دوري ابطال افريقيا

دوري أبطال أفريقيا (بالإنجليزية: CAF Champions League) هي مسابقة كرة قدم قارية سنوية يديرها الاتحاد الأفريقي لكرة القدم. إن أفضل الأندية في الدوريات الأفريقية لكرة القدم مدعوون للمشاركة في هذه المسابقة، وهي مسابقة الأندية الأولى لكرة القدم في القارة والتي تعادل دوري أبطال أوروبا. لأسباب تتعلق بالرعاية ، الاسم الرسمي هو دوري أبطال توتال.

يحصل الفائز في البطولة على مقعد في كأس العالم للأندية، وهي مسابقة متنافس عليها بين الأندية البطل من جميع الاتحادات القارية الست، ويواجه أيضًا الفائز في كأس الكونفيدرالية الأفريقية في كأس السوبر الأفريقي في الموسم التالي.

يعد النادي الأهلي المصري هو النادي الأكثر نجاحًا في تاريخ المسابقة حيث فاز بالبطولة ثماني مرات، وحققت الأندية المصرية أكبر عدد من الانتصارات حيث فازت باللقب 14 مرة، البطل الحالي للمسابقة هو الترجي الرياضي التونسي بعد تحقيقه لقبه الثالث لعام 2018.
بدايةً من كأس أفريقيا للأندية البطلة في عام 1964، كان أول فريق يرفع الكأس هو الكاميروني أوريكس دوالا، الذي فاز على الملعب المالي 2-1 في نهائي لمباراة واحدة فقط. لم تلعب بطولة في العام التالي، ولكن تم استئنافها مرة أخرى في عام 1966، عندما تم عرض نهائي لأول مرة ذهابًا وإيابًا، وشهد فريق مالي آخر يتأهل للنهائي وهو ريال باماكو ضد ملعب أبيدجان من ساحل العاج. فاز ريال باماكو في مباراة الذهاب 3-1 ولكن تفوق كل ذلك في المباراة خارج أرضه في أبيدجان حيث تابع الإيفواريون الفوز 4-1 ليفوزوا باللقب 5-4 في مجموع المباراتين.

في عام 1967 عندما التقى أشانتي كوتوكو من غانا مع تي بي مازيمبي من جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية، انتهت كلتا المباراتين بالتعادل (1-1 و 2-2 على التوالي). اقترح الاتحاد الأفريقي لكرة القدم مباراة فاصلة ، لكن الغانيين رفضوا التنافس وتم تسليم اللقب إلى تي بي مازيمبي، الذي حقق اللقب مرة أخرى في العام التالي.

ومع ذلك ، فإن الغانيين إنتقموا في عام 1970، عندما التقى أشانتي كوتوكو وتي بي مازيمبي مرة أخرى في المباراة النهائية. مرة أخرى ، انتهت المباراة الأولى بالتعادل 1-1، لكن على عكس التوقعات ، تمكن الغانيون من الفوز 2-1 في مباراتهم خارج أرضهم ليرفعوا الكأس التي غابت عنهم قبل ثلاث سنوات.

شهدت فترة السبعينيات ارتفاعًا ملحوظًا في تتويجات الأندية الكاميرونية، مما أوجد منصة النجاح التي تتمتع بها كرة القدم الكاميرونية على المستوى الدولي اليوم. بين عامي 1971 و 1980 فازت الفرق الكاميرونية بالكأس أربع مرات ، مع حصول نادي كانون ياوندي على ثلاثة ألقاب سنوات 1971، 1978 و1980 يونيون دوالا رفع الكأس في عام 1979. وبين الانتصارات الكاميرونية، تم تقاسم الشرف مع فريق آخر يتمتع بعصر ذهبي، الفريق الغيني هافيا كوناكري، الذي فاز بها ثلاث مرات خلال هذه الفترة في نسخ 1972، 1975 و1977.
العهد الجديد 1997
بصرف النظر عن إدخال قانون الأهداف خارج الديار والمتمثل في أفضلية التتويج للفريق الذي سجل أهداف خارج دياره، لم يتغير كثيرًا في هذه المسابقة حتى عام 1997. في هذا العام ، اتخذ الاتحاد الإفريقي لكرة القدم خطوة جريئة لمتابعة الصدارة التي تم تأسيسها قبل بضع سنوات من قبل الاتحاد الأوروبي لكرة القدم من خلال إنشاء مرحلة دوري في البطولة وتغيير الاسم إلى دوري أبطال أفريقيا. قدم الاتحاد الأفريقي لكرة القدم أيضًا جوائز مالية للمشاركين لأول مرة. من خلال تقديم جوائز قدرها مليون دولار أمريكي للفائزين و 750 ألف دولار أمريكي للوصيف، أصبحت بطولة دوري أبطال فريقيا الجديدة أغنى مسابقة للأندية في أفريقيا.

بروز أندية جديدة
ربح النادي المغربي الرجاء البيضاوي النسخة الأولى أمام الغاني أشانتي غولد. وبعد الوصول إلى الدور نصف النهائي في نسخة 1998، فاز الخضر باللقب مرة أخرى في عام 1999 ضد الترجي الرياضي التونسي، ووصلوا إلى النسخة الأولى من كأس العالم للأندية 2000 في البرازيل. غير معروف حتى الآن ، حتى في بلده ، ظهر نادي نادي إنييمبا إنترناشونال على الساحة الإفريقية وفاز بلقبين متتاليين في نسختي 2003 و2004 ، مقدمًا لنيجيريا بطولاتها الأولى في هذه المسابقة.

منافسات نارية بين الفرق
في الفترة من 2005 إلى 2007، كانت النهائيات تعارض في كل مرة الأهلي أمام ناد تونسي، وإذا كانت المواجهات الأولى قد فاز بها الأهلي في القاهرة، شهدت الثالثة انتصارالنجم الرياضي الساحلي الذي بنفس الطريقة. فرصة تضع حدا لجفاف استمرت منذ عام 1994 للأندية التونسية. حقق الفائز بالفعل في نسخة عامي 1967 و1968 ، وهو النادي الكونغولي من لوبومباشي، عودته الكبيرة إلى صدارة كرة القدم الأفريقية بفوزه بدوري الأبطال مرتين على التوالي في عامي 2009 و2010 ، وفي هذه العملية يصل إلى نهائي كأس العالم للأندية 2010، الأول لنادي غير الأوروبي وغير أمريكا الجنوبية. في الشكل الجديد، مر أبطال الدوري في البلدان الأعضاء في الاتحاد الإفريقي بسلسلة من الجولات التمهيدية حتى آخر 16 مرحلة. تم بعد ذلك سحب الفائزين الثمانية في هذه الجولة إلى مجموعتين مكونتين من 4 فرق لكل منهما، حيث يلعب كل فريق بعضهم البعض على أرضهم وخارجها. في نهاية مرحلة المجموعات، يلتقي الفريقان الأوليان في كل مجموعة في الدور نصف النهائي، حيث يتأهل الفائزون إلى النهائيات. في عام 2010، أصبح تي بي مازيمبي من جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية أول نادٍ يفوز باللقب مرتين متتاليتين في مناسبين. جاء فوزهما الأول في عامي 1967 و 1968، قبل تكرار الإنجاز مرة أخرى في عامي 2009 و2010.

أبطال متعددون
بدون عنوان منذ عام 1994، عاد الترجي الرياضي التونسي إلى حيز التنفيذ على المستوى الأفريقي بثلاث نهائيات متتالية. تأهل النادي التونسي لنهائيات كأس العالم للأندية 2011 بعد نهائي مثير للجدل ضد تي بي مازيمبي، في عام في 2010، يتوج في المباراة النهائية ضد الوداد. فقد اللقب عام 2012 ضد الأهلي. بعد أربع سنوات من لقبه الأخير، فاز نادي الأهلي بالكأس ضد الترجي الرياضي التونسي في نسخة 2012. وفاز الأهلي مرة أخرى عام 2013 ضد أورلاندو بيراتس. فاز وفاق سطيف بكأسه الثاني في عام 2014 بعد 26 عامًا من الانتظار، وفاز تي بي مازيمبي باللقب عام 2015، بعد خمس سنوات من آخر لقب له.

الترجي بطل مرتين لأفريقيا 2018 و2019 والتفوق القاري
اعتبر في هذا العقد التدريب الأفريقي الأكثر دوريًا لدوري أبطال أفريقيا من خلال بلوغ خمس مرات نهائي المسابقة الإفريقية المرموقة: 2010، 2011، 2012، 2018 و2019 ، يظهر الترجي الرياضي التونسي كفزاعة كرة القدم الأفريقية في هذا القرن. بعد فوزه على الأهلي 3-0 في مباراة الإياب النهائية للبطولة الإفريقية 2018، أكد الترجي الرياضي التونسي هيمنته على كرة القدم الإفريقية بعد ستة أشهر، حيث وصل إلى نهائي دوري أبطال أفريقيا 2019 بفوزه النهائي في الفوز 1-0 على الوداد والاحتفاظ بلقبه. يحتوي الترجي الرياضي التونسي أيضًا على إحصائيات تؤكد هيمنته على كرة القدم الإفريقية من دون هزائم في المباريات خارج أرضه وخارجها في هذه النسخة من دوري أبطال أفريقيا 2019. تميزت مباراة الإياب من الدوري النهائي لسنة 2019 أحداثا غريبة خرجت عن الإطار الرياضي حين قام لاعب الوداد وليد الكرتي بتسجيل هدف تم إلغائه بداعي التسلل فتم إيقاف المباراة لحوالي ساعة النصف ونزول المسؤولين إلى أرضية الميدان منهم رئيس الاتحاد الأفريقي لكرة القدم أحمد أحمد، رئيس الجامعة التونسية لكرة القدم السيد وديع الجريئ ورئيس الترجي الرياضي التونسي السيد حمدي المؤدب، فإتضح أن الحكم المساعد بالفيديو لم يكن يعمل كما أن لاعب الترجي خليل شمام صرح أن الحكم باكاري غاساما قال لي ولقائد الوداد أن الحكم المساعد بالفيديو غير متوفر. وبعد مشاورات قرر الاتحاد الأفريقي لكرة القدم إعلان أن الترجي الرياضي التونسي بطلا لأفريقيا للمرة الرابعة والثانية على التوالي.
طبقا لقوانين الاتحاد الأفريقي لكرة القدم فإن الكأس الخاصة بالبطولة تنتقل كل عام من مقر النادي البطل السابق إلى مقر النادي البطل الجديد. مع تقديم نسخة بديلة للبطل السابق أما إذا تمكن أحد الأندية من الفوز بها ثلاث مرات متتالية أو غير متتالية يحق له الاحتفاظ بكأس البطولة إلى الأبد (وتلغي المرات السابقة للأندية الأخرى على الكأس الجديدة).و يقوم الاتحاد الأفريقي بتصميم كأس جديدة للبطولات القادمة وهكذا..

أول كأس لعبت عليها هذة البطولة كانت تحمل اسم الرئيس الغاني الراحل كوامي نكروما والتي بدأ اللعب عليها منذ بداية البطولة عام 1964 وحتى احتفظ بها نادي هافيا كوناكري الغيني عام 1977 عقب فوزه في الدور النهائي على هارتس أوف أوك (غانا) وكان قد فاز بنفس الكأس عامي 1972، 1975.

لعبت البطولة على كأس جديدة بداية من عام 1978 حملت اسم الرئيس الغيني الراحل أحمد سيكو توري تلك التي احتفظ بها الزمالك المصري عام 1993 عقب فوزه في الدور النهائي على أشانتي كوتوكو (غانا) وكان قد فاز بنفس الكأس عامي 1984، 1986.

لعبت البطولة على كأس جديدة بداية من عام 1994 وحتى احتفظ بها النادي الأهلي المصري عام 2006 هي الأخرى عقب فوزه على النادي الرياضي الصفاقسي (تونس) وكان قد فاز بنفس الكأس عامي 2001، 2005.

لعبت البطولة على كأس جديدة بداية من عام 2007 وحتى احتفظ بها النادى الأهلى المصري عام 2013 هي الأخرى عقب فوزه على أورلاندو بيراتس (جنوب أفريقيا) وكان قد فاز بنفس الكأس عامي 2008، 2012.

لعبة البطولة منذ 2014 على كأس ثشبه تماما سابقتها لكن بعد تعديلات وإضافات طفيفة تمثلت في إضافة كمية المعدن من الأسفل وإنقاص لمعان الكرة الذهبية. وتوج بها وفاق سطيف سنة 2014. ويذكر أن الترجي الرياضي التونسي إقترب من الإحتفاظ بهذه الكأس بعد الظفر بها مرتين متتاليتين في 2018 و2019.

TRB

The Transportation Research Board (TRB) is a division of the National Academy of Sciences, formerly, the National Research Council of the United States which serves as an independent adviser to the President of the United States, the Congress and federal agencies on scientific and technical questions of national importance. It is jointly administered by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Medicine.

As one of seven major divisions of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,[1] the TRB promotes innovation and progress in transportation through research in an objective and interdisciplinary setting. It stimulates research and offers research management services that promote technical excellence; provides expert advice on transportation policy and programs; and disseminates research results broadly and encourages their implementation. The TRB hosts some 200 standing committees that address specific aspects of transport and the annual TRB conference attracts more than 13,000 attendees.
History
The Transportation Research Board was established in 1920 as 'National Advisory Board on Highway Research', as the 'Highway Research Board' from 1925 until 1974 when it was renamed again as the 'Transportation Research Board'. Initially being solely involved in the sharing of information, it has commissioned ad-hoc research since 1950, became more involved in multi-modal transport in the 1960s and has extended its operations further more recently.[2]

Overview
TRB fulfills this mission through the work of its more than 200 standing committees and task forces addressing all modes and aspects of transportation; publication and dissemination of reports and peer-reviewed technical papers on research findings; management of cooperative research and other research programs; conduct of special studies on transportation policy issues at the request of the U.S. Congress and government agencies; operation of an on-line computerized file of transportation research information; and the hosting of an annual meeting that typically attracts more than 13,000 transportation professionals from throughout the United States and abroad.[3]

The Board's activities are organized as follows:

Division A – Technical Activities
Division B – Studies and Special Programs
Division C – Administration and Finance
Division D – Cooperative Research Programs
TRB's varied activities annually draw on over 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers from the public and private sectors and academia, who contribute expertise in the public interest by participating on TRB committees, panels, and task forces.[4] The program is supported by state transportation departments, the various administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation and other federal agencies, industry associations, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation.[5]

Publications include the Highway Capacity Manual and Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) offers several databases for researchers:

The TRID Database is an integrated database that combines the records from TRB's Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) Database and the OECD's Joint Transport Research Centre’s International Transport Research Documentation (ITRD) Database. TRID is the world's largest and most comprehensive bibliographic resource on transportation research information. It contains more than one million records of published and ongoing research, covering all modes and disciplines of transportation. More than 156,000 records contain links to full-text documents. The records in TRID are indexed with a standardized vocabulary from the Transportation Research Thesaurus (TRT) or the ITRD Thesaurus, depending on the source organization.[6]
The Research in Progress (RiP) Database contains more than 12,400 current or recently completed transportation research projects, mostly those funded by the modal administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, state Departments of Transportation (DOTs), University Transportation Centers, or by TRB's cooperative research programs.[7]
Research Needs Statements (RNS) Database An important function of TRB is to stimulate research that addresses issues facing the transportation community. In support of this function, TRB Technical Activities standing committees identify, develop, and disseminate research need statements (RNS) for use by practitioners, researchers, and others.[8]
The TRB Publications Index (Pubsindex) contains bibliographic information on almost 48,000 papers, articles, and reports published by the Highway Research Board, Transportation Research Board, Strategic Highway Research Program, and the Marine Board.[9]
The Practice Ready Papers (PRP) Database] contains papers that are defined as those in which the research results presented and discussed make a contribution to the solution of current or future problems or issues for practitioners. Information presented in these papers is ready for immediate implementation or requires minimal additional research or implementation effort.[10]
Funding Opportunities
The TRB offers selective research funding for graduate students and faculty, notably, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP), and the Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP). Each one of these programs has industry leaders who act as references while completing the project

Pragya Thakur

Pragya Singh Thakur (born 2 February 1970), better known as Sadhvi Pragya, is a Member of Parliament representing Bhopal and belonging to the Bharatiya Janata Party. During the college days, she was active member of Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) and later joined various affiliate organisations of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).

She is accused of the 2008 Malegaon bombings where 10 people were killed and 82 more were injured. She faced arrest for terror charges after her bike was found at the scene of the crime, but was granted bail on health grounds following the dropping of some of the serious charges by the National Investigation Agency.[3][4]

Thakur contested the 2019 Indian general election from Bhopal constituency, running against Digvijaya Singh of the Indian National Congress, the former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh.[1] She won her debut contest by a margin of 364,822 votes.[5] According to political scientist Christophe Jaffrelot, she has become the "symbol" of the 2019 election, in which nebulous fringe elements of the Hindutva ideology have been mainstreamised.[6]

On November 21, 2019 Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur has been made a part of the 21-member parliamentary consultative committee on defence, which is headed by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh. After her comment in parliament, where she called Nathuram Godse (Gandhi's assassin) a patriot, she was criticised by opposition party members. On 28 November, she was sacked from the committee on defence as well as BJP parliamentary party meetings.
Early life and background
Thakur was born on 2 February 1970.[7] Her father, Chandrapal Singh, was an Ayurvedic practitioner in Bhind, Madhya Pradesh and a worker of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.[8] She had been a tomboy since her childhood, keeping short hair, and dressing like a boy. She was often called 'the girl with boyish looks'. She loved riding bikes. It was a motorcycle registered on her name which led to her arrest in connection with the Malegaon blasts.[9]

Career
Thakur studied at Lahar College (Bhind), where, in 1993, she joined Akhil Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), the student wing of the Sangh Parivar. She subsequently rose to the position of state secretary and left this organisation in 1997. After that, she worked for Rashtrawadi Sena and the Hindu Jagran Manch. She was also a member of Durga Vahini, women's wing of Hindu organisation Bajrang Dal. She is also a founder member of Vande Mataram Jan Kalyan Samiti, which is an organisation connected to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and belongs to the Sangh Parivar.[10]

2019 General Elections
Thakur joined the Bharatiya Janata Party on 17 April 2019 and was declared as the BJP candidate for Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency for 2019 elections.[11][12][13] Thakur was in the news for saying that Mumbai former ATS chief Hemant Karkare died in 2008 Mumbai attacks because she cursed him for giving her bad treatment in jail after her arrest in 2008 blasts.[14] BJP leader Fatima Rasool Siddique said her communal and obnoxious remarks have tarnished the image of Shivraj Singh Chouhan and Muslims and she will not campaign for Thakur.[15][16] Election Commission of India directed the police to file an FIR against Thakur for her Babri Masjid remark that she participated in demolition of the Babri Masjid at Ayodhya in 1992.[17] The Election Commission later banned her for 72 hours from campaigning for violating the Model Code of Conduct by stirring up communal feelings.[18] She was later criticised by BJP party leaders for saying that the killer of Mahatma Gandhi, Nathuram Godse was and always will be a patriot.[19][20] Nevertheless, Thakur won the election by a margin of 364,822 votes defeating opposing candidate Digvijaya Singh, a two-time Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh.[21][5] According to political scientist Christophe Jaffrelot, she has become the "symbol" of the 2019 election, in which nebulous fringe elements of the Hindutva ideology have been mainstreamised.[6]

Parliamentary committee on defence
On November 21, 2019 Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur has been made a part of the 21-member parliamentary consultative committee on defence, which is headed by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh.[22] After her comment in parliament, where she called Nathuram Godse (Gandhi's assassin) a patriot, she was criticised by opposition party members. On 28 November, she was sacked from the committee on defence as well as BJP parliamentary party meetings.[23]

2008 Malegaon bombings
Following the 2008 Malegaon bombings, in which six people were killed and over 100 injured, Thakur was arrested as one of the prime accused in October 2008 under terrorism charges.[24]

Arrest and trial
Mumbai's Anti Terrorist Squad (ATS) claimed that Thakur formed a group to take revenge for the 2006 Mumbai train bombings and that her motorcycle was used in the bomb blast. This motorcycle was a key evidence in the arrest of Thakur.[25]

On 19 January 2009, Maharashtra Police filed a 4000-page charge sheet for the Malegaon blasts. According to this charge sheet, Lt Col Prasad Purohit was claimed to be the main conspirator who provided the explosives and Thakur arranged the persons who planted the explosive. It was claimed that on 11 April 2008, Thakur and Purohit met in Bhopal wherein both agreed for co-operation in carrying out the blast.[26] However, the charges framed against the Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act were dropped for Thakur in July 2009 because Thakur was not proven to be a member of this organised crime syndicate.[27]

Swami Aseemanand in his on-camera confessions named Thakur as one of the key conspirators in the 2008 Malegaon, Ajmer Dargah, and Samjhauta Express terror blasts.[28]

Bail pleas
Thakur had challenged the Bombay High court order of 12 March 2010 rejecting her plea for bail, contending that her arrest violated the mandate of Article 22(1) and 22(2) of the Constitution and also on the ground that no charge sheet was filed within 90 days as contemplated by Section 167(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. She contended that she was arrested by the Maharashtra Police's Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) from Surat on 10 October 2008, but was brought before the magistrate on 24 October, and thus was in illegal detention for 14 days which violated Article 22(2). On 23 September 2011, the Supreme Court dismissed the bail plea. Dismissing her plea, the bench of Justice JM Panchal and Justice HL Gokhale said "The appellant's contention that she was arrested on October 10, 2008, and was in police custody since then is found to be factually incorrect by this Court. The appellant was arrested only on October 23, 2008, and within 24 hours thereof, on October 24, 2008, she was produced before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Nasik. As such, there is no violation of either Article 22(2) of the Constitution or Section 167 of Cr.PC."[29]

In 2012 she also filed an application for bail in the Bombay High Court on health grounds, claiming that she has been diagnosed with third-stage breast cancer. On 9 August 2012, she, however, withdrew her application.[30]

In 2014 she again filed an application for bail in the Bombay High Court which was rejected.[31]

In April 2017, she was granted bail by the Bombay High Court on health grounds,[32] following the dropping of charges in under the MCOCA section by the Special National Investigation Agency.[33] She is currently under trial for multiple charges under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.[34]

Allegations of torture
Thakur has made, directly or indirectly, several claims about ill-treatment in prison. In August 2014, the Human Rights Commission ordered a probe into Thakur's allegations of torture while in police custody. Subsequently, the case of torture was closed as the panel did not find any evidence to support these claims.[35]

Cancer treatment
Cardiothoracic and vascular surgeon Dr. S. S. Rajput of the Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow said that Thakur underwent a bilateral mastectomy to prevent recurrence of her cancer in 2008, stating he had operated on her three times.[36] She had been operated twice to surgically remove both her breast to cure her breast cancer.[36] She was criticised for saying that her breast cancer got cured because of using cow urine and Panchagavya

Uddhav

Uddhav Bal Thackeray (born 27 July 1960) is an Indian politician serving as the 19th and current Chief Minister of Maharashtra, He is president of the Shiv Sena and son of Bal Thackeray
Political career
In 2002 Thackeray started his political career as campaign incharge of Shiv Sena in Brihan Mumbai Municipal Corporation elections where party performed well. In 2003 he was appointed as working president of Shiv Sena. Uddhav took over as chief editer of party mouthpiece Saamna (a daily Marathi newspaper) in 2006.[citation needed]

A split in the Shiv Sena happened when his cousin Raj Thackeray left Shiv Sena in 2006 to form his own party named Maharashtra Navnirman Sena.[2] After demise of his father Bal Thackeray in 2012 he led the party and got elected as Shiv Sena president in 2013, under his leadership Shivsena joined NDA government in Maharashtra in 2014.[3]

Though he never took any constitutional post in his political career but on 28 November 2019 he took oath as 19th Chief minister of Maharashtra after being elected as leader of newly formed post poll coalition Maha Vikas Aghadi[4]

Personal life
Thackeray is married to Rashmi Thackeray and has two sons, Aditya and Tejas.[5]

While elder son Aditya is the president of the Yuva Sena, younger son Tejas is believed to be studying in a college in Buffalo City of New York State. Tejas has maintained a very low profile unlike father and elder brother. On 16 July 2012 Uddhav Thackeray was admitted to Lilavati Hospital after he reported chest pain. He underwent an angioplasty and all the three blockages in his arteries were successfully removed.[6]

Thackeray is keen in photography and has exhibited his collection of aerial shots of various forts of Maharashtra at the Jehangir Art Gallery in 2004.[7][8] He has also published photo-books Maharashtra Desh (2010) and Pahava Vitthal (2011), capturing various aspects of Maharashtra and the warkaris during Pandharpur Wari respectively in the two books.

War (2019 film)

War is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Siddharth Anand and produced by Aditya Chopra under his banner Yash Raj Films. It stars Hrithik Roshan and Tiger Shroff, and tells the story of an Indian soldier assigned to eliminate his former mentor who has gone rogue.

Principal photography began in the second week of September 2018 and concluded in March 2019. Initially titled Fighters, the film's title was changed after the release of the official teaser in July 2019. The music was composed by Vishal–Shekhar, with lyrics written by Kumaar, and released under the banner YRF Music.

War was theatrically released in India in 4DX on 2 October 2019, the occasion of Gandhi Jayanti.[4] The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, with praise for the performances of Roshan and Shroff and the action sequence, but criticism for its predictable storyline. War set the record for the highest-opening day collection for a Bollywood film in India.[5] With a worldwide gross of over ₹450 crore, it emerged as a commercial success, and the highest-grossing Indian film of 2019.
Plot
Somewhere in Delhi, as a scene opens, a mysterious sniper is contacted by an aged secret agent, V.K. Naidu (Mohit Chauhan), to kill a target from a distance. However, the sniper instead shoots Naidu, and escapes, and is thus shown to be rogue former Research and Analysis Wing agent Kabir Luthra (Hrithik Roshan), who is one of the most excellent and top-ranking officers the agency has ever seen.

Shortly after Kabir's boss and RAW joint secretary, Colonel Sunil Luthra (Ashutosh Rana), relays his betrayal to Defence Minister Sherna Patel (Swaroopa Ghosh), she calls for the agency to summon Khalid Rahmani (Tiger Shroff), a RAW agent who was previously mentored by Kabir, and is in complete awe of the former agent. A flashback shows Khalid's introduction to Kabir, who questions Sunil about Khalid's loyalty to the nation, arguing that Khalid's late father, Abdul Rahmani, proved himself a traitor both to the nation and Kabir himself when he shot him. However, in full awe of Kabir, who he regards as a major inspiration, Khalid insists that he will serve his country, no matter what, and regain his family's honour.

During the conversation between the two that follows a highly crucial and intense mission which turns out to be a success, Kabir complains about Khalid's one-sided aim, to which he responds by citing that his father's treason resulted in him being severely smashed in the other eye by a school bully, which impaired his vision. Kabir, however, reveals that he was indeed testing him, and accepts Khalid after seeing his love and chemistry with his mother Nafeesa (Soni Razdan), inducting him into his special force, which comprises a few fellow agents, namely one Saurabh (Yash Raaj Singh) and hacker Aditi (Anupriya Goenka). Kabir plans his next mission, which is targeted at criminal mastermind and terrorist-cum-businessman Rizwan Illiyasi (Sanjeev Vasta). The mission nearly succeeds with the team overpowering Illiyasi, but when he proclaims to Kabir that there is a mole in his team who is fully loyal to his terrorist cause, the agents giving Kabir's team company are suddenly shot down by Saurabh, who, it turns out, is the defector, as he was blinded by greed and had accepted Illiyasi's offer of nearly $100 million to betray his country. An enraged Khalid leaves the spot and chases Saurabh, whose act of shooting the guards supporting the agents results in a deadly shootout. Kabir tries his best to stop Khalid, but in vain. On the other hand, Kabir, who nearly succeeds in shooting Illiyasi, is suddenly shot unconscious by Illiyasi's henchmen.

Kabir wakes up to find himself seriously handicapped while he finds Khalid on bed, having been supposedly recovered unconscious by the army on the shore. Eventually, he turns rogue, and the story shifts back to present day, wherein Khalid struggles to find Kabir but fails, and is nearly taken off the case when another agent is murdered, though he convinces Sunil and Sherna to give him one last chance, and it is at this point, when he finds Kabir briefly and learns about the latter's next target, Dr. Utpal Biswas (Arif Zakaria), that he realizes that Kabir is actually serving the country by killing Illiyasi's associates, Biswas and Naidu being among those responsible, and is on an undercover mission to recover a secret document that Illiyasi badly needs. However, even after this, when he is unable to prevent Biswas from being killed by Kabir, a furious Khalid gives a wild goose chase to Kabir, who escapes again.

Later, it is shown that Kabir has been on a holiday, and frequently gives company to a young girl named Roohi (Dishita Sehgal), which is when he reminisces about Roohi's single mother Naina (Vaani Kapoor), who he had befriended in order to make her a perfect civilian asset. Upon learning of his true identity, Naina was initially hesitant to help him, but agreed for her five-year-old daughter's sake. Kabir assured Naina of her safety, to which the latter replied that she has lost all her faith on him. However, during Naina's mission to spy on Illiyasi's fourth associate Firoze Contractor, an initially confident Kabir, who actually had been in touch with Aditi all along, suddenly finds out that among Illiyasi's many contacts was a plastic surgeon, Dr. Mallika Singhal (Dipannita Sharma), who had previously helped Illiyasi with a plastic surgery. Realizing that Firoze is actually a disguised Illiyasi, he rushes to save Naina, but it is too late, as she falls dead from the first floor, being killed by Illiyasi.

Presently, Khalid traces Kabir through Roohi to a Christmas party in winding, and they have a brief discussion at Kabir's hideout, when they are suddenly attacked. Both of them fight off the attackers, and after crossing many hurdles, make it quick to Aditi's wedding in Kerela, whereupon they receive the intensely crucial secret code that Illiyasi needs, which is contained in a drive. However, while Kabir hands over the drive to Khalid and they celebrate on a boat, he is later poisoned by his mentee, when it is eventually revealed that Khalid is actually Saurabh.

A flashback goes again to the chase between Khalid and Saurabh, which actually culminated in Khalid being shot dead by Illiyasi, while Saurabh was taken by Illiyasi to Singhal for having an impromptu plastic surgery being performed on himself to disguise off as Khalid, covering the minor scars on his face using a mask. Later, he asked his men to shoot him dead so he could be recovered by the Indian Army. Saurabh, having showed his real side to Kabir, throws his seemingly lifeless body into a river.

Saurabh returns to his headquarters - a fully-armed weapons ship which houses Illiyasi - and launches an anti-satellite missile to destroy the Indian military satellite monitoring the Indo-Pakistani border that also provides the means of communications to Indian military forces in the area. Kabir parachutes aboard and single-handedly attacks the ship and confronts Saurabh, revealing that he had realized way long ago that the latter was not Khalid, since on the day he and Kabir were attacked, Kabir saw him take prefect aims, something which Khalid couldn't do because of his vision impairment, and also for his habit of drinking wine, which was not shared by Khalid as a teetotaler. Hence, he put Aditi to spy on him, and had acquired an antidote for the poison in his drink. Feeling vengeance against Kabir himself, Saurabh shoots Illiyasi dead in the ensuing commotion and flees with Kabir in pursuit after the missile unexpectedly falls back onto the ship itself and explodes, destroying its root and branch. Kabir gives chase to Saurabh, and after an intense fight in a church, overpowers him. The church's dome collapses on Saurabh, killing him.

The intelligence agency honours Khalid posthumously for his sacrifice, with Nafeesa receiving an award from the President, while Kabir, after a brief conversation with his boss, continues on his next undercover mission, still believed to be a deserter, and is at last seen with Roohi for a diving boat experience in the sea.

Cast
Hrithik Roshan as Major Kabir Luthra
Tiger Shroff as Captain Khalid Rahmani / Saurabh
Vaani Kapoor as Naina Havalkar
Ashutosh Rana as Colonel Sunil Luthra
Anupriya Goenka as Aditi
Dipannita Sharma as Dr. Mallika Singhal
Soni Razdan as Nafeesa Rahmani( Khalid's mother )
Swaroopa Ghosh as Sherna Patel
Dishita Sehgal as Roohi( Naina's daughter )
Sanjeev Vasta as Rizwan Iiyasi
Yash Raaj Singh as Saurabh
Arif Zakaria as Dr. Utpal Bisbas
Mohit Chauhan as V.K Naidu
Salmin Sheriff as Oslav
Imran Ahemed as Saini
Shahbaz Akhtar as Vishal
Shrikant Dwivedi as Derrick
Jesse Lever as Muthu
Midhat Ullah Khan as Saeed Addam
Ravi Awana as Basheer Hassib
Production
Development
On Yash Chopra’s birth anniversary, Yash Raj Films announced a new action film starring Hrithik Roshan and Tiger Shroff.[6] Hrithik and Tiger shared screen space for the first time in the film directed by Siddharth Anand. It has been thirteen years since Hrithik and YRF teamed up post Dhoom 2. The film is Tiger’s first YRF film. Vaani Kapoor was finalised to play lead role.[7][8] Two international action choreographers from Hollywood and Korea were employed to design action sequences.[9]

The last scene of the film was shot actually on the Arctic Circle, becoming the first ever Indian film to do so. Siddharth the director stated, “We want to push the benchmark of action movies that are made in our country. So, we are bringing two of the biggest action choreographers together to design some of the most outlandish and visually-spectacular sequences. On one hand, we have Andy R Armstrong from Hollywood and on the other, we have Mr Oh, who is an outstanding martial arts action choreographer from South Korea.”[9]

Filming
Principal photography began in the second week of September 2018.[10] The film also has a dance off between the two stars.[11] The film schedule was wrapped up in the beginning of March 2019.[12]

Marketing and release
The film was released on 2 October 2019, coinciding with the Gandhi Jayanti.[13] The official 4K teaser of the film was released on 15 July 2019 by Yash Raj Films. It has garnered 54 million views since it was released.[14][15][16][17] The official trailer of the film was released on 27 August 2019 by Yash Raj Films

War

War is a state of armed conflict between states, governments, societies and informal paramilitary groups, such as mercenaries, insurgents and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general.[1] Total war is warfare that is not restricted to purely legitimate military targets, and can result in massive civilian or other non-combatant suffering and casualties.

The scholarly study of war is sometimes called polemology (/ˌpɒləˈmɒlədʒi/ POL-ə-MOL-ə-jee), from the Greek polemos, meaning "war", and -logy, meaning "the study of".

While some scholars see war as a universal and ancestral aspect of human nature,[2] others argue it is a result of specific socio-cultural, economic or ecological circumstances.[
The English word war derives from the 11th-century Old English words wyrre and werre, from Old French werre (also guerre as in modern French), in turn from the Frankish *werra, ultimately deriving from the Proto-Germanic *werzō 'mixture, confusion'. The word is related to the Old Saxon werran, Old High German werran, and the German verwirren, meaning “to confuse”, “to perplex”, and “to bring into confusion
Types of warfare
Asymmetric warfare is a conflict between belligerents of drastically different levels of military capability or size.
Biological warfare, or germ warfare, is the use of weaponized biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Chemical warfare involves the use of weaponized chemicals in combat. Poison gas as a chemical weapon was principally used during World War I, and resulted in over a million estimated casualties, including more than 100,000 civilians.[5]
Cold warfare is an intense international rivalry without direct military conflict, but with a sustained threat of it, including high levels of military preparations, expenditures, and development, and may involve active conflicts by indirect means, such as economic warfare, political warfare, covert operations, espionage, cyberwarfare, or proxy wars.
Conventional warfare is declared war between states in which nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons are not used or see limited deployment.
Cyberwarfare involves the actions by a nation-state or international organization to attack and attempt to damage another nation's information systems.
Insurgency is a rebellion against authority, when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents (lawful combatants). An insurgency can be fought via counter-insurgency warfare, and may also be opposed by measures to protect the population, and by political and economic actions of various kinds aimed at undermining the insurgents' claims against the incumbent regime.
Information warfare is the application of destructive force on a large scale against information assets and systems, against the computers and networks that support the four critical infrastructures (the power grid, communications, financial, and transportation).[6]
Nuclear warfare is warfare in which nuclear weapons are the primary, or a major, method of achieving capitulation.
Total war is warfare by any means possible, disregarding the laws of war, placing no limits on legitimate military targets, using weapons and tactics resulting in significant civilian casualties, or demanding a war effort requiring significant sacrifices by the friendly civilian population.
Unconventional warfare, the opposite of conventional warfare, is an attempt to achieve military victory through acquiescence, capitulation, or clandestine support for one side of an existing conflict.
History
The earliest evidence for prehistoric warfare belongs to the Mesolithic cemetery Site 117, which has been determined to be approximately 14,000 years old. About forty-five percent of the skeletons there displayed signs of violent death.[7] Since the rise of the state some 5,000 years ago,[8] military activity has occurred over much of the globe. The advent of gunpowder and the acceleration of technological advances led to modern warfare. According to Conway W. Henderson, "One source claims that 14,500 wars have taken place between 3500 BC and the late 20th century, costing 3.5 billion lives, leaving only 300 years of peace (Beer 1981: 20)."[9] An unfavorable review of this estimate[10] mentions the following regarding one of the proponents of this estimate: "In addition, perhaps feeling that the war casualties figure was improbably high, he changed "approximately 3,640,000,000 human beings have been killed by war or the diseases produced by war" to "approximately 1,240,000,000 human beings...&c."" The lower figure is more plausible,[11] but could also be on the high side, considering that the 100 deadliest acts of mass violence between 480 BC and 2002 AD (wars and other man-made disasters with at least 300,000 and up to 66 million victims) claimed about 455 million human lives in total.[12] Primitive warfare is estimated to have accounted for 15.1 % of deaths and claimed 400 million victims.[13] Added to the aforementioned (and perhaps too high) figure of 1,240 million between 3500 BC and the late 20th century, this would mean a total of 1,640,000,000 people killed by war (including deaths from famine and disease caused by war) throughout the history and pre-history of mankind. For comparison, an estimated 1,680,000,000 people died from infectious diseases in the 20th century.[14] Nuclear warfare breaking out in August 1988, when nuclear arsenals were at peak level, and the aftermath thereof, could have reduced human population from 5,150,000,000 by 1,850,000,000 to 3,300,000,000 within a period of about one year, according to a projection that did not consider "the most severe predictions concerning nuclear winter".[15] This would have been a proportional reduction of the world’s population exceeding the reduction caused in the 14th century by the Black Death, and comparable in proportional terms with the plague’s impact on Europe's population in 1346–53.

In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, says approximately 90–95% of known societies throughout history engaged in at least occasional warfare,[16] and many fought constantly.[17]

Keeley describes several styles of primitive combat such as small raids, large raids, and massacres. All of these forms of warfare were used by primitive societies, a finding supported by other researchers.[18] Keeley explains that early war raids were not well organized, as the participants did not have any formal training. Scarcity of resources meant defensive works were not a cost-effective way to protect the society against enemy raids.[19]

William Rubinstein wrote "Pre-literate societies, even those organised in a relatively advanced way, were renowned for their studied cruelty...'archaeology yields evidence of prehistoric massacres more severe than any recounted in ethnography [i.e., after the coming of the Europeans].'
In Western Europe, since the late 18th century, more than 150 conflicts and about 600 battles have taken place.[21] During the 20th century, war resulted in a dramatic intensification of the pace of social changes, and was a crucial catalyst for the emergence of the Left as a force to be reckoned with
n 1947, in view of the rapidly increasingly destructive consequences of modern warfare, and with a particular concern for the consequences and costs of the newly developed atom bomb, Albert Einstein famously stated, "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones."[24]

Mao Zedong urged the socialist camp not to fear nuclear war with the United States since, even if "half of mankind died, the other half would remain while imperialism would be razed to the ground and the whole world would become socialist."[25]

A distinctive feature since 1945 is the absence of wars between major powers--indeed the near absence of any traditional wars between established countries. The major exceptions were the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Iran–Iraq War 1980-1988, and the Gulf War of 1990-91. Instead actual fighting has largely been a matter of civil wars and insurgencies.[26]

The Human Security Report 2005 documented a significant decline in the number and severity of armed conflicts since the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. However, the evidence examined in the 2008 edition of the Center for International Development and Conflict Management's "Peace and Conflict" study indicated the overall decline in conflicts had stalled.[27]

Effects
Military and civilian casualties in recent human history
Human history had numerous wars coming and going, but the average number of people dying from war has fluctuated relatively little, being about 1 to 10 people dying per 100,000. However, major wars over shorter periods have resulted in much higher casualty rates, with 100-200 casualties per 100,000 over a few years. While conventional wisdom holds that casualties have increased in recent times due to technological improvements in warfare, this is not generally true. For instance, the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) had about the same number of casualties per capita as World War I, although it was higher during World War II (WWII). That said, overall the number of casualties from war has not significantly increased in recent times. Quite to the contrary, on a global scale the time since WWII has been unusually peaceful.

بوسيكات دولز

بوسيكات_دولز (بالإنجليزية: Pussycat Dolls) فرقة موسيقية أمريكية تأسست في 1995 بلوس أنجلوس تتكون من لورن بينت وفنيسا كري واريكا جونسون وكريستينا سايرس وباولا فان وبن. حتى سنة 2010 كانت تتكون من جسيكا سوتا واشلي روبرتس وكيمبرلي ويات وملودي ثوىنتون ونكول شرزينجر. أنواع الفرقة بوب وريذم أند بلوز وبوب الرقص.