الأحد، 24 نوفمبر 2019

Kangana Ranaut

Kangana Ranaut (pronounced [kəŋɡənaː raːɳoːʈʰ]; born 23 March 1987) is an Indian actress and director who works in Hindi films. The recipient of several awards, including three National Film Awards and four Filmfare Awards, she has featured five times in Forbes India's Celebrity 100 list.

Born in Bhambla, a small town in Himachal Pradesh, Ranaut initially aspired to become a doctor at the insistence of her parents. Determined to build her own career path, she relocated to Delhi at age sixteen, where she briefly became a model. After training under the theatre director Arvind Gaur, Ranaut made her feature film debut in the 2006 thriller Gangster, for which she was awarded the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut. She received praise for portraying emotionally intense characters in the dramas Woh Lamhe (2006), Life in a... Metro (2007) and Fashion (2008). For the last of these, she won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Ranaut featured in the commercially successful films Raaz: The Mystery Continues (2009) and Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (2010), though she was criticised for being typecast in neurotic roles. A comic role opposite R. Madhavan in the 2011 commercially successful Tanu Weds Manu was well-received, though this was followed by a series of brief, glamorous roles in films that failed to propel her career forward. This changed in 2013 when she played a mutant opposite Hrithik Roshan in the science fiction film Krrish 3, one of the highest-grossing Indian films. Ranaut went on to win two consecutive National Film Awards for Best Actress for playing a naive woman in the comedy-drama Queen (2014) and a dual role in the comedy sequel Tanu Weds Manu: Returns (2015), which ranks as the most successful Hindi film featuring a female protagonist. Following a series of commercial failures, she co-directed and played the titular role in the biopic Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi (2019).

Ranaut is credited in the media as one of the most fashionable celebrities in the country, and she has launched her own clothing lines for the brand Vero Moda. Her reputation for expressing her honest opinions in public and her troubled personal and professional relationships have frequently sparked controversy.
Early life and background
Ranaut was born on 23 March 1987 at Bhambla (now Surajpur), a small town in the Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh, into a Rajput family.[1][2][3][4] Her mother, Asha Ranaut, is a school teacher, and her father, Amardeep Ranaut, is a businessman.[5] She has an elder sister, Rangoli, who as of 2014 works as her manager and a younger brother, Akshat.[6][7] Her great-grandfather, Sarju Singh Ranaut, was a Member of the Legislative Assembly and her grandfather was an officer for the Indian Administrative Service.[8] She grew up in a joint family at their ancestral haveli (mansion) in Bhambla, and described her childhood as "simple and happy".[7][9]

According to Ranaut, she was "stubborn and rebellious" while growing up: "If my father would gift my brother a plastic gun and get a doll for me, I would not accept that. I questioned the discrimination."[10] She did not subscribe to the stereotypes that were expected of her and experimented with fashion from a young age, often pairing up accessories and clothes that would seem "bizarre" to her neighbours.[9][10] Ranaut was educated at the DAV School in Chandigarh, where she pursued science as her core subject, remarking that she was "very studious" and "always paranoid about [...] results".[11][12] She initially intended to become a doctor on the insistence of her parents.[13] However, a failed unit test in chemistry during her twelfth grade led Ranaut to reconsider her career prospects and despite preparing for the All India Pre Medical Test, she did not turn up for the exam.[13] Determined to find her "space and freedom", she relocated to Delhi at the age of sixteen.[6][14] Her decision not to pursue medicine led to constant feuding with her parents and her father refused to sponsor a pursuit he considered to be aimless.[10]

In Delhi, Ranaut was unsure which career to choose; the Elite Modelling Agency were impressed by her looks and suggested that she model for them.[5][14] She took on a few modelling assignments, but generally disliked the career as she found "no scope for creativity".[5][14] Ranaut decided to shift focus towards acting and joined the Asmita Theatre Group, where she trained under the theatre director Arvind Gaur.[15] She participated in Gaur's theatre workshop at the India Habitat Centre, acting in several of his plays, including the Girish Karnad-scripted Taledanda.[16] During a performance, when one of the male actors went missing, Ranaut played his part along with her original role of a woman.[17] A positive reaction from the audience prompted her to relocate to Mumbai to pursue a career in film and she enrolled herself for a four-month acting course in Asha Chandra's drama school.[18]

Ranaut struggled with her meager earnings during this period, eating only "bread and aachar (pickle)". Refusing her father's financial assistance led to a rift in their relationship which she later regretted.[8][10] Her relatives were unhappy with her decision to enter the film-making industry,[6] and they did not correspond with her for several years.[3][7][10] She reconciled with them after the release of Life in a... Metro in 2007.[7]

Career
2004–2008: Film debut and critical acclaim
In 2004, the producers Ramesh Sharma and Pahlaj Nilani announced that Ranaut would make her film debut with the Deepak Shivdasani-directed I Love You Boss.[4][20] The following year, an agent took her to the office of the producer Mahesh Bhatt, where she interacted with the director Anurag Basu and auditioned for the lead role in the romantic thriller Gangster.[14][21] Bhatt felt that she was too young for the role and signed Chitrangada Singh instead. However, Singh was later unavailable to do the film and Ranaut was contracted as a replacement for Gangster,[21] opting out of I Love You Boss.[20] She was cast in the central role of Simran, an alcoholic woman caught in a romantic triangle between a notorious gangster (played by Shiney Ahuja) and a sympathetic friend (played by Emraan Hashmi). Ranaut was only seventeen while filming and said that she "had difficulty first in understanding and then unwinding from the character", describing her craft as "raw and immature".[22] Released in 2006, Gangster emerged as a critical and commercial success and her performance was praised.[23][24] Raja Sen of Rediff.com said that "Kangana is a remarkable find, the actress coming across with great conviction. Hers is the pivotal character and an extremely difficult role to essay, but she manages it well [...] Kangana's nuances [of an alcoholic character] are disconcertingly realistic."[25] She won the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut, along with various other debut awards.[26]

Ranaut's next role was in the Mohit Suri-directed drama Woh Lamhe (2006), a semi-biographical film based on the schizophrenic actress Parveen Babi and her relationship with the director Mahesh Bhatt.[27] She said that portraying Babi had left her emotionally drained, as she had begun to "feel her desolation and loneliness."[28] Film critic Subhash K. Jha wrote that Ranaut "is the first female performer of Bollywood since Smita and Shabana who isn't scared to strip her soul naked for the camera", adding that she is a "hugely expressive actress with a phenomenal ability to convey torment, hurt and incredulity through the eyes".[29] Despite positive reviews, the film underperformed at the box office.[30][31]

The following year, Ranaut portrayed an aspiring musician in Suneel Darshan's musical thriller Shakalaka Boom Boom, alongside Bobby Deol, Upen Patel and Celina Jaitly.[32] The film's production was marred by a dispute between Ranaut and Darshan; she objected to her voice being dubbed by another artist, but he insisted that he needed a particular "twang and accent" for her character.[33] India Today described the film as an "amateur mess" and the film proved to be a box office flop.[24][34] She next reunited with Anurag Basu for the ensemble drama Life in a... Metro, playing the supporting role of Neha, a shrewd socialite engaged in an affair with her married boss (played by Kay Kay Menon). Despite a poor initial run at the box office, the film emerged as a profitable venture.[35] Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times was critical of the film, noting its lack of originality and realism.[36] In a more positive review, Raja Sen wrote that Ranaut "is refreshing [...] and manages to herd her emotions well, playing a complex role but hardly ever overreaching", but criticised her delivery of English lines.[37] For her role, Ranaut was awarded the Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Female.[26]

Ranaut next portrayed a village girl in Dhaam Dhoom (2008), a Tamil romantic thriller, opposite Jayam Ravi. Production on the film was temporarily halted when the director, Jeeva, died of cardiac arrest and the film was completed by the crew members.[38] A review carried by Post wrote that Ranaut had "little scope" in a role that did not suit her.[39] India Today described her next film, the Madhur Bhandarkar-directed drama Fashion (2008), as a "landmark" in her career.[23] Set against the backdrop of the Indian fashion industry, the film co-starred Priyanka Chopra and Mugdha Godse and featured Ranaut as Shonali Gujral, a substance abusing supermodel struggling to cope with her foundering career. Because the media speculated that her role was based on the former model Geetanjali Nagpal (which both Ranaut and Bhandarkar denied),[40] the Delhi Commission for Women (DCW), ordered a stay on the film's release, approving it only after a script narration.[a][41] With a worldwide revenue of 600 million Indian rupees (₹), approximately US$10 million, Fashion emerged as a commercial success,[42] and was listed by Subhash K. Jha as one of the best films of the decade with women protagonists.[43] Ranaut's performance drew unanimous critical acclaim.[23] Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama praised her confident portrayal of the character and believed that she was the real star of the film,[44] and Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India added that she "does an exquisite metamorphosis from a wispy, high-strung, nervous child-woman to a stunning ramp diva."[45] Ranaut's portrayal earned her several awards, including the National Film Award and Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.[26]

2009–2012: Career fluctuations
The supernatural horror film Raaz: The Mystery Continues from director Mohit Suri was Ranaut's first film release of 2009, in which she played a successful model who is possessed by a ghost.[46] The film co-starred Emraan Hashmi and Adhyayan Suman and proved to be a financial success.[24] Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express noted that Ranaut was becoming stereotyped in roles that required her to be "hysterical", adding that she needed a "radical change of image".[47] Also that year, she played the leading lady in the drama Vaada Raha and the Telugu action film Ek Niranjan, neither of which were particularly notable.[23]
In a brief role in Anurag Basu's romantic thriller Kites (2010), Ranaut portrayed the fiancée of Hrithik Roshan's character. She said that she felt "cheated" after watching the film, as her role proved to be much smaller than what she had initially signed on for.[48] She then portrayed fictional film actress Rehana in the Milan Luthria-directed gangster film Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai. Also starring Ajay Devgn, Emraan Hashmi and Prachi Desai, the film chronicles the rise and subsequent fall of an underworld don (played by Devgn) in the 1970s. Ranaut said that her character was "a mix" of the actress Madhubala and the gangster Haji Mastan's wife and that to prepare she observed the work of the actresses Zeenat Aman and Parveen Babi.[49] The film was one of the most successful releases of the year and garnered positive reviews from critics.[50][51] Sudish Kamath of The Hindu labelled her a "delight" and Mid Day's Sarita Tanwar praised her for being "totally convincing" in the role.[52][53] After playing a television reporter in the thriller Knock Out, Ranaut actively looked for a comedy and found the role in Anees Bazmee's No Problem, but both films failed to propel her career forward.[23][54]

According to Bollywood Hungama, after establishing a reputation for portraying neurotic characters, Ranaut was seeking projects that would be "less emotionally exhausting" for her.[55] Her first release of 2011 was Anand L. Rai's Tanu Weds Manu, a romantic comedy opposite R. Madhavan, which Ranaut considers a "game changer" for her.[56][57] Rai stated that he cast her for the role to illustrate that the actress was capable of playing other roles and that her character in the film was unlike any of those that she had played previously.[58] Critical reaction to the film was mixed, though Ranaut's performance was praised.[24][26][59] Rajeev Masand wrote, "Kangana Ranaut is a pleasant surprise in a cheery, upbeat part that we haven't seen her take on before. She rises to the challenge, only hampered occasionally by her mangled dialogue delivery."[60][61] Ranaut received Best Actress nominations at several award ceremonies, including Screen and Zee Cine.[62][63]

Ranaut followed the success of Tanu Weds Manu by starring in a series of brief, glamorous roles in four other films of 2011: Game, Double Dhamaal, Rascals and Miley Naa Miley Hum. With the exception of Double Dhamaal, none of these films performed well.[23][24] In a review for Rascals, the critic Gaurav Malani wrote: "Kangana Ranaut is ill at ease in comedy. She struggles to hold her own and emerges as a bimbo in her act."[64] Ranaut later said that she did some of these films due to a dearth of film offers.[65][66] The following year, Ranaut portrayed a supporting role opposite Ajay Devgn in Priyadarshan's action thriller Tezz, another box office flop.[24]

2013–2015: Established actress
The director Sanjay Gupta cast Ranaut in a brief role opposite John Abraham in the crime thriller Shootout at Wadala (2013) due to her ability to stand out in a predominantly male-centric film.[67] The Daily News and Analysis' Tushar Joshi wrote that her role was written "to provide the sex quotient" and critic Vinayak Chakravorty opined that she "does not get much scope [...] beyond the steamy lovemaking grind".[68][69] Commercially, the film performed moderately well
Ranaut achieved success later in 2013 for her portrayal of Kaya, a shapeshifting mutant, in Rakesh Roshan's science fiction film Krrish 3, alongside Hrithik Roshan, Priyanka Chopra and Vivek Oberoi.[70][71] When Rakesh Roshan first offered the role to her, she declined it due a disappointing prior association with him on Kites, in which Roshan had served as producer.[48] Following Ranaut's rejection, other actresses also turned down the role.[72] Roshan approached her again and after assuring her that the role would not be a minuscule one, Ranaut accepted the part.[48] Critics thought that Krrish 3 was entertaining but lacking in originality, though Ranaut's performance garnered praise.[23][73] The critic Sarita Tanwar of Daily News and Analysis said: "Kangana Ranaut is delightful as an alien making the weird hair and clothes work for her. She even manages to make you feel her pain. Quite an accomplishment that!"[74] With global ticket sales of ₹3 billion (US$43 million), the film emerged as one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time, becoming Ranaut's most financially profitable venture.[24][75] Also that year, Ranaut played the eponymous lead in the musical drama Rajjo. The film was a critical and commercial failure and Ranaut's portrayal of a nautch girl was largely criticised.[24][76] Paloma Sharma of Rediff.com commented that "Kangana Ranaut struggles with her Mumbaiyya dialogues and is not as graceful in the dance sequences as one would have expected."[77]

In 2014, Ranaut established herself in Hindi cinema when she featured alongside Rajkummar Rao and Lisa Haydon in the coming-of-age dramedy Queen; she also co-wrote the dialogues with Anvita Dutt Guptan.[78][79] The film tells the story of Rani, a naive girl who embarks on her honeymoon alone after her fiancé calls off their wedding. Ranaut, who describes herself as "independent and confident", reflected that the role was one of the toughest she had played, as the character's personality traits contrasted with her own.[80][81] The film and Ranaut's performance received unanimous acclaim from critics.[82] Devesh Sharma of Filmfare wrote that the fact that she "flits from one aspect of her character to another without breaking stride shows her maturity as an actor. Her efforts make you clap for Rani's small and big victories, you root for her character to come up trumps and are glad about the glorious transformation at the end."[83] With a worldwide total of ₹970 million (US$14 million), the film also emerged as a box office hit.[84] She won both the Filmfare Award and the National Film Award for Best Actress for the film.[85][86]

Ranaut followed the success of Queen by playing an aggressive politician in the black comedy Revolver Rani and a medical intern in the political drama Ungli (both 2014).[87][88] Also that year, she made her production and directorial debut with an English language short film entitled The Touch, dealing with the relationship between a four-year-old boy and a dog; she co-wrote the screenplay with an Australian writer and filmed it in America.[89][90]

The following year, Ranaut starred in Tanu Weds Manu: Returns (2015), a sequel to Tanu Weds Manu, in which she portrayed dual roles—she reprised the character of Tanuja from the original and also portrayed an aspiring athlete in it.[91] In preparation for the latter role, she interacted with students of the University of Delhi in disguise; in addition, she attended workshops to learn the Haryanvi language and trained in the sport of triple jump.[92] The film received positive reviews from critics and Ranaut's performance was considered its prime asset.[93] Sweta Kaushal of Hindustan Times praised her for perfecting the body languages and accents of the two women, and Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV wrote that she "fleshes out this pair of distinct individuals with such energy and finesse that it becomes difficult at times to tell that it is the same actress playing the two roles".[94][95] Tanu Weds Manu Returns earned over ₹2.4 billion (US$35 million) worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing Bollywood film featuring a female protagonist.[84][96] Ranaut won a Filmfare Critics Award and a second consecutive National Film Award for Best Actress, and received an additional Best Actress nomination at Filmfare.[97][98][99]

Also in 2015, Ranaut appeared in the romantic comedies I Love NY (a production delayed since 2013) and Nikhil Advani's Katti Batti, both of which failed at the box office.[23][100] The latter saw her play opposite Imran Khan as a cancer patient, a role that critic Uday Bhatia of Mint thought "lack[ed] the sort of definition she's had in her last few roles".[101]

2017–present: Setback, controversies, and Manikarnika
After a year-long absence from the screen, Ranaut starred as Julia, a 1940s heroine and stunt-woman in Vishal Bhardwaj's romance Rangoon (2017), opposite Saif Ali Khan and Shahid Kapoor. Modelled on the actress Fearless Nadia, Ranaut played the part as an "amalgamation of many characters" from that era, and was particularly drawn towards the "fierceness and sensuality" she found in her.[102] She learned horse-riding and sword fighting and performed her own stunts.[102] Media reports suggested a feud between Ranaut and Kapoor, and although they denied these, both stars publicly commented against the other.[103] Rangoon received mixed reviews but Ranaut's performance was picked up for praise; in a typical review, Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times labelled Ranaut as "terrific", believing that the "poor script never lets Julia reach her pinnacle but [Ranaut] steals the show even with small scenes".[104] The film failed to find a wide audience.[105] In the same year, Ranaut starred in Simran, a crime comedy from the director Hansal Mehta, in which she played a Gujarati immigrant in America involved in criminal activities. She shared the screenwriting credit with Apurva Asrani for improvising several dialogues on set, but Asrani accused Ranaut and Mehta for not valuing his contributions to the script.[106][107] Once again, the film received mixed reviews and failed commercially.[108][109]

In 2019, Ranaut starred in Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi, a biopic of the Indian freedom fighter Rani of Jhansi, for which she also served as co-director when Krish left the film after frequently clashing with the actress.[110][111] Her co-star Sonu Sood also quit the production due to disagreements with her.[112] Ranaut subsequently reshot a significant portion of the film, due to which its production cost doubled.[113] Rajeev Masand considered the film to be "a deliberately simplistic film; an old-fashioned patriotic saga told in the broadest of strokes, and with full nationalist fervor", but he commended Ranaut for "command[ing] the screen with a fiery, arresting presence, never letting your attention wander away from her".[114] It performed moderately well at the box office, which led Box Office India to take note of Ranaut's strong commercial appeal.[115][116] In her second film release of 2019, Ranaut reunited with Rajkummar Rao in the black comedy Judgementall Hai Kya, in which she played a mentally ill woman.[117] Shubhra Gupta considered her to be "terrific" in the part and found "connections between what's happening on screen and Ranaut's off-screen seemingly off-kilter joustings which routinely make so much news of the wrong kind."[118] It underperformed at the box office.[119]

As of July 2019, Ranaut has four upcoming projects. She will portray a kabaddi player in Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari's sports film Panga, and star in the action film Dhaakad.[120] She will also direct and star in a film based on her own life, and portray the politician Jayalalithaa in a bilingual biopic entitled Thalaivi in Tamil and Jaya in Hindi.[121][122]

Personal life
Ranaut has stated that her initial years in the film industry were marred with difficulties as she was unprepared to be an actress.[22] She was conscious of her poor command of the English language and struggled to "fit in".[22] In a 2013 interview with Daily News and Analysis, Ranaut recollected:

"People in the industry treated me like I didn't deserve to be spoken to and I was some unwanted object. I couldn't speak English fluently and people made fun of me for that. So dealing with rejection became a part of life. ... All that has taken a toll, I guess. I find it hard to deal with praise. Today, when people say that I have made it and made it on my own, I feel like locking up myself somewhere ... It scares me."[123]

During the struggle, Ranaut found support in the actor Aditya Pancholi and his wife Zarina Wahab and considered them her "family away from home".[124] She became embroiled in a well publicised scandal when the media speculated on the nature of her relationship with Pancholi.[125] She declined to speak about it openly, although she made several public appearances with him.[126] In 2007 it was reported that Ranaut had filed a police complaint against Pancholi for physically assaulting her under the influence of alcohol.[127][128] The following year Pancholi confirmed the affair in an interview, saying that he had been cohabiting with Ranaut in the past and accused her of owing him ₹2.5 million (US$36,000).[129] In response, Ranaut's spokesperson said that "after physically assaulting her in the middle of a road, he has no right to expect anything from her", adding that she had "already given ₹5 million (US$72,000) to [him] as a goodwill gesture".[129] Ranaut later said that the incident had left her "physically and mentally" damaged.[10]

While filming Raaz: The Mystery Continues in 2008, Ranaut began a romantic relationship with co-star Adhyayan Suman.[130] On Suman's insistence that he focus on his professional career, the couple separated the following year.[131] From 2010 to 2012, Ranaut was involved in a long-distance romance with Nicholas Lafferty, an English doctor;[132][133] she described the relationship as "the most normal" she ever had, but the couple split amicably as she was not ready for marriage.[22][123] She has since maintained that she will never get married,[22][132] and has expressed a desire to not be bound by a relationship.[134] In 2016, Hrithik Roshan, her co-star from Krrish 3, filed a lawsuit against Ranaut accusing her of cyber stalking and harassment. Denying the charges, Ranaut filed a counter-charge against Roshan, claiming that his lawsuit was an attempt to cover-up their affair for the benefit of his divorce proceedings.[135] The case was closed later that year owing to lack of evidence.[136]

Ranaut lives in Mumbai with her sister Rangoli, who was the victim of an acid attack in 2006.[137] She makes yearly visits to her hometown of Bhambla.[10] A practicing Hindu, Ranaut follows the teachings of the spiritual leader Swami Vivekananda and considers meditation to be "the highest form of worshipping God".[138] She practices vegetarianism and was listed as "India's hottest vegetarian" in a poll conducted by PETA in 2013.[139] Since 2009 Ranaut has been studying the dance form of kathak from the Nateshwar Nritya Kala Mandir.[140] She has said that the technical process of filmmaking is of tremendous interest to her,[141] and to better her understanding of it Ranaut enrolled in a two-month screenplay writing course at the New York Film Academy in 2014.[142][143] In an interview with Filmfare she said that despite her stardom, she wants to lead a normal life: "I don't want to lose my rights as a common person to learn and grow".[65]

In the media
In the book Acting Smart: Your Ticket to Showbiz, Tisca Chopra describes Ranaut as a "free-spirited, original creative" person "who cannot really be slotted in a particular mould".[144] Ranaut is particularly known for her forthrightness in expressing her opinions in public on issues ranging from film to feminism.[6][145] A televised interview hosted by Anupama Chopra in which Ranaut spoke out against gender bias and nepotism in Bollywood went viral online, which led Sunaina Kumar of Tehelka to write: "In this age of cookie-cutter heroines with stock responses, Kangana Ranaut is refreshingly real and honest."[145] Ranaut had a public fallout with the filmmaker Karan Johar when she accused him of nepotism during a chat show appearance in 2017.[146]

Analysing Ranaut's career, the journalist Parmita Uniyal, in 2014, noted that she "loves to challenge herself with tricky roles and manages to add a different dimension to her character every time."[17] A reviewer for Rediff.com described her as a "director's actress" who is susceptible to both "shine and crumble under the right/wrong guidance".[147] Anand L Rai (the director of Tanu Weds Manu) says that Ranaut actively pursues roles in which she can "work in her own space and not become a mere prop in the male-dominated Bollywood".[17] Alongside actress Vidya Balan, Ranaut has been credited for spearheading a movement that breaks stereotypes of a Hindi film heroine by playing the protagonist in films not starring a well-known male star.[148] Following the success of Queen and Tanu Weds Manu Returns, Deccan Chronicle labelled her as "one of the most bankable actresses in the industry", and Daily News and Analysis reported that she had emerged as one of the highest-paid actresses in Bollywood.[149][150] Ranaut was featured by Forbes India in their annual Celebrity 100 list in 2012 and from 2014–2017.[151][152] In 2017, Forbes calculated her annual salary to be ₹320 million (US$4.6 million), one of the highest amongst actresses in the country.[153] Also that year, she was one of two actresses to feature in The Indian Express's listing of the most powerful Indians.[154]

Ranaut is considered a sex symbol and a style icon in India.[155][156] Analysing Ranaut's off-screen persona, Hindustan Times published that she was initially written off by Indian journalists due to her "funny accent" and the negative publicity generated by her troubled relationships; however, her defining fashion choices and her unconventional film roles eventually established her as a star.[157] Ranaut has frequently featured in listings of the most attractive and stylish celebrities in India. She ranked among the top 10 on The Times of India's listing of the "Most Desirable Woman" in 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2015.[158][159][160] Ranaut was featured on Verve's listing of the most powerful women of 2010 and in 2012 she was named the "Best Dressed Personality" by the Indian edition of People magazine.[161][162] In 2013, Ranaut featured as one of the best-dressed women celebrities by Vogue India.[163] The journalist Jagmeeta Thind Joy credits the actress for her "quirky, almost non-Bollywood take on personal style", adding that she "likes to shock and awe with her choices".[11] She has collaborated with the fashion brand Vero Moda to launch two clothing lines for the company, named Marquee and Venice Cruise, in 2015 and 2016, respectively

Babar Azam

Mohammad Babar Azam (Urdu: محمد بابر اعظم‎; born 15 October 1994) is a Pakistani cricketer who is the current captain of Pakistan national cricket team in T20 International[1] and vice-captain in One Day Internationals.[2]

He captained the Pakistan Under-19 cricket team at the 2012 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup.[3] He is third joint-fastest to 1,000 ODI runs, second joint-fastest to 2,000 ODI runs and second fastest to 3,000 ODI runs in the world.[4][5][6] He holds the record of scoring most runs after first 25 ODI Innings by any batsman in the world.[7] He also holds the record of scoring most runs in a 3-match ODI series
Early life
Babar Azam was born on 15 October 1994 in Lahore, Punjab to a Punjabi Muslim family. He grew up in the Walled City of Lahore, and began his domestic cricket career there. He comes from a cricketing background, with three of his cousins having represented Pakistan internationally.

International career
Early career
In May 2015, Babar was included in the Pakistani ODI squad for home series against Zimbabwe. He made his ODI debut in the third ODI on 31 May and scored an impressive fifty scoring 54 runs off 60 balls.[9] His impressive debut earned him a place in both Test and ODI squads selected for an away series against Sri Lanka. He couldn't get a chance in Test series. During the ODI series he could only score 37 runs in two matches that he played.[10]

Babar was included in the squad for the away ODI series against Zimbabwe in September 2015 but was not given a chance to play in the series. Pakistan won the series 2–1.[11]

In October, he was dropped from the Test squad without playing a Test. He was retained in the ODI squad for the home series against England. In the first ODI of the four match series he scored 62 not out with a strike rate of 100 which helped Pakistan win the match.[12] He had scores of 4, 22 and 51 in next three matches respectively.[13] He finished the series with 139 runs at an average of 46.33.[14]

In January 2016, Pakistan toured New Zealand. In the first ODI match, Babar scored 62 runs off 76 balls. Pakistan lost the match by 70 runs.[15] The second ODI match was abandoned due to heavy rain. In the third ODI, he scored a brilliant 83 off just 77 balls. Despite Pakistan losing the match and the series, Babar was much praised by cricket experts. He was the leading run scorer in the ODI series with 145 runs in 2 innings at an average of 72.50.[16]

In the five-match ODI series against England in July, he batted in five games and only scored 122 runs.[17] Besides the England series, Pakistan played two match ODI series against Ireland. Babar scored 29 runs in the first match with the other ODI abandoned due to rain. Pakistan won the series 1–0.

He made his Twenty20 International debut for Pakistan against England on 7 September. He scored an unbeaten 15 runs off 11 balls. Pakistan won the match and series.[18]

Rise in shorter formats and breaking records
Azam was selected in the home series against the West Indies. In the first match of the ODI series he scored his maiden century, scoring 120 off 131 balls and winning his first man of the match award.[19] In the second ODI he continued his excellent form, scoring another century, this time much quicker than the previous one, scoring 123 off 126 balls. His century enabled Pakistan to put a total over 330.[13] Pakistan won the match and Babar got his second Man of the Match award. In the third and final ODI of the series Azam ended up scoring third consecutive century (117 from 106)[13] and became the third batsman for Pakistan to score hundreds in three successive ODI innings. He also broke the record for scoring the most runs (360) in a three match ODI series.[8] He became the only batsman to score 350+ runs in a three match ODI series.[20][21][22]

He made his Test debut for Pakistan against the West Indies in Dubai on 13 October 2016 and scored 69 runs in his first innings.[23] He was the first player to score a fifty on his Test debut through a day/night Test.[24]

On 19 January 2017, in the third ODI against Australia, Azam became then joint-fastest player to score 1,000 runs in ODIs and then fastest for Pakistan in his 21st innings before his national record and world record were eclipsed by his compatriot Fakhar Zaman.[4][25] He finished the ODI series as the leading run-scorer for Pakistan with 282 runs in 5 innings, including a century in 5th ODI, which was only the second century ever scored by a Pakistani batsman in Australia after Zaheer Abbas in 1981.[26] He also entered the top 10 batsmen's ranking in ODIs for the first time ever.[27]

Sarfaraz Ahmed replaced Azhar Ali as Pakistan's ODI team captain against the West Indies after Azhar Ali stepped down from the captaincy after a humiliating defeat against Australia in odi series. Azam was appointed as vice-captain in ODIs for the tour. He scored an unbeaten 125 in the 2nd ODI of the three–match ODI series at Providence Stadium, Guyana.[13] Batting first, Pakistan was struggling at one stage and were 183 for 5. Azam along with Imad Wasim put on an unbeaten 99 runs partnership which helped Pakistan post a competitive total of 282 on the board.[28] Meanwhile, Azam also broke the record of scoring the most runs after the first 25 ODI innings in this match.[7] In the end Pakistan won the match easily. Azam for his match winning knock won the Man of the Match award. He had scores of 13 and 16 in first and third match of the series respectively.[13] Pakistan won the ODI series 2–1.

In the Champions Trophy 2017, Azam scored a crucial 46 off 52 balls in the final match against India.[13] Pakistan won the final match by 180 runs and lifted the Champions Trophy. It was Azam's first international tournament.

After a successful Champions trophy tour, ICC sent the World XI team in Pakistan where they played three T20I matches. Azam was the top runs-getter in the series, scoring 179. In the first T20I played at Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore, he scored 86 playing only 52 balls[29] in the first T20 in the series, and won his first Man of the match award in T20I. Pakistan won the match by 20 runs. [30] He had scores of 45 and 48 in the next two fixtures.[29]

In September 2017, he had a poor Test series against Sri Lanka, where he managed to score only 39 runs across 2 Test matches.[31] However, he continued his dominance in LOIs and came back strongly in the ODI series, scoring consecutive centuries in first two ODIs of the five match series. In the second ODI he became the fastest batsman to score 7th ODI century in ODIs[32] and the first batsman in ODI history to score five consecutive centuries in one country.[33] He had scores of 30 and 69 (not out) in next two innings while chasing.[13] He finished the series as the leading runs-scorer with 303 runs at an impressive average of 101. Pakistan whitewashed Sri Lanka (5–0).

He was the leading runs-scorer for Pakistan in 2016 in ODIs and T20Is with 872 and 352 runs respectively.[34][35] At the 2017 PCB awards, he was awarded Pakistan's ODI Player of the year.[36] He was also listed in 2017's ICC World ODI XI for the first time ever.[37]

Pakistan's first assignment in 2018 was tour to New Zealand. Babar was an automatic selection in the ODI team. However he could score only 0, 10, 8, 3, 10 across 5 innings, scoring only 31 runs at an average of 6.2 as Pakistan were whitewashed 5–0.[13] But performed well in the T20I series as Pakistan went on to win the series 2–1. Babar was the leading run scorer with 109 runs. He had scores of 41, 50* and 18 in these T20Is.[29] He became the no.1 T20I batsmen, the second to reach the feat after Misbah-ul-Haq,[38] but soon slipped to no. 3 position. He regained no. 1 spot in the rankings after a successful series against West Indies, who were touring Pakistan after thirteen years.[39] He finished the series with most runs and winning Man of the series award as well, scoring 165 runs at an average of 82.50 and a strike rate of 148.64. His best performance came in the second T20I where he scored an unbeaten 97 runs which won him Man of the match award.[40][41] He scored 17 and 51 in 1st and 3rd T20I respectively.[29] Pakistan won the series 3–0.

Test performances
During a Test match against England in May 2018, Azam was struck on the arm without padding by a bouncer from Ben Stokes, when he was batting on 68. After an X-ray examination, it was confirmed that Azam had a fracture in his left wrist with a broken forearm.[42] As a result of this injury, he missed 4 to 6 weeks of cricket for rest and recuperation.

After fully recovering from his injury, he made his return to the side against Zimbabwe in July for a five-match ODI series.[43] He performed well and managed to score 184 runs at an average of 184 in 4 innings[44] including 76 balls 106 runs in the final odi of the series.[13] Pakistan won the series 5-0.

In September 2018, he was selected for 2018 Asia Cup held in UAE.[45] Playing his first Asia Cup, he didn't have a good time of it, only managing to score 156 runs at an average of 31.20 in 5 matches.[46]

In November 2018, in the second Test against New Zealand, Azam scored his first century in Test cricket.[47]

2019 and Cricket World Cup
In April 2019, he was named in Pakistan's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup.[48][49] The International Cricket Council (ICC) named him as one of the five exciting talents making their Cricket World Cup debut.[50]

In May 2019, he was signed by Somerset as their overseas player for the 2019 t20 Blast.[51][52][53][54]

Just before the World Cup, Pakistan played against England in one-off T20I and 5-match ODI series to prepare for the tournament. In the T20I fixture he scored 65 from 42 balls before getting run-out. In the 5-match ODI series, he ended up as the joint leading runs-scorer, scoring 277 runs including a century and two half-centuries, going into the World Cup with runs under his belt.[55] On 26 June 2019, in the match against New Zealand, Azam became the fastest batsman for Pakistan, in terms of innings, to score 3,000 runs in ODIs (68).[56] In the same match, he also scored his 10th century in ODIs, finishing 101 not out, with Pakistan winning by 6 wickets.[57][58][59] With this century, he also became the first middle-order batsman from Pakistan to hit a century in a World Cup match after 32 years.[60] A week later, in the match against Bangladesh, Babar broke Javed Miandad's record of the most runs by a Pakistani batsman in a single edition of the World Cup, scoring 474 runs in 8 innings.[61]

In September 2019, before the home series against Sri Lanka, he was named as the vice captain of Pakistan cricket team in both ODIs and T20Is on the back of his consistent performances over the years in these formats.[62][2]

After the first ODI was washed out, Pakistan managed to win both of the remaining matches to clinch the series 2-0. He scored his 11th ton in the second ODI and became the fastest Pakistani player to reach 1,000 ODI runs in terms of innings in a calendar year beating the previous record of Javed Miandad.[63][64] He was named Man of the series for his 146 runs in 2 innings.

In October 2019, he was named captain of the Pakistan cricket team in T20Is.[1]

Domestic and franchise cricket
Pakistan Super League
Babar was bought by Islamabad United in the first edition of Pakistan Super League (PSL) for US$25,000. During a group stage match he suffered a small injury which prevented him in taking any further part in the tournament. Before the 2017 PSL draft he moved to Karachi Kings from Islamabad United; he was bought for US$50,000.[65] He performed well in the 2nd season, scoring 291 runs with an average of 32.33 and finishing the tournament as the second leading runs-scorer behind his cousin Kamran Akmal.[66] He was retained by the Kings for the 3rd season in the 2018 PSL draft in the Diamond category, earning between US$70,000 to US$85,000.[67] Babar was the third-highest runs-scorer in the season, leading runs-scorer from his team, scoring 402 runs in 11 innings with an average of 40.20 at a strike rate of over 122 with 5 fifties. His team finished 3rd in the season.[68]

Ahead of the 2019 season, he was retained by Kings in the Platinum category, moving up from the Diamond category.[69] He scored 335 runs at an average of 30.45, with 3 fifties across 11 matches and finished as 2nd leading runs-scorer for the team behind Colin Ingram.[70]

Other leagues
In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Dublin Chiefs in the inaugural edition of the Euro T20 Slam cricket tournament.[71][72] However, the following month the tournament was cancelled.[73]

Vitality Blast 2019
Somerset signed Babar to join the squad for 2019 t20 Blast series.[51][52][53][54] His team didn't made it to the quarter-finals but he performed well and scored 578 runs in 13 matches with four half-centuries and one century with an average of 52.54 becoming the highest scorer of the tournament.[74]

Quaid-e-Azam Trophy
In September 2019, Babar was named as the captain of Central Punjab for the 2019–20 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy tournament.[75][76]

National T20 Cup
Babar remained captain of Central Punjab for 2019-20 National T20 Cup. He scored century in his first match, becoming the first Pakistani player to score three centuries in T20s in a calendar year.

Records and achievements
Milestones
Third joint-fastest in the world to reach 1,000 ODIs runs. (21 innings)[4]
Second joint-fastest in the world and fastest Pakistani as well as fastest Asian to reach 2,000 ODI runs. (45 innings)[5]
Second fastest in the world and fastest Asian to reach 3,000 ODI runs. (68 innings)[6][56]
Second fastest batsman in the world to reach 5th ODI hundered.[77]
Third fastest batsman in the world to reach 10th hundred.
Second youngest cricketer to score three consecutive ODI hundreds.
Only batsman in ODI history to score 5 consecutive centuries in one country.[33]
Most runs (1306) in first 25 ODIs innings by any batsman in the world.[7]
Fastest in the world to reach 1,000 T20I runs. (26 innings)[78]
Most runs by a Pakistani batsman in a single 50-over World Cup edition. (474 runs in 2019 WC)[61]
Fastest Pakistani batsman in terms of innings (19 innings) to 1,000 ODI runs in a calendar year. [63]
Most runs in a calendar year / series
Most ODI runs in 2016 by a Pakistani cricketer.[79]
Most ODI runs in 2017 by a Pakistani cricketer.[34]
Most ODI runs in 2019 by a Pakistani cricketer.[80]
Second most T20I runs in 2017 and most by a Pakistani batsman.[35]
Second most T20I runs in 2018 by a Pakistani batsman.[81]
Most Test runs in 2018 by a Pakistani batsman.[82]
Most runs (360) scored in a three-match ODI series.[83]
Most runs in an ODI series against WI by a Pakistani cricketer.[84]
Most runs in a T20I series against WI by a Pakistani cricketer.[85]
Most runs (179) in a 3 match T20I series by a Pakistani cricketer and second most in the world.[86]
Second most runs (179) scored by a Pakistani cricketer in a T20I bilateral series (3 matches).[87]
Awards
PCB's ODI Player of the year: 2017[36]
ICC World ODI XI: 2017[37]
PCB's T20I Player of the year: 2018

Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS)[2] is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases that involve a point of federal law, and original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases, specifically "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party".[3] The Court holds the power of judicial review, the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the U.S. Constitution. It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law.[4] However, it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction. The Court may decide cases having political overtones, but it has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions.

Established by Article III of the Constitution, the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were initially established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789. As later set by the Judiciary Act of 1869, the Court consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices. Each justice has lifetime tenure, meaning they remain on the Court until they resign, retire, die, or are removed from office.[5] When a vacancy occurs, the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoints a new justice. Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it. When in majority, the chief justice decides who writes the opinion of the court; otherwise, the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion.

The Court meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C. Its law enforcement arm is the Supreme Court Police.
It was while debating the separation of powers between the legislative and executive departments that delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention established the parameters for the national judiciary. Creating a "third branch" of government was a novel idea; in the English tradition, judicial matters had been treated as an aspect of royal (executive) authority. Early on, the delegates who were opposed to having a strong central government argued that national laws could be enforced by state courts, while others, including James Madison, advocated for a national judicial authority consisting of various tribunals chosen by the national legislature. It was also proposed that the judiciary should have a role in checking the executive's power to veto or revise laws. In the end, the framers compromised by sketching only a general outline of the judiciary, vesting federal judicial power in "one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish".[6][7] They delineated neither the exact powers and prerogatives of the Supreme Court nor the organization of the judicial branch as a whole.
The 1st United States Congress provided the detailed organization of a federal judiciary through the Judiciary Act of 1789. The Supreme Court, the country's highest judicial tribunal, was to sit in the nation's Capital and would initially be composed of a chief justice and five associate justices. The act also divided the country into judicial districts, which were in turn organized into circuits. Justices were required to "ride circuit" and hold circuit court twice a year in their assigned judicial district.[8]

Immediately after signing the act into law, President George Washington nominated the following people to serve on the court: John Jay for chief justice and John Rutledge, William Cushing, Robert H. Harrison, James Wilson, and John Blair Jr. as associate justices. All six were confirmed by the Senate on September 26, 1789. Harrison, however, declined to serve. In his place, Washington later nominated James Iredell.[9]

The Supreme Court held its inaugural session from February 2 through February 10, 1790, at the Royal Exchange in New York City, then the U.S. capital.[10] A second session was held there in August 1790.[11] The earliest sessions of the court were devoted to organizational proceedings, as the first cases did not reach it until 1791.[8] When the national capital moved to Philadelphia in 1790, the Supreme Court did so as well. After initially meeting at Independence Hall, the Court established its chambers at City Hall.[12]

Earliest beginnings through Marshall
Under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth (1789–1801), the Court heard few cases; its first decision was West v. Barnes (1791), a case involving procedure.[13] As the Court initially had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two-thirds (voting four to two).[14] However, Congress has always allowed less than the court's full membership to make decisions, starting with a quorum of four justices in 1789.[15] The court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige,[16] a situation not helped by the era's highest-profile case, Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment.[17]

The court's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court (1801–1835).[18] Under Marshall, the court established the power of judicial review over acts of Congress,[19] including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the Constitution (Marbury v. Madison)[20][21] and making several important constitutional rulings that gave shape and substance to the balance of power between the federal government and states (notably, Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden).[22][23][24][25]

The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim,[26] a remnant of British tradition,[27] and instead issuing a single majority opinion.[26] Also during Marshall's tenure, although beyond the Court's control, the impeachment and acquittal of Justice Samuel Chase in 1804–05 helped cement the principle of judicial independence.[28][29]

From Taney to Taft
The Taney Court (1836–1864) made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Sill, which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear, it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects.[30] Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford,[31] which helped precipitate the Civil War.[32] In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts (1864–1910) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution[25] and developed the doctrine of substantive due process (Lochner v. New York;[33] Adair v. United States).[34]

Under the White and Taft Courts (1910–1930), the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment had incorporated some guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states (Gitlow v. New York),[35] grappled with the new antitrust statutes (Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States), upheld the constitutionality of military conscription (Selective Draft Law Cases)[36] and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee (Adkins v. Children's Hospital).[37]

New Deal era
During the Hughes, Stone, and Vinson Courts (1930–1953), the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935[38] and changed its interpretation of the Constitution, giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal (most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, Wickard v. Filburn, United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler).[39][40][41] During World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens (Korematsu v. United States) and the mandatory pledge of allegiance (Minersville School District v. Gobitis). Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated (West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette), and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend.

Warren and Burger
The Warren Court (1953–1969) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties.[42] It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection (Brown v. Board of Education, Bolling v. Sharpe and Green v. County School Bd.)[43] and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote (Reynolds v. Sims). It created a general right to privacy (Griswold v. Connecticut),[44] limited the role of religion in public school (most prominently Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp),[45][46] incorporated most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the States—prominently Mapp v. Ohio (the exclusionary rule) and Gideon v. Wainwright (right to appointed counsel),[47][48]—and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police (Miranda v. Arizona).[49] At the same time, however, the Court limited defamation suits by public figures (New York Times v. Sullivan) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories.[50]

The Burger Court (1969–1986) marked a conservative shift.[51] It also expanded Griswold's right to privacy to strike down abortion laws (Roe v. Wade),[52] but divided deeply on affirmative action (Regents of the University of California v. Bakke)[53] and campaign finance regulation (Buckley v. Valeo).[54] It also dithered on the death penalty, ruling first that most applications were defective (Furman v. Georgia),[55] then the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional (Gregg v. Georgia).[55][56][57]

Rehnquist and Roberts
The Rehnquist Court (1986–2005) was noted for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism,[58] emphasizing the limits of the Constitution's affirmative grants of power (United States v. Lopez) and the force of its restrictions on those powers (Seminole Tribe v. Florida, City of Boerne v. Flores).[59][60][61][62][63] It struck down single-sex state schools as a violation of equal protection (United States v. Virginia), laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process (Lawrence v. Texas),[64] and the line item veto (Clinton v. New York), but upheld school vouchers (Zelman v. Simmons-Harris) and reaffirmed Roe's restrictions on abortion laws (Planned Parenthood v. Casey).[65] The Court's decision in Bush v. Gore, which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000, was especially controversial.[66][67]

The Roberts Court (2005–present) is regarded as more conservative than the Rehnquist Court.[68][69][70][71] Some of its major rulings have concerned federal preemption (Wyeth v. Levine), civil procedure (Twombly-Iqbal), abortion (Gonzales v. Carhart),[72] climate change (Massachusetts v. EPA), same-sex marriage (United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges) and the Bill of Rights, notably in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (First Amendment),[73] Heller-McDonald (Second Amendment)[74] and Baze v. Rees (Eighth Amendment)

Stephen Cleobury

Sir Stephen Cleobury CBE (/ˈkliːbəri/ KLEE-bər-ee; 31 December 1948 – 22 November 2019)[1][2][3] was an English organist and Director of Music, most noted for his connection with the Choir of King's College, Cambridge where he music director from 1982 to 2019, and the BBC Singers
Life
Early years
He was born Stephen John Cleobury in Bromley, Kent, the son of John F Cleobury and Brenda J Randall.[5] He sang as a chorister at Worcester Cathedral under Douglas Guest then Christopher Robinson.[5] He was organ scholar at St John's College, Cambridge under the musical directorship of George Guest, and sub-organist of Westminster Abbey before becoming the first Anglican Master of Music at the Catholic Westminster Cathedral in 1979.[5][6] In the 1970s, he was head of music at both St Matthew's Church, Northampton, and at Northampton Grammar School.[5]

King's College, Cambridge
In 1982 he took up the position of Director of Music for the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, where he also taught music.[5] He was conductor of Cambridge University Musical Society (CUMS) from 1983 to 2009, and made many recordings with that group, including Verdi's Quattro Pezzi Sacri and Goehr's The Death of Moses. As part of the celebrations of the 800th anniversary of Cambridge University, he premiered Peter Maxwell Davies' The Sorcerer's Mirror. He was chief conductor of the BBC Singers from 1995 to 2007, and was then their Conductor Laureate.[5] His most notable contribution with the choir was the incorporation of modern works, frequently through commissions, to complement the traditional repertoire.[6] Such contemporary pieces were often controversial, such as Birtwistle’s The Gleam, which requires the choristers to stamp their feet and shout.[6]

His last major project there was Bach's St Matthew Passion in 2019, in a sequence of performing it alternating with the St John Passion every year. The choir performed with the Academy of Ancient Music and James Gilchrist as the Evangelist.[7] He retired on 30 September 2019, and was succeeded at King's College by Daniel Hyde.[5][8]

Beyond Cambridge
Cleobury was president of the Royal College of Organists from 1990 to 1992.[5] Cleobury served as Visiting Fellow at the Louisiana State University School of Music, for 2013-2014.[9]

Personal life
His brother Nicholas Cleobury is also a conductor. His cousin Stephen Dean is a composer.[10] He lived with his wife Emma and their two daughters.[5][11] Cleobury died on 22 November 2019, in his hometown of York, after a long illness.[2]

Honours and awards
In 2008 Cleobury was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal School of Church Music.[5][12] He was an Honorary Doctor of Music from Anglia Ruskin University. Cleobury was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours.[13][14] He was knighted in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to choral music.[2][15][16]

Recordings
CD
As conductor
2019 – Evensong Live 2019: Anthems and Canticles[17]
2019 – Howells: Cello Concerto & An English Mass[18]
2019 – The Music of King's: Choral Favourites from Cambridge [19]
2018 – 100 Years of Nine Lessons and Carols[20]
2018 – Byrd: Motets[21]
2018 – 再别康桥 (Second Farewell to Cambridge)[22]
2017 – Vaughan Williams: Dona Nobis Pacem & Bernstein: Chichester Psalms[23]
2017 – Bach: St John Passion[24]
2016 – Evensong Live 2016[25]
2016 – Hymns from King's[26]
2015 – 1615 Gabrieli in Venice[27]
2015 – Evensong Live 2015[28]
2015 – English Hymn Anthems[29]
2014 – Favourite Carols from King's[30]
2014 – Fauré Requiem[31]
2013 – Britten: Saint Nicolas (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[32]
2013 – Mozart: Requiem Realisations (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[33]
2012 – Nine Lessons & Carols (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[34]
2007 – I Heard a Voice – Music From the Golden Age, Works by Weelkes, Gibbons and Tomkins (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, Oliver Brett, Peter Stevens)[35]
2006 – Brahms: Ein deutsches Requiem (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with Susan Gritton, Hanno Müller-Brachmann, Evgenia Rubinova and Jose Gallardo)[36]
2003 – Bach: Johannes-Passion (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with John Mark Ainsley, Stephen Richardson, Catherine Bott, Michael Chance, Paul Agnew, and Stephen Varcoe)[37][38]
2002 – Vivaldi: Gloria, RV 589 / Dixit Dominus, RV 594 / Magnificat, RV 610 (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with the Academy of Ancient Music)[39]
2001 – Howells: Te Deum & Jubilate (Choir of King's College Cambridge)[40]
2000 – Handel: Israel in Egypt (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, Ian Bostridge, Michael Chance, Susan Gritton, Stephen Varcoe)[41][42][43]
2000 – Best Loved Hymns (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[44]
1999 – Rachmaninov: Vespers (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[45]
1998 – John Rutter: Requiem (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[46]
1997 – Stanford: Evening Services in C and G (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[47]
1996 – The King's Collection (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[48]
1996 – Allegri: Miserere (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[49]
1995 – Handel: Dixit Dominus (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[50]
1994 – Ikos (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[51]
1994 – Handel: Messiah (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with Lynne Dawson, Hilary Summers, John Mark Ainsley and Alastair Miles)[52]
1994 – Bach: St Matthew Passion (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, with Rogers Covey-Crump, Michael George, Emma Kirkby, Michael Chance, Martyn Hill, David Thomas)[53]
1990 – Tallis: Spem in alium, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Responsaries (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[54]
1989 – Fauré: Requiem; Duruflé: Requiem (Choir of King's College, Cambridge, Olaf Bär, Ann Murray)[55]
1984 – O Come All Ye Faithful (Favourite Christmas Carols) (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[56]
As organist
1993 – Organ Favourites from King's College, Cambridge[57]
2004 – British Organ Music from King's[58]
2007 – Organ Classics from King's[59]
2009 – The Grand Organ of King's College[60]
2017 – The King of Instruments: A Voice Reborn [61]
2019 – Herbert Howells’ An English Mass [62][63]
DVD
As conductor:

Anthems from King's (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[64]
Carols from King's (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[65]
Handel: "Messiah" (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)[66]
Bach: "Johannes-Passion" (Choir of King's College, Cambridge)

باربرا وندسور

باربرا وندسور هي ممثلة بريطانية، ولدت في 6 أغسطس 1937 في المملكة المتحدة
أعمال
أفلام
(2010) أليس في بلاد العجائب
(2016) أليس في بلاد المرآة

Barbara Windsor

Dame Barbara Windsor, DBE (born Barbara Ann Deeks; 6 August 1937),[3] is an English actress, known for her appearances in the Carry On films and for playing Peggy Mitchell in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders.[4] She joined the cast of EastEnders in 1994 and won the 1999 British Soap Award for Best Actress, before finally leaving the show in 2016.

Windsor began her career on stage in 1950 at the age of 13 and made her film debut as a schoolgirl in The Belles of St Trinian's (1954). She received a BAFTA Award nomination for the film Sparrows Can't Sing (1963), and a Tony Award nomination for the 1964 Broadway production of Oh, What A Lovely War!. In 1972, she starred opposite Vanessa Redgrave in the West End production of The Threepenny Opera. Between 1964 and 1974, she appeared in nine Carry On films, including Carry On Spying (1964), Carry On Doctor (1967), Carry On Camping (1969), Carry On Henry (1971) and Carry On Abroad (1972). She also co-presented the 1977 Carry On compilation That's Carry On!.

Other film roles include A Study in Terror (1965), Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968), and as the voice of Mallymkun -The Dormouse in Alice in Wonderland (2010) and Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016).

She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to charity and entertainment.

Early life
Windsor was born in Shoreditch, London, in 1937 (her birth was registered in Stepney),[5] the only child of John Deeks, a costermonger, and his wife, Rose (née Ellis), a dressmaker. Windsor is of English and Irish ancestry.[6] She passed her 11-plus exams gaining a place at Our Lady's Convent in Stamford Hill. Her mother paid for her to have elocution lessons, and she trained at the Aida Foster School in Golders Green, making her stage debut at 13 and her West End debut in 1952 in the chorus of the musical Love From Judy. She took the stage name Windsor in 1953, inspired by the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.[7]

Career
Her first film role was in The Belles of St Trinian's released in 1954. She joined Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop at the Theatre Royal, Stratford East, coming to prominence in their stage production Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be and Littlewood's film Sparrers Can't Sing (1963), achieving a BAFTA nomination for Best British Film Actress. She also appeared in the film comedy Crooks in Cloisters (1964), the fantasy film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) and in the sitcoms The Rag Trade and Wild, Wild Women.

Carry On
Windsor came to prominence with her portrayals of a 'good time girl' in nine Carry On films. Her first was Carry On Spying in 1964 and her final Carry On... film acting role was in Carry On Dick in 1974. She also appeared in several Carry On... television and compilation specials between 1964 and 1977.

One of her most iconic scenes was in Carry On Camping in 1969, where her bikini top flew off during outdoor aerobic exercises. In classic Carry On style, exposure is implied but little is in fact seen.[8]

From 1973 to 1975 she appeared with several of the Carry On team in the West End revue Carry On London! During this time she had a well-publicised affair with her co-star, Sid James.[9]

She was strongly identified with the Carry On films for many years, which restricted the variety of roles she was chosen to play later in her career.

Theatre
Windsor starred on Broadway in the Theatre Workshop's Oh, What a Lovely War! and received a 1965 Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. She also appeared in Lionel Bart's musical flop Twang!! (directed by Joan Littlewood) and in the musical Come Spy with Me with Danny La Rue.

In 1970 she landed the role of music hall legend Marie Lloyd in the musical-biopic Sing A Rude Song. In 1972 she appeared in the West End in Tony Richardson's The Threepenny Opera with Vanessa Redgrave. In 1975, she toured the UK, New Zealand and South Africa in her own show, Carry On Barbara!, and followed this with the role of Maria in Twelfth Night at the Chichester Festival Theatre.

In 1981 she played sex-mad landlady Kath in Joe Orton's black comedy Entertaining Mr Sloane at the Lyric Hammersmith, directed by her friend Kenneth Williams. She reprised the role for a national tour in 1993.[10]

EastEnders
When EastEnders was launched in 1985, the producers said they would not cast well-known actors (Wendy Richard being a rare exception). Windsor has said that she would have liked to have been part of the original cast.[11]

By 1994 this policy was relaxed, and Windsor accepted an offer to join EastEnders. She took over the role of Peggy Mitchell (who was previously a minor character played by Jo Warne in 1991), for which she received the Best Actress award at the 1999 British Soap Awards and a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2009 British Soap Awards.
A debilitating case of the Epstein-Barr virus forced a two-year absence from the role between 2003 and 2005, although Windsor was able to make a two-episode guest appearance in 2004. She rejoined the cast full-time in the summer of 2005.

In October 2009, Windsor announced she was to leave her role as Peggy Mitchell, saying she wanted to spend more time with her husband.[12] On 10 September 2010 her character left Albert Square after a fire destroyed the Queen Victoria pub, of which she was the owner.[13]

In July 2013, it was announced that Windsor was to return for one episode, which aired on 20 September 2013.[14] She again returned for a single episode on 25 September 2014,[15] and made a further appearance for EastEnders 30th anniversary on 17 February 2015.[16] In February 2015, Windsor, along with Pam St. Clement (Pat Evans), took part in EastEnders: Back to Ours to celebrate 30 years of EastEnders. Windsor and St. Clement looked back on some of their characters' most dramatic moments.

In November 2015, Windsor secretly filmed a return to EastEnders, which was shown in January 2016. After this, it was confirmed that the character would be killed off later in the year. This was Windsor's decision, as she said that as long as Peggy was alive, she would always be drawn back to playing her.[17] Her last appearance aired on BBC One on 17 May 2016.

Later years
Windsor provided the voice of the Dormouse in Walt Disney's live action adaptation of Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland (2010), directed by Tim Burton.[18] Windsor appeared in the pantomime Dick Whittington at the Bristol Hippodrome over the Christmas/New Year period of 2010/2011.[19] In September 2010, it was announced that Windsor would be fronting a TV campaign for online bingo site Jackpotjoy as the Queen of Bingo.[20] She appeared as herself in one episode of Come Fly with Me in January 2011.

From 2011 onwards, she regularly did presenting work for BBC Radio 2 music and showbusiness history programmes. She reprised her voice role of the Dormouse in the film Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016).[21]

In May 2017, Windsor appeared in a cameo role as herself in the BBC television film, Babs, written by EastEnders scriptwriter Tony Jordan. It showed Windsor in the 1990s as she prepares to go on stage and recalls events from her life, including her childhood, marriage to gangster Ronnie Knight, and her roles in the Carry On films.

Relationships and personal life
Windsor has been married three times and has no children.

Ronnie Knight (married 2 March 1964,[22] divorced January 1985)
Stephen Hollings, chef/restaurateur (married 12 April 1986 in Jamaica,[23] divorced 1995)
Scott Mitchell, former actor and recruitment consultant (married 8 April 2000[24])
Before her marriage to Ronnie Knight, she had a one-night stand with notorious East End gangster Reggie Kray and a longer affair with his older brother Charles Kray.[25] Between 1973 and 1976, whilst married to Knight, she had a much publicised affair with Carry On co-star Sid James.[26] Another of Windsor's Carry On co-stars, Kenneth Williams, accompanied her and Knight on their honeymoon.[27]

In her 2000 autobiography, All of Me, Windsor talks about her five abortions, the first three of which took place in her twenties and the last when she was 42. She has said she never wanted children as a result of her father rejecting her after her parents' divorce.[28]

Windsor was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2000 New Year Honours. In August 2010, she was given the Freedom of the City of London,[29] and in November 2010, she was honoured by the City of Westminster at a tree planting and plaque ceremony.[30][31]

She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to charity and entertainment.[32][33]

Windsor had a friendship with the late Amy Winehouse and in 2012, she became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation.[34]

In November 2014, she was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of East London.[35]

Health
On 10 May 2018, Windsor’s husband Scott Mitchell revealed that she had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in April 2014.[36] In January 2019, Mitchell and some of Windsor's former co-stars from EastEnders announced that they would be running the London Marathon in aid of a dementia campaign.[37] Mitchell said that Windsor’s health and mental state has been deteriorating and there have been moments where she no longer recognises him.[38]

On Windsor’s 82nd birthday in August 2019, she and Mitchell became ambassadors for the Alzheimer’s Society. On the same day, Mitchell and Windsor appeared in a video for the charity in which Windsor said "Unite with me, against dementia" and Mitchell highlighted the problems many face with the disease and urged viewers to sign a letter to Prime Minister Boris Johnson as he "urgently needs to address these challenges.

Bellator

Bellator MMA is an American mixed martial arts promotion company based in Santa Monica, California that is owned and operated as a subsidiary of Viacom. It is one of the largest MMA promotion companies in the world and features many of the upper echelon athletes in combat sports. Its first event was held in 2009, with 222 "numbered" events held as of June 2019. The word Bellator is Latin for "warrior". The company was previously known as Bellator Fighting Championships

Bellator MMA currently features notable talents such as Michael Chandler, Ryan Bader, Gegard Mousasi, Ilima-Lei Macfarlane, Paul Daley, Rory MacDonald, Lyoto Machida, Patrício "Pitbull" Freire, Quinton "Rampage" Jackson, Michael "Venom" Page, Douglas Lima, and Cris Cyborg, among others.
History
Bellator was founded in 2008 by former Chairman and CEO Bjorn Rebney. Under Rebney's ownership, Bellator featured "The Toughest Tournament in Sports", which was a single-elimination format that awarded the winner of each eight-person or four-person tournament a check for $100,000 and a guaranteed world-title fight against the current Bellator world champion in the applicable weight class. Since Scott Coker took over as president of the promoter, Bellator has stopped with the tournament format and now follows a more traditional MMA format with multiple 1 vs 1 fights placed on multiple cards throughout the year. Bellator switched their cage from a more traditional octagon, to a less defined one. The cage still has eight different angles, making it an octagon, but it looks more circular than its predecessor.

In December 2011, Viacom acquired a majority stake of Bellator and in January 2013, all Bellator events began airing on Spike. Bellator produced nearly 25 live events annually until 2015, as well as shoulder programming including fighter features, highlight shows and reality-based programming.

In May 2014, Bellator hosted the company's inaugural pay-per-view event from the Landers Center. The event featured a Bellator Light Heavyweight Tournament Final fight between Rampage Jackson and King Mo, Michael Chandler vs. Will Brooks for the Lightweight Interim World Title, Alexander Shlemenko vs. Tito Ortiz, the Bellator Season 10 Heavyweight Tournament Final between Alexander Volkov vs. Blagoi Ivanov and a feature fight between Ricky Rainey vs. Michael Page.

Company timeline
Sept. 2008 – Bellator was founded by Bellator Chairman and CEO Bjorn Rebney.
Nov. 2008 – Bellator announces broadcast agreement with ESPN Deportes. Bellator becomes the first promoter to secure live MMA programming on any domestic platform on the ESPN family of networks.
April 2009- Bellator 1 debuts on ESPN Deportes from Hollywood, Florida's Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino.
May 2009- Toby Imada pulls off incredible inverted triangle submission choke over Jorge Masvidal, creating a viral sensation on YouTube collecting over 1.5 million views.
July 2009- Sports Illustrated calls Bellator "MMA's success story of the year".
Oct. 2009- Bellator announces large-scale agreement with Fox Sports Net, NBC and Telemundo for Bellator's Season 2 & 3.
April 2010- Bellator Season 2 debuts on Fox Sports Net from Hollywood, Florida'a Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino.
Dec. 2010- Bellator announces English language exclusive broadcast with MTV2, beginning in 2011.
Mar. 2011- Bellator Season 4 debuts on MTV 2.
Oct. 2011- Viacom purchases majority stake in Bellator and announces Bellator will move to Spike.
Nov. 2011- Nov. 19th Michael Chandler & Eddie Alvarez compete in the Lightweight World Title fight that is widely considered 2011's Fight of the Year.
Aug. 2012- Bellator moves corporate offices from Chicago, IL to Newport Beach, CA.
Jan. 2013- Bellator begins airing original shoulder programming including "Bellator 360".
Jan. 2013- Bellator Season 8 premieres Jan. 17 on Spike to over 1.2 million viewers.
Feb. 2013- Bjorn Rebney and Spike President Kevin Kay jointly announce a new Bellator reality show, "Bellator MMA Fight Master".
Sept. 2013–Bellator 100 takes place from Phoenix's Grand Canyon University.
Sept. 2013- Bellator signs multi-year partnership agreement with Fox Sports Latin America giving Bellator the largest MMA distribution deal in Latin America MMA history.
Nov. 2013- Nov. 2nd Chandler vs. Alvarez II delivers 1.4 million viewers on Spike TV and becomes the highest rated MMA TV show on cable during the fall of 2013.
May 2014- Promotion held its first international event in Rama, Canada.
May 2014- Bellator's inaugural pay-per-view from the Landers Center at Bellator 120.
June 2014- Company announces that both Chairman/CEO Bjorn Rebney and President Tim Danaher have left the company.
Tournament format
In the past, Bellator has sporadically featured tournaments, unlike several other MMA promoters. However, in 2015, Bellator President Scott Coker made the decision to drop the 8-man tournament format in favor of smaller tournaments.[2]

Bellator included weight classes from bantamweight (135 pounds) through heavyweight (265 pounds) and tournaments in each weight class were conducted over a three-month period. Each tournament began with the opening round featuring eight fighters in that respective weight class, moved onto the semi-finals and then the finals. For four-man tournaments, only the semi-finals and finals were included. Each tournament was single elimination and there was a one-month break between opening round, semi-finals and finals.

During the tournament, the rules were slightly different from those of a non-tournament fight. Elbow strikes were illegal in the quarterfinal and semifinal tournament bouts due to the high probability of a cut occurring. Elbow strikes were legal in the finals. The tournament final was still three five-minute rounds, since it was not a title fight.

Bellator partnered with Rizin Fighting Federation for the Rizin Fighting World Grand Priz event held on December 29 and 31 2015, sharing King Mo Lawal for the Rizin FF Tournament. The former Pride FC Heavyweight champion Fedor Emelianenko headlined the NYE Rizin FF main event.[3][4]

Bellator does not run regularly scheduled tournaments, however, they are always an option at Scott Coker's discretion.

Broadcast partners
Bellator cards have aired largely on Viacom-owned channels, initially MTV2, but moving to Paramount Network (then known as Spike) in 2013 following the end of the channel's contract with the UFC.[5][6]

On June 26, 2018, Bellator announced a five-year streaming deal with DAZN, covering the U.S. and other markets served by the sports-oriented streaming service. Since Bellator 206, this includes all events aired by Paramount Network, as well as seven exclusive cards per-year

زياد علي

زياد علي محمد