Bernardine Evaristo

Bernardine Evaristo, MBE FRSL FRSA, FEA (born 1959), is a British author of eight works of fiction. Her latest novel is Girl, Woman, Other,[1] which jointly won the Man Booker Prize in 2019[2] and is shortlisted for the Gordon Burn Prize 2019.[3] Her writing also includes short fiction, drama, poetry, essays, literary criticism, and projects for stage and radio. Two of her books, The Emperor's Babe and Hello Mum, have been adapted into BBC Radio 4 dramas. She is currently Professor of Creative Writing at Brunel University London[4][5] and the vice-chair of the Royal Society of Literature.[6][7]

Evaristo is a longstanding advocate for the inclusion of writers and artists of colour. She founded the Brunel International African Poetry Prize[8] in 2012 and The Complete Works poets development scheme (2007–2017).[9] She co-founded the Spread the Word[10], London's writer development agency[citation needed] (1995–present) and, in the 1980s, Britain's first black women's theatre company, Theatre of Black Women [11].[12] She also organised Britain's first major black theatre conference, Future Histories, for the Black Theatre Forum [13], in 1995 in the Royal Festival Hall, and Britain's first major conference on black British writing, Tracing Paper, in 1997, at the Museum of London.
Biography
Evaristo was born in Eltham, south-east London and christened Bernardine Anne Mobolaji Evaristo. She was raised in Woolwich. She is the fourth of eight children born to her white English mother who was a schoolteacher and her Nigerian father, who migrated to Britain in 1949 and became a welder and local Labour councillor.[14] Her paternal grandfather was a Yoruba Aguda or Saro who returned from Brazil to Nigeria and her paternal grandmother was from Abeokuta in Nigeria.[15][16][17] Her mother's paternal great-grandfather arrived in London from Germany in the 1860s and settled in Woolwich, south-east London, and her mother's maternal grandmother arrived in London from Ireland in the 1880s and settled in Islington.[18] Evaristo was educated at Greenwich Young People's Theatre (now the Tramshed, in Woolwich), Eltham Hill Grammar School for Girls, the Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama and Goldsmiths College, University of London, from where she received her doctorate. In 2019 she was appointed Woolwich Laureate by the Greenwich and Docklands International Festival, reconnecting to and writing about the home town she left when she was eighteen.

Evaristo was a radical lesbian in the 1980s but she says that her sexuality changed subsequently. She is now married to a man she met online in 2006. [19]

Writer/editor
Evaristo is the author of eight books of fiction and verse fiction that explore aspects of the African diaspora.[4] She notably experiments with form and narrative perspective,[4] often merging the past with the present, fiction with poetry, the factual with the speculative, and reality with alternate realities (as in her 2008 novel Blonde Roots).[20]

Her most recent novel, Girl, Woman, Other (May 2019, Hamish Hamilton/ Penguin UK), is an innovative polyvocal "fusion fiction" about 12 primarily black British womxn. Their ages span 19 to 93 and they are a mix of cultural backgrounds, sexualities, classes and geographies, and the novel charts their hopes, struggles and intersecting lives. In July 2019 the novel was longlisted for the Booker Prize[21] and shortlisted for the 2019 Gordon Burn Prize.[22] The novel was on the Booker Prize shortlist announced on 3 September 2019, alongside books by Margaret Atwood, Lucy Ellmann, Chigozie Obioma, Salman Rushdie and Elif Shafak,[23] and on 14 October won the prize jointly with Atwood's The Testaments.[24] The win made her the first black woman and first black British author to win the prize.[25]

Her 2014 novel was Mr Loverman (Penguin UK, 2013/ Akashic Books USA, 2014), about a septuagenarian Caribbean Londoner who is a closet homosexual and considering his options after a 50-year marriage to his wife.[26][27] It won the Publishing Triangle Ferro-Grumley Award for LGBT Fiction (USA) and the Jerwood Fiction Uncovered Prize.[28]

Evaristo's other books include the verse novel Lara (Bloodaxe Books, 2009, with an earlier version pbd in 1997), which fictionalised the multiple cultural strands of her family history going back over 150 years as well as her mixed-race London childhood.[29] This won the EMMA Best Novel Award in 1998.[18]

Her verse novel The Emperor's Babe (Penguin, 2001) is about a black teenage girl whose parents are from Nubia, who comes of age in Roman London nearly two thousand years ago. It won an Arts Council Writers Award 2000; a NESTA Fellowship Award in 2003; it was chosen by The Times as one of the "100 Best Books of the Decade" in 2010; and it was adapted into a BBC Radio 4 play in 2013.

Next she published Soul Tourists (Penguin, 2005), about a mismatched couple driving across Europe to the Middle East, which featured ghosts of real figures of colour from European history.[30][31]

Her novel Blonde Roots (Penguin, 2008) is a satire that inverts the history of the transatlantic slave trade and replaces it with a universe where Africans enslave Europeans.[32] Blonde Roots won the Orange Youth Panel Award and Big Red Read Award.[18]

Her novella Hello Mum (Penguin, 2010) was chosen as "The Big Read" for the County of Suffolk, and adapted into a BBC Radio 4 play in 2012.[33]

As an editor, she guest-edited the September 2014 issue of Mslexia magazine, the Poetry Society of Great Britain's centenary winter issue of Poetry Review (2012), titled "Offending Frequencies"; a special issue of Wasafiri magazine called Black Britain: Beyond Definition (Routledge, 2010), with poet Karen McCarthy-Woolf; Ten,[34] an anthology of Black and Asian poets, with poet Daljit Nagra (Bloodaxe Books, 2010) and in 2007, she co-edited the New Writing Anthology NW15 (Granta/British Council). She was also editor of FrontSeat intercultural magazine in the 1990s, and[35] one of the editors of Black Women Talk Poetry anthology, Britain's first such substantial anthology.

In 2015 she wrote and presented a two-part BBC Radio 4 documentary, Fiery Inspiration – on Amiri Baraka and his influence on her generation of writers.[36][37]

Teaching and touring
Other than at Brunel, Evaristo has taught creative writing since 1994. She has also been awarded many writing fellowships and residencies including the Montgomery Fellowship at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, in 2015; for the British Council at Georgetown University, Washington DC; Barnard College/ Columbia University, New York; University of the Western Cape, South Africa; the Virginia Arts Festival (Virginia, USA), and Writing Fellow at the University of East Anglia, UK. She taught the University of East Anglia-Guardian "How to Tell a Story" course for four seasons in London up to 2015.[citation needed]

Since 1997, she has accepted more than 150 international invitations as a writer. These involve writer-residencies and visiting fellowships, British Council tours, book tours, teaching creative writing courses and workshops as well as keynotes, talks and panels at many conferences and literary festivals.[14] She chaired the 32nd and 33rd British Council Berlin Literature Seminar in 2017 & 2018. She has also toured the UK and regularly hosts and chairs events.[citation needed]

Critic and advocate
Evaristo has written many book reviews for UK publications, including The Guardian,[38] The Observer, The Independent, The Times, The Times Literary Supplement and the New Statesman. Aside from founding the Brunel International African Poetry Prize,[14] in 2012 she was chair of judges for both the Caine Prize for African Writing[39] and the Commonwealth Short Story Prize.[40]

She has also judged many other literary prizes including the Poetry Society's National Poetry Competition, Costa Book Awards, the Goldsmiths' Prize, the T.S. Eliot Prize, Orange Award for New Writers and Next Generation Poets. She is on the board of the African Poetry Book Fund[41] in the US, and judges all their prizes. She is a patron of the SI Leeds Literary Prize.[42] In 2019 she is the judge of the Glenna Luschei Prize for African Poetry, and the Polari Book Prize.

In 2006, Evaristo initiated an Arts Council-funded report delivered by Spread the Word writer development agency into why black[43] and Asian poets were not getting published in the UK, which revealed that less than 1% of all published poetry is by non-whites.[44]

When the report was published, she then initiated The Complete Works poetry mentoring scheme, with Dr Nathalie Teitler and Spread the Word.[9] Thirty poets were mentored, each over a one- or two-year period, and many are publishing books, winning many awards and receiving huge acclaim for their poetry.[45]

She has also served on many key councils and advisory committees for various organisations including the Council of the Royal Society of Literature since 2017, the Arts Council of England, the London Arts Board, the British Council Literature Advisory Panel, the Society of Authors, the Poetry Society (Chair) and Wasafiri international literature magazine.[14]

In the 1980s, together with Paulette Randall and Patricia Hilaire, she founded Theatre of Black Women,[46] the first theatre company in Britain of its kind. In the 1990s she organised Britain's first black British writing conference, held at the Museum of London, and also Britain's first black British theatre conference, held at the Royal Festival Hall. In 1995 she co-founded and directed Spread the Word, London's writer development agency.[44]

Honours, awards, fellowships
Evaristo's books have been a Notable Book of the Year 13 times in British newspapers.[14]

2019: Booker Prize Winner, October 2019[47]
2019: The Gordon Burn Prize Shortlist, July 2019
2018: Elected a Fellow, Rose Bruford College of Theatre & Performance
2017: Elected a Fellow, the English Association[4]
2015: Triangle Publishing Awards: The Ferro-Grumley Award for LGBT Fiction, USA[48]
2015: The Montgomery Fellowship, Dartmouth College, USA[49]
2014: Jerwood Fiction Uncovered Prize[28]
2010: The Emperor's Babe, The Times (UK) "100 Best Books of the Decade"
2010: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award, USA (finalist)[50]
2010: Poetry Book Society Commendation for Ten, co-ed/ Daljit Nagra
2009: International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award, nominated for Blonde Roots[51]
2009: Big Red Read Award, Fiction & overall winner
2009: Awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours List for services to Literature
2009: Orange Prize Youth Panel Choice for Blonde Roots[52][53]
2009: Orange Prize for Fiction, nominated for Blonde Roots[35]
2009: Arthur C. Clarke Award, USA, nominated for Blonde Roots[35]
2006: Elected a Fellow, Royal Society of Arts[35] (est. 1754)
2006: British Council Fellow, Georgetown University, USA
2004: Elected a Fellow, Royal Society of Literature[54] (est. 1820)
2003: NESTA Fellowship Award (National Endowment of Science, Technology & The Arts)
2002: UEA Writing Fellow, University of East Anglia
2000: Arts Council England Writer's Award 2000, for The Emperor’s Babe[35]
1999: EMMA Best Book Award

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Umesh Yadav

Umeshkumar Tilak Yadav (born 25 October 1987) is an Indian cricketer who currently plays for Vidarbha cricket team, Indian national team and Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Indian Premier League. A right-arm fast bowler, Yadav has played for Vidarbha at domestic level since 2008 and is the first player from the team to have played Test cricket. He made his One Day International (ODI) debut against Zimbabwe in May 2010. The following year, in November, Yadav made his Test debut against the West Indies. He was the highest wicket-taker for India in the 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup.[2]

In the Indian Premier League, he plays for Royal Challengers Bangalore. In the 2018 IPL auctions, he was bought by Royal Challengers Bangalore for ₹4.2 crore.
Personal life and domestic career
Before becoming a professional cricketer, Umesh Yadav unsuccessfully applied to join the army and the police force. Yadav tried to make a place in college cricket team but was refused because he did not play for any club then in the year 2007 having previously only ever played tennis ball cricket, Yadav joined Vidarbha Gymkhana[3] (club affiliated to VCA) and established in 1969 by J.A. Karnewar and first time began bowling with a leather ball in Guzder League 'A' Division cricket tournament organised by Vidarbha Cricket Association (VCA). Pritam Gandhe, Vidharbha's Ranji trophy team captain, supported Yadav and ensured he represented Air India in a Twenty20 tournament. Of Yadav's early career, Gandhe remarked: "He was raw and wayward. But he was really quick – too quick. I thought that if he lands at least three out of six balls in line with the stumps, he will trouble batsmen."[4]

On 3 November 2008, Yadav made his first-class debut for Vidarbha against Madhya Pradesh in the 2008–09 Ranji Trophy. His first wicket was that of Himalaya Sagar who was out bowled; Yadav did not bowl in Madhya Pradesh' second innings, but in the first claimed four wickets for 72 runs (4/75) as his team lost by ten wickets.[5] He played in four of Vidarbha's Ranji matches that season, taking 20 wickets at an average of 14.60 with best figures of 6/105.[6][7] Also in the 2008/09 season, Yadav made his one-day debut.[8]

For his performances in 2012, he was named in the Cricinfo IPL XI.

From playing for Vidarbha, Yadav was selected to represent the Central Zone in the Duleep Trophy in his first season.[4] Bought by Delhi Daredevils in 2008 for $30,000,[9] Yadav made his debut in the Indian Premier League in 2010, taking 6 wickets in as many matches at an average of 30.66.[10][11] The income from the IPL auction meant Yadav could pay for the family home to be extended.[4]

On 16 April 2013, Umesh got engaged to Delhi-based fashion designer Tanya Wadhwa, and they were married on the 29th May 2013.Initially Umesh had troubled family life as his brother was acquitted in a robbery case. In his early years he moved from Jharkhand to Nagpur.[12][13]

Umesh Yadav was picked for the ICC Champions Trophy 2013 and played an integral role in securing India's victory. Umesh Yadav slowly became the leader of the pack until he was dropped from the squad for the India vs. Australia ODI series 2013. Umesh Yadav returned to the ODI squad for the tour of South Africa but after poor displays, he was dropped after the series but picked in the test squad.

For his performances in the 2018 IPL season, he was named in the Cricinfo and Cricbuzz IPL XI.[14][15]

In January 2019, in the first semi-final of 2018/19 Ranji Trophy against Kerala, he gave his career-best performance of 7/48 in the first innings and then returned with figures of 5/31 in the second innings, and ended the match with career-best figures of 12/79 which sailed Vidarbha to the Ranji Trophy final.[16] [17]

International breakthrough
In May 2010, Yadav was called into India's squad for the World Twenty20 in place of the injured Praveen Kumar,[18] but did not go on to play in the tournament. Later that month, he was included in the squad to play a tri-nation ODI series in Zimbabwe against the hosts and Sri Lanka. India sent an under-strength squad with nine first-choice players either rested or injured.[19] Yadav made his ODI debut in the tournament during India's loss to Zimbabwe, a team ranked tenth by the ICC at the time. Defending a score of 285, Yadav bowled eight wicketless overs while conceding 48 runs.[20][21][22] Playing in three matches, Yadav took a single wicket.[23]

After the tri-series in Zimbabwe, Yadav returned to the fringes of the team. He was included as a practice bowler when India toured Sri Lanka in July to gain experience of bowling to Test batsmen.[24] He would have to wait until October 2011 before his next international match.[25] After India toured South Africa in December 2010, Yadav was dropped out of the national squad.[26]

In the player auction for the 2011 Indian Premier League, the Delhi Daredevils bought Yadav for $750,000.[27] However he managed just two wickets from seven matches, while conceding 169 runs at over 9 per over.[28][29] Yadav returned to the national set-up in September 2011 for a five-match ODI series against England.[26] An injury to his left hand meant Yadav missed the last two ODIs. At times expensive though regularly fast,[30] he managed four wickets at an average of 38.25 from three matches.[31]

When the West Indies toured in November 2011, the Indian selectors opted to change the team's fast bowlers. Sreesanth and Praveen Kumar were left out of the squad and Yadav and Varun Aaron were chosen based on their performances in the ODIs against England earlier that year.[32] Yadav made his Test debut in the first match and opened the bowling alongside Ishant Sharma in the first innings, though failed to take a wicket. In the second innings, the spinners opened the bowling and Yadav took two wickets for 36 runs (2/36) to help India to a five-wicket victory.[33] Yadav was the first cricketer to play for Vidarbha who went on the play Test cricket.[4] India also won the second Test,[34] and Yadav finished with nine wickets in the series, the most amongst India's fast bowlers and less than half the total of either of the team's spinners.[35] In the five-match ODI series that followed, he managed six wickets at an average of 24.33 from three appearances.[36]

Yadav was selected as one of India's pace bowlers for their tour of Australia in 2011–12. He played in all four Tests, taking 14 wickets at an average of 39.35 as India lost the series 4–0.[37] In the third Test at the WACA Ground in Perth, he took his first five-wicket haul in Test cricket, with figures of 5/93 in Australia's first and only innings.[38] In the triangular ODI series with Australia and Sri Lanka that followed, Yadav managed 5 wickets from 6 matches at an average of 59.80.[39] At the 2012 Indian Premier League held in April and May, Yadav finished as the fourth-highest wicket-taker in the tournament with 19 dismissals from 17 matches at an average of 23.84.[40]

In the second test of Windies tour of India, 2018 at the Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium in Hyderabad, he took his second five-wicket haul in Test cricket, with his career-best figures of 6/88, in the first innings of Windies. In the second innings of Windies, he claimed another 4 wickets and took his maiden ten-wicket haul in Test cricket, with career-best match figures of 10/133. Yadav was adjudged Player of the Match in that test.

Bowling style
Umesh Yadav is the fastest Indian bowler with his top speed being 152.5 km/h. Writing for ESPNcricinfo in January 2012, Sidharth Monga commented that

Yadav is fit, strong, quick, and gets the ball to swing late. More importantly, he attacks the stumps and doesn't wait for edges. Eleven of his 21 Test wickets have been bowled. Another has been lbw. Five matches is a short career for a bigger statistical analysis, but it is worth mentioning that he takes a wicket every 39.2 balls. It is not at large odds with his overall first-class strike-rate of 46.8. Attacking the stumps also leaves less control on the run flow, which shows in his economy rate of 4.24 in Tests.[41]

Former Australian bowler Glenn McGrath was impressed with Yadav's performance in the first Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in January. McGrath said

He was quite impressive. He bowls at a good pace. He seems to have a great attitude and most importantly, he's a wicket-taking bowler. Perhaps, the direction and control are not there quite yet, but it's not far away.

He's got that raw talent, good pace and can generate good bounce. He's got a lot going for him at the moment.[42]

In IPL 2015 his fastest ball is at 150.1km/h making him the third fastest bowler of the tournament.

Former Indian cricketer Aakash Chopra, impressed by Umesh's performance in the Border–Gavaskar Trophy in 2017, said,

"It's not often that you see an Indian seamer outpace and outbowl his Australian counterparts but the spell that sealed the deal for India in Dharamshala did just that. Umesh Yadav bowled with a lot of steam on the third-day pitch and dismissed both openers before half the lead was wiped out. There are certain spells in Test matches that leave an indelible mark on one’s memory and his spell in Dharamshala will go down as one of them

ICAI

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) is the national professional accounting body of India. It was established on 1 July 1949 as a statutory body under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 enacted by the Parliament (acting as the provisional Parliament of India) to regulate the profession of Chartered Accountancy in India. ICAI is the second largest professional Accounting & Finance body in the world. ICAI is the only licensing cum regulating body of the financial audit and accountancy profession in India. It recommends the accounting standards to be followed by companies in India to National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards (NACAS). and sets the accounting standards to be followed by other types of organisations. ICAI is solely responsible for setting the Standards on Auditing (SAs) to be followed in the audit of financial statements in India. It also issues other technical standards like Standards on Internal Audit (SIA), Corporate Affairs Standards (CAS) etc. to be followed by practicing Chartered Accountants. It works closely with the Government of India, Reserve Bank of India and the Securities and Exchange Board of India in formulating and enforcing such standards.

Members of the Institute are known as Chartered Accountants (either Fellow or Associate). However, the word chartered does not refer to or flow from any Royal Charter. Chartered Accountants are subject to a published Code of Ethics and professional standards, violation of which is subject to disciplinary action. Only a member of ICAI can be appointed as statutory auditor of a company under the Companies Act, 2013. The management of the Institute is vested with its Council with the president acting as its Chief Executive Authority. A person can become a member of ICAI by taking prescribed examinations and undergoing three years of practical training. The membership course is well known for its rigorous standards. ICAI has entered into mutual recognition agreements with other professional accounting bodies worldwide for reciprocal membership recognition. ICAI is one of the founder members of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA), and Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants (CAPA). ICAI was formerly the provisional jurisdiction for XBRL International in India. In 2010, it promoted eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) India as a section 25 company (now section 8 of Companies Act, 2013) to take over this responsibility from it. Now, eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) India is an established jurisdiction of XBRL International Inc.

The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India was established under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 passed by the Parliament of India with the objective of regulating the accountancy profession in India.[5] ICAI is the third largest professional accounting body in the world in terms of membership only to the ACCA and AICPA.[6] It prescribes the qualifications for a Chartered Accountant, conducts the requisite examinations and grants license in the form of Certificate of Practice. Apart from this primary function, it also helps various government agencies like RBI, SEBI,[citation needed] MCA, CAG, IRDA, etc. in policy formulation. ICAI actively engages itself in aiding and advising economic policy formulation. For example, It has submitted its suggestions on the Companies Bill, 2009. It also examines the various taxation laws, rules, regulations, circulars, notifications, etc. which may be enacted or issued by the Government from time to time and to send suitable memoranda containing suggestions for improvements in the respective legislation. The government also takes the suggestions of ICAI as expert advice and considers it favorably. ICAI presented an approach paper on issues in implementing Goods and Service Tax in India to the Ministry of Finance. In response to this, Ministry of Finance has suggested that ICAI take a lead and help the government in implementing Goods and Services Tax (GST).[7] It is because of this active participation in formulation economic legislation, it has been designated by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam as a "Partner in Nation Building".
International Affiliations
ICAI is a founder member of the International Federation of Accountants(IFAC),[8] South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA),[9] and Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants (CAPA) [10] and International Innovation Network (IIN). ICAI is an Associate member of the Chartered Accountants Worldwide, Member of International Valuation Standards Council (IVSC).
Motto and mission

New CA Logo for exclusive use by Chartered Accountants
The motto of the ICAI is Ya Aeshu Suptaeshu Jagruti (Sanskrit),[11] which literally means "a person who is awake in those that sleep". It is a quotation from the Upanishads (Kathopanishad). It was given to the ICAI at the time of its formation in 1949 by Sri Aurobindo[12] as a part of its emblem. CA. C. S. Shastri, a Chartered Accountant from Chennai went to Sri Aurobindo and requested him through a letter to give an emblem to the newly formed Institute of which he was an elected member from the Southern India. In reply to this request, Sri Aurobindo gave him the emblem with a Garuda, the mythical eagle in the center and a quotation from the Upanishad: Ya Aeshu Suptaeshu Jagruti. The emblem along with the motto was placed at the first meeting of the Council of the Institute and was accepted amongst many other emblems placed by other members of the Council.

Apart from its emblem, ICAI also has a separate logo for its members. As a part of a brand building exercise, ICAI introduced this separate new CA logo for the use of its members in 2007.[13] The logo is free for use by all members of ICAI subject to certain conditions.[14] The logo was launched by the then Minister of Corporate Affairs, Prem Chand Gupta at the occasion of the Chartered Accountant Day (1 July) in the presence of the then President of ICAI Sunil Talati. Members of ICAI cannot use the ICAI emblem, but they are encouraged to use the CA logo instead on their official stationery.

The Mission of the ICAI as stated by it is: “The Indian Chartered Accountancy profession will be the Valued Trustees of World Class Financial Competencies, Good Governance, and Competitiveness.”[15]

History
The Companies Act, 1913 passed in pre-independent India prescribed various books which had to be maintained by a Company registered under that Act. It also required the appointment of a formal Auditor with prescribed qualifications to audit such records. In order to act as an auditor, a person had to acquire a restricted certificate from the local government upon such conditions as may be prescribed. The holder of a restricted certificate was allowed to practice only within the province of an issue and in the language specified in the restricted certificate. In 1918 a course called Government Diploma in Accountancy was launched in Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics of Bombay (now known as Mumbai). On passing this diploma and completion of three years of articled training under an approved accountant, a person was held eligible for grant of an unrestricted certificate. This certificate entitling the holder to practice as an auditor throughout India. Later on, the issue of restricted certificates was discontinued in the year 1920.

In the year 1930, it was decided that the Government of India should maintain a register called the Register of Accountants. Any person whose name was entered in such register was called a Registered Accountant.[16] Later on a board called the Indian Accountancy Board was established to advise the Governor General of India on accountancy and the qualifications for auditors. However it was felt that the accountancy profession was largely unregulated, and this caused lots of confusion as regards the qualifications of auditors. Hence in the year 1948, just after independence in 1947, an expert committee was created to look into the matter.[17] This expert committee recommended that a separate autonomous association of accountants should be formed to regulate the profession. The Government of India accepted the recommendation and passed the Chartered Accountants Act in 1949 even before India became a republic. Under section 3 of the said Act, ICAI is established as a body corporate with perpetual succession and a common seal.

Unlike most other commonwealth countries, the word chartered does not refer to a royal charter, since India is a republic. At the time of passing the Chartered Accountants Act, various titles used for similar professionals in other countries were considered, such as Certified Public Accountant. However, many accountants had already acquired membership of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales and other Chartered Societies of Great Britain and were practicing as Chartered Accountants. This had created some sort of brand value. This designation inherited a public impression that Chartered Accountants had better qualifications than Registered Accountants.[18] Hence the accountants were very stern in their stand that, the Indian accountancy professionals should be designated only as Chartered Accountants. After much debate in the Indian Constituent Assembly, the controversial term, chartered was accepted. When the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 came into force on 1 July 1949, the term Chartered Accountant superseded the title of Registered Accountant. This day is celebrated as Chartered Accountants day every year.[19]

Membership
Members of the Institute are known as Chartered Accountants. Becoming a member requires passing the prescribed examinations, three years of practical training (known as articleship) and meeting other requirements under the Act and Regulations. A member of ICAI can use the title CA before his/her name.[20] A member of ICAI may either be an Associate Chartered Accountant (A.C.A.) or a Fellow Chartered Accountant (F.C.A.) based on his experience. Further based on holding Certificate of Practice, they may also be classified as practicing and non-practicing Chartered Accountants. As of December 2017, the Institute has 2,80,221 members out of which 1,89,707 are Associates and 90,514 are Fellows.[21] The B.N. Chaturvedi Family is credited to be the only family in India to be Chartered Accountants in 5 Generations.[22]

Associates and fellows
Any person who is granted membership of the Institute becomes an Associate Chartered Accountant and is entitled to use the letters A.C.A. after his name. Generally, associates are members of the Institute with less than 5 years of membership after which they become entitled to apply for being a fellow member. Some associate members, particularly those not in practice, often voluntarily chose not to apply to be a fellow due to a variety of reasons.

An associate member who has been in continuous practice in India or has worked for a commercial or government organization for at least five years and meets other conditions as prescribed can apply to the Institute to get designated as a "Fellow". A fellow Chartered Accountant is entitled to use the letters FCA. after his name. Responsibilities and voting rights of both types of members remain the same but only fellows can be elected to the Council and Regional Councils of ICAI. Fellows are perceived as enjoying a higher status due to their long professional experience.

Practicing Chartered Accountants
Any member wanting to engage in public practice has to first apply for and obtain a Certificate of Practice from the Council of ICAI.[23] Only members holding a Certificate of Practice may act as auditors or certify documents required by various tax and financial regulatory authorities in India. Once a member obtains a Certificate of Practice, his responsibility to the society increases manifold. The ethical principles applicable to a practicing CA provided in the first and second schedule of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 are more rigorous than the ones applicable to non-practicing CAs or both.

In India, an individual Chartered Accountant, a firm or a Limited Liability Partnership of Chartered Accountants can practice the profession of Chartered Accountancy.[24]

Role of Chartered Accountants
Chartered Accountants enjoy a statutory monopoly in audit of financial statements under the Companies Act, 2013, Income Tax Act, 1961 and various other statutes in India.[25] Financial statements audited by a chartered accountant[26] are presumed to have been prepared according to GAAP in India (otherwise the audit report should be modified). However, not all Chartered Accountants work in audit. Firms of accountants provide varied business services, and many accountants are employed in commerce and industry. Their areas of expertise include financial reporting, auditing and assurance, corporate finance, investment banking, financial modelling, equity research, fund management, credit analysis, capital markets, arbitration, risk management, economics, strategic/management consultancy, management accounting, information systems audit, corporate law, direct tax, indirect tax and valuation of businesses.[citation needed][importance?] Apart from the field of professional practice, many CAs work in the industry and commerce in financial and general management positions such as CFO and CEO. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has regarded CAs as "partners in nation building."

Council of the institute
The management of the affairs of the institute is undertaken by a council constituted under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.[5] The council consists of 32 elected fellow members and up to 8 members nominated by the Government of India. The elected members of the council are elected under the single transferable vote system by the members of the institute. The council is re-elected every three years. The council elects two of its members to be president and vice-president who hold office for one year. The president is the chief executive authority of the council.[27]

Region and branches
ICAI has five regions: Eastern, Western, Northern, Southern and Central.

Presidents
ICAI's first president was CA G.P. Kapadia (1949 to 1952). CA Prafulla P Chajjed is the current president.[28][29] CA Atul Gupta is the current vice president of the council, and will be the next president of the council after the vacation of office by the current president.

Code of ethics
The institute has a detailed code of ethics and actions in contravention of such code results in disciplinary action against the erring members. The institute publishes a members' handbook containing the Chartered Accountants Act 1949, Chartered Accountants Regulation 1988, Professional Opportunities for Members – an Appraisal, Code of Ethics and Manual for members. These together form the basis of regulation of the profession. The Council also has a Peer Review Board that ensures that in carrying out their professional attestation services assignments, the members of the institute (a) comply with the Technical Standards laid down by the institute and (b) have in place proper systems (including documentation systems) for maintaining the quality of the attestation services work they perform.[30]

Disciplinary process
The Disciplinary Directorate, the Board of Discipline, and the Disciplinary Committee form the foundation of the disciplinary process of the institute. These entities are quasi-judicial and have substantial powers like that of a Civil Court to summon and enforce attendance or require discovery and production of documents on affidavit or otherwise.[31] The Disciplinary Directorate is headed by an officer designated as Director (Discipline). On receipt of any information or complaint that a member has allegedly engaged in any misconduct, the Director (Discipline) shall arrive at a prima facie opinion whether or not there is any misconduct. If the Director (Discipline) is of the opinion that the misconduct is covered by the items listed in the first schedule of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949, he shall refer the case to the Board of Discipline. If he is of the Opinion that the case is covered by the Second Schedule or both schedules of the CA Act, he will refer the case to the Disciplinary Committee. If the Board of Discipline finds a member guilty of professional or other misconduct, it may at its discretion reprimand the member, remove the name of the member from the register of members for up to three months or impose a fine up to ₹1,00,000/-. If the Disciplinary Committee finds a member guilty of professional or other misconduct, it may at its discretion reprimand the member, remove the name of the member from the register of members permanently or impose a fine up to ₹5,000/-. Any member aggrieved by any order may approach the Appellate Authority.

It should be borne in mind that this disciplinary proceeding is not in lieu of or an alternative for criminal proceedings in a court. Criminal proceedings against a Chartered Accountant and disciplinary action by ICAI are two separate issues and one need not wait for another to be completed first.[32]

Actions
One of the public actions of The ICAI Disciplinary Committee in the 2009-2010 time period was proceedings for professional misconduct against two auditors from the firm Price Waterhouse partners for wrongly auditing and inflating the financial statements of Satyam Computer Services Limited. The Supreme Court of India (November 2010) rejected a plea by the two charged auditors to stay the proceedings by the ICAI Disciplinary committee. The court's order came in response to the pleas of the charged auditors seeking a stay on the disciplinary proceedings against them on the ground that it violated their fundamental right against self-incrimination under Article 20 (3) of the Constitution of India.

Other publicized actions included, the SEBI referred case of a brokerage firm, Karvy, in which the internal auditors, Haribhakti & Co (an associate of BDO). were held guilty of negligence for failing to detect thousands of demat accounts being opened with the same address. The Committee has also taken action against members for alleged irregularities in the books of Maytas Properties and Maytas Infra and the role played by their auditors.[33] The names of the members found guilty of misconduct are published on ICAI's website. The ICAI website lists 35 as the number of cases in which inquiry was completed by the Disciplinary Committee in the past one year since February 2010. The list of members held guilty of professional or other misconduct is published periodically.[34]

Request for more power
Many of the recent[timeframe?] financial frauds and scams related to organizations that had multinational accounting firms as their auditors. These multinational firms cannot legally practice in India but they are practicing in India by surrogate means, operating through tie-ups with local firms, though the partners involved are from India, since only a member of the institute can be an auditor of an Indian entity. The example for this is an elaborate list, Price Waterhouse in case of Global Trust Bank Scam, again Price Waterhouse in Satyam Computer Services Limited scam, Ernst and Young in the Maytas case. ICAI lacks jurisdictional powers to punish these or for that matter any firm, as under its current regulations it only has the power to proceed against individual members. The institute has asked the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India to grant additional powers so that it may proceed against firms whose partners or employees are frequent offenders.[35] ICAI also has sent a proposal to the Government of India to amend the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 in order to enable to it to impose a fine of ₹1,00,00,000/- on audit firms if they are found guilty of colluding with companies to commit a fraud

Unlawful assembly

Unlawful assembly is a legal term to describe a group of people with the mutual intent of deliberate disturbance of the peace. If the group is about to start the act of disturbance, it is termed a rout; if the disturbance is commenced, it is then termed a riot. In Britain, the offence was abolished in 1986.
United Kingdom
By the 19th century, unlawful assembly, a term used in English law described a gathering of three or more people with intent to commit a crime by force, or to carry out a common purpose (whether lawful or unlawful), in such a manner or in such circumstances as would in the opinion of firm and rational men endanger the public peace or create fear of immediate danger to the tranquillity of the neighborhood.[citation needed] A reform commission in 1879 believed that what underlay the first on-point legislation of 1328,[a] outlining when such a crime was recognised nationally (still to adjudged by or via a justice of the peace) was certain landed proprietors at loggerheads employing a band of violent armed retainers, above the traditional manorial bailiffs.[b]

In the Year Book, a legal text, of the third year of Henry VII's reign, assemblies were expressed as not punishable unless in terrorem: populi domini regis, a threat to the people, God or the King.

In 1882 it was ruled, on balance, an unlawful assembly would need to be more than participants knowing beforehand of likely formal opposition and the mere prospect of a breach of the peace; by this date a quiltwork of cases had identified certain rights to orderly, lawful protest.[c] All people may, and must if called upon to do so, assist in dispersing an unlawful assembly.[d] An assembly which was lawful could not be rendered unlawful by (court) proclamation unless it were one authorized by statute.[e]

Cementing the English Bill of Rights 1689 banning private armies, meetings for training or drilling, or military movements, were from 1820 unlawful assemblies unless held under lawful authority from the Crown, the Lord-lieutenant, or two justices of the peace.[f]

An unlawful assembly which has made a motion towards its common purpose was termed a rout, if it carried out all or part of its end purpose, e.g. begin to demolish an enclosure, it became a riot. All three offences were misdemeanors in English law, punishable by fine and imprisonment. The first of these three offences (listed) was abolished by the Public Order Act 1986 for two parts of the UK, the most recent major reform of public order offences, the other two parts having similar legislation.

The common law as to unlawful assembly extended to Ireland, subject to special legislation. The law of Scotland included unlawful assembly under the same head as rioting.[1]

Bangladesh
Section 144 is a section of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which prohibits assembly of five or more people, holding of public meetings, and carrying of firearms and can be invoked for up to two months.[2][3][4] It also gives the magistracy the power to issue order absolute at once in urgent cases of nuisance or apprehended danger.[5] With the introduction of Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) in 1976, Section 144 has ceased to operate in the metropolitan jurisdiction in Bangladesh.[6]

Canada
Under Part II of the Canadian Criminal Code (Offences Against Public Order), Unlawful Assemblies and Riots is when the assembly of three or more people who cause fear and on reasonable grounds disturb peace in the neighborhood is against the law.

Hong Kong
The Public Order Ordinance (chapter 245 of the laws of Hong Kong) defines "unlawful assembly" (§18) as an assembly of three or more people conducting themselves in a "disorderly, intimidating, insulting or provocative manner intended or likely to cause a person reasonably to fear that the people so assembled will conduct a breach of the peace or will by such conduct provoke other persons to commit a breach of the peace". people taking part in unlawful assemblies can be punished with up to five years' imprisonment (if indicted) or a level 2 fine (HK$5000)[7] and imprisonment for two years (on summary conviction).[8]

India
Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) of 1973 empowers an executive magistrate to prohibit an assembly of more than four people in an area. According to 141-149 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the maximum punishment for engaging in rioting is rigorous imprisonment for 3 years and/or fine. Every member of an unlawful assembly can be held responsible for a crime committed by the group. Obstructing an officer trying to disperse an unlawful assembly may attract further punishment.[9]

In about 1861,[10] Officer Raj-Ratna E.F. Deboo IPS was the designer and architect of section 144, which reduced overall crime in that time in the state of Baroda. He was recognized for his initiative and awarded a gold medal by the Maharaja Gaekwad of Baroda for putting Section 144 in place and reducing overall crime

BCCI president

The President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India is the highest post at the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI),[1] which runs Cricket in India.[2] Though the post is an honorary one, it is considered a highly prestigious post due popularity of the game in the India and the financial clout of the organisation.[3] Over the years influential politicians, royalty and businessmen have occupied the post of President.[4] The president is elected at the BCCI's Annual General Meeting with each of the 30 affiliates of the BCCI getting a vote. The outgoing president also has a vote as chairman of the meeting.[5] The post is rotated zone-wise across India and a person can hold the post of BCCI president for a maximum of three years.[6] Supreme court of India said that the most senior BCCI vice-president and the joint secretary would take over the interim roles of president and secretary respectively.[7] In April 2016, Rahul Johri was appointed first ever Chief Executive Officer of BCCI.[8] The creation of the post of the CEO was a change recommended by the three-member Lodha panel in its report in January 2016, with panel stressing the need for the BCCI to separate its governance and management duties, with the CEO taking charge of the management side and also made recommendations for a clear segregation of operational duties from the governance and policy-makers in the board.

Abhijit Banerjee

Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee (Bengali: অভিজিৎ বিনায়ক বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়; born 1961) is an eminent American economist.[7] Banerjee shared the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer, "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty."[8][9] He is the Ford Foundation International Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He along with wife Esther Duflo are the sixth married couple to jointly win a Nobel Prize.[10]

Banerjee is co-founder of Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (along with economists Esther Duflo and Sendhil Mullainathan). He is a research affiliate of Innovations for Poverty Action, and a member of the Consortium on Financial Systems and Poverty. Banerjee is also a fellow at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a fellow at the Econometric Society, and also has been a Guggenheim Fellow and an Alfred P. Sloan Fellow.

He is the co-author of Poor Economics.
Early life
Banerjee was born in Mumbai, India,[11] to Nirmala Banerjee, a professor of economics at the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, and Dipak Banerjee, a professor and the head of the Department of Economics at Presidency College, Calcutta.

He studied in South Point High School. After his schooling, he took admission in the University of Calcutta in Presidency College, Kolkata where he completed his B.Sc. degree in economics in 1981. Later, he completed his M.A. in economics at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi in 1983.[12] He was arrested and jailed in Tihar Jail during a protest after students 'gheraoed' the then Vice Chancellor PN Srivastava of JNU later he was released on bail and charges were dropped against the students.[13][14][15] Later, he went on to obtain a Ph.D. in Economics at Harvard University in 1988. The subject of his doctoral thesis was "Essays in Information Economics."

Career
Banerjee is currently the Ford Foundation International Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology after he had taught at Harvard University and Princeton University.

His work focuses on development economics. Together with Esther Duflo, Michael Kremer, John A. List, and Sendhil Mullainathan, he has proposed field experiments as an important methodology to discover causal relationships in economics.

He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2004.[16] He also was honoured with the Infosys Prize 2009 in the social sciences category of economics. He is also the recipient of the inaugural Infosys Prize in the category of social sciences (economics).[17]

In 2012, he shared the Gerald Loeb Award Honorable Mention for Business Book with co-author Esther Duflo for their book Poor Economics.[18]

In 2013, he was named by United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon to a panel of experts tasked with updating the Millennium Development Goals after 2015 (their expiration date).[19]

In 2014, he received the Bernhard-Harms-Prize from the Kiel Institute for the World Economy.

In 2019, he delivered Export-Import Bank Of India's 34th Commencement Day Annual Lecture on Redesigning Social Policy.[20]

In 2019, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics, together with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer, for their work alleviating global poverty.[21][22]

Personal life
Abhijit Banerjee was married to Dr. Arundhati Tuli Banerjee, a lecturer of literature at MIT.[23][24] Abhijit and Arundhati had one son together, before they divorced.[23]

Abhijit has a child (born 2012) with co-researcher and MIT professor Esther Duflo.[25][26] Banerjee was a joint supervisor of Duflo's PhD in economics at MIT in 1999.[27][25] Duflo is also a Professor of Poverty Alleviation and Development Economics at MIT.[28] Banerjee and Duflo formally married each other in 2015.