عمر الخطاب مروان هو وزير العدل المصري الحالي. وشغل سابقاً منصب وزير شئون مجلس النواب
الاثنين، 23 ديسمبر 2019
غادة والي
غادة والي، وكيلة الأمين العام للأمم المتحدة والمدير التنفيذي لمكتب الأمم المتحدة للمخدرات والجريمة ومدير مقر المنظمة الدولية في فيينا حالياً، ووزيرة التضامن الاجتماعي المصرية سابقاً. ولدت في مصر عام 1966. كلفها إبراهيم محلب، بتولي حقيبة وزارة التضامن الاجتماعي في وزارته الأولى واستمرت في منصبها في وزارته الثانية ووزارة شريف إسماعيل ووزارة مصطفى مدبولي. بعد أن كانت الأمين العام للصندوق الاجتماعي للتنمية وأدت اليمين الدستورية في حكومة شريف إسماعيل.
التأهيل العلمي
حصلت على بكالوريوس جامعة كولورادو بالولايات المتحدة 1987 في العلوم الانسانية ماجستير في العلوم الانسانية 1990 جامعة كولورادو في الولايات المتحدة دبلوم في إدارة التنمية الدولية في الجامعة الامريكية 1993، ودبلوم في التمويل متناهي الصغر جامعة كولورادو، بولدر 1996.
مسيرتها المهنية
بدأت عملها في مجال التنمية منذ سبعة عشر عاماً عملت فيها عن قرب مع عدد من منظمات المجتمع المدني والوزارات وسلطات التنمية المحلية والجهات المانحة. شغلت عدد مناصب منها مساعدة الممثل المقيم بـبرنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي بـالقاهرة منذ عام 2004 حتى الآن، وأثناء عملها في برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي، قادت والي عملية إعداد تقارير التنمية البشرية بالمحافظات وتقرير مصر عن الأهداف الإنمائية للألفية. كما عملت مديرة لبرنامج هيئة كير الدولية في مصر منذ عام 2001 حتى عام 2004، كما شغلت منصب كبيرة موظفين وقائدة فريق القروض الصغيرة ببرنامج تنمية المجتمع، إضافة إلى المنحة الاجتماعية للتنمية، كما أنها عضو مجلس جمعية إنجاز غير الأهلية.
كما أنها شغلت منصب الرئيس المشارك لمجموعة فرعية من الجهات المانحة تعمل في مجال تمويل المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة، و ترأست الجمعية المصرية للمنشآت الصغيرة والمتوسطة، وكانت تعمل خبيرة في برنامج الأمم المتحدة الانمائى، وعضو سابق في اللجنة الاقتصادية بالمجلس القومى للمرأة. كان اخر منصب لها هو الأمين العام للصندوق الاجتماعي للتنمية.
كما تولت منصب أمين عام الصندوق الاجتماعي للتنمية من 2011 إلي 2014 وهو مؤسسة مكلفة بالتركيز على تشغيل الشباب والتوسع في حصول المشاريع الصغرى والصغيرة على التمويل.
تتولى غادة والي منصب وزير التضامن الاجتماعي المصري منذ 1 مارس 2014، وبهذه الصفة فهي تشغل المناصب الآتية: رئيس المجلس التنفيذي لوزراء الشؤون الاجتماعية العرب بالجامعة العربية والصندوق العربي للعمل الاجتماعي، رئيس مجلس إدارة الهيئة العامة لبنك ناصر الاجتماعي، رئيس مجلس إدارة المركز القومي للبحوث الاجتماعية والجنائية، رئيس مجلس إدارة المجلس القومي لمكافحـة الإدمان، رئيس مجلس إدارة صندوق مكافحة وعلاج الإدمان والتعاطي، رئيس مجلس إدارة الهيئة القومية للتأمين الاجتماعي، نائب رئيس مجلس إدارة الهلال الأحمر المصري، عضو مجلس أمناء المعهد القومي للإدارة.
في 22 نوفمبر 2019 أعلن الأمين العام للأمم المتحدة أنطونيو غوتيريس تعيين غادة والي كمديرة تنفيذية لمكتب الأمم المتحدة المعني بالمخدرات والجريمة (UNODC). ستعمل والي أيضًا كمديرة عامة لمكتب الأمم المتحدة في فيينا. وهي خلفت يوري فدوتوف من الاتحاد الروسي.
إسهامات
برنامج تكافل وكرامة في مارس 2015 حيث يقدم البرنامج دعماً نقدياً تحويلات نقدية للأسر الفقيرة التي لديها أطفال في المدارس بشرط استمرارهم في الدراسة، كما يقدم تحويلات لكبار السن والمعاقين غير قادرين على العمل.
برنامج تطوير الحضانات حيث يوفر خدمات تعليمية وتربوية موسعة وذات جودة عالية للأطفال في المرحلة العمرية من (0-4 سنوات). ويشمل البرنامج 4 محاور رئيسية تتمثل في جودة وكفاءة الممارسات المهنية، الحوكمة والتشبيك والدعوة، التوسع في تأسيس حضانات جديدة، تطوير حضانات أهلية قائمة.
مبادرة "سكن كريم" والتي تهدف إلى توفير الخدمات الأساسية للأسر الفقيرة والمحرومة من مياه شرب نقية وصرف صحي وترميم سقف لمنزل الأسرة لكفالة حقها في العيش في سكن كريم، وتوفير فرص عمل في مشروعات كثيفة العمالة خاصة للشباب.
برنامج "فرصة" وهو أحد البرامج التكميلية لتكافل وكرامة والذي يهدف إلى توفير فرص عمل للشباب العاطلين، لمن تم رفضهم في برنامج الدعم النقدي والقادرين على العمل، من خلال توقيع بروتوكولات مع الجمعيات الأهلية وجمعيات المستثمرين وبالتعاون مع جهاز المشروعات الصغيرة ووزارة التجارة.
بنك ناصر الاجتماعي حيث يستفيد من خدمات بنك ناصر الاجتماعي من إقراض اجتماعي ومساعدات وزكاة. فضلا عن البدء في تمويل عدد من المتعافين من الإدمان بالتعاون مع صندوق مكافحة المخدرات التابع للوزارة، عن طريق توفير مشروعات صغيرة يمولها البنك.
المطلقات حيث يقوم صندوق تأمين الأسرة التابع لبنك ناصر بصرف نفقة للمطلقات.
دشنت صندوق "خاصة" والذي يكفل علاج المدمنين ويساعدهم في تنفيذ مشروعات يمكن من خلالها توفير حياة كريمة لهم، ومنذ أن بدأ الصندوق حملته استطاع أن يعالج 104 ألف مدمن، في 21 مركز علاجى شريك مع الخط الساخن للصندوق في (12) محافظة.
برنامج حماية أطفال بلا مأوى لضم هؤلاء الأطفال في مؤسسات رعاية تساعدهم على دمجهم في المجتمع من جديد وتوفير أكبر قدر من الحماية لهم، استطاعت الوزارة برئاسة والي من خلال هذا البرنامج من دمج 6281 ما بين أطفال بلا مأوى بعدد 1694 وأطفال عمالة بعدد 3356 وأطفال أسر في الشارع 1231، بالإضافة إلى دمج 523 طفلاً من الأسر ومؤسسات الرعاية.
كما استطاعت الوزارة في عهدها، تمرير قانون حقوق الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة، والذي منح من خلاله امتيازات جديدة للأشخاص المعاقين، بالإضافة إلى تدشين صندوق "عطاء" في بنك ناصر التابع للوزارة والذي يهتم بتمويل قضايا ذوي الإعاقة.
خصصت الوزارة برئاسة والي 10 مليون جنيه لمشروع "حماية وتأهيل وتمكين الأشخاص ذوى الإعاقة" للعام المالي 2017/2018، بهدف توفير رعاية جيدة وتأهيل ملائم وحماية اجتماعية متكاملة لتمكينهم للأشخاص ذوى الإعاقة بالشراكة مع المجتمع المدني والقطاع الخاص.
دشنت خلال فترة وجودها في الوزارة الحملة القومية لمكافحة المخدرات من خلال صندوق مكافحة المخدرات التابع للوزارة وكانت الحملة ضمن استراتيجية قومية دشنتها لمكافحة المخدرات.
وأطلقت حملة إعلانية كبيرة للحد من انتشار المخدرات كان بطلها اللاعب المصري العالمي، محمد صلاح.
وخلال عام 2019 انتهت الوزارة برئاسة والي من إعداد قانون جديد للتأمينات الاجتماعية سيبدأ تطبيقه من أول يناير 2019، وينهي هذا القانون التشابك بين أموال هيئة التأمينات والتي تتبع وزارة التضامن ووزارة المالية.
كما افتتحت والي كوزيرة التضامن الاجتماعى وكرئيس مجلس إدارة صندوق مكافحة وعلاج الإدمان والتعاطي، أول مركز مُتخصص لعلاج مرضى الإدمان بمحافظات الصعيد، سمالوط، محافظة المنيا.
تدشين موقع إلكترونى رسمي للهيئة القومية للتأمين الاجتماعي.
توقيع بروتوكول تعاون ثلاثي بين الوزارة وتمثلها والي وشركة بيبسيكو مصر وهيئة كير مصر، لإطلاق برنامج “عايشين بخيرها” ويهدف البرنامج إلى إلقاء الضوء على مشاكل التغذية والأمن الغذائي وتحقيق المساواة بين الجنسين في القطاع الزراعي.
إطلاق حملة توعية عن تطور مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة بالتعاون مع اليونيسيف والتي تُركز على دور الأب.
وضع حجر الأساس مجمع العلوم الصحية لمستشفى 57357.
وضع حجر الأساس لمشروع تطوير مؤسسة التثقيف الفكري للفتيات بمصر القديمة إحدى أقدم المؤسسات في مصر لرعاية ذوي الإعاقة الذهنية من الفتيات، حيث توفر لهن الإقامة والخدمات المتكاملة.
إصدار قانون الجمعيات الأهلية
اللجنة العليا للأسر البديلة
إطلاق حملة توعوية "عيلة لكل طفل "، بالتعاون مع هيئة إنقاذ الطفولة في إطار العمل المشترك نحو التوعية بمنظومة الأسر البديلة وتوعية المجتمع بضرورة توفير رعاية أسرية جيدة لكل طفل إما في أسرهم الطبيعية أو عن طريق تقديم رعاية بديلة لهم في حالة فقدان الأسرة.
التكريم والجوائز
مُنحت غادة والي جائزة أفضل وزارة في العالم من منظمة الصحة العالمية كأفضل وزارة غير متخصصة في الصحة لجهودها في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة ومنع العدوي وتحسين الصحة.
كرم المركز الإعلامي العربي بالقاهرة غادة والي، باعتبارها نموذجاً للنجاح والعطاء وتقديرا لجهودها وإحداث نقلة نوعية في وزارة التضامن الاجتماعي
التأهيل العلمي
حصلت على بكالوريوس جامعة كولورادو بالولايات المتحدة 1987 في العلوم الانسانية ماجستير في العلوم الانسانية 1990 جامعة كولورادو في الولايات المتحدة دبلوم في إدارة التنمية الدولية في الجامعة الامريكية 1993، ودبلوم في التمويل متناهي الصغر جامعة كولورادو، بولدر 1996.
مسيرتها المهنية
بدأت عملها في مجال التنمية منذ سبعة عشر عاماً عملت فيها عن قرب مع عدد من منظمات المجتمع المدني والوزارات وسلطات التنمية المحلية والجهات المانحة. شغلت عدد مناصب منها مساعدة الممثل المقيم بـبرنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي بـالقاهرة منذ عام 2004 حتى الآن، وأثناء عملها في برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي، قادت والي عملية إعداد تقارير التنمية البشرية بالمحافظات وتقرير مصر عن الأهداف الإنمائية للألفية. كما عملت مديرة لبرنامج هيئة كير الدولية في مصر منذ عام 2001 حتى عام 2004، كما شغلت منصب كبيرة موظفين وقائدة فريق القروض الصغيرة ببرنامج تنمية المجتمع، إضافة إلى المنحة الاجتماعية للتنمية، كما أنها عضو مجلس جمعية إنجاز غير الأهلية.
كما أنها شغلت منصب الرئيس المشارك لمجموعة فرعية من الجهات المانحة تعمل في مجال تمويل المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة، و ترأست الجمعية المصرية للمنشآت الصغيرة والمتوسطة، وكانت تعمل خبيرة في برنامج الأمم المتحدة الانمائى، وعضو سابق في اللجنة الاقتصادية بالمجلس القومى للمرأة. كان اخر منصب لها هو الأمين العام للصندوق الاجتماعي للتنمية.
كما تولت منصب أمين عام الصندوق الاجتماعي للتنمية من 2011 إلي 2014 وهو مؤسسة مكلفة بالتركيز على تشغيل الشباب والتوسع في حصول المشاريع الصغرى والصغيرة على التمويل.
تتولى غادة والي منصب وزير التضامن الاجتماعي المصري منذ 1 مارس 2014، وبهذه الصفة فهي تشغل المناصب الآتية: رئيس المجلس التنفيذي لوزراء الشؤون الاجتماعية العرب بالجامعة العربية والصندوق العربي للعمل الاجتماعي، رئيس مجلس إدارة الهيئة العامة لبنك ناصر الاجتماعي، رئيس مجلس إدارة المركز القومي للبحوث الاجتماعية والجنائية، رئيس مجلس إدارة المجلس القومي لمكافحـة الإدمان، رئيس مجلس إدارة صندوق مكافحة وعلاج الإدمان والتعاطي، رئيس مجلس إدارة الهيئة القومية للتأمين الاجتماعي، نائب رئيس مجلس إدارة الهلال الأحمر المصري، عضو مجلس أمناء المعهد القومي للإدارة.
في 22 نوفمبر 2019 أعلن الأمين العام للأمم المتحدة أنطونيو غوتيريس تعيين غادة والي كمديرة تنفيذية لمكتب الأمم المتحدة المعني بالمخدرات والجريمة (UNODC). ستعمل والي أيضًا كمديرة عامة لمكتب الأمم المتحدة في فيينا. وهي خلفت يوري فدوتوف من الاتحاد الروسي.
إسهامات
برنامج تكافل وكرامة في مارس 2015 حيث يقدم البرنامج دعماً نقدياً تحويلات نقدية للأسر الفقيرة التي لديها أطفال في المدارس بشرط استمرارهم في الدراسة، كما يقدم تحويلات لكبار السن والمعاقين غير قادرين على العمل.
برنامج تطوير الحضانات حيث يوفر خدمات تعليمية وتربوية موسعة وذات جودة عالية للأطفال في المرحلة العمرية من (0-4 سنوات). ويشمل البرنامج 4 محاور رئيسية تتمثل في جودة وكفاءة الممارسات المهنية، الحوكمة والتشبيك والدعوة، التوسع في تأسيس حضانات جديدة، تطوير حضانات أهلية قائمة.
مبادرة "سكن كريم" والتي تهدف إلى توفير الخدمات الأساسية للأسر الفقيرة والمحرومة من مياه شرب نقية وصرف صحي وترميم سقف لمنزل الأسرة لكفالة حقها في العيش في سكن كريم، وتوفير فرص عمل في مشروعات كثيفة العمالة خاصة للشباب.
برنامج "فرصة" وهو أحد البرامج التكميلية لتكافل وكرامة والذي يهدف إلى توفير فرص عمل للشباب العاطلين، لمن تم رفضهم في برنامج الدعم النقدي والقادرين على العمل، من خلال توقيع بروتوكولات مع الجمعيات الأهلية وجمعيات المستثمرين وبالتعاون مع جهاز المشروعات الصغيرة ووزارة التجارة.
بنك ناصر الاجتماعي حيث يستفيد من خدمات بنك ناصر الاجتماعي من إقراض اجتماعي ومساعدات وزكاة. فضلا عن البدء في تمويل عدد من المتعافين من الإدمان بالتعاون مع صندوق مكافحة المخدرات التابع للوزارة، عن طريق توفير مشروعات صغيرة يمولها البنك.
المطلقات حيث يقوم صندوق تأمين الأسرة التابع لبنك ناصر بصرف نفقة للمطلقات.
دشنت صندوق "خاصة" والذي يكفل علاج المدمنين ويساعدهم في تنفيذ مشروعات يمكن من خلالها توفير حياة كريمة لهم، ومنذ أن بدأ الصندوق حملته استطاع أن يعالج 104 ألف مدمن، في 21 مركز علاجى شريك مع الخط الساخن للصندوق في (12) محافظة.
برنامج حماية أطفال بلا مأوى لضم هؤلاء الأطفال في مؤسسات رعاية تساعدهم على دمجهم في المجتمع من جديد وتوفير أكبر قدر من الحماية لهم، استطاعت الوزارة برئاسة والي من خلال هذا البرنامج من دمج 6281 ما بين أطفال بلا مأوى بعدد 1694 وأطفال عمالة بعدد 3356 وأطفال أسر في الشارع 1231، بالإضافة إلى دمج 523 طفلاً من الأسر ومؤسسات الرعاية.
كما استطاعت الوزارة في عهدها، تمرير قانون حقوق الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة، والذي منح من خلاله امتيازات جديدة للأشخاص المعاقين، بالإضافة إلى تدشين صندوق "عطاء" في بنك ناصر التابع للوزارة والذي يهتم بتمويل قضايا ذوي الإعاقة.
خصصت الوزارة برئاسة والي 10 مليون جنيه لمشروع "حماية وتأهيل وتمكين الأشخاص ذوى الإعاقة" للعام المالي 2017/2018، بهدف توفير رعاية جيدة وتأهيل ملائم وحماية اجتماعية متكاملة لتمكينهم للأشخاص ذوى الإعاقة بالشراكة مع المجتمع المدني والقطاع الخاص.
دشنت خلال فترة وجودها في الوزارة الحملة القومية لمكافحة المخدرات من خلال صندوق مكافحة المخدرات التابع للوزارة وكانت الحملة ضمن استراتيجية قومية دشنتها لمكافحة المخدرات.
وأطلقت حملة إعلانية كبيرة للحد من انتشار المخدرات كان بطلها اللاعب المصري العالمي، محمد صلاح.
وخلال عام 2019 انتهت الوزارة برئاسة والي من إعداد قانون جديد للتأمينات الاجتماعية سيبدأ تطبيقه من أول يناير 2019، وينهي هذا القانون التشابك بين أموال هيئة التأمينات والتي تتبع وزارة التضامن ووزارة المالية.
كما افتتحت والي كوزيرة التضامن الاجتماعى وكرئيس مجلس إدارة صندوق مكافحة وعلاج الإدمان والتعاطي، أول مركز مُتخصص لعلاج مرضى الإدمان بمحافظات الصعيد، سمالوط، محافظة المنيا.
تدشين موقع إلكترونى رسمي للهيئة القومية للتأمين الاجتماعي.
توقيع بروتوكول تعاون ثلاثي بين الوزارة وتمثلها والي وشركة بيبسيكو مصر وهيئة كير مصر، لإطلاق برنامج “عايشين بخيرها” ويهدف البرنامج إلى إلقاء الضوء على مشاكل التغذية والأمن الغذائي وتحقيق المساواة بين الجنسين في القطاع الزراعي.
إطلاق حملة توعية عن تطور مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة بالتعاون مع اليونيسيف والتي تُركز على دور الأب.
وضع حجر الأساس مجمع العلوم الصحية لمستشفى 57357.
وضع حجر الأساس لمشروع تطوير مؤسسة التثقيف الفكري للفتيات بمصر القديمة إحدى أقدم المؤسسات في مصر لرعاية ذوي الإعاقة الذهنية من الفتيات، حيث توفر لهن الإقامة والخدمات المتكاملة.
إصدار قانون الجمعيات الأهلية
اللجنة العليا للأسر البديلة
إطلاق حملة توعوية "عيلة لكل طفل "، بالتعاون مع هيئة إنقاذ الطفولة في إطار العمل المشترك نحو التوعية بمنظومة الأسر البديلة وتوعية المجتمع بضرورة توفير رعاية أسرية جيدة لكل طفل إما في أسرهم الطبيعية أو عن طريق تقديم رعاية بديلة لهم في حالة فقدان الأسرة.
التكريم والجوائز
مُنحت غادة والي جائزة أفضل وزارة في العالم من منظمة الصحة العالمية كأفضل وزارة غير متخصصة في الصحة لجهودها في تحقيق أهداف التنمية المستدامة ومنع العدوي وتحسين الصحة.
كرم المركز الإعلامي العربي بالقاهرة غادة والي، باعتبارها نموذجاً للنجاح والعطاء وتقديرا لجهودها وإحداث نقلة نوعية في وزارة التضامن الاجتماعي
الأحد، 22 ديسمبر 2019
Winter solstice
The winter solstice, hiemal solstice or hibernal solstice, also known as midwinter, occurs when one of the Earth's poles has its maximum tilt away from the Sun. It happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere (Northern and Southern). For that hemisphere, the winter solstice is the day with the shortest period of daylight and longest night of the year, when the Sun is at its lowest daily maximum elevation in the sky.[1] At the pole, there is continuous darkness or twilight around the winter solstice. Its opposite is the summer solstice.
The winter solstice occurs during the hemisphere's winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, this is the December solstice (usually 21 or 22 December) and in the Southern Hemisphere, this is the June solstice (usually 20 or 21 June). Although the winter solstice itself lasts only a moment, the term sometimes refers to the day on which it occurs. Other names are "midwinter", the "extreme of winter" (Dongzhi), or the "shortest day". Traditionally, in many temperate regions, the winter solstice is seen as the middle of winter, but today in some countries and calendars, it is seen as the beginning of winter. In meteorology, winter is reckoned as beginning about three weeks before the winter solstice.[2]
Since prehistory, the winter solstice has been seen as a significant time of year in many cultures, and has been marked by festivals and rituals.[3] It marked the symbolic death and rebirth of the Sun.[4][5][6] The seasonal significance of the winter solstice is in the reversal of the gradual lengthening of nights and shortening of days
The solstice may have been a special moment of the annual cycle for some cultures even during neolithic times. Astronomical events were often used to guide activities, such as the mating of animals, the sowing of crops and the monitoring of winter reserves of food. Many cultural mythologies and traditions are derived from this.
This is attested by physical remains in the layouts of late Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeological sites, such as Stonehenge in England and Newgrange in Ireland. The primary axes of both of these monuments seem to have been carefully aligned on a sight-line pointing to the winter solstice sunrise (Newgrange) and the winter solstice sunset (Stonehenge). It is significant that at Stonehenge the Great Trilithon was oriented outwards from the middle of the monument, i.e. its smooth flat face was turned towards the midwinter Sun.[7]
The winter solstice was immensely important because the people were economically dependent on monitoring the progress of the seasons. Starvation was common during the first months of the winter, January to April (northern hemisphere) or July to October (southern hemisphere), also known as "the famine months". In temperate climates, the midwinter festival was the last feast celebration, before deep winter began. Most cattle were slaughtered so they would not have to be fed during the winter, so it was almost the only time of year when a plentiful supply of fresh meat was available.[8] The majority of wine and beer made during the year was finally fermented and ready for drinking at this time. The concentration of the observances were not always on the day commencing at midnight or at dawn, but at the beginning of the pagan day, which in many cultures fell on the previous eve.[citation needed]
Because the event was seen as the reversal of the Sun's ebbing presence in the sky, concepts of the birth or rebirth of sun gods have been common. In cultures which used cyclic calendars based on the winter solstice, the "year as reborn" was celebrated with reference to life-death-rebirth deities or "new beginnings" such as Hogmanay's redding, a New Year cleaning tradition. Also "reversal" is yet another frequent theme, as in Saturnalia's slave and master reversals.
Indian
Makara Sankranti, also known as Makaraa Sankrānti (Sanskrit: मकर संक्रांति) or Maghi, is a festival day in the Hindu calendar, in reference to deity Surya (sun). It is observed each year in January.[9] It marks the first day of Sun's transit into Makara (Capricorn), marking the end of the month with the winter solstice and the start of longer days.[9][10]
Iranian
Iranian people celebrate the night of the Northern Hemisphere's winter solstice as, "Yalda night", which is known to be the "longest and darkest night of the year". Yalda night celebration, or as some call it "Shabe Chelleh" ("the 40th night"), is one the oldest Iranian traditions that has been present in Persian culture from the ancient years. In this night all the family gather together, usually at the house of the eldest, and celebrate it by eating, drinking and reciting poetry (esp. Hafez). Nuts, pomegranates and watermelons are particularly served during this festival.
Germanic
The pagan Scandinavian and Germanic people of northern Europe celebrated a winter holiday called Yule (also called Jul, Julblot, jólablót). The Heimskringla, written in the 13th century by the Icelander Snorri Sturluson, describes a Yule feast hosted by the Norwegian king Haakon the Good (c. 920–961). According to Snorri, the Christian Haakon had moved Yule from "midwinter" and aligned it with the Christian Christmas celebration. Historically, this has made some scholars believe that Yule originally was a sun festival on the winter solstice. Modern scholars generally do not believe this, as midwinter in medieval Iceland was a date about four weeks after the solstice.[11]
Roman cult of Sol
The winter solstice occurs during the hemisphere's winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, this is the December solstice (usually 21 or 22 December) and in the Southern Hemisphere, this is the June solstice (usually 20 or 21 June). Although the winter solstice itself lasts only a moment, the term sometimes refers to the day on which it occurs. Other names are "midwinter", the "extreme of winter" (Dongzhi), or the "shortest day". Traditionally, in many temperate regions, the winter solstice is seen as the middle of winter, but today in some countries and calendars, it is seen as the beginning of winter. In meteorology, winter is reckoned as beginning about three weeks before the winter solstice.[2]
Since prehistory, the winter solstice has been seen as a significant time of year in many cultures, and has been marked by festivals and rituals.[3] It marked the symbolic death and rebirth of the Sun.[4][5][6] The seasonal significance of the winter solstice is in the reversal of the gradual lengthening of nights and shortening of days
The solstice may have been a special moment of the annual cycle for some cultures even during neolithic times. Astronomical events were often used to guide activities, such as the mating of animals, the sowing of crops and the monitoring of winter reserves of food. Many cultural mythologies and traditions are derived from this.
This is attested by physical remains in the layouts of late Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeological sites, such as Stonehenge in England and Newgrange in Ireland. The primary axes of both of these monuments seem to have been carefully aligned on a sight-line pointing to the winter solstice sunrise (Newgrange) and the winter solstice sunset (Stonehenge). It is significant that at Stonehenge the Great Trilithon was oriented outwards from the middle of the monument, i.e. its smooth flat face was turned towards the midwinter Sun.[7]
The winter solstice was immensely important because the people were economically dependent on monitoring the progress of the seasons. Starvation was common during the first months of the winter, January to April (northern hemisphere) or July to October (southern hemisphere), also known as "the famine months". In temperate climates, the midwinter festival was the last feast celebration, before deep winter began. Most cattle were slaughtered so they would not have to be fed during the winter, so it was almost the only time of year when a plentiful supply of fresh meat was available.[8] The majority of wine and beer made during the year was finally fermented and ready for drinking at this time. The concentration of the observances were not always on the day commencing at midnight or at dawn, but at the beginning of the pagan day, which in many cultures fell on the previous eve.[citation needed]
Because the event was seen as the reversal of the Sun's ebbing presence in the sky, concepts of the birth or rebirth of sun gods have been common. In cultures which used cyclic calendars based on the winter solstice, the "year as reborn" was celebrated with reference to life-death-rebirth deities or "new beginnings" such as Hogmanay's redding, a New Year cleaning tradition. Also "reversal" is yet another frequent theme, as in Saturnalia's slave and master reversals.
Indian
Makara Sankranti, also known as Makaraa Sankrānti (Sanskrit: मकर संक्रांति) or Maghi, is a festival day in the Hindu calendar, in reference to deity Surya (sun). It is observed each year in January.[9] It marks the first day of Sun's transit into Makara (Capricorn), marking the end of the month with the winter solstice and the start of longer days.[9][10]
Iranian
Iranian people celebrate the night of the Northern Hemisphere's winter solstice as, "Yalda night", which is known to be the "longest and darkest night of the year". Yalda night celebration, or as some call it "Shabe Chelleh" ("the 40th night"), is one the oldest Iranian traditions that has been present in Persian culture from the ancient years. In this night all the family gather together, usually at the house of the eldest, and celebrate it by eating, drinking and reciting poetry (esp. Hafez). Nuts, pomegranates and watermelons are particularly served during this festival.
Germanic
The pagan Scandinavian and Germanic people of northern Europe celebrated a winter holiday called Yule (also called Jul, Julblot, jólablót). The Heimskringla, written in the 13th century by the Icelander Snorri Sturluson, describes a Yule feast hosted by the Norwegian king Haakon the Good (c. 920–961). According to Snorri, the Christian Haakon had moved Yule from "midwinter" and aligned it with the Christian Christmas celebration. Historically, this has made some scholars believe that Yule originally was a sun festival on the winter solstice. Modern scholars generally do not believe this, as midwinter in medieval Iceland was a date about four weeks after the solstice.[11]
Roman cult of Sol
ICSI
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI /ˈɪksi/ IK-see) is an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure in which a single sperm cell is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an egg. This technique is used in order to prepare the gametes for the obtention of embryos that may be transferred to a maternal uterus. With this method acrosome reaction is skipped.
There are several differences within classic IVF and ICSI. However, the steps to be followed before and after insemination are the same. In terms of insemination, ICSI needs one only sperm cell per oocyte, meanwhile IVF needs between 50 and 100 thousands. This is due to the fact that in IVF acrosome reaction has to take place and thousands of sperm cells have to be involved. Once fertilized, the egg is transformed into a proembryo and it has to be transferred to the uterus to continue its development.
The first human pregnancy generated by ICSI was carried out in 1991 by Gianpiero Palermo and his team.
Round spermatid injection (ROSI)
Round spermatid injection (ROSI) is a technique of assisted reproduction whereby a round spermatid is injected into oocyte cytoplasm in order to achieve fertilization. This technique can be used to enable genetic fatherhood to some men who have no spermatozoa in the ejaculate (azoospermia) and in whom spermatozoa cannot be obtained surgically from the testicles. This condition is called non-obstructive or secretory azoospermia, as opposed to obstructive azoospermia, in which complete sperm production does occur in the testicles, and potentially fertilizing spermatozoa can be obtained by testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and used for ICSI. In cases of nonobstructive (secretory) azoospermia, on the other hand, testicular sperm production is blocked at different stages of the process of sperm formation (spermatogenesis). In those men in whom spermatogenesis is blocked at the stage of round spermatids, in which meiosis has already been completed, these round cells can successfully fertilize oocytes after being injected into their cytoplasm.[1] Before the development of the ROSI technique, men with the arrest of spermatogenesis at the round spermatid stage could only have children with the use of donor spermatozoa.
Even though many technical aspects of ROSI are similar to those of ICSI, there are also significant differences between both techniques.[2] In the first place, as compared to spermatozoa, round spermatids do not possess easily perceptible morphological characteristics and are immotile. Consequently, the distinction between round spermatids and other round cells of similar size, such as leukocytes, is not an easy task. Moreover, the distinction between living round spermatids, to be used in ROSI, and dead round spermatids, to be discarded, needs specific methods and skills, not required in the case of ICSI where sperm cell viability can be easily evaluated on the basis of sperm motility in most cases.[2] The microinjection procedure for ROSI also differs slightly from that of ICSI, since additional stimuli are needed to ensure proper oocyte activation after spermatid injection. If all requirements for round spermatid selection and injection are successfully met, the injected oocytes develop to early embryos and can be transferred to the mother’s uterus to produce pregnancy.[1][2]
The first successful pregnancies and births with the use of ROSI were achieved in 1995 by Jan Tesarik and his team.[3] The clinical potential of ROSI in the treatment of male infertility due to the total absence of spermatozoa has been corroborated recently by a publication reporting on the postnatal development of 90 babies born in Japan and 17 in Spain.[4] Based on the evaluation of the babies born, no abnormalities attributable to the ROSI technique have been identified.[1][2][3][4]
Indications
This procedure is most commonly used to overcome male infertility problems, although it may also be used where eggs cannot easily be penetrated by sperm, and occasionally in addition to sperm donation.[5]
It can be used in teratozoospermia, because once the egg is fertilized, abnormal sperm morphology does not appear to influence blastocyst development or blastocyst morphology.[6] Even with severe teratozoospermia, microscopy can still detect the few sperm cells that have a "normal" morphology, allowing for optimal success rate.[6]
It can also be used in Azoospermia, "Valious spermatozoa" (from Fertility Preservation after cancer, or because of a fertilization failure after IVF.
History
The first child born from a gamete micromanipulation (technique in which special tools and inverted microscopes are used that help embryologists to choose and pick an individual sperm for ICSI IVF) was a Singapore-born child in April 1989.[7]
The technique was developed by Gianpiero Palermo at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, in the Center for Reproductive Medicine headed by Paul Devroey and Andre Van Steirteghem.[8] Actually, the discovery was made by a mistake.
The procedure itself was first performed in 1987,[9] though it only went to the pronuclear stage.[10] The first activated embryo by ICSI was produced in 1990,[11] but the first successful birth by ICSI took place on January 14, 1992 after an April 1991[12] conception.[13]
Sharpe et al comment on the success of ICSI since 1992 saying, "[t]hus, the woman carries the treatment burden for male infertility, a fairly unique scenario in medical practice. ICSI’s success has effectively diverted attention from identifying what causes male infertility and focused research onto the female, to optimize the provision of eggs and a receptive endometrium, on which ICSI’s success depends."[14][15]
Procedure
ICSI is generally performed following a transvaginal oocyte retrieval procedure to extract one or several oocytes from a woman.
In ICSI IVF, the male partner or a donor provides a sperm sample on the same day when the eggs are collected.[16] The sample is checked in the lab, and if no sperm is present, doctors will extract sperm from the epididymis or testicle. The extraction of sperm from epididymis is also known as percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and extraction of sperm from testicle is also known as testicular sperm aspiration (TESA).
The procedure is done under a microscope using multiple micromanipulation devices (micromanipulator, microinjectors and micropipettes). A holding pipette stabilizes the mature oocyte with gentle suction applied by a microinjector. From the opposite side a thin, hollow glass micropipette is used to collect a single sperm, having immobilised it by cutting its tail with the point of the micropipette. The oocyte is pierced through the oolemma and the sperm is directed into the inner part of the oocyte (cytoplasm). The sperm is then released into the oocyte. The pictured oocyte has an extruded polar body at about 12 o'clock indicating its maturity. The polar body is positioned at the 12 or 6 o'clock position, to ensure that the inserted micropipette does not disrupt the spindle inside the egg. After the procedure, the oocyte will be placed into cell culture and checked on the following day for signs of fertilization.
In contrast, in natural fertilization sperm compete and when the first sperm penetrates the oolemma, the oolemma hardens to block the entry of any other sperm. Concern has been raised that in ICSI this sperm selection process is bypassed and the sperm is selected by the embryologist without any specific testing. However, in mid-2006 the FDA cleared a device that allows embryologists to select mature sperm for ICSI based on sperm binding to hyaluronan, the main constituent of the gel layer (cumulus oophorus) surrounding the oocyte. The device provides microscopic droplets of hyaluronan hydrogel attached to the culture dish. The embryologist places the prepared sperm on the microdot, selects and captures sperm that bind to the dot. Basic research on the maturation of sperm shows that hyaluronan-binding sperm are more mature and show fewer DNA strand breaks and significantly lower levels of aneuploidy than the sperm population from which they were selected. A brand name for one such sperm selection device is PICSI.[17] A recent clinical trial showed a sharp reduction in miscarriage with embryos derived from PICSI sperm selection.[18]
'Washed' or 'unwashed' sperm may be used in the process.
Live birth rate are significantly higher with progesterone to assist implantation in ICSI cycles.[19] Also, addition of a GNRH agonist has been estimated to increase success rates.[19][20]
Ultra-high magnification sperm injection (IMSI) has no evidence of increased live birth or miscarriage rates compared to standard ICSI.[21][needs update]
A new variation of the standard ICSI-procedure called Piezo-ICSI uses small axial mechanical pulses (Piezo-pulses) to lower stress to the cytoskeleton during zona pellucida and oolemma breakage.[22]The procedure includes specialized Piezo actuators, microcapillaries, and filling medium to transfer mechanical pulses to the cell membranes.[23] The Piezo technique itself was for example established for animal ICSI and animal ES cell transfer.
Assisted zona hatching (AH)
People who have experienced repeatedly failed implantation, or whose experimental embryo has a thick zona pellucida (covering) around the embryo, have ideal candidates for assisted zona hatching. The procedure involves creating a hole in the zona to improve the chances of normal implantation of the embryo in the uterus.[citation needed]
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
PGD is a process in which one or two cells from an embryo on Day 3 or Day 5 are extracted and the cells genetically analyzed. Couples who are at a high risk of having abnormal number of chromosomes or who have an history of single gene defects or chromosome defects are ideal candidates for this procedure. It is used to diagnose a large number of genetic defects at present.[citation needed]
Success or failure factors
One of the areas in which sperm injection can be useful is vasectomy reversal. However, potential factors that may influence pregnancy rates (and live birth rates) in ICSI include level of DNA fragmentation[24] as measured e.g. by comet assay, advanced maternal age and semen quality.
A systematic meta-analysis of 24 estimates of DNA damage based on a variety of techniques concluded that sperm DNA damage negatively affects clinical pregnancy following ICSI.[25]
Complications
There is some suggestion that birth defects are increased with the use of IVF in general, and ICSI specifically, though different studies show contradictory results. In a summary position paper, the Practice Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine has said it considers ICSI safe and effective therapy for male factor infertility, but may carry an increased risk for the transmission of selected genetic abnormalities to offspring, either through the procedure itself or through the increased inherent risk of such abnormalities in parents undergoing the procedure.[26]
There is not enough evidence to say that ICSI procedures are safe in females with hepatitis B in regard to vertical transmission to the offspring, since the puncture of the oocyte can potentially avail for vertical transmission to the offspring.[27]
Follow-up on fetus
In addition to regular prenatal care, prenatal aneuploidy screening based on maternal age, nuchal translucency scan and biomarkers is appropriate. However, biomarkers seem to be altered for pregnancies resulting from ICSI, causing a higher false-positive rate. Correction factors have been developed and should be used when screening for Down syndrome in singleton pregnancies after ICSI,[28] but in twin pregnancies such correction factors have not been fully elucidated.[28] In vanishing twin pregnancies with a second gestational sac with a dead fetus, first trimester screening should be based solely on the maternal age and the nuchal translucency scan as biomarkers are significantly altered in these cases
There are several differences within classic IVF and ICSI. However, the steps to be followed before and after insemination are the same. In terms of insemination, ICSI needs one only sperm cell per oocyte, meanwhile IVF needs between 50 and 100 thousands. This is due to the fact that in IVF acrosome reaction has to take place and thousands of sperm cells have to be involved. Once fertilized, the egg is transformed into a proembryo and it has to be transferred to the uterus to continue its development.
The first human pregnancy generated by ICSI was carried out in 1991 by Gianpiero Palermo and his team.
Round spermatid injection (ROSI)
Round spermatid injection (ROSI) is a technique of assisted reproduction whereby a round spermatid is injected into oocyte cytoplasm in order to achieve fertilization. This technique can be used to enable genetic fatherhood to some men who have no spermatozoa in the ejaculate (azoospermia) and in whom spermatozoa cannot be obtained surgically from the testicles. This condition is called non-obstructive or secretory azoospermia, as opposed to obstructive azoospermia, in which complete sperm production does occur in the testicles, and potentially fertilizing spermatozoa can be obtained by testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and used for ICSI. In cases of nonobstructive (secretory) azoospermia, on the other hand, testicular sperm production is blocked at different stages of the process of sperm formation (spermatogenesis). In those men in whom spermatogenesis is blocked at the stage of round spermatids, in which meiosis has already been completed, these round cells can successfully fertilize oocytes after being injected into their cytoplasm.[1] Before the development of the ROSI technique, men with the arrest of spermatogenesis at the round spermatid stage could only have children with the use of donor spermatozoa.
Even though many technical aspects of ROSI are similar to those of ICSI, there are also significant differences between both techniques.[2] In the first place, as compared to spermatozoa, round spermatids do not possess easily perceptible morphological characteristics and are immotile. Consequently, the distinction between round spermatids and other round cells of similar size, such as leukocytes, is not an easy task. Moreover, the distinction between living round spermatids, to be used in ROSI, and dead round spermatids, to be discarded, needs specific methods and skills, not required in the case of ICSI where sperm cell viability can be easily evaluated on the basis of sperm motility in most cases.[2] The microinjection procedure for ROSI also differs slightly from that of ICSI, since additional stimuli are needed to ensure proper oocyte activation after spermatid injection. If all requirements for round spermatid selection and injection are successfully met, the injected oocytes develop to early embryos and can be transferred to the mother’s uterus to produce pregnancy.[1][2]
The first successful pregnancies and births with the use of ROSI were achieved in 1995 by Jan Tesarik and his team.[3] The clinical potential of ROSI in the treatment of male infertility due to the total absence of spermatozoa has been corroborated recently by a publication reporting on the postnatal development of 90 babies born in Japan and 17 in Spain.[4] Based on the evaluation of the babies born, no abnormalities attributable to the ROSI technique have been identified.[1][2][3][4]
Indications
This procedure is most commonly used to overcome male infertility problems, although it may also be used where eggs cannot easily be penetrated by sperm, and occasionally in addition to sperm donation.[5]
It can be used in teratozoospermia, because once the egg is fertilized, abnormal sperm morphology does not appear to influence blastocyst development or blastocyst morphology.[6] Even with severe teratozoospermia, microscopy can still detect the few sperm cells that have a "normal" morphology, allowing for optimal success rate.[6]
It can also be used in Azoospermia, "Valious spermatozoa" (from Fertility Preservation after cancer, or because of a fertilization failure after IVF.
History
The first child born from a gamete micromanipulation (technique in which special tools and inverted microscopes are used that help embryologists to choose and pick an individual sperm for ICSI IVF) was a Singapore-born child in April 1989.[7]
The technique was developed by Gianpiero Palermo at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, in the Center for Reproductive Medicine headed by Paul Devroey and Andre Van Steirteghem.[8] Actually, the discovery was made by a mistake.
The procedure itself was first performed in 1987,[9] though it only went to the pronuclear stage.[10] The first activated embryo by ICSI was produced in 1990,[11] but the first successful birth by ICSI took place on January 14, 1992 after an April 1991[12] conception.[13]
Sharpe et al comment on the success of ICSI since 1992 saying, "[t]hus, the woman carries the treatment burden for male infertility, a fairly unique scenario in medical practice. ICSI’s success has effectively diverted attention from identifying what causes male infertility and focused research onto the female, to optimize the provision of eggs and a receptive endometrium, on which ICSI’s success depends."[14][15]
Procedure
ICSI is generally performed following a transvaginal oocyte retrieval procedure to extract one or several oocytes from a woman.
In ICSI IVF, the male partner or a donor provides a sperm sample on the same day when the eggs are collected.[16] The sample is checked in the lab, and if no sperm is present, doctors will extract sperm from the epididymis or testicle. The extraction of sperm from epididymis is also known as percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and extraction of sperm from testicle is also known as testicular sperm aspiration (TESA).
The procedure is done under a microscope using multiple micromanipulation devices (micromanipulator, microinjectors and micropipettes). A holding pipette stabilizes the mature oocyte with gentle suction applied by a microinjector. From the opposite side a thin, hollow glass micropipette is used to collect a single sperm, having immobilised it by cutting its tail with the point of the micropipette. The oocyte is pierced through the oolemma and the sperm is directed into the inner part of the oocyte (cytoplasm). The sperm is then released into the oocyte. The pictured oocyte has an extruded polar body at about 12 o'clock indicating its maturity. The polar body is positioned at the 12 or 6 o'clock position, to ensure that the inserted micropipette does not disrupt the spindle inside the egg. After the procedure, the oocyte will be placed into cell culture and checked on the following day for signs of fertilization.
In contrast, in natural fertilization sperm compete and when the first sperm penetrates the oolemma, the oolemma hardens to block the entry of any other sperm. Concern has been raised that in ICSI this sperm selection process is bypassed and the sperm is selected by the embryologist without any specific testing. However, in mid-2006 the FDA cleared a device that allows embryologists to select mature sperm for ICSI based on sperm binding to hyaluronan, the main constituent of the gel layer (cumulus oophorus) surrounding the oocyte. The device provides microscopic droplets of hyaluronan hydrogel attached to the culture dish. The embryologist places the prepared sperm on the microdot, selects and captures sperm that bind to the dot. Basic research on the maturation of sperm shows that hyaluronan-binding sperm are more mature and show fewer DNA strand breaks and significantly lower levels of aneuploidy than the sperm population from which they were selected. A brand name for one such sperm selection device is PICSI.[17] A recent clinical trial showed a sharp reduction in miscarriage with embryos derived from PICSI sperm selection.[18]
'Washed' or 'unwashed' sperm may be used in the process.
Live birth rate are significantly higher with progesterone to assist implantation in ICSI cycles.[19] Also, addition of a GNRH agonist has been estimated to increase success rates.[19][20]
Ultra-high magnification sperm injection (IMSI) has no evidence of increased live birth or miscarriage rates compared to standard ICSI.[21][needs update]
A new variation of the standard ICSI-procedure called Piezo-ICSI uses small axial mechanical pulses (Piezo-pulses) to lower stress to the cytoskeleton during zona pellucida and oolemma breakage.[22]The procedure includes specialized Piezo actuators, microcapillaries, and filling medium to transfer mechanical pulses to the cell membranes.[23] The Piezo technique itself was for example established for animal ICSI and animal ES cell transfer.
Assisted zona hatching (AH)
People who have experienced repeatedly failed implantation, or whose experimental embryo has a thick zona pellucida (covering) around the embryo, have ideal candidates for assisted zona hatching. The procedure involves creating a hole in the zona to improve the chances of normal implantation of the embryo in the uterus.[citation needed]
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
PGD is a process in which one or two cells from an embryo on Day 3 or Day 5 are extracted and the cells genetically analyzed. Couples who are at a high risk of having abnormal number of chromosomes or who have an history of single gene defects or chromosome defects are ideal candidates for this procedure. It is used to diagnose a large number of genetic defects at present.[citation needed]
Success or failure factors
One of the areas in which sperm injection can be useful is vasectomy reversal. However, potential factors that may influence pregnancy rates (and live birth rates) in ICSI include level of DNA fragmentation[24] as measured e.g. by comet assay, advanced maternal age and semen quality.
A systematic meta-analysis of 24 estimates of DNA damage based on a variety of techniques concluded that sperm DNA damage negatively affects clinical pregnancy following ICSI.[25]
Complications
There is some suggestion that birth defects are increased with the use of IVF in general, and ICSI specifically, though different studies show contradictory results. In a summary position paper, the Practice Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine has said it considers ICSI safe and effective therapy for male factor infertility, but may carry an increased risk for the transmission of selected genetic abnormalities to offspring, either through the procedure itself or through the increased inherent risk of such abnormalities in parents undergoing the procedure.[26]
There is not enough evidence to say that ICSI procedures are safe in females with hepatitis B in regard to vertical transmission to the offspring, since the puncture of the oocyte can potentially avail for vertical transmission to the offspring.[27]
Follow-up on fetus
In addition to regular prenatal care, prenatal aneuploidy screening based on maternal age, nuchal translucency scan and biomarkers is appropriate. However, biomarkers seem to be altered for pregnancies resulting from ICSI, causing a higher false-positive rate. Correction factors have been developed and should be used when screening for Down syndrome in singleton pregnancies after ICSI,[28] but in twin pregnancies such correction factors have not been fully elucidated.[28] In vanishing twin pregnancies with a second gestational sac with a dead fetus, first trimester screening should be based solely on the maternal age and the nuchal translucency scan as biomarkers are significantly altered in these cases
Sidharth Shukla
Siddharth Shukla (born 10 December 1980)[1] is an Indian television actor and model from Mumbai. He made his acting debut in the 2008 show Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na. He is known for his roles in Love U Zindagi, Balika Vadhu and Dil Se Dil Tak. He participated in the reality shows Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa[2], Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi and Bigg Boss 13.[3]
In 2014 Shukla made his film debut in a supporting role in Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania
Early life
Shukla was born in Mumbai to Ashok Shukla, a civil engineer working with the Reserve Bank of India and Rita Shukla. He has two elder sisters. His family originates from Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. Shukla attended St. Xavier's High School, Fort and later completed his degree in Interior Design at Rachana Sansad School of Interior Design.[5][6] Shukla has described himself as a very athletic child, and represented his school in tennis and football.[7]
Career
In 2008, he made his acting debut with a lead role in the television show Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na. He later had lead roles in Jaane Pehchaane Se Ye Ajnabbi, Love U Zindagi and Balika Vadhu.
In 2013, Shukla participated in the celebrity dance reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa.
In January 2014, it was reported that Shukla had signed a 3-film-deal with Dharma Productions.[4] In the following year, Shukla debuted in their romantic comedy Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania in a supporting role, playing the character of an NRI doctor named Angad Bedi. The film earned him an award for Breakthrough Supporting Performance (Male) in the 2015 Stardust Awards.[8]
In 2014, he hosted the crime show Savdhaan India. In 2016, he participated in the stunt reality show Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7. He was eliminated in the earlier weeks but returned as a wild card contestant. Shukla was declared the winner in April.[9]
In 2019, he is participating in the reality show Bigg Boss
In 2014 Shukla made his film debut in a supporting role in Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania
Early life
Shukla was born in Mumbai to Ashok Shukla, a civil engineer working with the Reserve Bank of India and Rita Shukla. He has two elder sisters. His family originates from Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. Shukla attended St. Xavier's High School, Fort and later completed his degree in Interior Design at Rachana Sansad School of Interior Design.[5][6] Shukla has described himself as a very athletic child, and represented his school in tennis and football.[7]
Career
In 2008, he made his acting debut with a lead role in the television show Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na. He later had lead roles in Jaane Pehchaane Se Ye Ajnabbi, Love U Zindagi and Balika Vadhu.
In 2013, Shukla participated in the celebrity dance reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa.
In January 2014, it was reported that Shukla had signed a 3-film-deal with Dharma Productions.[4] In the following year, Shukla debuted in their romantic comedy Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania in a supporting role, playing the character of an NRI doctor named Angad Bedi. The film earned him an award for Breakthrough Supporting Performance (Male) in the 2015 Stardust Awards.[8]
In 2014, he hosted the crime show Savdhaan India. In 2016, he participated in the stunt reality show Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7. He was eliminated in the earlier weeks but returned as a wild card contestant. Shukla was declared the winner in April.[9]
In 2019, he is participating in the reality show Bigg Boss
PSG
Paris Saint-Germain Football Club (French pronunciation: [paʁi sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃]), commonly referred to as Paris Saint-Germain, Paris SG, or simply Paris or PSG, is a French professional football club based in Paris. Founded in 1970, the club has traditionally worn red and blue kits. PSG has played their home matches in the 47,929-capacity Parc des Princes in the 16th arrondissement of Paris since 1974.[1][2] The club plays in the highest tier of French football, Ligue 1.[3]
The Parisian club established itself as a major force in France, and one of the major forces of European football in the 2010s. PSG have won a total of 39 top-flight trophies, making it the most successful French club in history by this measure.[3][4] Paris SG is also the only club to have never been relegated from Ligue 1,[5] the club with most consecutive seasons in the top-flight (they have played 45 seasons in Ligue 1 since 1974),[6] one of only two French clubs to have won a major European title,[7] the most popular football club in France,[8] and one of the most widely supported teams in the world.[9]
Domestically, the Parisians have won eight Ligue 1 titles, a record twelve Coupe de France, a record eight Coupe de la Ligue, and a record nine Trophée des Champions titles. In European football, they have won one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one UEFA Intertoto Cup. The capital club has also won one Ligue 2, regarded as a minor official title.[4] PSG have a long-standing rivalry with Olympique de Marseille. The duo contest French football's most notorious match, known as Le Classique.[10]
The State of Qatar, through its shareholding organisation Qatar Sports Investments (QSI), has been the club's owner since 2011.[11] The takeover made Paris Saint-Germain the richest club in France and one of the wealthiest in the world.[12] As of the 2017–18 season, PSG have the sixth-highest revenue in the footballing world with an annual turnover of €542m according to Deloitte, and are the world's eleventh most valuable football club, worth €825m according to Forbes.
Paris Saint-Germain Football Club was founded on 12 August 1970 after the merger of Paris Football Club and Stade Saint-Germain.[3] PSG made an immediate impact, winning promotion to Ligue 1 in their first season after claiming the Ligue 2 title.[2][15] Their momentum was soon checked, however, and the club split in 1972.[2] Paris FC remained in Ligue 1, while Paris Saint-Germain kept their name but were administratively demoted to Division 3.[16][17] Two seasons later PSG returned to Ligue 1 in 1974, moving into Parc des Princes that same year.[2][3]
The club's trophy cabinet welcomed its first major silverware in the shape of the French Cup in 1982, during a decade marked by players such as Safet Sušić, Luis Fernández and Dominique Rocheteau.[2][3] Four years later, Paris Saint-Germain claimed their maiden league title, after which they went into decline.[7][18] But a takeover by television giants Canal+ revitalised the club and PSG entered their golden era.[7][19] Led by David Ginola, George Weah and Raí, the club won nine trophies during the 1990s.[3][18] Most notably, the Parisians claimed a second league title in 1994 and their crowning glory, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1996.[2][18]
At the start of the 21st century, PSG struggled to rescale the heights despite the magic of Ronaldinho and the goals of Pauleta.[3] Five more trophies arrived in the form of three French Cups, one League Cup and one UEFA Intertoto Cup, but the club became better known for lurching from one high-profile crisis to another.[4][18] Indeed, Paris Saint-Germain spent two seasons staving off relegations that were only very narrowly avoided.[19]
This changed in 2011 with the arrival of new majority shareholders Qatar Sports Investments (QSI).[12] Since the buyout, PSG have signed several stars like Zlatan Ibrahimović, Thiago Silva, Edinson Cavani, Neymar and Kylian Mbappé, and have dominated French football.[4][20][21] Despite this, the UEFA Champions League has proven to be a trophy beyond their reach.[20][21] PSG have never made it beyond the quarterfinals since 2012, exiting the competition at the last-16 round in each of the last three seasons.[22]
Club identity
Colours
Since their foundation, PSG have always represented both Paris and Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[19] As a result, red, blue and white are the traditional colours of Paris Saint-Germain. The red and blue represent the city of Paris, while the white stands for the nearby royal town of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
In the club's crest, the French capital is represented by the Eiffel Tower in red and the blue background. For its part, the white cradle with the white fleur de lys on top is a hint to the coat of arms of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and to French royalty. In France, white is the colour of royalty and the fleur de lys is a royal symbol. The cradle and the fleur de lys also recall that French King Louis XIV was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1638.[23]
Likewise, PSG's home shirt has always featured the three colours of the club. The three main home jerseys worn by Paris SG throughout their history have been predominantly red, blue or white. The club's first shirt was red, while the other two were predominantly blue (« Hechter shirt ») and white. However, all three have included the remaining two colours, as well as with further variations of the home jersey.[24]
Home shirt
The newly formed Paris Saint-Germain wore a red shirt during their first three seasons of existence.[24] The jersey also featured a blue and white collar to bring together the three colours of the club: the red and blue of Paris, and the white of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[25] During the 2010–11 season, PSG wore a red home shirt to commemorate their 40th anniversary
The connection between Paris Saint-Germain and the city's fashion houses is a longstanding one. French fashion designer Daniel Hechter served as the club's president for five years in the 1970s, and is regarded as one of the driving forces behind the team's foundation.[27] He became club president in 1973 and immediately designed PSG's traditional look — a red vertical stripe, bordered with white, on a blue background.[27][28]
The story goes that Hechter based his creation on the red-and-white jersey worn by Ajax, the Dutch champion dominating European competition at the time, but with the French flag in mind.[27][29] He would later admit that the story was true.[28] The so-called "Hechter shirt", first worn until 1980–81, returned as PSG's home identity in 1994–95, and has remained so ever since, despite Nike's several experiments along the way.[24][28][30]
PSG stars from the 1990s and 2000s like Raí, Ronaldinho and Pauleta are associated with the "Hechter shirt". It was with that jersey that PSG reached five European semi-finals in a row (1993–1997), claimed the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1995–96, and achieved the (first) eight consecutive wins against arch-rivals Olympique de Marseille (2002–2004).[24]
Promoted by PSG president Francis Borelli, the capital club changed its home identity in 1981–82.[28] The new shirt, worn until 1992–93, was white with blue and red vertical stripes on the left. PSG legends from the 1980s like Safet Sušić, Luis Fernández and Dominique Bathenay are associated with the white jersey. It was with this outfit that fans saw the first big Paris Saint-Germain team that won two Coupe de France titles (1982, 1983), experienced their first European campaign in 1983, and claimed their maiden league crown in 1986.[24][30]
Crest
The original logo of the club, also known as the Paris FC logo, was used from 1970 until 1973.[25][29] It featured a ball with a vessel (a historic symbol of Paris) as well as the club's name "Paris Saint Germain Football Club" or initials "PSGFC".[29][31] In 1972, PSG split from Paris FC and, a year later, the club changed its crest
Like with the club's iconic shirt, Daniel Hechter also designed their historic crest in 1973.[29] Also known as the Eiffel Tower logo, the new crest added Saint-Germain-en-Laye symbols for the first time.[29][31] These were the fleur de lys and the cradle that represented the royalty and birthplace of French King Louis XIV in the town.[29] The new crest, which finally represented both Paris and Saint-Germain-en-Laye, mainly consisted of a blue background with the Eiffel Tower in red. Between the tower's legs sat the fleur de lys and the cradle in white.[31]
Parc des Princes was added to the crest in 1980, right under Louis XIV's cradle.[31] This logo lasted until 1991, with the exception of the 1986–87 and 1987–88 seasons, when the club used a special logo in support of the Paris candidature for the 1992 Summer Olympics.[31][32] In 1991, the stadium was removed from the crest.[31]
In 1993, former Paris SG shareholder Canal+ was the first to replace the iconic crest. The new model had the acronym "PSG" and underneath it "Paris Saint-Germain". Under pressure from supporters, the traditional crest returned in 1995. This time, however, the crest was surrounded by the club's name "Paris Saint-Germain" and year of foundation "1970". In 2002, it went through a slight facelift.[31]
The Eiffel Tower crest received a major makeover in 2013. Paris Saint-Germain, under the leadership of their Qatari owners and club president Nasser Al-Khelaifi, made the choice of continuity for their identity, as well as to capitalise on the master asset of the brand: Paris. The City of Light, undisputed icon in the whole world.[33]
Conceived by global creative agency Dragon Rouge, the new logotype clearly puts forward the brand “Paris” instead of “Paris Saint-Germain”.[33][34] PSG's logo was redrawn, making the word “Paris” very big, above a large Eiffel Tower. Underneath it, “Saint-Germain”, written in smaller letters, remains associated with the fleur-de-lis, its emblem.[33][34] In contrast, Louis XIV's cradle and the club's founding year "1970" were left out.[33] As PSG general director Jean-Claude Blanc said: “We are called Paris Saint-Germain but, above all, we are called Paris.”[34]
Mottos, mascot and anthems
"Paris est magique!" ("Paris is magic!") and "Ici, c'est Paris!" ("Here is Paris!") have historically been the club's most popular mottos.[34][35] More recently, PSG introduced their official anthem and mascot in 2010, when they revived their Tournoi de Paris pre-season competition in commemoration of the club's 40th anniversary.[36]
Ahead of the tournament, PSG unveiled "Allez Paris Saint-Germain", to the tune of "Go West" by Village People, and Germain the Lynx as the club's anthem and mascot, respectively.[37] "Ville Lumière", to the tune of "Flower of Scotland", is considered a club anthem as well.[38]
Grounds
Paris Saint-Germain played their first game at Parc des Princes against Red Star on 10 November 1973, as a curtain-raiser for that season's opening Ligue 1 match between Paris FC (PFC) and Sochaux. PSG won 3–1 as Othniel Dossevi scored the club's first goal at the stadium.[39] The club moved into Parc des Princes upon its return to Ligue 1 in 1974, ironically the same year that Paris FC were relegated. Up until that point it had been the home stadium of PFC.[16][40]
Before that, PSG had been playing at several grounds including Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre, Stade Jean-Bouin, Stade Bauer, and even Parc des Princes a few times that season despite the reluctance of PFC.[41][42] PSG registered their record home attendance in 1983, when 49,575 spectators witnessed the club's 2–0 win over Waterschei in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals.[43]
Parc des Princes has a seating capacity of 47,929 spectators and its pitch is surrounded by four covered all-seater stands, officially known as Tribune Borelli, Tribune Auteuil, Tribune Paris and Tribune Boulogne.[1][44] Conceived by architect Roger Taillibert, the current version of Parc des Princes officially opened on 4 June 1972, at a cost of 80–150 million francs.[19][45] The stadium is the third to have been built on the site, the first opening its doors in 1897 and the second following in 1932.[46]
Camp des Loges
The first Camp des Loges, located in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Paris Region, opened in June 1904. Originally, it was a military camp reserved for soldiers of the French Army. In 1970, following the merger of Paris FC and Stade Saint-Germain to form Paris Saint-Germain, it became the club's training ground. The venue also turned into the training facilities of the Paris Saint-Germain Youth Academy when it opened in 1975.[47]
The construction of a new Camp des Loges began in January 2008, on the same site as the old one. The first stone was laid in July 2008 and it was completed in October 2008. At a cost of €5m, the new training centre was inaugurated in November 2008.[48] In 2013, Paris Saint-Germain announced their sponsorship deal with international communications company Ooredoo. As part of the agreement, Camp des Loges was renamed Ooredoo Training Centre.[49]
Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre
Main article: Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre
The Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre, whose main stadium has a seating capacity of 2,164 spectators, is a sports complex located just across the street from Camp des Loges, the training centre of Paris Saint-Germain.[50] It was one of PSG's main grounds until 1974.[42] That year the club moved into Parc des Princes.[2] The stadium — as well as the other artificial turf and grass football pitches of the complex — hosts training sessions and home matches for the club's male and female youth academy sides.[50]
Paris Saint-Germain Training Center
The Paris Saint-Germain Training Center, sometimes referred to as Campus PSG, located in Poissy, Paris Region, will be the new training ground and sports complex of Paris Saint-Germain.[51][52][53] It will replace Camp des Loges — the club's current training facility in nearby Saint-Germain-en-Laye — upon its completion in 2022.[54]
Owned and financed by the club, the venue will bring together PSG's male football, handball and judo teams, as well as the football and handball youth academies.[51][54] Each division will have its own dedicated facilities.[55] PSG, however, will remain closely linked to their historic birthplace in Saint-Germain-en-Laye as Camp des Loges will become the training ground of the female football team and academy.[56][57]
The Campus PSG will have its own stadium, which will complement Parc des Princes.[51] With a total capacity of 5,000, including over 3,000 seats, the arena will be the largest football stadium in the Yvelines department. It will host matches for PSG's youth and female sides in official competitions such as the UEFA Youth League and the UEFA Women's Champions League.[58]
25 minutes away from Parc des Princes and 15 minutes from Camp des Loges, the 74-hectare site is part of PSG's global strategy to become one of the best-performing multi-sport clubs in the world.[52][59] Construction will start in spring 2020 and finish in summer 2022.[60] The capital club will invest between €250m and €300m.[54] PSG entrusted the project to French architect Jean-Michel Wilmotte and his architectural firm Wilmotte & Associés, known for designing the Allianz Riviera and the Kaliningrad Stadium.[61]
Supporters
Paris Saint-Germain is the most popular football club in France with 22% of fans identifying as Parisians. Le Classique arch-rivals Olympique de Marseille come second with 20%, while Olympique Lyonnais is third with 14%.[8] PSG is also one of the most widely supported teams in the world with 35 million supporters worldwide, more than any other French club.[9] Famous PSG fans include former French President Nicolas Sarkozy and retired NBA player Tony Parker.[62]
Since the mid-1980s, PSG supporters' groups have been linked to football hooliganism.[63] In 1976, PSG did not have a big passionate fanbase, so the club began offering cheaper season tickets to young supporters.[64] PSG placed them in the club's first fan space at Parc des Princes, the Kop K, located in the K section of the Borelli stand.[44][65] Following an increase in ticket prices, Kop K supporters moved to the Boulogne stand in 1978, and the Kop of Boulogne (KoB) was born.[63][65] There, the club's first Italian-style ultra group, Boulogne Boys, was founded in 1985.[63] Other KoB groups, however, took British hooligans as dubious role models and violence rapidly escalated.[66]
PSG owners Canal+ responded in 1991 by encouraging and financing non-violent fans of the KoB stand to take place in the Auteuil stand at the other end of Parc des Princes. The Virage Auteuil was born, alongside Supras Auteuil, its most notorious ultras.[67] At first the measure worked but, slowly, a violent rivalry arose between the two stands.[67][68] Things came to a head in 2010 before a match against Marseille in Paris. Boulogne fan Yann Lorence was killed following a fight between groups from both stands outside Parc des Princes, forcing PSG president Robin Leproux to take action.[69][70]
The club exiled all supporters' groups from Parc des Princes and banned them from all PSG matches in what was known as Plan Leproux.[69][70] It made PSG pay the price in terms of atmosphere, with one of Europe's most feared venues now subdued.[68][70] For their part, former Virage Auteuil supporters formed the Collectif Ultras Paris (CUP) in February 2016, with the aim of reclaiming their place at the stadium.[71] In October 2016, after a six-year absence, the club agreed to their return.[70] Grouped in the Auteuil end of the stadium, the CUP currently is the only ultra association officially recognized by PSG.[70][72] The ultra movement has also started to come back to life in the Boulogne stand with new groups Block Parisii, Paname Rebirth and Résistance Parisienne trying to convince the club of relaunching the Kop of Boulogne.[73]
Rivalries
Le Classique
Paris Saint-Germain shares an intense rivalry with Olympique de Marseille; matches between the two teams are referred to as Le Classique.[74] The term Le Classique is modelled after El Clásico, contested between Real Madrid and Barcelona. The Spanish press borrowed the term Clásico from South America, where most countries use it to label the biggest rivalries in the continent, such as the Superclásico between Boca Juniors and River Plate, and the Uruguayan Clásico between Nacional and Peñarol.[75]
The clash is considered France's biggest rivalry as well as one of the greatest in club football.[10][76] At the very least, it is France's most violent. Important security measures are taken to prevent confrontations between the fans, but violent episodes still often occur when they meet.[74] Like all the game's major rivalries, it extends beyond the pitch. PSG/OM has a historical, cultural and social importance that makes it more than just a football match. It involves the two largest cities in France: Paris against Marseille, capital against province and north against south.[10][74]
PSG and l'OM are the most successful clubs in French football history and the only French teams to have won major European trophies. They were also the dominant forces in the land prior to the emergence of Olympique Lyonnais at the start of the millennium. The duo remain, along with Saint-Étienne, the only French sides with a truly national fan base, being the most popular clubs in France, and the most followed French teams outside the country. Both clubs are at or near the top of the attendance lists every year as well.[10][74]
Friendly tournaments
Tournoi de Paris
Initially held by Racing Paris between 1957 and 1966, the Tournoi de Paris briefly returned in 1973 with new organizers Paris FC, before current hosts Paris Saint-Germain successfully relaunched the competition in 1975.[77][78] Abandoned in 1993 for financial reasons, PSG revived it in 2010 to commemorate the club's 40th anniversary.[36][79] Ahead of the tournament, the club introduced its official anthem and mascot.[37]
Not held in 2011, it was renamed Trophée de Paris in 2012, and featured a single prestigious match. This was the last edition of the tournament to date.[80] Paris Saint-Germain is the most successful club in the history of the competition, having lifted the trophy on seven occasions.[77] Regarded as French football's most prestigious friendly tournament, the Tournoi de Paris is also considered a precursor of both the Intercontinental Cup and FIFA Club World Cup.[77][81]
Tournoi Indoor de Paris-Bercy
The Tournoi Indoor de Paris-Bercy was a mid-season indoor football invitational competition hosted by Paris Saint-Germain at the AccorHotels Arena in Paris, France. The tournament was founded in 1984 and was held annually until 1991. Played indoors (synthetic field and seven-a-side), the competition featured host club PSG and five more teams. Paris SG is the most successful club in the history of the competition, having lifted the trophy on two occasions.[82]
Ownership and finances
During their first three years of existence, Paris Saint-Germain was fan-owned and had nearly 15,000 socios (associates, supporters, shareholders). The club was run by board members Guy Crescent, Pierre-Étienne Guyot and Henri Patrelle.[66][83] A group of wealthy French businessmen, led by Daniel Hechter and Francis Borelli, would then buy the club in 1973.[15] Paris changed hands in 1991, when Canal+ took over, and then again in 2006, with the arrival of Colony Capital.[84] The State of Qatar, through its shareholding organisation Qatar Sports Investments (QSI), has been PSG's owner since 2011.[11]
This means that PSG are one of only two state-owned clubs in the world, along with Manchester City.[85][86] As a result, Paris SG are also one of the richest clubs in the world.[12] QSI, a subsidiary of the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), became the club's majority shareholders in June 2011 and sole shareholders in March 2012.[11][84][87] For his part, QSI chairman Nasser Al-Khelaifi has been PSG president since the takeover.[22] PSG's real boss, however, is the Emir of Qatar Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.[88] He is both the chairman of the QIA and the founder of QSI.[89]
Upon their arrival, QSI pledged to form a team capable of winning the UEFA Champions League and making the club France's biggest name.[18] Consequently, since the summer of 2011, Paris Saint-Germain have spent more than €1b on player transfers such as Thiago Silva, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Edinson Cavani, David Luiz, Neymar and Kylian Mbappé.[7][20][21] These massive expenditures have translated in PSG's domination of French football, winning 20 national titles in the process. However, they have not yet brought home the coveted Champions League trophy and have caused the capital club problems with UEFA and its Financial Fair Play regulations (FFP).[4][22][90]
As of the 2017–18 season, Paris Saint-Germain have the sixth-highest revenue in the footballing world with an annual turnover of €542m according to Deloitte, and are the world's eleventh most valuable football club, worth €825m according to Forbes.[13][14] PSG's strong financial position has been sustained by the club's lucrative sponsorship deals with several commercial partners, including top sponsors Nike and ALL.[91][92] Throughout their history, though, PSG has rarely been profitable.[93] Prior to the Qatar buyout, the club's cumulative losses between 1998 and 2010 amounted to €300m.[93][94]
Records and statistics
Since their inception, Paris Saint-Germain have played 48 seasons, all of them within the top three levels of the French football league system: Ligue 1, Ligue 2 and Division 3.[95] PSG holds many records, most notably being the most successful French club in history in terms of major trophies won (with 39),[3][4] the only club to have never been relegated from Ligue 1,[5] the club with most consecutive seasons in top-flight (they have played 45 seasons in Ligue 1 since 1974),[6] and one of only two French clubs to have won a major European title.[7]
The Parisians have won the Ligue 1 seven times. The club's worst Ligue 1 finish to date is 16th, their placing at the end of the 1971–72 and 2007–08 seasons. The 2015–16 season was the club's best to date. PSG won all four domestic titles (Ligue 1, Coupe de France, Coupe de la Ligue and Trophée des Champions) and reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League.[95] In Ligue 1, the capital club finished with 96 points (national record), while Zlatan Ibrahimović scored 50 goals in all competitions (national record).[96][97] However, the club's record for most goals in a season was set in 2017–18, when the capital side scored 171 goals in all competitions.[96]
Paris SG are also the only club to have won the Coupe de la Ligue five times in a row (2014–2018),[98] the only club to have won the Coupe de France four times in a row (2015–2018),[99] the only club to win the Trophée des Champions seven times in a row (2013–2019),[100] the only European club to have won all four national titles (Ligue 1, Coupe de France, Coupe de la Ligue and Trophée des Champions) in a single season (2014–15, 2015–16 and 2017–18),[101] and the youngest European club to have won a European trophy.[102]
The Parisian club established itself as a major force in France, and one of the major forces of European football in the 2010s. PSG have won a total of 39 top-flight trophies, making it the most successful French club in history by this measure.[3][4] Paris SG is also the only club to have never been relegated from Ligue 1,[5] the club with most consecutive seasons in the top-flight (they have played 45 seasons in Ligue 1 since 1974),[6] one of only two French clubs to have won a major European title,[7] the most popular football club in France,[8] and one of the most widely supported teams in the world.[9]
Domestically, the Parisians have won eight Ligue 1 titles, a record twelve Coupe de France, a record eight Coupe de la Ligue, and a record nine Trophée des Champions titles. In European football, they have won one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one UEFA Intertoto Cup. The capital club has also won one Ligue 2, regarded as a minor official title.[4] PSG have a long-standing rivalry with Olympique de Marseille. The duo contest French football's most notorious match, known as Le Classique.[10]
The State of Qatar, through its shareholding organisation Qatar Sports Investments (QSI), has been the club's owner since 2011.[11] The takeover made Paris Saint-Germain the richest club in France and one of the wealthiest in the world.[12] As of the 2017–18 season, PSG have the sixth-highest revenue in the footballing world with an annual turnover of €542m according to Deloitte, and are the world's eleventh most valuable football club, worth €825m according to Forbes.
Paris Saint-Germain Football Club was founded on 12 August 1970 after the merger of Paris Football Club and Stade Saint-Germain.[3] PSG made an immediate impact, winning promotion to Ligue 1 in their first season after claiming the Ligue 2 title.[2][15] Their momentum was soon checked, however, and the club split in 1972.[2] Paris FC remained in Ligue 1, while Paris Saint-Germain kept their name but were administratively demoted to Division 3.[16][17] Two seasons later PSG returned to Ligue 1 in 1974, moving into Parc des Princes that same year.[2][3]
The club's trophy cabinet welcomed its first major silverware in the shape of the French Cup in 1982, during a decade marked by players such as Safet Sušić, Luis Fernández and Dominique Rocheteau.[2][3] Four years later, Paris Saint-Germain claimed their maiden league title, after which they went into decline.[7][18] But a takeover by television giants Canal+ revitalised the club and PSG entered their golden era.[7][19] Led by David Ginola, George Weah and Raí, the club won nine trophies during the 1990s.[3][18] Most notably, the Parisians claimed a second league title in 1994 and their crowning glory, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1996.[2][18]
At the start of the 21st century, PSG struggled to rescale the heights despite the magic of Ronaldinho and the goals of Pauleta.[3] Five more trophies arrived in the form of three French Cups, one League Cup and one UEFA Intertoto Cup, but the club became better known for lurching from one high-profile crisis to another.[4][18] Indeed, Paris Saint-Germain spent two seasons staving off relegations that were only very narrowly avoided.[19]
This changed in 2011 with the arrival of new majority shareholders Qatar Sports Investments (QSI).[12] Since the buyout, PSG have signed several stars like Zlatan Ibrahimović, Thiago Silva, Edinson Cavani, Neymar and Kylian Mbappé, and have dominated French football.[4][20][21] Despite this, the UEFA Champions League has proven to be a trophy beyond their reach.[20][21] PSG have never made it beyond the quarterfinals since 2012, exiting the competition at the last-16 round in each of the last three seasons.[22]
Club identity
Colours
Since their foundation, PSG have always represented both Paris and Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[19] As a result, red, blue and white are the traditional colours of Paris Saint-Germain. The red and blue represent the city of Paris, while the white stands for the nearby royal town of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
In the club's crest, the French capital is represented by the Eiffel Tower in red and the blue background. For its part, the white cradle with the white fleur de lys on top is a hint to the coat of arms of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and to French royalty. In France, white is the colour of royalty and the fleur de lys is a royal symbol. The cradle and the fleur de lys also recall that French King Louis XIV was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1638.[23]
Likewise, PSG's home shirt has always featured the three colours of the club. The three main home jerseys worn by Paris SG throughout their history have been predominantly red, blue or white. The club's first shirt was red, while the other two were predominantly blue (« Hechter shirt ») and white. However, all three have included the remaining two colours, as well as with further variations of the home jersey.[24]
Home shirt
The newly formed Paris Saint-Germain wore a red shirt during their first three seasons of existence.[24] The jersey also featured a blue and white collar to bring together the three colours of the club: the red and blue of Paris, and the white of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[25] During the 2010–11 season, PSG wore a red home shirt to commemorate their 40th anniversary
The connection between Paris Saint-Germain and the city's fashion houses is a longstanding one. French fashion designer Daniel Hechter served as the club's president for five years in the 1970s, and is regarded as one of the driving forces behind the team's foundation.[27] He became club president in 1973 and immediately designed PSG's traditional look — a red vertical stripe, bordered with white, on a blue background.[27][28]
The story goes that Hechter based his creation on the red-and-white jersey worn by Ajax, the Dutch champion dominating European competition at the time, but with the French flag in mind.[27][29] He would later admit that the story was true.[28] The so-called "Hechter shirt", first worn until 1980–81, returned as PSG's home identity in 1994–95, and has remained so ever since, despite Nike's several experiments along the way.[24][28][30]
PSG stars from the 1990s and 2000s like Raí, Ronaldinho and Pauleta are associated with the "Hechter shirt". It was with that jersey that PSG reached five European semi-finals in a row (1993–1997), claimed the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1995–96, and achieved the (first) eight consecutive wins against arch-rivals Olympique de Marseille (2002–2004).[24]
Promoted by PSG president Francis Borelli, the capital club changed its home identity in 1981–82.[28] The new shirt, worn until 1992–93, was white with blue and red vertical stripes on the left. PSG legends from the 1980s like Safet Sušić, Luis Fernández and Dominique Bathenay are associated with the white jersey. It was with this outfit that fans saw the first big Paris Saint-Germain team that won two Coupe de France titles (1982, 1983), experienced their first European campaign in 1983, and claimed their maiden league crown in 1986.[24][30]
Crest
The original logo of the club, also known as the Paris FC logo, was used from 1970 until 1973.[25][29] It featured a ball with a vessel (a historic symbol of Paris) as well as the club's name "Paris Saint Germain Football Club" or initials "PSGFC".[29][31] In 1972, PSG split from Paris FC and, a year later, the club changed its crest
Like with the club's iconic shirt, Daniel Hechter also designed their historic crest in 1973.[29] Also known as the Eiffel Tower logo, the new crest added Saint-Germain-en-Laye symbols for the first time.[29][31] These were the fleur de lys and the cradle that represented the royalty and birthplace of French King Louis XIV in the town.[29] The new crest, which finally represented both Paris and Saint-Germain-en-Laye, mainly consisted of a blue background with the Eiffel Tower in red. Between the tower's legs sat the fleur de lys and the cradle in white.[31]
Parc des Princes was added to the crest in 1980, right under Louis XIV's cradle.[31] This logo lasted until 1991, with the exception of the 1986–87 and 1987–88 seasons, when the club used a special logo in support of the Paris candidature for the 1992 Summer Olympics.[31][32] In 1991, the stadium was removed from the crest.[31]
In 1993, former Paris SG shareholder Canal+ was the first to replace the iconic crest. The new model had the acronym "PSG" and underneath it "Paris Saint-Germain". Under pressure from supporters, the traditional crest returned in 1995. This time, however, the crest was surrounded by the club's name "Paris Saint-Germain" and year of foundation "1970". In 2002, it went through a slight facelift.[31]
The Eiffel Tower crest received a major makeover in 2013. Paris Saint-Germain, under the leadership of their Qatari owners and club president Nasser Al-Khelaifi, made the choice of continuity for their identity, as well as to capitalise on the master asset of the brand: Paris. The City of Light, undisputed icon in the whole world.[33]
Conceived by global creative agency Dragon Rouge, the new logotype clearly puts forward the brand “Paris” instead of “Paris Saint-Germain”.[33][34] PSG's logo was redrawn, making the word “Paris” very big, above a large Eiffel Tower. Underneath it, “Saint-Germain”, written in smaller letters, remains associated with the fleur-de-lis, its emblem.[33][34] In contrast, Louis XIV's cradle and the club's founding year "1970" were left out.[33] As PSG general director Jean-Claude Blanc said: “We are called Paris Saint-Germain but, above all, we are called Paris.”[34]
Mottos, mascot and anthems
"Paris est magique!" ("Paris is magic!") and "Ici, c'est Paris!" ("Here is Paris!") have historically been the club's most popular mottos.[34][35] More recently, PSG introduced their official anthem and mascot in 2010, when they revived their Tournoi de Paris pre-season competition in commemoration of the club's 40th anniversary.[36]
Ahead of the tournament, PSG unveiled "Allez Paris Saint-Germain", to the tune of "Go West" by Village People, and Germain the Lynx as the club's anthem and mascot, respectively.[37] "Ville Lumière", to the tune of "Flower of Scotland", is considered a club anthem as well.[38]
Grounds
Paris Saint-Germain played their first game at Parc des Princes against Red Star on 10 November 1973, as a curtain-raiser for that season's opening Ligue 1 match between Paris FC (PFC) and Sochaux. PSG won 3–1 as Othniel Dossevi scored the club's first goal at the stadium.[39] The club moved into Parc des Princes upon its return to Ligue 1 in 1974, ironically the same year that Paris FC were relegated. Up until that point it had been the home stadium of PFC.[16][40]
Before that, PSG had been playing at several grounds including Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre, Stade Jean-Bouin, Stade Bauer, and even Parc des Princes a few times that season despite the reluctance of PFC.[41][42] PSG registered their record home attendance in 1983, when 49,575 spectators witnessed the club's 2–0 win over Waterschei in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals.[43]
Parc des Princes has a seating capacity of 47,929 spectators and its pitch is surrounded by four covered all-seater stands, officially known as Tribune Borelli, Tribune Auteuil, Tribune Paris and Tribune Boulogne.[1][44] Conceived by architect Roger Taillibert, the current version of Parc des Princes officially opened on 4 June 1972, at a cost of 80–150 million francs.[19][45] The stadium is the third to have been built on the site, the first opening its doors in 1897 and the second following in 1932.[46]
Camp des Loges
The first Camp des Loges, located in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Paris Region, opened in June 1904. Originally, it was a military camp reserved for soldiers of the French Army. In 1970, following the merger of Paris FC and Stade Saint-Germain to form Paris Saint-Germain, it became the club's training ground. The venue also turned into the training facilities of the Paris Saint-Germain Youth Academy when it opened in 1975.[47]
The construction of a new Camp des Loges began in January 2008, on the same site as the old one. The first stone was laid in July 2008 and it was completed in October 2008. At a cost of €5m, the new training centre was inaugurated in November 2008.[48] In 2013, Paris Saint-Germain announced their sponsorship deal with international communications company Ooredoo. As part of the agreement, Camp des Loges was renamed Ooredoo Training Centre.[49]
Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre
Main article: Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre
The Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre, whose main stadium has a seating capacity of 2,164 spectators, is a sports complex located just across the street from Camp des Loges, the training centre of Paris Saint-Germain.[50] It was one of PSG's main grounds until 1974.[42] That year the club moved into Parc des Princes.[2] The stadium — as well as the other artificial turf and grass football pitches of the complex — hosts training sessions and home matches for the club's male and female youth academy sides.[50]
Paris Saint-Germain Training Center
The Paris Saint-Germain Training Center, sometimes referred to as Campus PSG, located in Poissy, Paris Region, will be the new training ground and sports complex of Paris Saint-Germain.[51][52][53] It will replace Camp des Loges — the club's current training facility in nearby Saint-Germain-en-Laye — upon its completion in 2022.[54]
Owned and financed by the club, the venue will bring together PSG's male football, handball and judo teams, as well as the football and handball youth academies.[51][54] Each division will have its own dedicated facilities.[55] PSG, however, will remain closely linked to their historic birthplace in Saint-Germain-en-Laye as Camp des Loges will become the training ground of the female football team and academy.[56][57]
The Campus PSG will have its own stadium, which will complement Parc des Princes.[51] With a total capacity of 5,000, including over 3,000 seats, the arena will be the largest football stadium in the Yvelines department. It will host matches for PSG's youth and female sides in official competitions such as the UEFA Youth League and the UEFA Women's Champions League.[58]
25 minutes away from Parc des Princes and 15 minutes from Camp des Loges, the 74-hectare site is part of PSG's global strategy to become one of the best-performing multi-sport clubs in the world.[52][59] Construction will start in spring 2020 and finish in summer 2022.[60] The capital club will invest between €250m and €300m.[54] PSG entrusted the project to French architect Jean-Michel Wilmotte and his architectural firm Wilmotte & Associés, known for designing the Allianz Riviera and the Kaliningrad Stadium.[61]
Supporters
Paris Saint-Germain is the most popular football club in France with 22% of fans identifying as Parisians. Le Classique arch-rivals Olympique de Marseille come second with 20%, while Olympique Lyonnais is third with 14%.[8] PSG is also one of the most widely supported teams in the world with 35 million supporters worldwide, more than any other French club.[9] Famous PSG fans include former French President Nicolas Sarkozy and retired NBA player Tony Parker.[62]
Since the mid-1980s, PSG supporters' groups have been linked to football hooliganism.[63] In 1976, PSG did not have a big passionate fanbase, so the club began offering cheaper season tickets to young supporters.[64] PSG placed them in the club's first fan space at Parc des Princes, the Kop K, located in the K section of the Borelli stand.[44][65] Following an increase in ticket prices, Kop K supporters moved to the Boulogne stand in 1978, and the Kop of Boulogne (KoB) was born.[63][65] There, the club's first Italian-style ultra group, Boulogne Boys, was founded in 1985.[63] Other KoB groups, however, took British hooligans as dubious role models and violence rapidly escalated.[66]
PSG owners Canal+ responded in 1991 by encouraging and financing non-violent fans of the KoB stand to take place in the Auteuil stand at the other end of Parc des Princes. The Virage Auteuil was born, alongside Supras Auteuil, its most notorious ultras.[67] At first the measure worked but, slowly, a violent rivalry arose between the two stands.[67][68] Things came to a head in 2010 before a match against Marseille in Paris. Boulogne fan Yann Lorence was killed following a fight between groups from both stands outside Parc des Princes, forcing PSG president Robin Leproux to take action.[69][70]
The club exiled all supporters' groups from Parc des Princes and banned them from all PSG matches in what was known as Plan Leproux.[69][70] It made PSG pay the price in terms of atmosphere, with one of Europe's most feared venues now subdued.[68][70] For their part, former Virage Auteuil supporters formed the Collectif Ultras Paris (CUP) in February 2016, with the aim of reclaiming their place at the stadium.[71] In October 2016, after a six-year absence, the club agreed to their return.[70] Grouped in the Auteuil end of the stadium, the CUP currently is the only ultra association officially recognized by PSG.[70][72] The ultra movement has also started to come back to life in the Boulogne stand with new groups Block Parisii, Paname Rebirth and Résistance Parisienne trying to convince the club of relaunching the Kop of Boulogne.[73]
Rivalries
Le Classique
Paris Saint-Germain shares an intense rivalry with Olympique de Marseille; matches between the two teams are referred to as Le Classique.[74] The term Le Classique is modelled after El Clásico, contested between Real Madrid and Barcelona. The Spanish press borrowed the term Clásico from South America, where most countries use it to label the biggest rivalries in the continent, such as the Superclásico between Boca Juniors and River Plate, and the Uruguayan Clásico between Nacional and Peñarol.[75]
The clash is considered France's biggest rivalry as well as one of the greatest in club football.[10][76] At the very least, it is France's most violent. Important security measures are taken to prevent confrontations between the fans, but violent episodes still often occur when they meet.[74] Like all the game's major rivalries, it extends beyond the pitch. PSG/OM has a historical, cultural and social importance that makes it more than just a football match. It involves the two largest cities in France: Paris against Marseille, capital against province and north against south.[10][74]
PSG and l'OM are the most successful clubs in French football history and the only French teams to have won major European trophies. They were also the dominant forces in the land prior to the emergence of Olympique Lyonnais at the start of the millennium. The duo remain, along with Saint-Étienne, the only French sides with a truly national fan base, being the most popular clubs in France, and the most followed French teams outside the country. Both clubs are at or near the top of the attendance lists every year as well.[10][74]
Friendly tournaments
Tournoi de Paris
Initially held by Racing Paris between 1957 and 1966, the Tournoi de Paris briefly returned in 1973 with new organizers Paris FC, before current hosts Paris Saint-Germain successfully relaunched the competition in 1975.[77][78] Abandoned in 1993 for financial reasons, PSG revived it in 2010 to commemorate the club's 40th anniversary.[36][79] Ahead of the tournament, the club introduced its official anthem and mascot.[37]
Not held in 2011, it was renamed Trophée de Paris in 2012, and featured a single prestigious match. This was the last edition of the tournament to date.[80] Paris Saint-Germain is the most successful club in the history of the competition, having lifted the trophy on seven occasions.[77] Regarded as French football's most prestigious friendly tournament, the Tournoi de Paris is also considered a precursor of both the Intercontinental Cup and FIFA Club World Cup.[77][81]
Tournoi Indoor de Paris-Bercy
The Tournoi Indoor de Paris-Bercy was a mid-season indoor football invitational competition hosted by Paris Saint-Germain at the AccorHotels Arena in Paris, France. The tournament was founded in 1984 and was held annually until 1991. Played indoors (synthetic field and seven-a-side), the competition featured host club PSG and five more teams. Paris SG is the most successful club in the history of the competition, having lifted the trophy on two occasions.[82]
Ownership and finances
During their first three years of existence, Paris Saint-Germain was fan-owned and had nearly 15,000 socios (associates, supporters, shareholders). The club was run by board members Guy Crescent, Pierre-Étienne Guyot and Henri Patrelle.[66][83] A group of wealthy French businessmen, led by Daniel Hechter and Francis Borelli, would then buy the club in 1973.[15] Paris changed hands in 1991, when Canal+ took over, and then again in 2006, with the arrival of Colony Capital.[84] The State of Qatar, through its shareholding organisation Qatar Sports Investments (QSI), has been PSG's owner since 2011.[11]
This means that PSG are one of only two state-owned clubs in the world, along with Manchester City.[85][86] As a result, Paris SG are also one of the richest clubs in the world.[12] QSI, a subsidiary of the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), became the club's majority shareholders in June 2011 and sole shareholders in March 2012.[11][84][87] For his part, QSI chairman Nasser Al-Khelaifi has been PSG president since the takeover.[22] PSG's real boss, however, is the Emir of Qatar Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.[88] He is both the chairman of the QIA and the founder of QSI.[89]
Upon their arrival, QSI pledged to form a team capable of winning the UEFA Champions League and making the club France's biggest name.[18] Consequently, since the summer of 2011, Paris Saint-Germain have spent more than €1b on player transfers such as Thiago Silva, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Edinson Cavani, David Luiz, Neymar and Kylian Mbappé.[7][20][21] These massive expenditures have translated in PSG's domination of French football, winning 20 national titles in the process. However, they have not yet brought home the coveted Champions League trophy and have caused the capital club problems with UEFA and its Financial Fair Play regulations (FFP).[4][22][90]
As of the 2017–18 season, Paris Saint-Germain have the sixth-highest revenue in the footballing world with an annual turnover of €542m according to Deloitte, and are the world's eleventh most valuable football club, worth €825m according to Forbes.[13][14] PSG's strong financial position has been sustained by the club's lucrative sponsorship deals with several commercial partners, including top sponsors Nike and ALL.[91][92] Throughout their history, though, PSG has rarely been profitable.[93] Prior to the Qatar buyout, the club's cumulative losses between 1998 and 2010 amounted to €300m.[93][94]
Records and statistics
Since their inception, Paris Saint-Germain have played 48 seasons, all of them within the top three levels of the French football league system: Ligue 1, Ligue 2 and Division 3.[95] PSG holds many records, most notably being the most successful French club in history in terms of major trophies won (with 39),[3][4] the only club to have never been relegated from Ligue 1,[5] the club with most consecutive seasons in top-flight (they have played 45 seasons in Ligue 1 since 1974),[6] and one of only two French clubs to have won a major European title.[7]
The Parisians have won the Ligue 1 seven times. The club's worst Ligue 1 finish to date is 16th, their placing at the end of the 1971–72 and 2007–08 seasons. The 2015–16 season was the club's best to date. PSG won all four domestic titles (Ligue 1, Coupe de France, Coupe de la Ligue and Trophée des Champions) and reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League.[95] In Ligue 1, the capital club finished with 96 points (national record), while Zlatan Ibrahimović scored 50 goals in all competitions (national record).[96][97] However, the club's record for most goals in a season was set in 2017–18, when the capital side scored 171 goals in all competitions.[96]
Paris SG are also the only club to have won the Coupe de la Ligue five times in a row (2014–2018),[98] the only club to have won the Coupe de France four times in a row (2015–2018),[99] the only club to win the Trophée des Champions seven times in a row (2013–2019),[100] the only European club to have won all four national titles (Ligue 1, Coupe de France, Coupe de la Ligue and Trophée des Champions) in a single season (2014–15, 2015–16 and 2017–18),[101] and the youngest European club to have won a European trophy.[102]
Kia Carnival
The Kia Carnival is a minivan manufactured by Kia Motors, introduced in January 1998, now in its third generation and marketed globally under various nameplates — prominently as the Kia Sedona.
In North America, Hyundai marketed a rebadged variant, the Hyundai Entourage, from 2006 to 2009
The first generation model was manufactured and marketed differently for specific regions, including under a joint venture in the Chinese market with Dongfeng Yueda Kia, as well as the Naza Ria in Malaysia.
Australia
In Australia, the Kia Carnival went on sale in 1999, with a standard 5-speed manual and 2.5 L V6 producing 177 hp (132 kW). A 4-speed automatic was optional. In 2001, it outsold the Toyota Tarago, becoming the top-selling minivan in the country. It was sales leader again in 2004 and 2005, when sales peaked at 5,259 units.
Europe
In Europe, the first generation was available only with the 2.5 L Rover KV6 engine[4] 24V petrol with 163 PS and Euro 2 standard emission level and the 2.9 L turbo-diesel engine with 126 PS. From 2001, Kia Motors introduced the 2.5 L KV6 Euro 3 with 150 PS and the 2.9 L CRDi common rail diesel engine with 144 PS.
North America
In North America, the Sedona came equipped with a 3.5 L V6 engine making 195 hp (145 kW) and a 4-speed automatic (later a 5-speed automatic transmission). The first generation Sedona lacked features that other minivans had such as power sliding doors and power liftgate, a fold flat third row seat, navigation system, rear-view camera, and backup sensors. Early Sedonas were rated at 15.6 L/100 km (15.1 mpg) (city) and 10.9 L/100 km (21.6 mpg) (highway), but the numbers improved slightly to 14.8 L/100 km (15.9 mpg) (city) and 9.6 L/100 km (24.5 mpg) (highway) for 2005 models.
In North America, the EX was the highest-level body style with amenities such as interior and exterior chrome accents, interior wood grain, leather wrapped steering wheel and gear shift knob and alloy wheels, with optional leather appointed seating, sunroof and DVD player.
Reception
The Kia Sedona (Carnival) has received the 2007 MotorWeek "Best Minivan" award in its 2007 Drivers' Choice Awards and The Car Book's 2007 "Best Bet" distinction. Overall, Kia models improved 22% in J.D. Power and Associates 2006 Initial Quality Study (IQS), and improved twice as much as any competitor in the last 3 years.[17]
The Kia Sedona ranked 4th the "20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure" list by Insure.com.[18] Edmunds.com names Kia Sedona as one of the "Top Recommended" Vehicles for 2010.[19]
Reliability
In the 2007 reliability report published by TÜV, 1st generation (1999–2005) of Kia Carnival placed 113th out of 113 in the 2- to 3-year-old cars category, with a defect rate of 25.1%.[20] In the 2008 TÜV report, 1st generation (1999–2005) of Kia Carnival placed 116th out of 116 in the same category, with a defect rate of 19.70%, and also placed 111th out of 111 in the 4- to 5-year-old cars category, with a defect rate of 27.60%.[21]
According to MSN autos reliability survey, 2006 Kia Sedona reliability rated as good, overall 5/5. It rated as "Minimal Problems", and comment as "Infrequent problems reported, all with low repair costs."[22] MSN Autos use Identifix for data on all automobiles.[23]
According to MyRide.com reliability survey,[24] The MyRide Reliability Ratings are collected from visitors and past customers of Autobytel Inc.'s websites (Autobytel.com, Autoweb.com and CarSmart.com) who own vehicles from model year 2001 and newer via an online survey conducted by an independent third party.
Durability scored 86 (Industrial average 80)
Mechanical Quality scored 89 (Industrial average 80)
The 2009 Kia Sedona's JD Power reliability score is same as the 2009 Honda Odyssey[25] and 2009 Dodge Grand Caravan.[26]
Hyundai Entourage
From 2006 to 2009, Kia manufactured a rebadged variant of the Carnival for sister company Hyundai. It was manufactured in Soharii Plant in Gwangmyeong-Si which is part of Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea. Called the Hyundai Entourage, the Hyundai version was briefly cancelled in August 2005, but resurrected in October without affecting its introduction date. The production Entourage was shown at the Chicago Auto Show in February 2006 and went on sale in April 2006. While otherwise similar to the Carnival except for the name, the Entourage was only available in extended-length because of the mid-size Hyundai Veracruz crossover SUV, which measured about the same length as the short-wheelbase Carnival.
Unlike the Carnival, the Entourage was never a sales success, and in April 2009, the Entourage was discontinued for the 2010 model year. However, the Carnival remained in production and was updated with more features so it could better compete with the Toyota Sienna, Honda Odyssey and the Chrysler minivans.[27] After Entourage production ended, Kia, despite 49.2% owned by Hyundai, continued its contract to build Hyundai vehicles, and Kia-built Hyundai vehicles continued well for the United States & Canada markets as Kia decided to build the 2011 Hyundai Santa Fe in its new West Point, Georgia plant. Entourage's revised styling was adopted in South Korea as a facelift for the Kia Carnival, except for revised grilles suited to the Kia brand.
The Entourage was powered by the company's 3.8 L Lambda V6. It seated seven people with optional equipment ranging from automatic climate control, leather seating, power sliding doors and tailgate, reverse sensors, and a six-disc in-dash CD changer.
Trim levels
The (base) GLS model features 16-inch wheels, removable second-row captain's chairs, 60/40 split-folding third-row fold-in-floor seat, a six-way manual-adjustable driver seat, tri-zone air-conditioning, six-speaker CD stereo, cruise control, power windows and door locks and keyless entry.
The SE level adds 17-inch alloys, dual power-sliding rear doors, heated mirrors, automatic climate control, a leather-wrapped steering wheel with audio controls wood or metal accents and an eight-way power-adjustable driver seat.
The Limited trim level includes a power opening/closing liftgate, heated leather seats and an electroluminescent instrument cluster – with optional sunroof, 13-speaker surround-sound audio system, four-way power front-passenger seat, power-adjustable pedals and seating memory system.
Awards
The American configuration of the Hyundai Entourage earned a five-star safety rating–the highest honor the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration bestows–for all seating positions in frontal and side-impact crashes. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rates the Entourage "Good"–its highest rating – in front, side and rear impacts. The IIHS rated the 2007 Entourage a "Gold Top Safety Pick," making Entourage with the similar Kia Sedona the safest minivans tested for 2007.[28]
The 2009 Hyundai Entourage minivan was recognized as a Best Family Car for 2009 by Parents magazine and Edmunds.com in their annual list of family vehicles.[29]
The Hyundai Entourage ranked 3rd for the "20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure" list by Insure.com. According to research, the Entourage is one of the least expensive vehicle to insure. Low rates tend to reflect a vehicle's safety, and the drivers who tend to buy them.[30]
Third generation (YP; 2015–present)
The third generation Carnival/Sedona debuted in April 2014 at the New York International Auto Show for the 2015 model year. For the United States market, the Sedona features the Lambda Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) 3.3-liter V6 engine producing 206 kW (276 hp) and 336 N⋅m (248 lb⋅ft), six-speed automatic transmission and front wheel drive.[32] For the South Korean market, it is available only with the 2.2L diesel engine which produces 147 kW (197 hp) and 440 N⋅m (320 lb⋅ft).[33]
All models include as standard equipment an A/M-F/M stereo with CD player, iPod and USB input jacks, auxiliary audio input jack, Bluetooth with A2DP streaming capabilities, SiriusXM Satellite Radio capability, keyless entry, and alloy wheels.
In 2017, Kia recalled the Sedona for safety related manufacturing defects
In North America, Hyundai marketed a rebadged variant, the Hyundai Entourage, from 2006 to 2009
The first generation model was manufactured and marketed differently for specific regions, including under a joint venture in the Chinese market with Dongfeng Yueda Kia, as well as the Naza Ria in Malaysia.
Australia
In Australia, the Kia Carnival went on sale in 1999, with a standard 5-speed manual and 2.5 L V6 producing 177 hp (132 kW). A 4-speed automatic was optional. In 2001, it outsold the Toyota Tarago, becoming the top-selling minivan in the country. It was sales leader again in 2004 and 2005, when sales peaked at 5,259 units.
Europe
In Europe, the first generation was available only with the 2.5 L Rover KV6 engine[4] 24V petrol with 163 PS and Euro 2 standard emission level and the 2.9 L turbo-diesel engine with 126 PS. From 2001, Kia Motors introduced the 2.5 L KV6 Euro 3 with 150 PS and the 2.9 L CRDi common rail diesel engine with 144 PS.
North America
In North America, the Sedona came equipped with a 3.5 L V6 engine making 195 hp (145 kW) and a 4-speed automatic (later a 5-speed automatic transmission). The first generation Sedona lacked features that other minivans had such as power sliding doors and power liftgate, a fold flat third row seat, navigation system, rear-view camera, and backup sensors. Early Sedonas were rated at 15.6 L/100 km (15.1 mpg) (city) and 10.9 L/100 km (21.6 mpg) (highway), but the numbers improved slightly to 14.8 L/100 km (15.9 mpg) (city) and 9.6 L/100 km (24.5 mpg) (highway) for 2005 models.
In North America, the EX was the highest-level body style with amenities such as interior and exterior chrome accents, interior wood grain, leather wrapped steering wheel and gear shift knob and alloy wheels, with optional leather appointed seating, sunroof and DVD player.
Reception
The Kia Sedona (Carnival) has received the 2007 MotorWeek "Best Minivan" award in its 2007 Drivers' Choice Awards and The Car Book's 2007 "Best Bet" distinction. Overall, Kia models improved 22% in J.D. Power and Associates 2006 Initial Quality Study (IQS), and improved twice as much as any competitor in the last 3 years.[17]
The Kia Sedona ranked 4th the "20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure" list by Insure.com.[18] Edmunds.com names Kia Sedona as one of the "Top Recommended" Vehicles for 2010.[19]
Reliability
In the 2007 reliability report published by TÜV, 1st generation (1999–2005) of Kia Carnival placed 113th out of 113 in the 2- to 3-year-old cars category, with a defect rate of 25.1%.[20] In the 2008 TÜV report, 1st generation (1999–2005) of Kia Carnival placed 116th out of 116 in the same category, with a defect rate of 19.70%, and also placed 111th out of 111 in the 4- to 5-year-old cars category, with a defect rate of 27.60%.[21]
According to MSN autos reliability survey, 2006 Kia Sedona reliability rated as good, overall 5/5. It rated as "Minimal Problems", and comment as "Infrequent problems reported, all with low repair costs."[22] MSN Autos use Identifix for data on all automobiles.[23]
According to MyRide.com reliability survey,[24] The MyRide Reliability Ratings are collected from visitors and past customers of Autobytel Inc.'s websites (Autobytel.com, Autoweb.com and CarSmart.com) who own vehicles from model year 2001 and newer via an online survey conducted by an independent third party.
Durability scored 86 (Industrial average 80)
Mechanical Quality scored 89 (Industrial average 80)
The 2009 Kia Sedona's JD Power reliability score is same as the 2009 Honda Odyssey[25] and 2009 Dodge Grand Caravan.[26]
Hyundai Entourage
From 2006 to 2009, Kia manufactured a rebadged variant of the Carnival for sister company Hyundai. It was manufactured in Soharii Plant in Gwangmyeong-Si which is part of Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea. Called the Hyundai Entourage, the Hyundai version was briefly cancelled in August 2005, but resurrected in October without affecting its introduction date. The production Entourage was shown at the Chicago Auto Show in February 2006 and went on sale in April 2006. While otherwise similar to the Carnival except for the name, the Entourage was only available in extended-length because of the mid-size Hyundai Veracruz crossover SUV, which measured about the same length as the short-wheelbase Carnival.
Unlike the Carnival, the Entourage was never a sales success, and in April 2009, the Entourage was discontinued for the 2010 model year. However, the Carnival remained in production and was updated with more features so it could better compete with the Toyota Sienna, Honda Odyssey and the Chrysler minivans.[27] After Entourage production ended, Kia, despite 49.2% owned by Hyundai, continued its contract to build Hyundai vehicles, and Kia-built Hyundai vehicles continued well for the United States & Canada markets as Kia decided to build the 2011 Hyundai Santa Fe in its new West Point, Georgia plant. Entourage's revised styling was adopted in South Korea as a facelift for the Kia Carnival, except for revised grilles suited to the Kia brand.
The Entourage was powered by the company's 3.8 L Lambda V6. It seated seven people with optional equipment ranging from automatic climate control, leather seating, power sliding doors and tailgate, reverse sensors, and a six-disc in-dash CD changer.
Trim levels
The (base) GLS model features 16-inch wheels, removable second-row captain's chairs, 60/40 split-folding third-row fold-in-floor seat, a six-way manual-adjustable driver seat, tri-zone air-conditioning, six-speaker CD stereo, cruise control, power windows and door locks and keyless entry.
The SE level adds 17-inch alloys, dual power-sliding rear doors, heated mirrors, automatic climate control, a leather-wrapped steering wheel with audio controls wood or metal accents and an eight-way power-adjustable driver seat.
The Limited trim level includes a power opening/closing liftgate, heated leather seats and an electroluminescent instrument cluster – with optional sunroof, 13-speaker surround-sound audio system, four-way power front-passenger seat, power-adjustable pedals and seating memory system.
Awards
The American configuration of the Hyundai Entourage earned a five-star safety rating–the highest honor the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration bestows–for all seating positions in frontal and side-impact crashes. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rates the Entourage "Good"–its highest rating – in front, side and rear impacts. The IIHS rated the 2007 Entourage a "Gold Top Safety Pick," making Entourage with the similar Kia Sedona the safest minivans tested for 2007.[28]
The 2009 Hyundai Entourage minivan was recognized as a Best Family Car for 2009 by Parents magazine and Edmunds.com in their annual list of family vehicles.[29]
The Hyundai Entourage ranked 3rd for the "20 least expensive 2009 vehicles to insure" list by Insure.com. According to research, the Entourage is one of the least expensive vehicle to insure. Low rates tend to reflect a vehicle's safety, and the drivers who tend to buy them.[30]
Third generation (YP; 2015–present)
The third generation Carnival/Sedona debuted in April 2014 at the New York International Auto Show for the 2015 model year. For the United States market, the Sedona features the Lambda Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) 3.3-liter V6 engine producing 206 kW (276 hp) and 336 N⋅m (248 lb⋅ft), six-speed automatic transmission and front wheel drive.[32] For the South Korean market, it is available only with the 2.2L diesel engine which produces 147 kW (197 hp) and 440 N⋅m (320 lb⋅ft).[33]
All models include as standard equipment an A/M-F/M stereo with CD player, iPod and USB input jacks, auxiliary audio input jack, Bluetooth with A2DP streaming capabilities, SiriusXM Satellite Radio capability, keyless entry, and alloy wheels.
In 2017, Kia recalled the Sedona for safety related manufacturing defects
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