about his views on what happens after death, Reeves replied, "I know that the ones who love us will miss us."[73]

In 2010, an image of Reeves became an internet meme after photos of him, seemingly depressed while sitting on a park bench eating alone, were posted to a 4chan board. The images were soon distributed via several blogs and news sites, leading to the "Sad Keanu" meme being spread on internet forums. An unofficial holiday was created when a Facebook fan page declared June 15 as "Cheer-up Keanu Day".[74][75] On the first anniversary of "Cheer-up Keanu Day", Reeves was interviewed by The Guardian.[76]

In more recent years with his resurgence after the John Wick films, Reeves has gained additional fame from candid, impromptu real-life events he has done that end up shared virally on social media reflecting his kind and helpful personality, to the point of him sometimes being called the "Internet's boyfriend".[77][78][79] In one case, Reeves had been flying into Los Angeles on a commercial plane in March 2019, but it was forced to land in Bakersfield, California. Rather than wait for repairs on the plane, Reeves arranged a van to take him and the other passengers continuing onto Los Angeles, casually chatting with them as they rode the rest of the way.[80] In another instance, while filming for Bill & Ted Face the Music in July 2019, Reeves and other cast members passed a house with a banner reading "You're Breathtaking", a meme that had come out of Reeves' appearance at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2019 for Cyberpunk 2077. Reeves jumped out of their car to sign the banner and briefly talked and took photos with the family.[81]

Reeves has stated that he is an Oxfordian and believes the works of William Shakespeare were written by Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford.
Legal incidents
In 2008, Reeves was sued in Los Angeles Superior Court by paparazzo Alison Silva. The unsuccessful US$711,974 (equivalent to $828,509 in 2018)[83] suit claimed that Reeves hit and injured Silva with a Porsche after concluding a family visit at a Los Angeles medical facility.[84][85] The lawsuit took a year and a half to make it to trial, during which time Silva continued to attack Reeves and demand payment. At the trial, all 12 jurors rejected the suit, needing only an hour of deliberation to reach their verdict.[86]

In 2014, two stalkers trespassed on Reeves' Hollywood Hills home. On September 12, 2014, Reeves awoke and found a stalker in his library, who told him that she was there to meet him. While Reeves calmly talked to the stalker, he called the police, who arrived and arrested her before taking her in for psychological evaluation.[87] Three days later, a second stalker made her way into his home through a gate that was left unlocked by a cleaning company. The intruder undressed and took a shower in Reeves' bathroom before swimming naked in his pool. The cleaning crew became suspicious and alerted Reeves, who was not at home. He then notified the police and the stalker was remanded.[88]

Philanthropy and business
Reeves set up a cancer charity, choosing not to attach his name to the organization; he has also supported PETA, the SickKids Foundation, and Stand Up to Cancer. In 2014, he said in an interview that his sister Kim had battled leukemia for more than a decade.[89]

Reeves has stated "Money is the last thing [he] think[s] about. [He] could live on what [he has] already made for the next few centuries."[90] Reeves reportedly gave approximately $80 million of his $114 million earnings from The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions to the special effects and makeup staff. The story has been denied by the special effects staff themselves, deeming it as an urban legend.[91] The story likely originated in a back-end deal Reeves made with the producers of The Matrix Reloaded, relinquishing his contractual right to a percentage of the earnings from the ticket sales. Reeves reportedly did so to allow producers the flexibility for an extensive special effects budget. The value of Reeves' forgone share of the ticket profits has been estimated at $38 million, which was added to the overall movie budget, rather than going directly to special effects.[92]

Reeves co-founded a production company called Company Films, which helped produce Henry's Crime, a film in which Reeves starred.[93]

An avid motorcyclist, Reeves co-founded Arch Motorcycle Company, which builds and sells custom motorcycles

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