نيكول نيومان

نيكول نيومان هي عارضة وممثلة أرجنتينية، ولدت في 31 أكتوبر 1980 ببوينس آيرس في الأرجنتين.

Nicole Neumann

Nicole Neumann (born 31 October 1980, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine model, businesswoman and television host.
Biography
After her birth Neumann moved with her family to Salzburg, Austria, her father's place of origin. When Neumann was 1 year old her parents separated and she returned with mother Claudia to her native country where she had a half-sister named Geraldine Conti. Shortly after, they settled in Córdoba, Argentina. They later moved to Belgrano.

Career
Nicole Neumann first worked in a TV advertisement at the age of 4. She became a model at the age of 12, being the youngest model at the time. The press called her a "lolita", after the book Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov, and extended it to other young models that would follow. However, the term in Argentina is only used for mainstream models, and not for child pornography like the term in English. She worked as a model for Pancho Dotto and Roberto Giordano, and internationally at Paris and Milan. She has worked for clothing brands such as Versace and Nina Ricci.[1] She posed nude for the Gente magazine in 2001 with the model Pampita, saying that it benefited both of them. They both had several conflicts in later years.[1]

Personal life
In summer of 2004 she was seen with the model Nacho Herrero on a beach in Punta del Este while she was still dating her manager Matías Liberman shortly after she separated from him and made her engagement official with Nacho Herrero, marrying him but the marriage would last little the couple is separated the following year for her romance with footballer Fabián Cubero. She took part in a photo session with the football players Mariano Pavone, Marcos Angeleri, Leandro Somoza and Fabián Cubero, in 2006. She started a relation with Fabián Cubero in 2006. She married him two years later.[1] They have three daughters. In May 2017 Fabián Cubero and Nicole Neumann split up and in April 2018 they formalized their divorce after eleven years of marriage.

Dream11

Dream11 is a fantasy sports platform based in India[1] that allows users to play fantasy cricket, hockey, football, kabaddi and basketball.[2][3] In April 2019, Dream11 became the first Indian gaming company to enter the ‘Unicorn Club
History
Dream11 was co-founded by Harsh Jain and Bhavit Sheth in 2008.[5][6] In 2012, they introduced freemium fantasy sports in India for cricket fans.[7] In 2014, the company reported 1 million registered users, which grew to 2 million in 2016 and to 45 million in 2018.[8][9] It is a member of the Fantasy Sports Trade Association (FSTA) and is the founding member of the Indian Federation of Sports Gaming (IFSG).[10] Dream11 is a Series D funded company with Tencent leading the latest round.[11][12] In April 2019, Steadview Capital completed secondary investment in Dream11. Apart from Steadview, Dream11’s investors included Kalaari Capital, Think Investments, Multiples Equity and Tencent.[4]

In June 2018, Dream11[13] reported that it has 4 million users, up from 2 million users in 2017.[14][15] The company also made to the list and ranked 9 among India's Great Mid-Size Workplaces - 2018. Dream11 was also recognised as one of the top 10 innovative companies in India by Fast Company in 2019.

Legality
In 2017, a case was registered against the company in an Indian High Court. The court, in its ruling, stated that playing the Dream11 game involves superior knowledge, judgement and attention. The Court also held that ‘the element of skill’ had a predominant influence on the outcome of the Dream11 game. However, the law does not allow Fantasy Sports in few Indian States like Assam, Odisha and Telangana.[16]

A challenge to this judgement was filed with the Supreme Court of India, which dismissed the appeal.[17] The judgement provided legality to the company and allowed them to run their operations throughout the country.[18]

Despite it being adjudged to be a "game of skill", experts believe that the company operates in the country's regulatory "grey area".[19][20]

Partnerships
In March 2019, The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), announced Dream11 as the Official Partner for the VIVO Indian Premier League. The four-year exclusive partnership started with IPL 2019 season. Additionally, the ‘Official Fantasy Game’ of IPL will also be powered by Dream11.

In 2018, Dream11 announced its partnership with ICC (International Cricket Council),[21] Pro Kabaddi League,[22] International Hockey Federation (FIH),[23] WBBL and BBL[24]. In 2018, through the above partnership, Dream11 introduced two new games on their platform viz.,Kabaddi and Hockey.

In 2017, the company partnered with three leagues within cricket, football and basketball. Dream11 became the Official Fantasy Partner for Hero Caribbean Premier League, Hero Indian Super League and National Basketball Association (NBA).[1] Later in the year, they partnered with the Hero Indian Super League as their Official Fantasy Football Partner.[25][26] In November 2017, US professional basketball league National Basketball Association (NBA), launched a fantasy basketball game in association with Dream11 and launched their official NBA fantasy game on their platform.[27][28]

Brand ambassadors
Cricketer & Ex-Indian Captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni is the brand ambassador of Dream11 and launched the “Dimaag se Dhoni” media campaign during the 2018 Indian Premier League.[29] The company had first signed commentator Harsha Bhogle as their brand ambassador in 2017.[30] For 2019 IPL, Dream11 signed up seven cricketers and partnered with seven Indian Premier League franchise as part of its multi-channel marketing campaign. [31]

Game format
Dream11 provides a fantasy gaming platform for multiple sports such as cricket, football, basketball, kabaddi and hockey. It is an online game where users create a virtual team of real-life players and earn points based on the performances of these players in real matches.[32] A user who scores the maximum points in his joined contest attains the first rank on the leader-board. Dream11 offers free and paid contests. A user has to pay a certain fee to join a contest and can win real cash.[33] To participate in a Dream11 game, a user must be at least 18 years old.

Dream11 Foundation
Dream11 Foundation is the philanthropic arm of Dream11 that aims to help people in their time of needs. Recently, Dream11 Foundation pledged Rs.3 crores over a period of 3 years to support IFSG’s athlete support programme, Stars of Tomorrow.[34] This programme has been created with an aim to identify and support India’s future sporting talent. As a result of a selection process led by GoSports, out of the 168 entries received from across the country, 13 athletes have been selected to be part of IFSG’s Stars of Tomorrow.[35] Athletes selected under the programme will be offered support to help them reach their sporting goals.

Vishnuvardhan

Dr.Vishnuvardhan (18 September 1950 – 30 December 2009), born Sampath Kumar, was an Indian film actor known for his works predominantly in Kannada cinema.[2] He appeared in over 220 films in Kannada, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam.[3] He was called 'The Phoenix of Indian Cinema'.[4][5][6] He made his debut in the 1972 film, Vamsha Vriksha, in a supporting role. The same year he played the lead role in Puttanna Kanagal's Naagarahaavu, and was recognized as 'The Angry Young Man of Kannada Cinema'.[7] He has played a variety of roles in different genres.[8][9][10][11]

In 2008, A poll conducted by CNN-IBN listed Vishnuvardhan as the most popular star in the Kannada Film Industry.[12] A road stretching 14.5 km from Banashankari Temple to Kengeri in Bengaluru has been named after the superstar. It is the longest road in Asia to be named after a celebrity.[13][14] He was a martial artist, In an interview with The Hindu, he had said that it was the era of Bruce Lee and it was only Kamal Haasan and himself who had learnt martial arts in his generation.[15] He was also the story writer of the 1997 movie Ganesha I Love You directed by Phani Ramachandra.

He was also fondly called as Sahasasimha and Abhinava Bhargava by the people of Karnataka
Early life
Vishnuvardhan was born in Mysore to H. L. Narayana Rao and Kamakshamma. His ancestors are from Hallegere, Mandya district of Karnataka. His father was an artist, music composer and a screenwriter who was known for his collection of musical instruments. He had six siblings. His sister Rama was a Kathak dancer at the Mysore Palace, and brother Ravi was a child actor who appeared in the 1955 Tamil language and Kannada bilingual film Modala Thedi.[17] Vishnuvardhan was educated first in Mysore's Gopalswamy School and then at Bangalore's Kannada Model High School. He attended high school and obtained a degree from National College, Basavanagudi, Bangalore.[18][19]

Personal life
Vishnuvardhan married actress Bharathi on 17 February 1975 in Bangalore. They have adopted two children, Keerthi and Chandana.[20]

Early career
Vishnuvardhan started his career with the National Award-winning movie Vamshavruksha (1972) directed by Girish Karnad based on the novel written by S. L. Bhyrappa. His first lead role was in Naagarahaavu, directed by Puttanna Kanagal and based on a novel by T. R. Subba Rao. It was the first in Kannada film history to complete 100 days in three main theatres of Bangalore. In his 37-year career, he has played a variety of roles in more than 200 films.[21]

Television
He appeared on television for the first time in the 1980s. Shankar Nag directed Malgudi Days and introduced Vishnuvardhan as the main character Venkat Rao, in an episode called "Rupees Forty-five a Month". Here, his co-star was Gayatri Nag.[22][23][24]

Philanthropy
Vishnuvardhan started an organisation called Sneha Loka to promote harmony and to help during calamities like floods. He conducted a 'padayatra' to collect funds for the flood-affected people in the northern part of the state. Vishnuvardhan and his wife Bharathi had adopted the Melukote town in Mandya district where he had dug borewells in the water-starved temple town. Many of his other charitable donations were revealed only when the beneficiaries came forward and spoke about it.[25] In January 2005, Vishnuvardhan, cricketer Syed Kirmani and Shivram participated in a Cancer Awareness Walkathon organised by Bangalore Institute of Oncology (BIO) to commemorate its 15 years of public service in Bangalore.[26]

Film score
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam is record-holder for having sung more than 40,000 songs in Indian languages including Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Hindi. SPB's voice suited Vishnuvardhan, and people felt it was a perfect combination.[27] He started singing for Vishnuvardhan in the 1972 film Naagarahaavu. Balasubrahmanyam as music director, composed all the songs for Vishnuvardhan's Sowbhagyalakshmi. Vishnuvardhan never missed any of the birthdays of S. P. Balasubrahmanyam. In every film of the actor, he had to sing couple of songs and Vishnu would insist. Balasubrahmanyam has sung all the five songs in his last Kannada film Aptharakshaka and was awarded the Best Playback Singer Filmfare Award for the song Gharane Ghara Gharane. He dedicated his award to Vishnuvardhan. After Vishnuvardhan's death, Balasubrahmanyam paid tribute to him in musical nights and one such show happened in Bengaluru and Mysuru.

Vishnuvardhan's pairing with director H.R. Bhargava is considered as one of the best pairings of Kannada film industry. His first film with H.R. Bhargava was Asaadhya Aliya which was a successful one. He has a total of 23 films with H.R. Bhargava. The rate of success of this combination was very high. To name a few are Guru Sishyaru, Jeevana Chakra, Karunamayi, Jana Naayaka, Hrudaya Geethe, Karna, Mathe Haadithu Kogile, Onde Guri, Krishna Nee Begane Baaro and many others.

As singer
He started singing in movies occasionally and later went on to singing devotional songs for albums. The first song he sang was in the movie Nagarahole and he has recorded some duet songs with the notable legendary singers S. Janaki, Vani Jairam and P. Susheela. The first devotional album sung by him was on Lord Ayappa and the title of the album was Jyothiroopa Ayappa. His other albums were "Thayi Bhanashankari" (on goddess Banashankari) and Vishwapremi Ayappa. He also sang devotional songs on Dharmastala's Lord Manjunathaswamy, Malemadeshwara and Ranachandi Chamundi.[28][29][30][31]

Some of his renderings are:

"Hegiddharu Neene Chenna" (Sahasa Simha)
"Shashiya Kandu Moda Helithu" (Sirithanakke Savaal)
"Thuthu Anna Thinnoke" (Jimmi Gallu)
"Beda Annoro Unte" (Sididedda Sahodara)
"Kannadave Nammamma" (Mojugara Sogusugara)
"Abhimani Gale Nanna Pranaa" (Vishnu Sena)
"Ee Notake" (Naagarahole)
"Madilalli" (Kiladi Kittu)
"Aasegala THota" (Hanthakana Sanchu)
"Naguve Swarga" (Naaga Kaala Bhirava)
"Olavina jodi" (Kallu Veene Nudiyithu)
"Vayyari Nee" (Gandugali Rama)
"Savi Maathanu" (Chinnadantha Maga)
"Cheluvina Chenniga" (Rudra Naga)
"Muthe Maniye" (Khaidi)
"Nammora Beediyali" (Benki Birugali)
"Kannalli Nee Bandu" (Simha Gharjane)
"Kandaddu Kandahaage" (Huli Hejje)
"Anuraaga Geetheyalli Apaswaravu"(Benki Birugali)
Legacy, awards and honors
Main article: List of awards received by Vishnuvardhan
As an acknowledgment to his service to Indian cinema, the state government decided to name its annual lifetime achievement award to long-serving film personalities after Vishnuvardhan, renaming it as the Karnataka State Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award.[34]
He has appeared on postage stamps issued by the Government of India posthumously.[35][36]
Vishnuvardhan was awarded with Filmfare South Lifetime achievement award in 2002 for his contribution to Kannada film Industry.
The State Government has named roads and parks in the capital city Bengaluru after him.[37] A park in Jayanagar, Bengaluru has also been named as Dr.Vishnuvardhan Park.[38]
The government of Karnataka decided to build a film city in the name of Dr. Vishnuvardhan. It will be similar to the model of Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad.[39]
The Karnataka Assembly showed respect to the star by praying for a minute for his soul to rest in peace for. After that, the election of the Speaker was held under chaotic circumstances as the Opposition parties wanted the elections to be postponed due to this shocking and unexpected incident.[40][41]
There are statues erected in his honour, especially in Bengaluru. A 7-foot-high (2.1 m) statue in Gowri Palya on 1 March 2012, Laggere on 4 March 2012, Kengeri on 9 October 2011, KP Agrahara in Vijayanagar on 11 March 2012 and in other places of Bengaluru and Karnataka were unveiled.[42][43]
Vishnuvardhan was cremated at the Abhimaan Studios, in the outskirts of Bengaluru on 30 December 2009 with full state honors. Almost all the leading politicians and actors were present there.[44][45]
A 14.3 km-long stretch of road between the Banashankari Temple and Kengeri in Bengaluru has been named after the superstar. It is the longest road in Asia to be named after a celebrity.[13][14]
Vishnuvardhan's fans for whom he is a demi-god have built a temple for him naming it Dr. Vishnuvardhan Mandir

E-cigarette

An electronic cigarette or e-cigarette[notes 1] is a handheld battery-powered vaporizer that simulates smoking and provides some of the behavioral aspects of smoking, including the hand-to-mouth action of smoking, but without burning tobacco.[76] Using an e-cigarette is known as "vaping" and the user is referred to as a "vaper."[3] Instead of cigarette smoke, the user inhales an aerosol, commonly called vapor.[77] E-cigarettes typically have a heating element that atomizes a liquid solution called e-liquid.[6] E-cigarettes are automatically activated by taking a puff;[78] others turn on manually by pressing a button.[3] Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes,[79] but they come in many variations.[3] Most versions are reusable, though some are disposable.[80] There are first-generation,[81] second-generation,[82] third-generation,[83] and fourth-generation devices.[84] E-liquids usually contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavorings, additives, and differing amounts of contaminants.[85] E-liquids are also sold without propylene glycol,[86] nicotine,[87] or flavors.[88]

The benefits and the health risks of e-cigarettes are uncertain.[50][89][90] There is tentative evidence they may help people quit smoking,[91] although they have not been proven to be more effective than smoking cessation medicine.[92] There is concern with the possibility that non-smokers and children may start nicotine use with e-cigarettes at a rate higher than anticipated than if they were never created.[93] Following the possibility of nicotine addiction from e-cigarette use, there is concern children may start smoking cigarettes.[93] Youth who use e-cigarettes are more likely to go on to smoke cigarettes.[94][95] Their part in tobacco harm reduction is unclear,[2] while another review found they appear to have the potential to lower tobacco-related death and disease.[96] Regulated US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) nicotine replacement products may be safer than e-cigarettes,[2] but e-cigarettes are generally seen as safer than combusted tobacco products.[97][98] It is estimated their safety risk to users is similar to that of smokeless tobacco.[99] The long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown.[18][100][101] The risk from serious adverse events was reported in 2016 to be low.[45] Less serious adverse effects include abdominal pain, headache, blurry vision,[102] throat and mouth irritation, vomiting, nausea, and coughing.[1] Nicotine itself is associated with some health harms.[103] In 2019, an outbreak of severe lung illness across multiple states in the US was linked to vaping.[104]

E-cigarettes create vapor made of fine and ultrafine particles of particulate matter,[1] which have been found to contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavors, tiny amounts of toxicants,[1] carcinogens,[105] heavy metals, and metal nanoparticles, and other substances.[1] Its exact composition varies across and within manufacturers, and depends on the contents of the liquid, the physical and electrical design of the device, and user behavior, among other factors.[notes 2][77] E-cigarette vapor potentially contains harmful chemicals not found in tobacco smoke.[47] E-cigarette vapor contains fewer toxic chemicals,[1] and lower concentrations of potential toxic chemicals than cigarette smoke.[106] The vapor is probably much less harmful to users and bystanders than cigarette smoke,[105] although concern exists that the exhaled vapor may be inhaled by non-users, particularly indoors.[107]

Since their entrance to the market in 2003,[81] global use has risen exponentially.[107] In a 2014 survey, about 13% of American high school students reported using them at least once in the previous month,[108] and in 2015 around 10% of American adults were users.[109] In the UK, users have increased from 700,000 in 2012 to 2.6 million in 2015.[110] About 60% of UK users are smokers and about 40% are ex-smokers, while use among never-smokers in the UK is negligible.[110] Most still use traditional cigarettes, raising concern that dual use may "delay or deter quitting".[1] Most peoples' reason for using e-cigarettes involve trying to quit smoking, though a large proportion use them recreationally.[78] It is commonly stated that the modern e-cigarette was invented in 2003 by Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik, but tobacco companies have been developing nicotine aerosol generation devices since as early as 1963.[111] As of 2018, 95% of e-cigarettes were made in China.[63] Because of overlap with tobacco laws and medical drug policies, e-cigarette legislation is being debated in many countries.[112] The revised EU Tobacco Products Directive came into effect in May 2016, providing striker regulations for e-cigarettes.[113] As of August 2016, the US FDA extended its regulatory power to include e-cigarettes.[114] Large tobacco companies have greatly increased their marketing efforts.[2] As of 2014, there were 466 brands of e-cigarettes,[115] with global sales of around $7 billion.
Since their introduction to the market in 2003,[81] global usage of e-cigarettes has risen exponentially.[107] By 2013, there were several million users globally.[117] Awareness and use of e-cigarettes greatly increased over the few years leading up to 2014, particularly among young people and women in some parts of the world.[118] A 2013 four-country survey found there was generally greater awareness among white adult smokers compared with non-white ones.[119] Vaping is increasing in the majority of high-income countries.[120] E-cigarette use in the US and Europe is higher than in other countries,[78] except for China which has the greatest number of e-cigarette users.[121] Growth in the US had reportedly slowed in 2015, lowering market forecasts for 2016.[122] Growth in the UK as of January 2018 had reportedly slowed since 2013.[123] The growing frequency of e-cigarette use may be due to heavy promotion in youth-driven media channels, their low cost, and the misbelief that e-cigarettes are safer than traditional cigarettes, according to a 2016 review.[48]

Surveys in 2010 and 2011 suggested that adults with higher incomes were more likely to have heard of e-cigarettes, but those with lower incomes may have been more likely to try them.[124] Most users had a history of smoking regular cigarettes, while results by race were mixed.[124] At least 52% of smokers or ex-smokers have used an e-cigarette.[68] Of smokers who have, less than 15% become everyday e-cigarette users.[91] Though e-cigarette use among those who have never smoked is very low, it continues to rise.[125] Daily vapers are typically recent former smokers.[126] E-cigarettes are commonly used among non-smokers.[127] This includes young adult non-smokers.[127] Vaping is the largest among adults between 18 and 24 years of age, and use is the largest among adults who do not have a high school diploma.[128] Young adults who vape but do not smoke are more than twice as likely to intend to try smoking than their peers who do not vape.[129] A worldwide survey of e-cigarette users conducted in 2014 found that only 3.5% of respondents used liquid without nicotine.[130]

Greater than 10 million people vape daily, as of 2018.[131] Everyday use is common among e-cigarette users.[79] E-cigarette users mostly keep smoking traditional cigarettes.[1] Adults often vape to replace tobacco.[124] Most vapers still use nicotine liquids after stopping smoking for several months.[83] Most e-cigarette users are middle-aged men who also smoke traditional cigarettes, either to help them quit or for recreational use.[78] Older people are more likely to vape for quitting smoking than younger people.[132] Men were found to use higher nicotine doses, compared with women who were vaping.[133] Gender was found to be a predictor of current e-cigarette use with males being significantly more likely to declare having already tried it than females.[134] Among young adults e-cigarette use is not regularly associated with trying to quit smoking.[124] The research indicates that the most common way people try to quit smoking in the UK is with e-cigarettes.[135]

Dual use of e-cigarettes and traditional tobacco is still a definite concern.[50] Dual use of e-cigarettes with cigarettes is the most frequent pattern.[136] One-time e-cigarette use seems to be higher in people with greater levels of educational achievement.[137] Women smokers who are poorer and did not finish high school are more likely to have tried vaping at least once.[138] Vocational school career, lower school performance, being out of school, and studying at a disadvantaged school have been shown to be associated with both e-cigarette ever use and e-cigarette daily use.[134] Vaping is increasing among people with cancer who are frequent smokers.[139]

Gateway theory
In the context of drugs, the gateway hypothesis predicts that the use of less deleterious drugs can lead to a future risk of using more dangerous hard drugs or crime.[140] There is wide concern that vaping may be a "gateway" to smoking.[141] Vaping may also act as a gateway to illicit drug use (recreational use of illegal drugs), is an area of concern.[7] Studies indicate vaping serves as a gateway to traditional cigarettes and cannabis use.[142] Nicotine is a gateway to opioid addiction, as nicotine lowers the threshold for addiction to other agents.[143] Under the common liability model, some have suggested that any favorable relation between vaping and starting smoking is a result of common risk factors.[144] This includes impulsive and sensation seeking personality types or exposure to people who are sympathetic with smoking and relatives.[144] A 2014 review using animal models found that nicotine exposure may increase the likelihood to using other drugs, independent of factors associated with a common liability.[notes 3][146] The gateway theory, in relation to using nicotine, has also been used as a way to propose that using tobacco-free nicotine is probably going to lead to using nicotine via tobacco smoking, and therefore that vaping by non-smokers, and especially by children, may result in smoking independent of other factors associated with starting smoking.[146] Some see the gateway model as a way to illustrate the potential risk-heightening effect of vaping and going on to use combusted tobacco products.[147]

There is concern regarding that the accessibility of e-liquid flavors could lead to using additional tobacco products among non-smokers.[148] It is argued to implement the precautionary principle because vaping by non-smokers may lead to smoking.[149] There is a concern with the possibility that non-smokers as well as children may start nicotine use with e-cigarettes at a rate higher than anticipated than if they were never created.[93] In certain cases, e-cigarettes might increase the likelihood of being exposed to nicotine itself, especially for never-nicotine users who start using nicotine products only as a result of these devices.[80] A 2015 review concluded that "Nicotine acts as a gateway drug on the brain, and this effect is likely to occur whether the exposure is from smoking tobacco, passive tobacco smoke or e-cigarettes."[150] Because those with mental illness are highly predisposed to nicotine addiction, those who try e-cigarettes may be more likely to become dependent, raising concerns about facilitating a transition to combustible tobacco use.[151] Even if an e-cigarette contains no nicotine, the user mimics the actions of smoking.[152] This may renormalize tobacco use in the general public.[152] Normalization of e-cigarette use may lead former cigarette smokers to begin using them, thereby reinstating their nicotine dependence and fostering a return to tobacco use.[153] There is a possible risk of re-normalizing of tobacco use in areas where smoking is banned.[152] Government intervention is recommended to keep children safe from the re-normalizing of tobacco, according to a 2017 review.[75]

The "catalyst model" suggests that vaping may proliferate smoking in minors by sensitizing minors to nicotine with the use of a type of nicotine that is more pleasing and without the negative attributes of regular cigarettes.[154] A 2016 review, based on the catalyst model, "indicate that the perceived health risks, specific product characteristics (such as taste, price and inconspicuous use), and higher levels of acceptance among peers and others potentially make e-cigarettes initially more attractive to adolescents than tobacco cigarettes. Later, increasing familiarity with nicotine could lead to the reevaluation of both electronic and tobacco cigarettes and subsequently to a potential transition to tobacco smoking."[155]

Pregnancy
E-cigarette use was also rising among women, including women of childbearing age as of 2014,[156] but the rate of use during pregnancy is unknown.[85] Many woman still vape during pregnancy because of their perceived safety in comparison with tobacco.[157] In one of the few studies identified, a 2015 survey of 316 pregnant women in a Maryland clinic found that the majority had heard of e-cigarettes, 13% had ever used them, and 0.6% were current daily users.[158] These findings are of concern because the dose of nicotine delivered by e-cigarettes can be as high or higher than that delivered by traditional cigarettes.[158] The rate of e-cigarette use among pregnant adolescents is unknown.[158]

Youth
The prevalence of vaping among adolescents is increasing worldwide.[155] There is substantial variability in vaping in youth worldwide across countries.[161] Over the years leading up to 2017 vaping among adolescents has grown every year since these devices were first introduced to the market.[75] There appears to be an increase of one-time e-cigarette use among young people worldwide.[162] The frequency of vaping in youth is low.[163] The result of youth e-cigarette use leading to smoking is unclear.[129] Most e-cigarette users among youth have never smoked.[129] Many youth who use e-cigarettes also smoke traditional cigarettes.[1] Some youths who have tried an e-cigarette have never used a traditional cigarette; indicating e-cigarettes may be a starting point for nicotine use.[1] Adolescents who would have not been using nicotine products to begin with are vaping.[164] Twice as many youth vaped in 2014 than also used traditional cigarettes.[165] Vaping seems to be a gateway to using traditional cigarettes in adolescents.[166] Youth who use e-cigarettes are more likely to go on to use traditional cigarettes.[94][95] The evidence suggests that young people who vape are also at greater risk for subsequent long-term tobacco use.[167] E-cigarettes are expanding the nicotine market by attracting low-risk youth who would be unlikely to initiate nicotine use with traditional cigarettes.[168] Data from a longitudinal cohort study of children with alcoholic parents found that adolescents (both middle and late adolescence) who used cigarettes, marijuana, or alcohol were significantly more likely to have ever used e-cigarettes.[158] Adolescents were more likely to initiate vaping through flavored e-cigarettes.[133] Among youth who have ever tried an e-cigarette, a majority used a flavored product the first time they tried an e-cigarette.[158] There is a greater likelihood of past or present and later cannabis use among youth and young adults who have vaped
Most youth are not vaping to help them quit tobacco.[124] Adolescent vaping is unlikely to be associated with trying to reduce or quit tobacco.[50] Adolescents who vape but do not smoke are more than twice as likely to intend to try smoking than their peers who do not vape.[129] Vaping is correlated with a higher occurrence of cigarette smoking among adolescents, even in those who otherwise may not have been interested in smoking.[171] Adolescence experimenting with e-cigarettes appears to encourage continued use of traditional cigarettes.[97] A 2015 study found minors had little resistance to buying e-cigarettes online.[47] An emerging concern is that nicotine, fruit flavors, and other e-liquid additives could incite teenagers and children to start using traditional cigarettes.[172] Teenagers may not admit using e-cigarettes, but use, for instance, a hookah pen.[173] As a result, self-reporting may be lower in surveys.[173] Experts suggest that candy-like flavors could lead youths to experiment with vaping.[93] E-cigarette advertisements seen by youth could increase the likelihood among youths to experiment with vaping.[174] A 2016 review found "The reasons for the increasing use of e-cigarettes by minors (persons between 12 and 17 years of age) may include robust marketing and advertising campaigns that showcase celebrities, popular activities, evocative images, and appealing flavors, such as cotton candy."[175] A 2014 survey stated that vapers may have less social and behavioral stigma than cigarette smokers, causing concern that vaping products are enticing youth who may not under other circumstances have used these products.[176] The frequency of vaping is higher in adolescent with asthma than in adolescent who do not have asthma.[177] Boys had experimented more often than girls.[134]

Motivation
There are varied reasons for e-cigarette use.[78] Most users' motivation is related to trying to quit smoking, but a large proportion of use is recreational.[78] Adults cite predominantly three reasons for trying and using e-cigarettes: as an aid to smoking cessation, a belief that they are a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, and as a way to conveniently get around smoke-free laws.[168] Some users vape for the enjoyment of the activity.[79] Many e-cigarette users use them because they believe they are safer than traditional cigarettes.[130] People who think they pose less risk than cigarette smoking are more likely to vape.[180] A 2017 report found that smokers who previously vaped and quit though continued smoking, 51.5% believed that vaping is less risky than smoking [181] In contrast, 90% of former-smokers who vape believed vaping as less risky than cigarettes.[181] A 2017 report found that a minority of the respondents believed that replacing cigarettes with e-cigarettes would be helpful for their health.[182] Many users vape because they believe it is healthier than smoking for themselves or bystanders.[79] Usually, only a small proportion of users are concerned about the potential adverse health effects.[79] Some people say they want to quit smoking by vaping, but others vape to circumvent smoke-free laws and policies, or to cut back on cigarette smoking.[1] 56% of respondents in a US 2013 survey had tried vaping to quit or reduce their smoking.[89] In the same survey, 26% of respondents would use them in areas where smoking was banned.[89] Continuing dual use among smokers is correlated with trying to cut down on smoking and to get around smoking bans, increased desire to quit smoking, and a decreased smoking dependence.[183] Seniors seem to vape to quit smoking or to get around smoke‐free policies.[157] Concerns over avoiding stains on teeth or odor from smoke on clothes in some cases prompted interest in or use of e-cigarettes.[79] Some e-cigarettes appeal considerably to people curious in technology who want to customize their devices.[184] There appears to be a hereditary component to tobacco use, which probably plays a part in transitioning of e-cigarette use from experimentation to routine use.[6]

It is conceivable that former smokers may be tempted to use nicotine again as a result of e-cigarettes, and possibly start smoking again.[80] E-liquid flavors are enticing to a range of smokers and non-smokers.[148] Non-smoking adults tried e-cigarettes due to curiosity, because a relative was using them, or because they were given one.[7] College students often vape for experimentation.[3] Millions of dollars spent on marketing aimed at smokers suggests e-cigarettes are "newer, healthier, cheaper and easier to use in smoke-free situations, all reasons that e-cigarette users claim motivate their use".[185] Marketing messages echo well-established cigarette themes, including freedom, good taste, romance, sexuality, and sociability as well as messages stating that e-cigarettes are healthy, are useful for smoking cessation, and can be used in smoke free environments.[168] These messages are mirrored in the reasons that adults and youth cite for using e-cigarettes.[168] Exposure to e-cigarette advertising influences people to try them
The belief that e-cigarettes are safer than traditional cigarettes could widen their use among pregnant women.[50] If tobacco businesses persuade women that e-cigarettes are a small risk, non-smoking women of reproductive age might start using them and women smoking during pregnancy might switch to their use or use these devices to reduce smoking, instead of quitting smoking altogether.[85] Traditional cigarette users who have not used e-cigarettes had mixed ideas about their possible satisfaction and around a third thought that e-cigarettes might taste bad.[79] Among current e-cigarette users, e-liquid flavor availability is very appealing.[151] They feel or taste similar to traditional cigarettes, and vapers disagree about whether this is a benefit or a drawback.[79] Some users like that e-cigarettes resembled traditional cigarettes, but others did not.[79] E-cigarettes users' views about saving money from using e-cigarettes compared to traditional cigarettes are inconsistent.[79] The majority of committed e-cigarette users interviewed at an e-cigarette convention found them cheaper than traditional cigarettes.[79]

Some users stopped vaping due to issues with the devices.[79] Dissatisfaction and concerns over safety can discourage ongoing e-cigarette use.[187] Commonly reported issues with using e-cigarettes were that the devices were hard to refill, the cartridges might leak and that altering the dose was hard.[188] Smokers mainly quit vaping because it did not feel similar to traditional cigarettes, did not aid with cravings, and because they wanted to use them only to know what they were like.[183]

Progression
Many users may begin by using a disposable e-cigarette.[163] Users often start with e-cigarettes resembling traditional cigarettes, eventually moving to a later-generation device.[27] Most later-generation e-cigarette users shifted to their present device to get a "more satisfying hit",[27] and users may adjust their devices to provide more vapor for better "throat hits".[138] A 2014 study reported that experienced users preferred rechargeable e-cigarettes over disposable ones.[133] The most commonly used e-cigarettes in the UK are devices with refillable tanks.[189] Most users used either closed systems or open systems, and rarely used both.[133] Women were found to prefer disposable e-cigarettes, and young adults were found to pay more attention to modifiability.[133] Modifiability also was found to increase the probability of initiating e-cigarettes among adolescents.[133]

A 2013 study found that about three-fourths of smokers used a tank system, which allows users to choose flavors and strength to mix their own liquid.[133] Experienced e-cigarette users even ranked the ability to customize as the most important characteristic.[133] Users ranked nicotine strength as an important factor for choosing among various e-cigarettes, though such preference could vary by smoking status, e-cigarette use history, and gender.[133] Non-smokers and inexperienced e-cigarettes users tended to prefer no nicotine or low nicotine e-cigarettes while smokers and experienced e-cigarettes users preferred medium and high nicotine e-cigarettes.[133] There is an abundance of colors, designs, carrying cases, and accessories to accommodate the diversity in personal preferences

حديقة بلتشلي

حديقة بلتشلي (بالإنجليزية: Bletchley Park) كما تعرف باسم المحطة إكس (بالإنجليزية: Station X) هي حديقة موجودة في مدينة بلتشلي في ميلتون كاينس، بريطانيا. خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية كانت حديقة بلتشلي المقر الرئيسي لعمليات فك الشيفرة في المملكة المتحدة. تم تحليل وفك تعمية الكثير من الشيفرات السرية لدول المحور في تلك الحديقة وأشهر هذه الشيفرات هي الشيفرة السرية من آلة إنجما الألمانية. تم إطلاق تسمية ألترا على الاستخبارات العالية المستوى في حديقة بلتشلي. كما يعزى لها فضل مساعدة قوات الحلفاء في تقصير زمن الحرب.

يوجد في حديقة بلتشلي الآن متحف مفتوح للزيارة.

Bletchley Park

Bletchley Park is a nineteenth-century mansion and estate near Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire, constructed during the years following 1883 for the English financier and politician Sir Herbert Samuel Leon in the Victorian Gothic, Tudor, and Dutch Baroque styles, on the site of older buildings of the same name. It has received latter-day fame as the central site for British (and subsequently, Allied) codebreakers during World War II, although at the time of their operation this fact was a closely guarded secret. During the Second World War, the estate housed the British Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), which regularly penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powers – most importantly the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers; among its most notable early personnel the GC&CS team of codebreakers included Alan Turing, Gordon Welchman, Hugh Alexander and Stuart Milner-Barry.

According to the official historian of British Intelligence, the "Ultra" intelligence produced at Bletchley shortened the war by two to four years, and without it the outcome of the war would have been uncertain.[1] The team at Bletchley Park devised automatic machinery to help with decryption, culminating in the development of Colossus, the world's first programmable digital electronic computer.[a] Codebreaking operations at Bletchley Park came to an end in 1946 and all information about the wartime operations was classified until the mid 1970s. After the war, the Post Office took over the site and used it as a management school, but by 1990 the huts in which the codebreakers worked were being considered for demolition and redevelopment, and the Bletchley Park Trust formed in 1991 to save large portions of the site from developers. More recently, Bletchley Park has been open to the public and houses interpretive exhibits and rebuilt huts as they would have appeared during their wartime operations, as well as The National Museum of Computing, established on the site which includes a rebuilt Colossus machine, and receives hundreds of thousands of visitors annually
History
The site appears in the Domesday Book as part of the Manor of Eaton. Browne Willis built a mansion there in 1711, but after Thomas Harrison purchased the property in 1793 this was pulled down. It was first known as Bletchley Park after its purchase by Samuel Lipscomb Seckham in 1877.[3] The estate of 581 acres (235 ha) was bought in 1883 by Sir Herbert Samuel Leon, who expanded the then-existing farmhouse[4] into what architect Landis Gores called a "maudlin and monstrous pile"[5][6] combining Victorian Gothic, Tudor, and Dutch Baroque styles.[7] At his Christmas family gatherings there was a horse meet on Boxing Day with glasses of sloe gin from the butler, and the house was always "humming with servants". With 40 gardeners, a flower bed of yellow daffodils could become a sea of red tulips overnight.[8]

In 1938, the mansion and much of the site was bought by a builder for a housing estate, but in May 1938 Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair, head of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6), bought the mansion and 58 acres (23 ha) of land for £6,000 (£376,000 today), using his own money after the Government said they did not have the budget to do so, for use by GC&CS and SIS in the event of war.[9]

A key advantage seen by Sinclair and his colleagues (inspecting the site under the cover of "Captain Ridley's shooting party")[10] was Bletchley's geographical centrality. It was almost immediately adjacent to Bletchley railway station, where the "Varsity Line" between Oxford and Cambridge – whose universities were expected to supply many of the code-breakers – met the main West Coast railway line connecting London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and Edinburgh. Watling Street, the main road linking London to the north-west (subsequently the A5) was close by, and high-volume communication links were available at the telegraph and telephone repeater station in nearby Fenny Stratford.[11]

Bletchley Park was known as "B.P." to those who worked there.[12] "Station X" (X = Roman numeral ten), "London Signals Intelligence Centre", and "Government Communications Headquarters" were all cover names used during the war.[13] The formal posting of the many "Wrens" – members of the Women's Royal Naval Service – working there, was to HMS Pembroke V. Royal Air Force names of Bletchley Park and its outstations included RAF Eastcote, RAF Lime Grove and RAF Church Green.[14] The postal address that staff had to use was "Room 47, Foreign Office".[15]

After the war, the Government Code & Cypher School became the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), moving to Eastcote in 1946 and to Cheltenham in the 1950s.[16] The site was used by various government agencies, including the GPO and the Civil Aviation Authority. One large building, block F, was demolished in 1987 by which time the site was being run down with tenants leaving. In 1990 the site was at risk of being sold for housing development. However, Milton Keynes Council made it into a conservation area. Bletchley Park Trust was set up in 1991 by a group of people who recognised the site's importance.[17] The initial trustees included Roger Bristow, Ted Enever, Peter Wescombe, Dr Peter Jarvis of the Bletchley Archaeological & Historical Society, and Tony Sale who in 1994 became the first director of the Bletchley Park Museums.[18]

Personnel
Commander Alastair Denniston was operational head of GC&CS from 1919 to 1942, beginning with its formation from the Admiralty's Room 40 (NID25) and the War Office's MI1b.[19] Key GC&CS cryptanalysts who moved from London to Bletchley Park included John Tiltman, Dillwyn "Dilly" Knox, Josh Cooper, and Nigel de Grey. These people had a variety of backgrounds – linguists and chess champions were common, and in Knox's case papyrology. The British War Office recruited top solvers of cryptic crossword puzzles, as these individuals had strong lateral thinking skills.[20]

On the day Britain declared war on Germany, Denniston wrote to the Foreign Office about recruiting "men of the professor type".[21] Personal networking drove early recruitments, particularly of men from the universities of Cambridge and Oxford. Trustworthy women were similarly recruited for administrative and clerical jobs.[22] In one 1941 recruiting stratagem, The Daily Telegraph was asked to organise a crossword competition, after which promising contestants were discreetly approached about "a particular type of work as a contribution to the war effort".[23]

Denniston recognised, however, that the enemy's use of electromechanical cipher machines meant that formally trained mathematicians would also be needed;[24] Oxford's Peter Twinn joined GC&CS in February 1939;[25] Cambridge's Alan Turing[26] and Gordon Welchman[27] began training in 1938 and reported to Bletchley the day after war was declared, along with John Jeffreys. Later-recruited cryptanalysts included the mathematicians Derek Taunt,[28] Jack Good, Bill Tutte,[29] and Max Newman; historian Harry Hinsley, and chess champions Hugh Alexander and Stuart Milner-Barry.[30] Joan Clarke (eventually deputy head of Hut 8) was one of the few women employed at Bletchley as a full-fledged cryptanalyst.[31][32]

This eclectic staff of "Boffins and Debs" (scientists and debutantes, young women of high society)[33] caused GC&CS to be whimsically dubbed the "Golf, Cheese and Chess Society".[34] During a September 1941 morale-boosting visit, Winston Churchill reportedly remarked to Denniston: "I told you to leave no stone unturned to get staff, but I had no idea you had taken me so literally."[35] Six weeks later, having failed to get sufficient typing and unskilled staff to achieve the productivity that was possible, Turing, Welchman, Alexander and Milner-Barry wrote directly to Churchill. His response was "Action this day make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done." [36] The Army CIGS Alan Brooke wrote that on 16 April 1942 "Took lunch in car and went to see the organization for breaking down ciphers – a wonderful set of professors and genii! I marvel at the work they succeed in doing." [37]

After initial training at the Inter-Service Special Intelligence School set up by John Tiltman (initially at an RAF depot in Buckingham and later in Bedford – where it was known locally as "the Spy School")[38] staff worked a six-day week, rotating through three shifts: 4 p.m. to midnight, midnight to 8 a.m. (the most disliked shift), and 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., each with a half-hour meal break. At the end of the third week, a worker went off at 8 a.m. and came back at 4 p.m., thus putting in sixteen hours on that last day. The irregular hours affected workers' health and social life, as well as the routines of the nearby homes at which most staff lodged. The work was tedious and demanded intense concentration; staff got one week's leave four times a year, but some "girls" collapsed and required extended rest.[39] Recruitment took place to combat a shortage of experts in Morse code and German.[40]

In January 1945, at the peak of codebreaking efforts, some 10,000 personnel were working at Bletchley and its outstations.[41] About three-quarters of these [41] were women. Many of the women came from middle-class backgrounds[42] and held degrees in the areas of mathematics, physics and engineering; they were given entry into STEM programs due to the lack of men, who had been sent to war. They performed complex calculations and coding and hence were integral to the computing processes.[43] For example, Eleanor Ireland worked on the Colossus computers.[44]

The female staff in Dilwyn Knox's section were sometimes termed "Dilly's Fillies".[45] "Dilly's girls" included Jean Perrin, Clare Harding, Rachel Ronald, and Elisabeth Granger. Jane Hughes processed information leading to the last battle of the Bismarck. Mavis Lever (who married mathematician and fellow code-breaker Keith Batey) made the first break into the Italian naval traffic. She and Margaret Rock solved a German code,[46] the Abwehr break.[47][47]

Many of the women had backgrounds in languages, particularly French and German. Rozanne Colchester was a translator who worked at Bletchley from April 1942 until January 1945, mainly for the Italian air forces Section.[48] Like most of the 'Bletchleyettes', she came from the higher middle class, her father, Air Vice-Marshal Sir Charles Medhurst, being an air attaché in Rome. Before joining Bletchley, Colchester was moving in high circles: “she had met Hitler and been flirted with by Mussolini at an embassy party”, writes Sarah Rainey. She joined the Park because she found it thrilling to fight for her country.[49]

Cicely Mayhew was recruited straight from university, having graduated from Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford in 1944 with a First in French and German, after only two years. She worked in Hut 8, translating decoded German Navy signals.[50]

Ruth Briggs, a German scholar, worked within the Naval Section and was known as one of the best cryptographers;[51] she married Oliver Churchill of the SOE.[52]

For a long time, the British Government didn't recognize the contributions the personnel at Bletchley Park made. Their work achieved official recognition only in 2009.[42]

Secrecy
Properly used, the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers should have been virtually unbreakable, but flaws in German cryptographic procedures, and poor discipline among the personnel carrying them out, created vulnerabilities that made Bletchley's attacks just barely feasible. These vulnerabilities, however, could have been remedied by relatively simple improvements in enemy procedures,[53] and such changes would certainly have been implemented had Germany had any hint of Bletchley's success. Thus the intelligence Bletchley produced was considered wartime Britain's "Ultra secret" – higher even than the normally highest classification Most Secret  – and security was paramount.[54]

All staff signed the Official Secrets Act (1939) and a 1942 security warning emphasised the importance of discretion even within Bletchley itself: "Do not talk at meals. Do not talk in the transport. Do not talk travelling. Do not talk in the billet. Do not talk by your own fireside. Be careful even in your Hut ..."[55]

Nevertheless, there were security leaks. Jock Colville, the Assistant Private Secretary to Winston Churchill, recorded in his diary on 31 July 1941, that the newspaper proprietor Lord Camrose had discovered Ultra and that security leaks "increase in number and seriousness".[56] Without doubt, the most serious of these was that Bletchley Park had been infiltrated by John Cairncross, the notorious Soviet mole and member of the Cambridge Spy Ring, who leaked Ultra material to Moscow.[57]

Early work
The first personnel of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) moved to Bletchley Park on 15 August 1939. The Naval, Military, and Air Sections were on the ground floor of the mansion, together with a telephone exchange, teleprinter room, kitchen, and dining room; the top floor was allocated to MI6. Construction of the wooden huts began in late 1939, and Elmers School, a neighbouring boys' boarding school in a Victorian Gothic redbrick building by a church, was acquired for the Commercial and Diplomatic Sections.[59]

After the United States joined World War II, a number of American cryptographers were posted to Hut 3, and from May 1943 onwards there was close co-operation between British and American intelligence.[60] (See 1943 BRUSA Agreement.) In contrast, the Soviet Union was never officially told of Bletchley Park and its activities – a reflection of Churchill's distrust of the Soviets even during the US-UK-USSR alliance imposed by the Nazi threat.[61]

The only direct enemy damage to the site was done 20–21 November 1940 by three bombs probably intended for Bletchley railway station; Hut 4, shifted two feet off its foundation, was winched back into place as work inside continued.[62]

Intelligence reporting
Non-naval Enigma messages were deciphered in Hut 6, followed by translation, indexing and cross-referencing, in Hut 3. Only then was it sent out to the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), the intelligence chiefs in the relevant ministries, and later on to high-level commanders in the field.[64]

Naval Enigma deciphering was in Hut 8, with translation in Hut 4. Verbatim translations were sent only to the Naval Intelligence Division (NID) of the Admiralty's Operational Intelligence Centre (OIC), supplemented by information from indexes as to the meaning of technical terms and cross-references from a knowledge store of German naval technology.[65]

Hut 4 also decoded a manual system known as the dockyard cipher, which sometimes carried messages that were also sent on an Enigma network. Feeding these back to Hut 8 provided excellent "cribs" for Known-plaintext attacks on the daily naval Enigma key.[66]

Listening stations
Initially, a wireless room was established at Bletchley Park. It was set up in the mansion's water tower under the code name "Station X",[67] a term now sometimes applied to the codebreaking efforts at Bletchley as a whole. The "X" is the Roman numeral "ten", this being the Secret Intelligence Service's tenth such station. Due to the long radio aerials stretching from the wireless room, the radio station was moved from Bletchley Park to nearby Whaddon Hall to avoid drawing attention to the site.[68][69]

Subsequently, other listening stations – the Y-stations, such as the ones at Chicksands in Bedfordshire, Beaumanor Hall, Leicestershire (where the headquarters of the War Office "Y" Group was located) and Beeston Hill Y Station in Norfolk – gathered raw signals for processing at Bletchley. Coded messages were taken down by hand and sent to Bletchley on paper by motorcycle despatch riders or (later) by teleprinter.[70]

Additional buildings
The wartime needs required the building of additional accommodation.[71]

Huts
Often a hut's number became so strongly associated with the work performed inside that even when the work was moved to another building it was still referred to by the original "Hut" designation.[72][73]

Hut 1: The first hut, built in 1939[74] used to house the Wireless Station for a short time,[67] later administrative functions such as transport, typing, and Bombe maintenance. The first Bombe, "Victory", was initially housed here.[75]
Hut 2: A recreational hut for "beer, tea, and relaxation".[76]
Hut 3: Intelligence: translation and analysis of Army and Air Force decrypts[77]
Hut 4: Naval intelligence: analysis of Naval Enigma and Hagelin decrypts[78]
Hut 5: Military intelligence including Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese ciphers and German police codes.[79]
Hut 6: Cryptanalysis of Army and Air Force Enigma[80]
Hut 7: Cryptanalysis of Japanese naval codes and intelligence.[81][82]
Hut 8: Cryptanalysis of Naval Enigma.[65]
Hut 9: ISOS (Intelligence Section Oliver Strachey).
Hut 10: Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6) codes, Air and Meteorological sections.[83]
Hut 11: Bombe building.[84]
Hut 14: Communications centre.[85]
Hut 15: SIXTA (Signals Intelligence and Traffic Analysis).
Hut 16: ISK (Intelligence Service Knox) Abwehr ciphers.
Hut 18: ISOS (Intelligence Section Oliver Strachey).
Hut 23: Primarily used to house the engineering department. After February 1943, Hut 3 was renamed Hut 23.
Blocks
In addition to the wooden huts, there were a number of brick-built "blocks".

Block A: Naval Intelligence.
Block B: Italian Air and Naval, and Japanese code breaking.
Block C: Stored the substantial punch-card indexes.
Block D: Hut 3 synthesis of intelligence from multiple sources from February 1943. Huts 6 and 8 and SIXTA also moved in.
Block E: Incoming and outgoing Radio Transmission and TypeX.
Block F: Included the Newmanry and Testery, and Japanese Military Air Section. It has since been demolished.
Block G: Traffic analysis and deception operations.
Block H: Tunny and Colossus (now The National Museum of Computing).