الجمعة، 18 أكتوبر 2019

Lebanon

Lebanon (/ˈlɛbənɒn/ (About this soundlisten); Arabic: لبنان‎, romanized: Lubnān, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [lɪbˈnɛːn]; French: Liban), officially known as the Lebanese Republic[nb 3] (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية‎, romanized: al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje lˈlɪbnɛːnɪjje]; French: République libanaise), is a country in Western Asia.[7][8][9][10][11] It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.[12] At just 10,452 km2 (4,036 sq. mi.), it is the smallest recognized sovereign state on the mainland Asian continent.[nb 4][13][14]

The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years, predating recorded history.[15] Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms, a maritime culture that flourished for almost 3 thousand years (c. 3200–539 BC). In 64 BC, the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire, and eventually became one of the Empire's leading centers of Christianity. In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established. As the Arab Muslims conquered the region, the Maronites held onto their religion and identity. However, a new religious group, the Druze, established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well, generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries. During the Crusades, the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome. The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era.

The region eventually was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918. Following the collapse of the empire after World War I, the five provinces that constitute modern Lebanon came under the French Mandate of Lebanon. The French expanded the borders of the Mount Lebanon Governorate, which was mostly populated by Maronites and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, establishing confessionalism, a unique, Consociationalism-type of political system with a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities. Bechara El Khoury, President of Lebanon during the independence, Riad El-Solh, first Lebanese prime minister and Emir Majid Arslan II, first Lebanese minister of defence, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. Foreign troops withdrew completely from Lebanon on 31 December 1946,[16] although the country was subjected to military occupations by Syria that lasted nearly thirty years before being withdrawn in April 2005 as well as Israel for fifteen years before being withdrawn in May 2000.

Despite its small size,[17] the country has developed a well-known culture and has been highly influential in the Arab world, powered by its large diaspora. Before the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), the country experienced a period of relative calm and renowned prosperity, driven by tourism, agriculture, commerce, and banking.[18] Because of its financial power and diversity in its heyday, Lebanon was referred to as the "Switzerland of the East" during the 1960s,[19] and its capital, Beirut, attracted so many tourists that it was known as "the Paris of the Middle East".[20] At the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure.[21] In spite of these troubles, Lebanon has the 7th highest Human Development Index and GDP per capita in the Arab world after the oil-rich economies of the Persian Gulf. Lebanon has been a member of the United Nations since its founding in 1945 as well as of the Arab League (1945), the Non-Aligned Movement (1961), Organisation of the Islamic Cooperation (1969) and the Organisation internationale de la francophonie (1973).
Etymology
The name of Mount Lebanon originates from the Phoenician root lbn (𐤋𐤁𐤍) meaning "white", apparently from its snow-capped peaks.[22]

Occurrences of the name have been found in different Middle Bronze Age texts from the library of Ebla,[23] and three of the twelve tablets of the Epic of Gilgamesh. The name is recorded in Ancient Egyptian as Rmnn (𓂋𓏠𓈖𓈖𓈉), where R stood for Canaanite L.[24] The name occurs nearly 70 times in the Hebrew Bible, as לְבָנוֹן.[25]

Lebanon as the name of an administrative unit (as opposed to the mountain range) was introduced with the Ottoman reforms of 1861, as the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (Arabic: متصرفية جبل لبنان‎; Turkish: Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı), continued in the name of the State of Greater Lebanon (Arabic: دولة لبنان الكبير‎ Dawlat Lubnān al-Kabīr; French: État du Grand Liban) in 1920, and eventually in the name of the sovereign Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية‎ al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah) upon its independence in 1943.
The borders of contemporary Lebanon are a product of the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920. Its territory was the core of the Bronze Age Phoenician (Canaanite) city-states. As part of the Levant, it was part of numerous succeeding empires throughout ancient history, including the Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Achaemenid Persian, Hellenistic, Roman and Sasanid Persian empires.

After the 7th-century Muslim conquest of the Levant, it was part of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid Seljuk and Fatimid empires. The crusader state of the County of Tripoli, founded by Raymond IV of Toulouse in 1102, encompassed most of present-day Lebanon, falling to the Mamluk Sultanate in 1289 and finally to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. With the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Greater Lebanon fell under French mandate in 1920, and gained independence under president Bechara El Khoury in 1943. Lebanon's history since independence has been marked by alternating periods of political stability and prosperity based on Beirut's position as a regional center for finance and trade, interspersed with political turmoil and armed conflict (1948 Arab–Israeli War, Lebanese Civil War 1975–1990, 2005 Cedar Revolution, 2006 Lebanon War, 2007 Lebanon conflict, 2006–08 Lebanese protests, 2008 conflict in Lebanon, and since 2011 Syrian Civil War spillover).

Ancient Lebanon
Evidence dating back to an early settlement in Lebanon was found in Byblos, considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.[15] The evidence dates back to earlier than 5000 BC. Archaeologists discovered remnants of prehistoric huts with crushed limestone floors, primitive weapons, and burial jars left by the Neolithic and Chalcolithic fishing communities who lived on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea over 7,000 years ago.[26]

Lebanon was a part of northern Canaan, and consequently became the homeland of Canaanite descendants – the Phoenicians, a seafaring people who spread across the Mediterranean in the first millennium BC .[27] The most prominent Phoenician cities were Byblos, Sidon and Tyre, while their most famous colonies were Carthage in present-day Tunisia and Cádiz in present-day Spain. The Canaanite-Phoenicians are credited with the invention of the Phoenician alphabet. The cities of Phoenicia were incorporated into the Persian Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE.[28] The Phoenician city-states were later incorporated into the empire of Alexander the Great following the Siege of Tyre in 332 BC.[28]

Maronites, Druze, and the Crusades
The region that is now Lebanon, as with the rest of Syria and much of Anatolia, became a major center of Christianity in the Roman Empire during the early spread of the religion. During the late 4th and early 5th century, a hermit named Maron established a monastic tradition focused on the importance of monotheism and asceticism, near the Mediterranean mountain range known as Mount Lebanon. The monks who followed Maron spread his teachings among Lebanese in the region. These Christians came to be known as Maronites and moved into the mountains to avoid religious persecution by Roman authorities.[29] During the frequent Roman-Persian Wars that lasted for many centuries, the Sassanid Persians occupied what is now Lebanon from 619 till 629.[30]

During the 7th century the Muslim Arabs conquered Syria establishing a new regime to replace the Byzantines. Though Islam and the Arabic language were officially dominant under this new regime, the general populace nonetheless only gradually converted from Christianity and the Syriac language. The Maronite community in particular managed to maintain a large degree of autonomy despite the succession of rulers over Lebanon and Syria.

During the 11th century the Druze faith emerged from a branch of Shia Islam. The new faith gained followers in the southern portion of Mount Lebanon. The northern portion of Mount Lebanon was ruled by Druze feudal families to the early 14th century which was then brought to an end by the Mamluk invasion. The Maronite population increased gradually in Northern Mount Lebanon and the Druze have remained in Southern Mount Lebanon until the modern era. In the south of Lebanon, Jabal Amel, Baalbek and the Beqaa Valley was ruled by Shia feudal families under the Mamluks and the Ottoman Empire. Major cities on the coast, Acre, Beirut, and others, were directly administered by the Muslim Caliphs and the people became more fully absorbed by the Arab culture.

Following the fall of Roman Anatolia to the Muslim Turks, the Byzantines put out a call to the Pope in Rome for assistance in the 11th century. The result was a series of wars known as the Crusades launched by the Franks in Western Europe to reclaim the former Byzantine Christian territories in the Eastern Mediterranean, especially Syria and Palestine (the Levant). The First Crusade succeeded in temporarily establishing the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the County of Tripoli as Roman Catholic Christian states along the coast.[31] These crusader states made a lasting impact on the region, though their control was limited, and the region returned to full Muslim control after two centuries following the conquest by the Mamluks.

One of the most lasting effects of the Crusades in this region was the contact between the Franks (i.e. the French) and the Maronites. Unlike most other Christian communities in the Eastern Mediterranean, who swore allegiance to Constantinople or other local patriarchs, the Maronites proclaimed allegiance to the Pope in Rome. As such the Franks saw them as Roman Catholic brethren. These initial contacts led to centuries of support for the Maronites from France and Italy, even after the fall of the Crusader states in the region.

Ottoman Lebanon and French Mandate
During this period Lebanon was divided into several provinces: Northern and Southern Mount Lebanon, Tripoli, Baalbek and Beqaa Valley and Jabal Amel. In southern Mount Lebanon in 1590, Fakhr-al-Din II became the successor to Korkmaz. He soon established his authority as paramount prince of the Druze in the Shouf area of Mount Lebanon. Eventually, Fakhr-al-Din II was appointed Sanjakbey (Governor) of several Ottoman sub-provinces, with responsibility for tax-gathering. He extended his control over a substantial part of Mount Lebanon and its coastal area, even building a fort as far inland as Palmyra.[35] This over-reaching eventually became too much for Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, who sent a punitive expedition to capture him in 1633. He was taken to Istanbul, kept in prison for two years and then executed along with one of his sons in April 1635.[36] Surviving members of Fakhr al-Din's family ruled a reduced area under closer Ottoman control until the end of the 17th century.

On the death of the last Maan emir, various members of the Shihab clan ruled Mount Lebanon until 1830. Approximately 10,000 Christians were killed by the Druzes during inter-communal violence in 1860.[37] Shortly afterwards, the Emirate of Mount Lebanon, which lasted about 400 years, was replaced by the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, as a result of a European-Ottoman treaty called the Règlement Organique. The Baalbek and Beqaa Valley and Jabal Amel was ruled intermittently by various Shia feudal families, especially the Al Ali Alsagheer in Jabal Amel that remained in power until 1865 when Ottomans took direct ruling of the region. Youssef Bey Karam,[38] a Lebanese nationalist played an influential role in Lebanon's independence during this era.

In 1920, following World War I, the area of the Mutasarrifate, plus some surrounding areas which were predominantly Shia and Sunni, became a part of the state of Greater Lebanon under the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon. Around 100,000 people in Beirut and Mount Lebanon died of starvation during World War I.[39] In the first half of 1920, Lebanese territory was claimed as part of the Arab Kingdom of Syria, but shortly the Franco-Syrian War resulted in Arab defeat and capitulation of the Hashemites.
On 1 September 1920, France reestablished Greater Lebanon after the Moutasarrifiya rule removed several regions belonging to the Principality of Lebanon and gave them to Syria.[40] Lebanon was a largely Christian country (mainly Maronite territory with some Greek Orthodox enclaves) but it also included areas containing many Muslims and Druze.[citation needed] On 1 September 1926, France formed the Lebanese Republic. A constitution was adopted on 25 May 1926 establishing a democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government.

Independence from France
Lebanon gained a measure of independence while France was occupied by Germany.[41] General Henri Dentz, the Vichy High Commissioner for Syria and Lebanon, played a major role in the independence of the nation. The Vichy authorities in 1941 allowed Germany to move aircraft and supplies through Syria to Iraq where they were used against British forces. The United Kingdom, fearing that Nazi Germany would gain full control of Lebanon and Syria by pressure on the weak Vichy government, sent its army into Syria and Lebanon.[citation needed]

After the fighting ended in Lebanon, General Charles de Gaulle visited the area. Under political pressure from both inside and outside Lebanon, de Gaulle recognized the independence of Lebanon. On 26 November 1941 General Georges Catroux announced that Lebanon would become independent under the authority of the Free French government. Elections were held in 1943 and on 8 November 1943 the new Lebanese government unilaterally abolished the mandate. The French reacted by imprisoning the new government. In the face of international pressure, the French released the government officials on 22 November 1943. The allies occupied the region until the end of World War II.

Following the end of World War II in Europe the French mandate may be said to have been terminated without any formal action on the part of the League of Nations or its successor the United Nations. The mandate was ended by the declaration of the mandatory power, and of the new states themselves, of their independence, followed by a process of piecemeal unconditional recognition by other powers, culminating in formal admission to the United Nations. Article 78 of the UN Charter ended the status of tutelage for any member state: "The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality."[42] So when the UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, after ratification of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members, as both Syria and Lebanon were founding member states, the French mandate for both was legally terminated on that date and full independence attained.[43] The last French troops withdrew in December 1946.

Lebanon's unwritten National Pact of 1943 required that its president be Maronite Christian, its speaker of the parliament to be a Shiite Muslim, its prime minister be Sunni Muslim, and the Deputy Speaker of Parliament and the Deputy Prime Minister be Greek Orthodox.

تقنية الجيل الخامس

الجيل الخامس لشبكات الخليوي (بالإنجليزية: The 5th Generation Cellular Networks) أو الجيل الخامس للأنظمة اللاسلكية (بالإنجليزية: The 5th Generation wireless Systems) اختصاراً (5G)، هو مصطلح يستخدم في بعض الأوراق والمشاريع البحثية للدلالة على مرحلة رئيسية مقبلة من معايير الاتصالات المتنقلة ما وراء المعايير الحالية جيل رابع/IMT-المتقدمة. 5G لا تصف أي مواصفات معينة في أي وثيقة رسمية نشرتها أي هيئة قياسية للاتصالات.

على الرغم من أن المعايير المحدثة التي تحدد قدرات تتجاوز تلك المعايير المحددة في 4G الحالية هي قيد النظر، لا يزال يجري تجميع تلك القدرات الجديدة وفقا لمعايير 4G الحالية. نهاية العام 2017 صدر المعيار الأولي للجيل الخامس مع تحديد أهم المتطلبات والتقنيات المرشح استخدامها.

وذكرت وكالة انباء يونهاب الكورية،أن شركة سامسونج قد اختبرت بنجاح شبكة 5G بقدرة إتصال سرعتها 1 جيجابايت في الثانية (يحتمل أن تصل إلى 8 جيجابت في الثانية)، وتهدف إلى تقديم الخدمة بحلول عام 2020
ما قبل الجيل الخامس
هناك جيل من أجيال المحمول الجديد تظهر تقريبا في كل 10 أعوام منذ أول جيل أول نظام الشمال الهاتف المحمول ، قد ظهرت في عام 1981. بدء أول تشغيل لنظام 2G حيث طرح في عام 1992 ،أما أول تشغيل لنظام الجيل الثالث 3G فقد تم في عام 2001 , أخيرا نظام 4G المتوافق تماما مع IMT المتقدم كانت قيد التشغيل في عام 2012. بعض المصادر الحكومية أوضحت أن جيلا جديدا من المعايير 5G لن يتم تنفيذها من قبل الاتحاد الدولي للاتصالات إلى ما يقرب من 2020.[وصلة مكسورة]

تطوير معايير جيل ثان (النظام العالمي للإتصالات المتنقلة) وجيل ثالث (IMT-2000 وUMTS) استغرق تقريبا 10 سنوات بداية من البداية الرسمية لمشاريع للأبحاث والتطوير ، وتطوير نظم جيل رابع التى بدأت في 2001 أو 2002. ومع ذلك، لم يتم إطلاق أى تطوير VSLN عالمى أو دولى GLAHVDU لشبكات VSLDH 5Gفإن بعض ممثلي الصناعة عبروا عن شكوكهم تجاه 5G.

عادة ما يتم تعيين نطاقات تردد أجيال المحمول الجديدة وأوسع عرض للنطاق الترددي الطيفي لكل قناة تردد فمثلا (1G تصل إلى 30 كيلو هرتز، 2G تصل إلى 200 كيلوهرتز، 3G تصل إلى 5 ميغاهيرتز، و4G تصل إلى 40 ميغاهيرتز)، ولكن يجادل المتشككون في أنه مايزال هناك مجالا كبيرا لنطاقات الترددات الجديدة أو عرض لنطاق ترددية لقنوات أكبر من 4G. من وجهة نظر المستخدمين، قد يعني ذلك ضمنا أن أجيال المحمول السابقة لديها زيادة كبيرة في معدل البت الذروة (أي الطبقة المادية صافي معدلات البت للاتصالات لمسافات قصيرة). ومع ذلك، لا يشير أي مصدر أن الذروة معدلات التنزيل والرفع لل 5G ستصل لأكثر من 1 جيجابت في الثانية التي سيتم تقديمها من قبل تعريف نظم ITU-R 4G. إذا ظهر 5G، وتعكس هذه التكهنات، يجب على الفرق الرئيسي من وجهة نظر المستخدم من عرض بين 4G وتقنيات 5G يكون شيئا آخر غير زيادة الإنتاجية القصوى، على سبيل المثال انخفاض استهلاك البطارية، وانخفاض احتمال انقطاع (تغطية أفضل)، الأسعار مرتفعة قليلا في أجزاء أكبر من مساحة التغطية، وأرخص أو أي رسوم المرور بسبب انخفاض تكاليف نشر البنية التحتية، أو قدرة إجمالية أعلى لكثير من المستخدمين في وقت واحد (أي أعلى مستوى نظام الكفاءة الطيفية). تلك هي الأهداف في العديد من الأوراق البحثية.

نظرة عامة عن الجيل الخامس في الاتصالات
إن الشعار الرئيسي للجيل الخامس هو الانترنت لكل شيء أو انترنت الأشياء إنترنت الأشياء

أي أن كل شخص وكل شيء سيكون متصلا بالانترنت ، فأي أداة أو جهاز في البيت أو في الشارع أو أي مكان عمل سيكون متصلا بشبكة الانترنت ، وهذا ما يقودنا إلى مصطلح المدن الذكية ، إذ أن البيانات يتم تشكيلها في كل مكان من قبل أي شخص أو أي آلة وسيتم تحليلها في أقل زمن حقيقي ممكن للاستدلال على معلومات مفيدة في الوقت المناسب كمراقبة الحالة الصحية للمرضى وكبار السن ، ومراقبة الأجهزة والأدوات في المنزل وتحديد إن كان هناك عطلا ما أو نقصا في مادة ما ، وكذلك تحليل حالة المرور في الشوارع  ومساعدة السائقين وتحذيرهم من المخاطر غير المرئية مما يمهد الطريق نحو السيارات ذاتية القيادة .وهنا تلعب الاتصالات المتنقلة دورا محوريا في تمكين النقل الفعال والآمن لهذه المعلومات من آلة آلى آلة أخرى (= MACHINE TO MACHINE M2M ) - بدون تدخل الانسان - لمعالجتها واتخاذ الإجراء المناسب  بأقصى سرعة وأقل تأخير ( أقل من 1ms) .وهذا ما يفرض مزيدا من التحديات على الشبكة المستقبلية التي يجب أن تستوعب بيانات الهواتف الجوالة و العدد الهائل من الأجهزة والحساسات المنتشرة في كل مكان لتكون شبكة واسعة النطاق بقدرة وكفاءة قصوى ودرجة عالية من تأمين الأجهزة المعلومات المنقولة والمخزنة.

خصائص ومميزات الجيل الخامس ومقارنتها بخصائص الجيل الرابع
ظهر الجيل الرابع في العام 2011 وكان معتمدا بشكل كبير على عناويين الانترنت
( IPV4)  ( كل عنوان IPV4 مؤلف من 32 خانة ثنائية ) ، أما الجيل الخامس فمن المتوقع تطبيقه في العام 2021 وسيكون معتمدا بشكل كلي على عناوين الانترنت (IPV6 ) (كل جهاز أو آلة له عنوان IPV6 مؤلف من 128 خانة ثنائية ) .

سرعة نقل البيانات في الجيل الرابع كانت 100Mbps  للأجهزة المتحركة بسرعة لغاية   km/h360 (Mobile users) و 1Gbps للأجهزة الثابتة  stationary users)).
بينما هذه السرعة تصل في الجيل الخامس إلى 1Gbps  للأجهزة المتحركة و 10Gbps  للأجهزة الثابتة .

زمن التأخير (latency) في الجيل الرابع هو بحدود 10ms (الفترة الزمنية مابين إرسال البيانات ووصولها للطرف الآخر، مثلا الفترة بين طلب أمر ما من السيرفر ووصول هذا الأمر للسيرفر)، أما في الجيل الخامس فالتأخير لا يتجاوز 1ms .
عرض النطاق الترددي (bandwidth) المستخدم في الجيل الرابع هو 20MHZ ، أما في الجيل الخامس فهو MHZ160 .
اتصال جهاز مع جهاز بشكل مباشر (D2D communications) وهذا يعني اتصال الأجهزة القريبة من بعضها مباشرة بدون الحاجة إلى برج الخدمة كوسيط .
مساحة الخلية (cell) في الجيل الخامس أصغر بكثير منها في الجيل الرابع وذلك حتى تستطيع تحمل العدد الكبير من الأجهزة المتصلة بها ، بالإضافة إلى أن ذلك يؤدي إلى انخفاض مستوى استهلاك الجهاز للطاقة  بنسبة  90  بالمئة إذ أن أبراج الخدمة  تكون قريبة من الجهاز. (الخلية هي المساحة الجغرافية التي يغطيها برج خدمة واحد ).
القضايا الأمنية المرافقة لشبكات الجيل الخامس
على الرغم من أن شبكات الجيل الخامس ستوفر سرعة عالية لنقل البيانات والقدرة على ربط عدد هائل من الأجهزة ودعمها لمجموعة كبيرة من الخدمات الشخصية وانماجها مع التكنولوجيا المتقدمة القائمة على تقنيات حديثة ، فهناك مجموعة واسعة من المسائل الأمنية والتي ستقود إلى تحديات أمنية كبيرة في مستقبل شبكات الاتصال نتيجة عدة عوامل :

المعمارية والبنية المعتمدة على بروتوكولات الانترنت والتي هي دائما عرضة لأي تهديد .
تنوع طرق الوصول لشبكة الانترنت .
عدم تجانس الأجهزة المتصلة من حيث القدرة الحسابية وكفاءة المعالجة والتخزين .
أنظمة التشغيل المفتوحة على الأجهزة ، أي يمكن تنزيل البرامج مهما كان مصدرها وتثبيتها على الأجهزة ، وهذا ما قد يخلق الكثير من المشاكل الأمنية .
الأجهزة المتصلة عادة ما يتم تشغيلها من قبل أشخاص غير محترفين في القضايا الأمنية .
ونتيجة لذلك سيتعين على نظام الجيل الخامس في الاتصالات أن يعالج تهديدات أكثر وأقوى بكثير من أنظمة الاتصال الحالية . وعلى الرغم من أن النظام الجديد سيكون عرضة لعدد كبير من التهديدات الأمنية المعروفة وغير المعروفة ، فليس من الواضح أي التهديدات ستكون أخطر وأي أجزاء الشبكة ستكون عرضة أكثر لتلك التهديدات .

الأجزاء الأكثر عرضة وهدفا للتهديدات
أهداف المهاجمين عادة ما تكون معدات المستخدمين وشبكات الوصول والشبكة النواة لمزود الخدمة:

أجهزة المستخدم  (user equipment) :

في الجيل الخامس ستكون الأجهزة الذكية وأجهزة التابلت جزءا رئيسيا من الحياة اليومية ، وهذه الأجهزة ستوفر مجموعة كبيرة من الميزات الهامة التي تمكن المستخدمين من الوصول لعدد كبير من الخدمات الشخصية عالية الجودة. ومن المتوقع زيادة عدد هذه الأجهزة في المستقبل مع ازدياد حجم البيانات وامكانيات الشبكة التي ستدعم كل خيارات التوصيل (2G,3G,4G).ولكن هذه الأجهزة ستكون هدفا رئيسيا للمهاجمين حيث ستتعرض لهجمات أكثر تطورا عن طريق البرمجيات الخبيثة كالفيروسات التي تستهدف كلا من الأجهزة المحمولة وشبكات الاتصال ، وهذه البرمجيات تبدو وكأنها صديقة (كالألعاب مثلا)  سواء من مصادر موثوقة أوغير موثوقة ،حيث يتم تثبيتها على الأجهزة ، لكنها في الواقع مصممة لتمكين المهاجمين من الوصول للبيانات الشخصية للمستخدم ، أو للوصول لأنظمة التشغيل لهذه الأجهزة وتعطيلها . مما يعرض المستخدم أو الأجهزة للكثير من المخاطر.

شبكات الوصول (ACCESS NETWORKS) :

من المتوقع أن تكون شبكات الاتصال في الجيل الخامس غير متجانسة ومعقدة إلى حد كبير فهي ستدعم شبكات الاتصال ( 2G,3G,4G)  وغيرها من تقنيات الاتصال المتقدمة وذلك حتى يكون الاتصال مضمونا و آنيا . فمثلا في غياب الشبكة 4G من المفروض تواجد الشبكات الأخرى سواء 2G  أو 3G لضمان إتمام الاتصال . ولكن ذلك يؤدي إلى وراثة جميع القضايا الأمنية المتعلقة بالشبكات السابقة وبالتالي يجب تطوير آليات حماية قوية لمواجهة التهديدات الأمنية الناشئة . فمثلا من المشاكل الأمنية الهامة التي قد تؤثر بشكل خطير على خصوصية المستخدم في نظام الجيل الرابع إمكانية تتبع موقع المستخدم (User location tracking) والتي تتم بطريقتين ؛ الأولى عن طريق تحديد الرقم التعريفي للخلية المزودة للخدمة (C‐RNTI) والثانية هي تحديد الأرقام التسلسلية للبيانات المرسلة.

الشبكة النواة لمزود الخدمة (Mobile Operator’s Core Network) :

بما أن البنية المعمارية لشبكة الجيل الخامس ستعتمد على عناوين الانترنت (ipv6) فهي ستكون عرضة للهجمات (عبر تلك العناوين) الشائعة على شبكة الانترنت مثل الهجمات التي تستهدف أنظمة التشغيل لأجهزة الشبكة المركزية لمزود الخدمة (DOS attaks) التي تعد من أخطر التهديدات ، ولتجنب الخروقات الأمنية للشبكة الناجمة عن استخدام الهواتف الذكية داخل بيئة العمل يجب إجراء مسح دوري لهواتف الموظفين باستخدام برامج الحماية ، ولكن هذا النهج يعتبر مكلفا للشركات ، فالحلول المبتكرة يجب أن تحقق التوازن بين التكلفة والفعالية ، لذلك يتم أخذ عينات من الهواتف الذكية بشكل دوري لفحصها ويتم قياس ذلك على بقية الأجهزة بما يسمى بقياس التمثيل الأمني للهواتف الذكية.

بحوث
المفاهيم الأساسية المقترحة في الأوراق العلمية حول مناقشة 5G وما بعدها الاتصالات اللاسلكية لشبكات جيل رابع هي:

توفير تفشي شبكة Ubiquitous computing الحوسبة في كل مكان: يمكن في نفس الوقت أن يكون المستخدم متصلا بعدة تكنولوجيات وصول لاسلكية ويتحرك بسلاسة بينهما (انظر وسائل الإعلام المستقلة تسليم أو العمودي تسليم، IEEE 802.21، من المتوقع أيضا أن تكون المقدمة من النشرات 4G المستقبلة. انظر أيضا multihoming). ويمكن الوصول إلى هذه التكنولوجيات تكون 2.5G، 3G، 4G، أو شبكات المحمول 5G، واي فاي، WPAN، أو أي تكنولوجيا أخرى للوصول مستقبلية. في 5G ، أو أية مفاهيم قد يتم تطويرها في مسارات نقل البيانات المتزامنة المتعددة.
المجموعة التتابعية التعاونية : قضية رئيسية في أنظمة ما بعد 4G هو جعل معدلات بت عالية متوفرة في الجزء الأكبر من الخلية، خصوصا للمستخدمين في مواقف تتعرض لها من بين العديد من المحطات القاعدية. في البحوث الحالية، وتعالج هذه المشكلة عن طريق تكرار الخلوي وتقنيات التنوع الكلي ، المعروف أيضا باسم فريق التتابع التعاوني، وكذلك . شعاع النفاذ المتعدد بتقسيم
تكنولوجيا الإدراك الراديوي ، المعروفة أيضا باسم الراديوية الذكية: تتيح تقنيات الراديو المختلفة للمشاركة في نفس الطيف بكفاءة من خلال إيجاد تكييف الطيف غير المستخدم وتعديل مخطط انتقال إلى متطلبات التكنولوجيات التى تتقاسم الطيف حاليا . هذه الديناميكية إدارة موارد الراديو ويتحقق بطريقة التوزيع، وتعتمد على الراديوية المعرفة بالبرمجيات  انظر أيضا IEEE 802.22 القياسية لشبكات المناطق الإقليمية لاسلكي.
الحيوي مخصصا الشبكات اللاسلكية (DAWN), أساسا متطابقة مع المحمول المخصص الشبكة (MANET), شبكة متقاطعة لاسلكية (WMN) أو شبكات لاسلكية، جنبا إلى جنب مع هوائي ذكي، تنوع تعاونى ومرنة التشكيل.
تداخل طبقات البروتوكول أو ما يسمى التصميم متداخل الطبقات Cross layer
فضاء ألكسندر ثيوفيل فانديرموند جزئي والتردد بالتقسيم (VFDM): خطة تعديل للسماح بالتعايش مع الخلايا الكبرى والخلايا الراديوية الإدراكية الصغيرة في شبكة ذات مستويين LTE/4G .
ب IPv6، حيث يزور الرعاية يتم تعيين العنوان IP المحمول وفقا للموقع وشبكة الإتصال.
على ارتفاعات عالية محطة منصة الستراتوسفير نظم (HAPS).
أجهزة يمكن ارتداؤها مع قدرات الذكاء الاصطناعي .
واحد معيار عالمي موحد.
عالم لاسلكي حقيقي مع عدم وجود قيود أكثر مع قضايا الوصول والمناطق .
تتمحور حول المستخدم (أو بدأالهاتف الخلية المطور ) مفهوم الشبكة بدلا من بدأ المشغل (كما في 1G) أو مطور نظام البدأ (كما في المعايير 2G، 3G 4G)
في جميع أنحاء العالم على شبكة الإنترنت اللاسلكية (WWWW)، أي شاملة التطبيقات المستندة إلى ويب لاسلكي والتي تشمل القدرة للوصول إلى الوسائط المتعددة الكاملة وراء سرعات 4G.
شبكات كثيفة واسعة النطاق المعروف أيضا باسم خدمة ضخمة MIMO الموزعة لتوفيرخلايا خضراء صغيرة مرنة 5G Green Dense Small Cells

ميشال عون

ميشال عون (18 شباط / فبراير 1935 -)، جنرال و سياسي لبناني و المؤسس و الرئيس السابق للتيار السياسي: التيار الوطني الحر . عين قائدًا للجيش اللبناني من 23 يونيو 1984 إلى 27 نوفمبر 1989، ورئيساً للحكومة العسكرية اللبنانية التي تشكلت في 22 سبتمبر 1988، كما انتخب نائباً في مجلس النواب اللبناني من 1 مايو 2005 إلى 31 أكتوبر 2016 تاريخ انتخابه رئيساً للجمهورية اللبنانية بعد فترة شغور رئاسي دامت سنتين و نصف
التعليم والسيرة العسكرية

ميشال عون بالزي العسكري عام 1988م فترة الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية
بدايه دخوله إلى السلك العسكري كانت عندما تطوع بصفة تلميذ ضابط وذلك عام 1955، وتدرج في الترقية إلى أن وصل إلى رتبة عماد مع تعيينه قائدًا للجيش في 23 حزيران (يونيو) 1984. وقد تدرج قبل وصوله إلى قياده الجيش، حيث كان قد عين في 14 ديسمبر 1970 مساعدًا لقائد فوج المدفعية الأول، وفي 15 أبريل 1970 عين معاونًا لقائد كتيبة المدفعية الأولى وقائدًا للمفرزة الإدارية وآمرًا لسرية القيادة والخدمة بالوكالة. وفي 14 سبتمبر 1972 عين معاونًا عملانيًا لقائد كتيبة المدفعية الأولى ومعاون لوجستي. وعين قائدًا لكتيبة المدفعية الثانية وذلك من 17 سبتمبر 1973، ثم فصل إلى سلاح المدفعية بتصرف قائد السلاح اعتبارًا من 21 يناير 1976، ووضع بتصرف المفتش العام لمساعدته بالتحقيقات العدلية اعتبارًا من 6 فبراير 1976. وفي 23 أغسطس 1976 عين قائدًا لسلاح المدفعية. وفي 14 أغسطس 1982 عين رئيسًا لأركان قوات الجيش المكلفة بحفظ الأمن في بيروت. وفصل إلى لواء المشاة الثامن ليؤمن قيادة اللواء بالوكالة اعتباراً من 18 يناير 1983، وبعدها في 23 يونيو 1984 عين قائدًا للجيش. كما أنه أثناء خدمته العسكرية اجتاز عدد من الدورات في داخل لبنان وخارجه في كل من فرنسا والولايات المتحدة، كما نال العديد من الأوسمة والتنويهات والتهاني.

الحكومة العسكرية
كلف في نهاية سنوات الحرب رئاسة مجلس الوزراء من قبل الرئيس أمين الجميل بتشكيل حكومة عسكرية بعد تعذر انتخاب رئيس جمهورية جديد يخلفه، وكان هو في حينه قائدًا للجيش اللبناني، وقام الرئيس الجميل بتسليمه السلطة بعد أن شكل الحكومة العسكرية التي أصبحت في مواجهة الحكومة المدنية التي يرأسها بالنيابة الرئيس سليم الحص، وقد استقال الوزراء المسلمون من الحكومة بعد تشكيلها بساعات وبذلك أصبح للبنان حكومتان.
وقد عين في الحكومة بالإضافة إلى كونه رئيسًا لها وزيرًا للدفاع الوطني والإعلام مع احتفاظه برتبته العسكرية في الجيش. وفي 4 أكتوبر 1988 كلف بمهام وزارة الخارجية والمغتربين ووزارة التربية الوطنية والفنون الجميلة ووزارة الداخلية بالوكالة وذلك طيلة مدة غياب الوزير الأصيل.

اتفاق الطائف وتداعياته
في أغسطس 1989 تم التوصل في الطائف بوساطة السعودية إلى اتفاق الطائف الذي كان بداية لإنهاء الحرب الأهلية، ولكنه رفض الاتفاق بشقه الخارجي، وذلك لأنه يقضي بانتشار الجيش السوري على الأراضي اللبنانية ولا يحدد آلية لانسحابه من لبنان. وبعد معارك ضارية تم إقصائه من قصر بعبدا الرئاسي في 13 أكتوبر 1990 بعملية لبنانية / سورية مشتركة. لجأ إلى السفارة الفرنسية في بيروت وبقي هناك لفترة من الزمن حتى سمح له من بعدها بالتوجه إلى منفاه في فرنسا في 28 أغسطس 1991 .

العودة من المنفى والدخول إلى البرلمان اللبناني

شعار تحالف 8 آذار
عاد في 7 مايو 2005 من منفاه في فرنسا التي قضى فيها 15 عامًا، وعند عودته إلى لبنان استقبله عدد كبير من مناصريه في المطار. وخاض بعدها الانتخابات النيابية التي أجريت في شهري مايو ويونيو 2005 ودخل البرلمان اللبناني بكتلة نيابية مؤلفة من إحدى وعشرين نائبًا وهي ثاني أكبر كتلة في البرلمان، ويتزعم حاليًا التيار الوطني الحر. قام بالتوقيع على وثيقة تفاهم مع حزب الله في 6 فبراير 2006 في كنيسة مار مخايل.
شارك في مؤتمر الدوحة الذي انتهى بالتوقيع على اتفاق الدوحة في 21 مايو 2008، وتم بعد توقيع اتفاق الدوحة تشكيل حكومة وحدة وطنية تمثل كل الفئات اللبنانية وقد نالت كتلته النيابية خمسة وزراء. أقام علاقة حسن الجوار مع سوريا بعد انسحاب الجيش السوري من لبنان، منفّذاً بذلك أقواله أثناء تولّيه رئاسة الحكومة العسكرية، إذ طالب يومها سوريا بالانسحاب لإجراء أفضل العلاقات معها. حيث زار سوريا في 3 ديسمبر 2008 والتقى مع الرئيس السوري بشار الأسد بعد عداوة مع نظام الرئيس الأسبق حافظ الأسد. وفي انتخابات عام 2009 تمكن من زيادة عدد نواب تكتل التغيير والإصلاح إلى 27 نائب.

رئاسة جمهورية لبنان
بعد شغور دام أكثر من عامين ونصف تم انتخب ميشال عون رئيس للبنان بعد تصويت مجلس النواب اللبناني في الاثنين 31 أكتوبر/تشرين الأول 2016. وحصل عون على 83 صوت وجاء ترشيح عون بعد توافق بين الكتل السياسية في البلاد.

حياته العائلية
تزوج في 30 يونيو 1968 من نادية سليم الشامي (نادية عون بعد الزواج) ولهما ثلاث بنات هنّ :

ميراي (متزوجة من روي الهاشم).
كلودين (متزوجة من العميد شامل روكز ).
شانتال (متزوجة من رئيس التيار الوطني الحر جبران باسيل).

ال تشابو

خواكين غوزمان لويرا ومعروف باسم إل تشابو (بالإسبانية: Joaquín Guzmán Loera) ولد في (25 ديسمبر 1954 أو في 4 أبريل 1957)، هو تاجر مخدرات مكسيكي والرئيس السابق لكارتل سينالوا، وهي منظمة إجرامية سميت على اسم ولاية سينالوا الساحلية التي نشأت فيها. أصبح إل تشابو أكبر تاجر مخدرات في المكسيك عام 2003 بعد أعتقال منافسه أصيل كارديناس من كارتل الخليج. كان يعتبر "أقوى مهربي المخدرات في العالم" من قبل وزارة الخزانة الأمريكية.

كل سنة من 2009 إلى 2011، صفنت مجلة فوربس إل تشابو كواحد من أقوى الأشخاص في العالم، حيث أحتل ترتيب 41 و 60 و 55 على التوالي. وكان بذلك ثاني أقوى رجل في المكسيك، بعد كارلوس سليم. وتصفه المجلة بأنه "أكبر تاجر مخدرات على الإطلاق". وتعتبره الحكومة الفيدرالية الأمريكية "أكثر الناس قسوة وخطورة على الكوكب" وقدرت إدارة مكافحة المخدرات (DEA) أنه يقابل بابلو إسكوبار من ناحية النفوذ والامتداد وتعتبره "عراب عالم المخدرات". في عام 2013 أسمته لجنة شيكاغو الإجرامية "عدو الشعب رقم واحد" بسبب تأثير شبكته الإجرامية في مدينة شيكاغو (دون دليل واضح على أنه كان في تلك المدينة). آخر شخص تلقى مثل هذا الشهرة كان آل كابوني في عام 1930.

تقوم سينالوا كارتل التابعة لإل تشابو بنقل شحنات الكوكايين متعددة الأطنان من كولومبيا عبر المكسيك إلى الولايات المتحدة، أكبر مستهلك في العالم، ولديها خلايا توزيع في جميع أنحاء الولايات المتحدة. وقد شاركت المنظمة في إنتاج وتهريب وتوزيع ميثامفيتامينlh المكسيكي ووالماريجوانا و‌الإكستاسي و‌الهيروين في جميع أنحاء أمريكا وأوروبا. بحلول وقت اعتقاله في عام 2014 ، كانت إل تشابو قد صدر إلى الولايات المتحدة مخدرات أكثر من أي تاجر آخر، بما في ذلك أكثر من 500 طن من الكوكايين في الولايات المتحدة وحدها.

تم القبض على إل تشابو لأول مرة في عام 1993 في غواتيمالا وتم تسليمه وحكم عليه بالسجن لمدة 20 عامًا في المكسيك بتهمة القتل والاتجار بالمخدرات. وقام برشوة حراس السجن والهروب من سجن فيدرالي مشدد الحراسة في عام 2001. وكان مطلوبًا من حكومات المكسيك والولايات المتحدة ومن الأنتربول. عرضت الولايات المتحدة مكافأة قدرها 5 ملايين دولار مقابل معلومات تؤدي إلى اعتقاله، وقدمت الحكومة المكسيكية مكافأة قدرها 60 مليون بيزو (حوالي 3.8 مليون دولار). تم اعتقاله مرة ثانية في المكسيك في 22 فبراير 2014 وعثر عليه داخل شقة سكنية في الطابق الرابع في مازاتلان، سينالوا، وتم القبض عليه دون إطلاق أي رصاصة. هرب إل تشابو مرة أخرى في يوليو 2015 من خلال نفق بطول 1.5 كيلومتر تحت السجن مؤدي إلى موقع بناء. تم إعادة القبض عليه من قبل مشاة البحرية المكسيكية والشرطة الاتحادية بعد تبادل لإطلاق النار في 8 يناير 2016. تم تسليمه إلى الولايات المتحدة في 19 يناير 2017 لمواجهة تهم جنائية تتعلق بقيادته لكارتال سينالوا.
هرب كارتل سينالوا شحنات كوكايين متعددة من كولومبيا بواسطة المكسيك إلى الولايات المتحدة وعنده توزيع الخلايا في جميع أنحاء الولايات المتحدة. وقد شاركت المنظمة في تهريب وإنتاج وتوزيع الميثامفيتامين المكسيكية، الماريجوانا، والهيروين. قدمت الحكومة الأمريكية مكافأة قدرها خمسة ملايين دولار أمريكي وقدمت الحكومة المكسيكية كذلك مبلغ ثلاثين مليون بيزو للحصول على معلومات تؤدي إلى إلقاء القبض عليه وبتاريخ 8 يناير 2016 ألقت قوات البحرية المكسيكية القبض على غوزمان بعد معركة نارية، لتصبح تلك المرة الثالثة التي يلقى القبض عليه فيها. 

عن حياته
ولد غوزمان لعائلة فقيرة في مزرعة "لا تونة" بالقرب من درغتو، سينالوا. وكان يبيع البرتقال عندما كان طفلا. لديه اختان ارميدة و برناردة عدا ذلك يملك ال تشابو أربعة إخوة :ميغل انجل، أورليانو، أرتورو، اميليو. حياته مليئة بالمغموض اذ لا تتوفر الكثير من المعلومات عن السنوات الأولى لحياة غوزمان، يشاع أن والده كان مربي ماشية. وهو تعرف على رؤساء تجارة المخدرات في سينالوا من خلال بيدرو أفيليس بيريز لاعب رئيسي في تجارة المخدرات في سينالوا وكان غوزمان في العشرينات من عمره حينها، وكان أفيليس فرصة لغوزمان أن يبدأ في تجارة المخدرات وجمع ثروته. وفي السنوات الأخيرة من 1970 هكتور "ال غرو" لويس بالما سلزر أعطى غوزمان مهمته الكبيرة الأولىز وهي عبارة عن نقل المخدرات من السييرا إلى المدن المكسيكية وحدود البلد اضافة لاشرافه على الشحنات انذاك . وفي عام 1980 عرض لميغل "البدرن" انجل فليكس جالاردو على غوزمان مهمة تنسيق رحلات الطائرات، والشاحنات القادمة من كولومبيا إلى المكسيك. وبعد القبض على فيليكس جالاردو أصبح غوزمان مسيطر على كارتل سينالوا. غوزمان كان مطلوب من قبل حكومات المكسيك والولايات المتحدة و المنظمة الدولية للشرطة الجنائية.

الاعتقال الأول والهروب
تم القبض على غوزمان في غواتيمالا في 9 حزيران 1993 وتم تسليمه إلى المكسيك وحكم عليه بالسجن لمدة عشرين عاما وتسعة أشهر لتهريب المخدرات، وتهم الرشوة، تم سجنه في سجن "لا بالما" (الآن الاتحادية مركز إعادة التأهيل الاجتماعي رقم (1) أو ألتيبلانو)، بعد ادانته في ثلاث جرائم هي: حيازة الأسلحة النارية والاتجار بالمخدرات وقتل الكاردينال خوان خيسوس أوكامبو بوساداس وحكم عليه بالسجن في سجن اتحادي يقع على مشارف الدولة المكسيكية الملية دي خواريز.

هرب غوزمان من السجن في 19 يناير 2001 بعدما دفع للعديد من الحراس لمساعدته في الهروب، ومنذ هروبه من السجن أراد غوزمان تولي معبر سيوداد خواريز، الذي كان تحت سيطرة كاريو فوينتيس من كارتل الخواريز وفي 11 سبتمبر 2004 كارتل سينالوا قتل رئيس كارتل خواريز رودولفو كاريو فوينتيس. ومنذ الحادث مدينة خواريز وجدت نفسها على خط المواجهة في حرب المخدرات في أنحاء البلاد.

الاعتقال الثاني والهروب
كان هروبه الأول في عام 2001 بعد اختبائه في عربة نقل الملابس. واستطاعت القوات الخاصة إلقاء القبض عليه في فبراير 2004 في مزاتان في ولاية سينالوا الساحلية، فر إل تشابو من سجن يخضع لحراسة مشددة خارج مدينة مكسيكو للمرة الثانية خلال 14 عاما، وفق ما أعلنت الحكومة الأحد. وظهر إل تشابو للمرة الأخيرة على كاميرات المراقبة أثناء الاستحمام في سجن التيبلانو، 90 كيلومتر غرب العاصمة، مساء السبت قبل أن يختفي، وفق مفوضية الأمن القومي. وأطلق الإنذار بعد اختفائه بفترة وتم التأكد من فراره، بحسب ما جاء في بيان المفوضية. وتابع أنه "تم إطلاق عملية لتحديد مكانه في المنطقة وفي طرقات الولايات القريبة"، مشيرا إلى أنه تم تعليق الرحلات في مطار تولوكا القريب.

الاعتقال الثالث 2016
أعلن الرئيس المكسيكي إنريكه بينيا نييتو يوم الجمعة 8 يناير 2016 أن السلطات اعتقلت خواكين غوزمان زعيم عصابة سينالوا الشهيرة في لوس موتشيس التابعة لولاية سينالوا التي ينحدر منها شمالي غرب المكسيك بعد ستة أشهر من هروبه المثير من سجن شديد الحراسة عبر نفق امتد لأكثر من ميل، واعتقل غوزمان للمرة الأولى في فبراير شباط 2014.

وقالت الحكومة المكسيكية إن أكبر أباطرة تجارة المخدرات في العالم فر من مداهمة جرت الجمعة عبر أنبوب للصرف الصحي ولكنه ضُبط أثناء محاولته الفرار في سيارة، ونُقل غوزمان في طائرة هليكوبتر تابعة لقوات مشاة البحرية إلى نفس السجن الذي فر منه سابقا.

وكتب الرئيس المكسيكي بينا نييتو عبر حسابه على موقع التواصل الاجتماعي "تويتر": "تمت المهمة قبضنا عليه.. أريد أن أبلغ جميع المكسيكيين باعتقال خواكين غوزمان لويرا".

Craig Morgan

Craig Morgan Greer (born July 17, 1964) is an American country music artist. A veteran of the United States Army as a forward observer, Morgan began his musical career in 2000 on Atlantic Records, releasing his self-titled debut album for that label before the closure of its Nashville division in 2000. In 2002, Morgan signed to the independent Broken Bow Records, on which he released three studio albums: 2003's I Love It, 2005's My Kind of Livin', and 2006's Little Bit of Life. These produced several chart hits, including "That's What I Love About Sunday", which spent four weeks at the top of the Billboard country charts while also holding the No. 1 position on that year's Billboard Year-End chart for the country format. A greatest hits package followed in mid-2008 before Morgan signed to BNA Records and released That's Why later that same year. After exiting BNA, Morgan signed with Black River Entertainment and released This Ole Boy in 2012, followed by A Whole Lot More to Me in 2016.

Morgan has charted seventeen times on the Billboard country charts. Besides "That's What I Love About Sunday", six more of his singles have reached that chart's top ten: "Almost Home", "Redneck Yacht Club", "Little Bit of Life", "International Harvester", "Love Remembers", and "Bonfire".
Craig Morgan Greer was born in Kingston Springs, Tennessee, on July 17, 1964.[1] He became an Emergency medical technician at age 18. He served on active duty for nine and a half years in the US Army as a member of the 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions and remained in the reserves for another six and a half years.[2]

Musical career
Upon his return home to Tennessee, he worked various jobs to support his family, including as a construction worker, a security guard and a Wal-Mart employee.[3] He would later land a job in Nashville singing demos for other songwriters and publishing companies.[3] The demos led to releasing his first album with Atlantic Records, the self-titled Craig Morgan in 2000. It produced three singles including "Something to Write Home About", which reached number 39 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts.[1] The album was produced by Buddy Cannon and Norro Wilson, with co-writing credits from Cannon, Bill Anderson and Harley Allen among others.[4] The album's final track, "I Wish I Could See Bakersfield", included a recitation from Merle Haggard.[4] Country Standard Time critic Jon Weisberger gave the album a mixed review, saying that Morgan had a strong singing voice but that most of the songs were "by-the-numbers".[5] Jim Patterson of The Ledger said that lead-off single "Something to Write Home About" was "pedestrian", but that the rest of the album was "an uncommonly assured hard-country effort".[6] Late in the year, Morgan charted a Christmas single entitled "The Kid in Me".[7] Morgan left Atlantic Records in early 2001 when the label closed its Nashville branch, but said that he was not afraid of his musical future because he still had a publishing contract at the time.[8]

2002–2004: I Love It
In 2002, Morgan signed with Broken Bow Records. The label released his second album, I Love It, in March 2003. Leading off this album was "God, Family and Country", a song dedicated to former Nashville session drummer Randy Hardison, with backing vocals from the group 4 Runner.[9] It peaked at number 49 on the country charts. Following this song was Morgan's first Top 40 hit, "Almost Home". The song originally reached a peak of No. 33, but it was re-added to the charts three weeks later after an unexpected increase in airplay.[10] Upon re-entering the charts, the song went on to a new peak position of No. 6 on the country charts, while also reaching number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100.[1] In addition, it won Morgan and co-writer Kerry Kurt Phillips a Song of the Year award from Broadcast Music Incorporated.[11] The album's next two singles, "Every Friday Afternoon" and "Look at Us", both reached the country top 30. By 2004, the album had sold more than 300,000 copies, and its success was cited by Billboard as the beginning of a new wave of commercial success among independently signed country music artists.[8] Rick Cohoon of Allmusic gave I Love It four stars out of five, saying that Morgan's songwriting was "well-crafted" and that his service in the Army justified the patriotic themes of "God, Family and Country".[12] Jeffrey B. Remz of Country Standard Time commended the album for maintaining a neotraditionalist country sound, but said that the ballads were "generic".[13]

2005–2006: My Kind of Livin'
Morgan released his third album, My Kind of Livin', in 2004. It included eight songs that he co-wrote, and guest vocals from John Conlee and Brad Paisley on "Blame Me".[14] The first single release, "That's What I Love About Sunday", became his only No. 1 on the country charts, spending four weeks in that position while also reaching No. 51 on the Hot 100.[1] It was also the first No. 1 single for the Broken Bow label, as well as the first independently distributed single to top the country charts in five years, and the first such single to spend multiple weeks at that position since The Kendalls' "Heaven's Just a Sin Away" in 1977.[14] "That's What I Love About Sunday" also placed at No. 1 on that year's Billboard Year-End charts for the country format.[8][15]

The album's next single, "Redneck Yacht Club", reached No. 2 on the country charts and accounted for his highest peak on the Hot 100, where it went to 45.[1] After it came "I Got You". Morgan wrote this song while on tour with Keith Urban, with the intention of having Urban record it, but decided to keep it for himself after recording a demo of it.[16] My Kind of Livin' was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping 500,000 copies, and "Redneck Yacht Club" received a gold single certification for 500,000 music downloads.[1] Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B rating, saying in his review that "Morgan's is an idealized Kind of Americana, to be sure. But at least he provides enough writerly detail to avoid setting off smarm alarms."[17] Country Standard Time reviewer Jeffrey B. Remz was generally favorable in his review, saying that Morgan has "a strong voice" and "a number of quality songs", but his review criticized the album's "big and clean" production.[18]

2006–2008: Little Bit of Life and Greatest Hits
His third and final album for Broken Bow, Little Bit of Life, was issued in 2006. Morgan and O'Donnell co-produced the album with Keith Stegall, a record producer known for his work with Alan Jackson,[8] and Morgan co-wrote four of its eleven songs.[19] The label shipped more than 200,000 copies of the album in its first week, and made special exclusive releases for retailers such as Target and Walmart.[8] Three singles were issued: the title track, "Tough", and "International Harvester", all of which made the Hot Country Songs charts. Kevin Oliver of Country Standard Time commended the album's neotraditionalist sound and called Morgan "a classic country singer" but said that, beyond the title track and "Tough", "the traditional sound is mostly wasted."[20] Billboard reviewer Deborah Evans Price gave "Tough" a positive review, praising Morgan's "strong, warm voice" and calling the song "yet another gem" from the album.[21] A Greatest Hits package followed in February 2008, shortly before his departure from Broken Bow.[22]

2008–2010: That's Why
On September 18, 2008, Morgan was invited by John Conlee to become a member of the Grand Ole Opry.[23] Conlee formally inducted him as a member during the October 25, 2008, edition of the Opry.[24] Although it had been first announced that Morgan would sign to Big Machine Records' sister label Valory Music Group,[22] he instead signed to BNA Records, a division of Sony BMG Nashville.[25] His first album for the label, That's Why, was released in October 2008. Its first single, "Love Remembers", became his sixth top ten hit by early 2009, but follow-up "God Must Really Love Me" peaked at number 26. BNA re-issued the album in May 2009, replacing two of its tracks with the newly recorded "Bonfire" and "This Ain't Nothin'". The former was released that month as the album's third single, also reaching top ten. In October 2009, the music video for "God Must Really Love Me" won Video of the Year from the Inspirational Country Music Awards.[26] In early 2010, "This Ain't Nothin'" was released as the album's fourth single. It became a top 20 country hit by year's end. Stephen Thomas Erlewine criticized the album for having "uninspired" material, but praised Morgan's "cured country croon".[27] In a more favorable review, Country Standard Time wrote that the songs were "simple but profoundly observant" and compared Morgan's singing voice to Randy Travis.[28] Morgan's last single for BNA, "Still a Little Chicken Left on That Bone", was released in October 2010. The song peaked at number 37 on the country music charts in January 2011. A month later, he left the label.[29]

2011–2015: This Ole Boy, The Journey (Livin' Hits)
On April 1, 2011, Morgan signed with Black River Entertainment. Two months later, he sang guest vocals on Colt Ford's single "She Likes to Ride in Trucks".[30] Morgan's first release for Black River was "This Ole Boy",[31] a song co-written by The Peach Pickers (Rhett Akins, Dallas Davidson, and Ben Hayslip) that also appears on Joe Nichols' 2011 album It's All Good.[32] The song is the title track to Morgan's first Black River album, This Ole Boy, which was released on February 28, 2012. The title track was a Top 20 hit for Morgan on the Hot Country Songs chart. After it, "Corn Star" failed to make Top 40, while "More Trucks Than Cars" reached top 30. In July 2013, Morgan released "Wake Up Lovin' You", the first single from his second compilation album The Journey (Livin' Hits).[33] Morgan canceled several shows in May 2014 due to surgical complications for torn tendons in his shoulders.[34]

2015–present: A Whole Lot More to Me
The lead single to Morgan's third album for Black River Entertainment, "When I'm Gone", was released to digital retailers on September 18, 2015, and to radio on September 21, 2015.[35] The song peaked at number 48 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart. The album, A Whole Lot More to Me, was released on June 3, 2016.[36]

In 2019, Morgan released a new single called "The Father, My Son, and the Holy Ghost".[37] Upon hearing the song, Blake Shelton started a campaign on Twitter to help boost the song's chart position.[38] Following this song's release, Morgan was re-signed to Broken Bow for distribution of the single.[39]

Personal life
Morgan is married to wife Karen and have had five children: daughters Marisa and Aly and sons Kyle, Jerry, and Wyatt. He and his family currently reside in Dickson, Tennessee.[40] In February 2011, Morgan rescued two young children from a burning house in Dickson, Tennessee, and then manned a fire hose to help put out the fire.[41] On April 23, 2011, Morgan became an honorary initiate of the Delta Theta chapter of the Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity. On July 10, 2016, Morgan's son, Jerry Greer, went missing after falling off an innertube in Kentucky Lake on the Tennessee River. His body was recovered one day later. He was 19 years old.[42]

Charitable efforts
Morgan frequently performs at military bases both in the U.S. and abroad and on USO tours. He was awarded the 2006 USO Merit Award for his tireless support of US soldiers and their families.[43] Having served in the military, Morgan told American Songwriter Magazine, "Because I have been there, I can appreciate that and have the ability to communicate with them a little differently."[44] Morgan has been active in raising money for the Special Operations Warrior Foundation.[45] Morgan has an annual two-day charity (Craig Morgan Charity Fund) for Billy's Place. The most recent, and fifth one, was held in Dickson, Tennessee on August 6–7, 2011. The event raised more than $95,000. Morgan came up with the idea for Billy's Place while serving as an assistant Dickson County sheriff's deputy from 1995 to 1996. Through the Craig Morgan Charity Fund, Morgan plans to provide lasting funding to the home.[46]

Discography
Main article: Craig Morgan discography
Albums
Craig Morgan (2000)
I Love It (2003)
My Kind of Livin' (2005)
Little Bit of Life (2006)
Greatest Hits (2008)
That's Why (2008)
This Ole Boy (2012)
The Journey (Livin' Hits) (2013)
A Whole Lot More to Me (2016)
Top ten singles (U.S. Hot Country Songs)
"Almost Home" (No. 6, 2003)
"That's What I Love About Sunday" (No. 1, 2004–2005)
"Redneck Yacht Club" (No. 2, 2005)
"Little Bit of Life" (No. 7, 2006–2007)
"International Harvester" (No. 10, 2007–2008)
"Love Remembers" (No. 9, 2008)
"Bonfire" (No. 4, 2009)

Daryl Morey

Daryl Morey (born September 14, 1972) is an American sports executive and a general manager of the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is a strong proponent of analytical methods, having created the "true shooting percentage" statistic, and co-founded the annual MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference. Morey's basketball philosophy, heavily reliant on analytics, favors three-point field goals over mid-range jumpers. This style has been dubbed "Moreyball", as a nod towards Michael Lewis's Moneyball.

During his tenure as general manager for Houston since 2007, he has posted the second most wins in the NBA— behind only the San Antonio Spurs—and since the blockbuster trade bringing MVP James Harden to the Rockets, he has posted the third best record—behind only the Spurs and Golden State Warriors.
Early life
Morey was born in Baraboo, Wisconsin. He graduated from Highland High School in Medina, Ohio,[3] before receiving a bachelor's degree in computer science with an emphasis on statistics from Northwestern University in 1996,[4] as well as an MBA from the MIT Sloan School of Management.

Career
Morey began his career as a principal consultant with an emphasis on sports at The Parthenon Group, a leading strategy consulting firm. He was also a statistical consultant with STATS, Inc with a focus in sports.

After the Parthenon Group, Morey served three years as SVP Operations for the Boston Celtics. While with the Celtics, he was given much responsibility for basketball operations, including ticket pricing and the development of analytical methods and technology to enhance basketball decisions related to the draft, trades, free agency, and advanced scouting of opponents for the coaching staff.[citation needed]

Then-Houston Rockets' owner Leslie Alexander named Morey assistant general manager of the Houston Rockets on April 3, 2006. He succeeded Carroll Dawson as general manager on May 10, 2007. His hiring followed the Moneyball trend of employing more advanced statistical-based analysis in addition to the traditional use of qualitative scouting and basic statistics.[5] Several teams have hired executives with non-traditional basketball backgrounds, but the Houston Rockets were the first NBA team to hire such a general manager. In the fall of 2012, he and the Rockets acquired now-All-Star and 2017-18 league MVP James Harden via trade from the Oklahoma City Thunder. During Morey's tenure, the Rockets have not had a losing record and have advanced to the playoffs 9 times, including to the Western Conference Finals in 2015 and 2018. He was also named the NBA Executive of the Year in 2018.[6] Despite consistent regular season success, the Rockets have not been to the NBA Finals once during Morey's tenure.

Morey is the co-chairperson for the annual MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference. He is also an avid Esports supporter, has attended MLG (Major League Gaming) events[citation needed], and is part owner of Clutch Gaming, the Houston, Texas based League of Legends Championship Series eSports team.[citation needed] Morey is also passionate about musical theater. He commissioned and produced the basketball themed musical Small Ball, which opened in April 2018 at the Catastrophic Theater in Houston, Texas.[7]

Media
The Undoing Project
Author of Moneyball, Michael Lewis, chose Daryl Morey as the new nerd-hero at the center of his 2016 book, The Undoing Project. Whereas Moneyball highlighted the plight and success of Billy Beane as GM of the Oakland Athletics in 2003, The Undoing Project reveals Daryl Morey as the underdog king of basketball, making use of a similar analytical method to acquire undervalued talent as Beane did with the A's to produce a forceful team. Lewis uses Morey as a real-world example of one who has exemplified ideas introduced by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, two Israeli psychologists whose work pioneered the field of behavioral economics.[8][9] The psychologist duo defined a simple, two-part distinction of the way the brain makes decisions: System 1 and System 2. A more intuitive, subjective, fast, and efficient process, System 1 represents the brain's capacity to make split-second choices, often using personal experience to guide decision-making. System 2, however, characterizes a slower, more analytical process of reasoning to reach a conclusion. Michael Lewis points out in The Undoing Project how Daryl Morey observed basketball experts of the time making awfully subjective assessments in looking at basketball players. Shifting the Rockets' scouting strategy to look at hard data over simple observations, Morey implemented a more System-2-based approach to the team's hiring practices. This strategy is thought to be critically linked to the Houston Rockets' recent success.[9]

Twitter comments on Hong Kong
On October 4, 2019, Morey tweeted in support of the 2019 Hong Kong protests, drawing criticism from Rockets owner Tilman Fertitta, who said that while Morey was the best general manager in the NBA, the Rockets were not a political organization.[10][11][12] Morey later deleted the tweet while retaining another tweet which was critical of President Donald Trump.[11][12][13][13] In mainland China, where the Rockets have an extensive relationship after the selection of Yao Ming in 2002,[14][10] Morey's tweet resulted in the Chinese Basketball Association's suspension of its relationship with the Rockets and the issuance of a statement of dissatisfaction from the consulate office of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Houston.[14][15][11] The Associated Press said that the reactions underscored Beijing’s sensitivity about foreign attitudes toward the protests.[14]

A few days later, Morey and the NBA each issued a separate statement addressing the original tweet, with Morey saying that he never intended his tweet to cause any offense and the NBA saying that it was regrettable.[14] The statements were criticized by US politicians and third-party observers for the perceived exercise of economic statecraft by the PRC and insufficiency of the NBA's defense of Morey's tweet.[16] Critics also contrasted the league's disparate response to Morey's tweet with its history of political activism[17] and compared the incident to an October 2 South Park episode "Band in China" which parodies the self-censorship of the American entertainment industry to meet PRC censorship demands.[18] The statements also drew criticism from mainland Chinese state-run media for the perceived insufficiency of the apology by both Morey and the NBA.[19][20] NBA commissioner Adam Silver later defended the league's response to the tweet, supporting Morey's right to freedom of expression while also accepting the right of reply from the government of and businesses from mainland China.[21] Further fallout from the tweet included the decision by China Central Television to cancel the broadcasting of two NBA preseason games,[22] pro Hong Kong protest demonstrations held at preseason games in the United States involving teams from the Chinese Basketball Association,[23][24] the cancellation of NBA Cares community events in Shanghai,[25][26] criticism by US President Donald Trump of the perceived double standards by the reactions of specific coaches to NBA response relative to their past criticisms of his policies,[27] and the suspension/termination of all mainland Chinese sponsors of the NBA.[26][28] An article by Fox Business said that the NBA would look to Africa and India for growth if the league were to sever ties with mainland China as a result of the tweet.

Zion Williamson

Zion Lateef Williamson (born July 6, 2000) is an American professional basketball player for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He plays the small forward and power forward positions. Following a dominant freshman-year stint with the Duke Blue Devils, he was selected by the Pelicans first overall in the 2019 NBA draft.

Born in Salisbury, North Carolina, Williamson attended Spartanburg Day School, where he was a consensus five-star recruit and was ranked among the top five players in the 2018 class. He led his team to three straight state championships and earned South Carolina Mr. Basketball recognition in his senior season. Williamson also left high school as a McDonald's All-American, runner-up for Mr. Basketball USA, and USA Today All-USA first team honoree. In high school, he drew national attention for his slam dunks.

In his freshman and only season with Duke, Williamson was named ACC Player of the Year, ACC Athlete of the Year and ACC Rookie of the Year. He set the single-game school scoring record for freshmen in January 2019, claimed ACC Rookie of the Week accolades five times, earned AP Player of the Year, Sporting News College Player of the Year recognition, and won the Wayman Tisdale Award.Early life
Williamson was born in Salisbury, North Carolina. Besides basketball, Williamson played soccer and the quarterback position in football.[1] When he was five years old, he set sights on becoming a college basketball star. At age nine, Williamson began waking up every morning at 5 a.m. to go train.[2] He competed in youth leagues with his mother Sharonda Sampson coaching and played for the Sumter Falcons on the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) circuit, facing opponents four years older than him.[3] Williamson later began working with his stepfather, former college basketball player Lee Anderson, to improve his skills as a point guard.[2] He joined the basketball team at Johnakin Middle School in Marion, South Carolina, where he was again coached by his mother and averaged 20 points per game. In middle school, Williamson was a point guard and lost only three games in two years.[2] In 2013, he guided Johnakin to an 8–1 record and a conference title.[4]

High school career
Freshman and sophomore seasons
Williamson attended Spartanburg Day School, a small K–12 private school in Spartanburg, South Carolina, where he played basketball for the Griffins.[1] Between eighth and ninth grade, he grew from 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) to 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m).[3] In the summer leading up to his first season, Williamson practiced in the school gym and developed the ability to dunk.[5] At the time, he competed for the South Carolina Hornets AAU team as well, where he was teammates with Ja Morant.[6] As a freshman, Williamson averaged 24.4 points, 9.4 rebounds, 2.8 assists, 3.3 steals and 3.0 blocks, earning All-State and All-Region honors.[7] He also led Spartanburg Day to a South Carolina Independent School Association (SCISA) state championship game appearance.[8] In March 2015, Williamson took part in the SCISA North-South All-Star Game in Sumter, South Carolina.[9] By his second year in high school, he stood 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m).[8] In his sophomore season, Williamson averaged 28.3 points, 10.4 rebounds, 3.9 blocks, and 2.7 steals per game and was named SCISA Region I-2A Player of the Year.[10] He led the Griffins to their first SCISA Region I-2A title in program history.[1] In June 2016, Williamson participated in the National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) Top 100 camp and was its leading scorer.[11] In August, he won the Under Armour Elite 24 showcase dunk contest in New York City.[12]

Junior season
As a junior, Williamson averaged 36.8 points, 13 rebounds, 3 steals, and 2.5 blocks per game.[13] Entering the season, he was among 50 players selected to the Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award watch list.[14] Starting in the 2016–17 season, Williamson was propelled into the national spotlight for his viral highlight videos.[15] He made his season debut on November 15, 2016, recording 42 points and 16 rebounds in a win over Cardinal Newman High School.[16] In the same month, his highlights drew the praise of NBA player Stephen Curry.[17] On November 24, Williamson erupted for 50 points, including 10 dunks, along with 16 rebounds and 5 blocks versus Proviso East High School at the Tournament of Champions.[18][19] In a 73–53 victory over Gray Collegiate Academy at the Chick-fil-A Classic on December 21, he posted a tournament-record 53 points and 16 rebounds, shooting 25-of-28 from the field.[20] On December 30, Williamson recorded 31 points and 14 rebounds to win most valuable player (MVP) at the Farm Bureau Insurance Classic.[21] On January 15, 2017, he received nationwide publicity after rapper Drake wore his jersey in an Instagram post.[22]

Williamson surpassed the 2,000-point barrier on January 20, when he tallied 48 points against Oakbrook Preparatory School.[23] On February 14, he led Spartanburg Day past Oakbrook Prep for their first SCISA Region I-2A title, chipping in a game-high 37 points in a 105–49 rout. Williamson broke the state record for most 30-point games in a season, with 27 by the end of the regular season.[24] He repeated as SCISA Region I-2A Player of the Year.[13] High school sports website MaxPreps named him National Junior of the Year and to the High School All-American first team, while USA Today High School Sports gave him All-USA first team recognition.[25][26][27] On April 22, 2017, Williamson recorded 26 points and 7 rebounds for his AAU team SC Supreme in a loss to highly touted recruit Romeo Langford and Twenty Two Vision at an Adidas Gauntlet tournament.[28] In June, he appeared on the cover of basketball magazine Slam.[29] Williamson, in a highly publicized AAU game on July 27, scored 28 points and led SC Supreme to a 104–92 win over 2019 class recruit LaMelo Ball and Big Ballers at the Adidas Uprising Summer Championships.[30] In August, he was named MVP of the 2017 Adidas Nations camp after averaging 22.5 points and 7.2 rebounds through 6 games.[31]

Senior season
In his senior season, Williamson averaged 36.4 points, 11.4 rebounds and 3.5 assists per game.[32] He debuted on November 15, 2017, erupting for 46 points and 15 rebounds in a 70–62 loss to Christ School.[33] In his home opener on November 21, he recorded 29 points and 11 rebounds, leading the Griffins to a 70–55 win over Hammond School.[34] In the game, Williamson bruised his left foot, which sidelined him for over a month.[35] While recovering, he commented, "It's really been a time to grow mentally."[36] Williamson made his return from the injury on January 11, 2018, scoring 31 points in a 71–62 victory over Asheville Christian Academy.[37] On January 13, in a nationally televised game at the Hoophall Classic, he scored 36 points as his team lost to Chino Hills High School.[38] Williamson tallied 30 points and 13 rebounds in his final home game on February 8, a 58–54 win over Greensboro Day School.[39] On February 17, he posted 37 points, 10 rebounds, and 5 steals, while scoring his 3,000th career point, versus Spartanburg Christian Academy at the SCISA Region I-2A tournament.[40] One week later, Williamson guided Spartanburg Day to its third consecutive SCISA Region I-2A championship after recording 38 points against Trinity Collegiate School.[41]

On March 28, Williamson played in the 2018 McDonald's All-American Game, where he scored 8 points in 17 minutes before leaving with a thumb injury.[42][43] The injury also forced him to miss the Jordan Brand Classic and Nike Hoop Summit in the following month.[44] For his 2017–18 high school season, Williamson was named to the USA Today All-USA first team and MaxPreps All-American second team.[45][46] He additionally earned South Carolina Mr. Basketball recognition and was runner-up for Mr. Basketball USA.[47][48]

Recruiting
Wofford offered Williamson his first college basketball scholarship when he was a freshman in high school.[49] In the summer of 2015, Williamson emerged with the South Carolina Hornets AAU team as one of the top players in his class.[50] By the end of his sophomore season, he received offers from 16 NCAA Division I programs, including Clemson, Florida, and South Carolina, but was not planning on making a decision until his senior year.[10] In the summer of 2016, Williamson was drawing the most attention from Clemson, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[51] On August 30, 2016, he received a scholarship offer from Duke.[52] Williamson was also offered a football scholarship by Eric Mateos, tight ends coach for LSU, but did not show interest.[53] Entering his junior season, he was a consensus five-star recruit and was ranked the number one player in the 2018 class by recruiting service 247Sports.[54] In December 2016, ESPN recruiting director Paul Biancardi touted Williamson as "probably the best player in terms of production" in his class.[2] By 2018, most recruiting experts predicted that he would play for Clemson.[55]

In a live ESPN telecast on January 20, 2018, Williamson committed to Duke.[56][57] He explained the decision, "Duke stood out because the brotherhood represents a family. (Mike Krzyzewski) is just the most legendary coach that ever coached college basketball. I feel like going to Duke University, I can learn a lot from him."[57] Duke, who had landed RJ Barrett and Cam Reddish in addition to Williamson, became the first team to land the top three recruits in a class since modern recruiting rankings began.[58] His stepfather Lee Anderson remarked that Clemson lost a "mile-and-a-half lead" in recruiting Williamson.[59] Despite having three of the country's top recruits on their roster, Duke was unable to win the 2019 NCAA Tournament when they lost to Michigan State by one point in the East Regional Final.
Williamson played in a preseason game for Duke on August 15, 2018, in an 86–67 win over Canadian university Ryerson, recording a double-double of 29 points and 13 rebounds and shooting 3-of-4 from three-point range.[60] He was named to the preseason watch lists for the Karl Malone Award, Naismith Trophy, and John R. Wooden Award.[61][62][63] On November 6, in his first regular season game with Duke, Williamson scored 28 points on 11-of-13 shooting in 23 minutes in a 118–84 win over Kentucky at the Champions Classic.[64] In the game, he and teammate RJ Barrett each broke the Duke freshman debut scoring record set by Marvin Bagley III.[65] In his following game, a 94–72 victory over Army, Williamson tallied 27 points, 16 rebounds, and 6 blocks.[66] He became the second player in school history to record at least 25 points, 15 rebounds, and 5 blocks in a game.[67] Williamson was subsequently named both player and freshman of the week in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).[67]

On January 5, 2019, he had another strong performance versus Clemson, with 25 points, 10 rebounds, and a 360-degree dunk in 22 minutes.[68] Two days later, Williamson earned ACC Freshman of the Week honors for a second time.[69] On January 8, he posted 30 points, 10 rebounds, 5 assists, and 4 steals in an 87–65 win over Wake Forest.[70] On January 12, against Florida State, he was poked in the left eye by an opposing player towards the second half and missed the remainder of the game.[71] Williamson returned in Duke's next game, a 95–91 overtime loss to Syracuse, and erupted for 35 points, 10 rebounds, and 4 blocks.[72] He eclipsed the Duke freshman record for single-game points previously held by Marvin Bagley III and J.J. Redick.[73] On January 21, Williamson collected his third ACC Freshman of the Week accolades.[74] One week later, he scored 26 points and grabbed 9 rebounds in an 81–63 victory over Notre Dame.[75] By recording nine 25-point games in the season, Williamson set a new Duke freshman record.[76] On February 2, he led all scorers with 29 points and 5 steals in a 91–61 win over St. John's.[77] After two days, Williamson was named ACC Freshman of the Week on his fourth occasion, while earning National Player of the Week distinction from the Naismith Trophy.[78] He had his third 30-point game of the season on February 16, scoring 32 points in a 94–78 victory over NC State.[79] The performance helped him claim his second ACC Player of the Week and fifth ACC Freshman of the Week accolades
In a February 20 game versus North Carolina, Williamson suffered a Grade 1 knee sprain 36 seconds into the contest after his foot ripped through his Nike shoe, causing him to slip.[81][82] He did not return to the game, which Duke lost, 88–72.[83] Nike saw the value of its stock drop by $1.1 billion the following day as a result of the incident.[84][85] The day after the injury, Duke announced that Williamson was "day-to-day".[86] The incident led to growing calls for Williamson to stop playing basketball at the college level because he had already established himself as the top 2019 NBA draft prospect.[87][88] In addition, the injury resulted in more criticism of the NCAA for not paying student-athletes.[89][90][91] He was held out from his team's final six games in the regular season.[92] When the regular season concluded, Williamson earned Player of the Year and Rookie of the Year honors in the ACC, joining former Duke players Jahlil Okafor and Marvin Bagley III as the only recipients of both awards. Williamson was also named ACC Athlete of the Year, becoming the 10th Duke player to win the Award.[93] He additionally made the ACC All-Defensive and All-Freshman teams.[94] Sporting News named Williamson as its Player of the Year and Freshman of the Year.[95] He returned from injury on March 14, posting 29 points, 14 rebounds, and 5 steals in an 84–72 win over Syracuse in the quarterfinals of the ACC Tournament.[96] He shot 13-of-13 from the field, marking the best shooting performance in school and tournament history, while tying the best in ACC history.[97] Williamson also became the first Duke player to record at least 25 points, 10 rebounds, and 5 steals in a game since Christian Laettner in 1992.[98] The next day, he scored 31 points including the game-winner to help Duke defeat North Carolina, 74–73, in the ACC Tournament semifinals.[99] After posting 21 points in a 73–63 victory over Florida State in the championship game, Williamson was named ACC Tournament MVP, becoming the sixth freshman to win the honor.[100]

For the 2019 NCAA Tournament, official broadcast partner CBS specifically devoted a camera—called the "Zion Cam"—to record Williamson throughout the tournament.[101] In his NCAA Tournament debut on March 22, he scored 25 points in an 85–62 win over 16th-seeded North Dakota State.[102] On March 24, Williamson erupted for 32 points, 11 rebounds, and 4 assists in a 77–76 second round victory over UCF. He was the first player in school history to record at least 25 points, 10 rebounds, and 4 assists in an NCAA Tournament game.[103] Williamson led all scorers on March 31, with 24 points and 14 rebounds in a season-ending 68–67 loss to Michigan State in the Elite 8.[104] Through 33 appearances in his freshman season, he averaged 22.6 points, 8.9 rebounds, 2.1 steals, and 1.8 blocks per game.[105] He shot 68% from the field, which led the ACC, ranked second in the NCAA Division I, and was the highest ever field goal percentage by a freshman.[106][107] In addition, Williamson joined Kevin Durant and Anthony Davis as the only freshmen to collect 500 points, 50 steals, and 50 blocks in a season.[107]

On April 15, 2019, Williamson declared his eligibility for the 2019 NBA draft.[108] After the New Orleans Pelicans won the 2019 NBA Draft Lottery, Williamson's stepfather Lee Anderson said they were excited about him potentially playing in New Orleans and dismissed rumors that he would return to Duke for a second year, saying, "As far as returning to Duke, that's not something we've even considered."[109]

Professional career
On June 20, 2019, the New Orleans Pelicans drafted Williamson with the first pick in the 2019 NBA draft.[110][111] On July 1, 2019, Williamson officially signed with the Pelicans.[112]

Player profile
Williamson is listed at 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) tall in shoes and weighs 285 pounds (129 kg).[113][114] Despite his heavy weight for a basketball player, he is known for his speed and leaping ability.[115][116] NBA player Kevin Durant described him as a "once-in-a-generation type athlete" while an anonymous college basketball coach labeled him a "freak of nature".[117][118] Williamson plays the power forward position but is also capable of being a small-ball center.[119] However, he is best played as a forward due to his size. He has been described as not fitting a specific basketball position.[120] His physical attributes have drawn comparisons to former NBA stars Charles Barkley and Larry Johnson.[121] In addition, according to different analysts, he resembles NBA players LeBron James and Julius Randle.[120] Lee Sartor, Williamson's high school coach, reported that basketball coach Roy Williams told Williamson "that he was probably one of the best high school players he's seen since Michael Jordan".[122] Williamson, who is left-handed, is almost ambidextrous, being adept using either hand.[120]

While in high school, Williamson drew national attention for his slam dunks.[123] The Charlotte Observer remarked that he "could be the best high-school dunker in history".[124] NBA point guard John Wall has likened Williamson's in-game dunking ability to that of Vince Carter.[125] Williamson's outside shooting has been considered a point of concern, and he has unorthodox shot mechanics.[3][5][126] Recruiting service 247Sports has praised his ball handling and passing skills for his size, commenting that they are "overshadowed by [his] athletic plays".[127] Williamson has the ability to defend multiple positions well due to his speed and length, although his defensive effort has been questioned.[128] His explosive play makes him a reliable shot-blocker and gives him prowess as a rebounder.[129]

زياد علي

زياد علي محمد