أداما تراوري ديارا (مواليد 25 يناير 1996) هو لاعب كرة قدم أسباني يلعب حاليًا لصالح نادي وولفرهامبتون قادما من نادي أستون فيلا. نشأ أداما في أكاديمية لا ماسيا التابعة لنادي برشلونة. مثل منتخبات أسبانيا تحت 16 و17 و19.
السبت، 28 ديسمبر 2019
الجمعة، 27 ديسمبر 2019
Bipin Rawat
General Bipin Rawat, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM, ADC is the 27th Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army. He assumed office on 31 December 2016 after retirement of General Dalbir Singh.[3][4][5] He is also the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee
Early life and education
Bipin Rawat was born in Pauri, Uttarakhand, India.[7] His family had been serving in the Indian Army for multiple generations, and his father was Lieutenant General Laxman Singh Rawat.[8][9][10] Rawat attended Cambrian Hall School, Dehradun, St Edward’s School Shimla, National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla and the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, where he was awarded the 'Sword of Honour'. He is also a graduate of the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington and the Higher Command Course at the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.[11][12][13] From his tenure at the DSSC, he has a MPhil in Defence Studies as well as diplomas in Management and Computer Studies from Madras University. In 2011, he was awarded a Doctorate of Philosophy by Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut for his research on military-media strategic studies.[14][5]
Career
Rawat was commissioned into the 5th battalion of 11 Gorkha Rifles on 16 December 1978, the same unit as his father.[15][16] He has lots of experience in high altitude warfare and spent ten years conducting counter insurgency operations.[13] He commanded a company in Uri, Jammu and Kashmir, an infantry battalion in the Eastern sector along the Line of Actual Control at Kibithu, 5 Sector of Rashtriya Rifles (Sopore) as brigade commander, 19 Infantry Division (Uri), III Corps (Dimapur) and was General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-C) Southern Command (Pune). He also held staff assignments which included an instructional tenure at the Indian Military Academy (Dehradun), General Staff Officer Grade 2 at the Military Operations Directorate, logistics staff officer of a Re-organised Army Plains Infantry Division (RAPID) in central India, Colonel Military Secretary and Deputy Military Secretary in the Military Secretary’s Branch and Senior Instructor in the Junior Command Wing. He also commanded MONUSCO (a multinational brigade in a Chapter VII mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) where he was twice awarded the Force Commander’s Commendation. During his career span of 37 years, he has been awarded for gallantry and distinguished service with the UYSM in 2013, AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM, COAS Commendation on two occasions and the Army Commander’s Commendation.[11][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Rawat assumed the post of GOC-in-C Southern Command on 1 January 2016 and assumed the post of Vice Chief of Army Staff on 1 September 2016. On 17 December 2016, the Government of India designated him as the 27th Chief of the Army Staff, superseding two more senior Lieutenant Generals, Praveen Bakshi and Pattiarimal Mohamadali Hariz.[23] He is the fourth officer from the Gorkha Brigade to become the Chief of the Army Staff.
He is also the honorary General of Nepalese Army as It has been a tradition between the Indian and Nepali armies to confer the honorary top rank on each other's chiefs to signify their close and special military ties.[24]
1987 Sino-Indian skirmish
During the 1987 face off in the Sumdorong Chu valley, Rawat's battalion was deployed against the Chinese People's Liberation Army.[25]
UN Mission in Congo
While commanding MONUSCO (a Multinational Brigade in a Chapter VII mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Rawat had a truly outstanding tour. Within two weeks of deployment in the DRC, the Brigade faced a major offensive in the east which threatened not only the regional capital of North Kivu, Goma, but stability across the country as a whole. The situation demanded a rapid response and North Kivu Brigade was reinforced, where it was responsible for over 7,000 men and women, representing nearly half of the total MONUSCO force. Whilst simultaneously engaged in offensive kinetic operations against the CNDP and other armed groups, Rawat (then Brigadier) carried out tactical support to the Congolese Army (FARDC), sensitization programmes with the local population and detailed coordination to ensure that all were informed about the situation and worked together in prosecuting operations whilst trying to protect the vulnerable population. This hectic period of operational tempo lasted a full four months and during this time Rawat, his headquarters and his international Brigade, were tested to the full, across the operational spectrum. His personal leadership, courage and experience were pivotal to the success that the Brigade achieved. Goma never fell, the East stabilized and the main armed group was motivated to the negotiating table and has since been integrated into the FARDC. He was also tasked to present the Revised Charter of Peace Enforcement to the Special Representatives of the Secretary General and Force Commanders of all the UN missions in a special conference at Wilton Park, London on 16 May 2009.[11][12][26]
2015 Myanmar strikes
In June 2015, eighteen Indian soldiers were killed in an ambush by militants belonging to the United Liberation Front of Western South East Asia (UNLFW) in Manipur. The Indian Army responded with cross-border strikes in which units of the 21st battalion of the Parachute Regiment struck an NSCN-K base in Myanmar. 21 Para was under the operational control of the Dimapur based III Corps, which was then commanded by Rawat
Early life and education
Bipin Rawat was born in Pauri, Uttarakhand, India.[7] His family had been serving in the Indian Army for multiple generations, and his father was Lieutenant General Laxman Singh Rawat.[8][9][10] Rawat attended Cambrian Hall School, Dehradun, St Edward’s School Shimla, National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla and the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, where he was awarded the 'Sword of Honour'. He is also a graduate of the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington and the Higher Command Course at the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.[11][12][13] From his tenure at the DSSC, he has a MPhil in Defence Studies as well as diplomas in Management and Computer Studies from Madras University. In 2011, he was awarded a Doctorate of Philosophy by Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut for his research on military-media strategic studies.[14][5]
Career
Rawat was commissioned into the 5th battalion of 11 Gorkha Rifles on 16 December 1978, the same unit as his father.[15][16] He has lots of experience in high altitude warfare and spent ten years conducting counter insurgency operations.[13] He commanded a company in Uri, Jammu and Kashmir, an infantry battalion in the Eastern sector along the Line of Actual Control at Kibithu, 5 Sector of Rashtriya Rifles (Sopore) as brigade commander, 19 Infantry Division (Uri), III Corps (Dimapur) and was General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-C) Southern Command (Pune). He also held staff assignments which included an instructional tenure at the Indian Military Academy (Dehradun), General Staff Officer Grade 2 at the Military Operations Directorate, logistics staff officer of a Re-organised Army Plains Infantry Division (RAPID) in central India, Colonel Military Secretary and Deputy Military Secretary in the Military Secretary’s Branch and Senior Instructor in the Junior Command Wing. He also commanded MONUSCO (a multinational brigade in a Chapter VII mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) where he was twice awarded the Force Commander’s Commendation. During his career span of 37 years, he has been awarded for gallantry and distinguished service with the UYSM in 2013, AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM, COAS Commendation on two occasions and the Army Commander’s Commendation.[11][17][18][19][20][21][22]
Rawat assumed the post of GOC-in-C Southern Command on 1 January 2016 and assumed the post of Vice Chief of Army Staff on 1 September 2016. On 17 December 2016, the Government of India designated him as the 27th Chief of the Army Staff, superseding two more senior Lieutenant Generals, Praveen Bakshi and Pattiarimal Mohamadali Hariz.[23] He is the fourth officer from the Gorkha Brigade to become the Chief of the Army Staff.
He is also the honorary General of Nepalese Army as It has been a tradition between the Indian and Nepali armies to confer the honorary top rank on each other's chiefs to signify their close and special military ties.[24]
1987 Sino-Indian skirmish
During the 1987 face off in the Sumdorong Chu valley, Rawat's battalion was deployed against the Chinese People's Liberation Army.[25]
UN Mission in Congo
While commanding MONUSCO (a Multinational Brigade in a Chapter VII mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo), Rawat had a truly outstanding tour. Within two weeks of deployment in the DRC, the Brigade faced a major offensive in the east which threatened not only the regional capital of North Kivu, Goma, but stability across the country as a whole. The situation demanded a rapid response and North Kivu Brigade was reinforced, where it was responsible for over 7,000 men and women, representing nearly half of the total MONUSCO force. Whilst simultaneously engaged in offensive kinetic operations against the CNDP and other armed groups, Rawat (then Brigadier) carried out tactical support to the Congolese Army (FARDC), sensitization programmes with the local population and detailed coordination to ensure that all were informed about the situation and worked together in prosecuting operations whilst trying to protect the vulnerable population. This hectic period of operational tempo lasted a full four months and during this time Rawat, his headquarters and his international Brigade, were tested to the full, across the operational spectrum. His personal leadership, courage and experience were pivotal to the success that the Brigade achieved. Goma never fell, the East stabilized and the main armed group was motivated to the negotiating table and has since been integrated into the FARDC. He was also tasked to present the Revised Charter of Peace Enforcement to the Special Representatives of the Secretary General and Force Commanders of all the UN missions in a special conference at Wilton Park, London on 16 May 2009.[11][12][26]
2015 Myanmar strikes
In June 2015, eighteen Indian soldiers were killed in an ambush by militants belonging to the United Liberation Front of Western South East Asia (UNLFW) in Manipur. The Indian Army responded with cross-border strikes in which units of the 21st battalion of the Parachute Regiment struck an NSCN-K base in Myanmar. 21 Para was under the operational control of the Dimapur based III Corps, which was then commanded by Rawat
ميكويان ميج-27
الميكويان ميج-27 (روسية: Микоян МиГ-27) (لقب تعريف الناتو: فلوجر دي/جيه Flogger-D/J) هي طائرة هجوم أرضي سوفييتية من تصميم مكتب ميكويان.
صنعت الميج-27 في الهند أيضا بواسطة شركة هندوستان آيرونوتيكس برخصة تحت اسم بهادور. تعد الميج-27 تطورا من الطائرة المقاتلة ميج-23 إلا أنها خصصت لمهام الهجوم الأرضي. وعلى العكس من الميج-23 لم تنتشر الميج-27 بشكل كبير خارج الاتحاد السوفييتي وروسيا لأن معظم الدول حبذت شراء الميج-23 BN والسوخوي سو-25 بدلا منها. ما زالت الميج-27 في الخدمة في القوات الجوية الهندية والسريلانكية فقط في مهام الهجوم الأرضي. كل الطائرات في خدمة القوات الجوية الروسية والأوكرانية خرجت من الخدمة.
التصميم والتطوير
تتشارك كل من الميج-27 والميج-23 في نفس الهيكل والجسم ولكن مع تعديل شكل أنف الطائرة والذي دخل لأول مرة في الميج-23 B بدون رادار لتعطي منظر جانبي مائل لأسفل وذلك لتحسين مدى الرؤية للطيار وباحث ليزري عن الأهداف. ولهذا أعطيت الطائرة بين طيارين الاختيار لقب "بالكون" أي "الشرفة" وذلك بسبب زيادة مجال الرؤية من قمرة القيادة. كما تم زيادة تدريع قمرة الطيار بالإضافة إلى أنظمة هجوم أرضي وأنظمة ملاحة جديدة كليا.
لأن الميج-27 صممت لتطير معظم الوقت على ارتفاعات منخفضة، لم تكن هناك حاجة للتعقيدات مثل مداخل الهواء ومخارج العادم المتغيرة والمنحدرة مثل تلك الموجودة في الميج-23، فاستبدلت بمداخل ثابتة وبسيطة مما خفف من وزن الطائرة ومتطلبات الصيانة. كما كان للطائرة معدات هبوط أكبر وأثقل وأكثر قدرة على الاحتمال وذلك لتسهيل عملها من المطارات الرديئة.
التاريخ التشغيلي
سريلانكا
دخلت الطائرة في الخدمة مع القوات الجوية السريلانكية في عام 2000, ومنذ ذلك الحين، لوحظت ايجابيات هذه الطائرة من حيث أهداف القصف الإستراتيجي وتقديم الدعم الجوي القريب. في أغسطس 2000، تحطمت طائرة من طراز ميج 27 بالقرب من مطار باندارانيكا الدولي - سريلانكا, مما أسفر عن مقتل قائدها الأوكراني. في يوليو 2001 تم تدمير طائرة من طراز ميج-27 خلال هجوم لنمور التاميل على قاعدة للقوات الجوية. كما تحطمت طائرة في البحر بالقرب من مطار باندارانيكا في يونيو 2004. لعبت الطائرة دوراً مهماً في هزيمة سريلانكا لنمور التاميل.
الهند
في 27 مايو 1999 خلال حرب كارجيل فُقدت طائرة من طراز ميج-27 إلى جانب طائرة أخرى من طراز ميج-21, حيث كانتا في دعم للهجوم البري الهندي في منطقة كشمير, قفز كلا الطيارين من طائرتهما، لكن ألقي القبض على أحدهما من قبل القوات الباكستانية, بينما الآخر فيُعتقد أنه قفز من طائرته بسلام لكنه قُتل في وقت لاحق من جانب الباكستانيين. في منتصف فبراير 2010, أوقفت القوات الجوية الهندية استخدامها لطراز الطائرات ميج-27 بعد تحطم طائرة في 16 فبراير 2010 في بنغال الغربية أحد أقاليم الهند, ويعزى هذا الحادث إلى خلل في محركات البحث، حيث يشتبه أنه حصل خلال إصلاح شركة شركة هندوستان آيرونوتيكس للطائرة. منذ عام 2001 تحطمت 13 طائرة من طراز ميج-27 في حوادث مختلفة.
الفئات
ميج-27 (ميج 23BM)
وكانت هذه أول طائرة صُنعت من عائلة الميج-27 ولقب تعريف الناتو لها هو Flogger-D.
ميج-27K
لقب تعريف الناتو لها هو Flogger-J2، وهي من أكثر الطائرات الميج-27 سوفييتية الصنع تطوراً، حيث أضيف إليها نظام الليزر ومدعوماً بالأسلحة الكهروضوئية ومضافاً إليها مدفع.
ميج-27M
لقب تعريف الناتو لها هو فلاجر-جي (بالإنجليزية: Flogger-J). وكان هذا النوع هو من الأرخص في هذه العائلة، وهو كذلك أفضل بكثير من نوع ميغ 23B، ميغ 23BN، وميج-27 (ميغ 23BM)، بالإضافة إلى كهربائيتها الضوئية وتردداتها الراديوية. كما أنها توفر نظام هجوم آلي وإطلاق للذخائر. ومع ذلك، لم يكن هذا الطراز ناجحاً بسبب ارتداد المدافع الثقيلة أثناء تشغيلها، كما أن إطلاقها للأعيرة النارية قد يؤدي إلى ضرر بهيكل الطائرة على المدى البعيد. تدخل هذه الطائرة حالياً في الخدمة مع القوات الجوية السريلانكية.
ميج-27D
وهو طراز مطور من الميج 23BM
ميج-27ML
هذه هي الفئة التصديرية للهند، صدرت عام 1986 على هيئة أجزاء ليتم تجميعها في الهند محليا.
ميج-27H
تطوير هندي للفئة "ميج-27L" عام 1988، كما زودت فرنسا هذه الفئة بأجهزة إلكترونية وملاحية فرنسية. ومن شأن هذا التطوير إضافة نظام مضاد للسفن. يتوقع أنه قد يصل عدد الطائرات المطورة من الميج-27ML إلى ميج-27H إلى 140 طائرة.
المشغلون الأساسيون
الهند
القوات الجوية الهندية 145 طائرة
سريلانكا
القوات الجوية السريلانكية 7 طائرات في الخدمة
كوبا
القوات الجوية الكوبية 15 طائرة
روسيا
القوات الجوية الروسية وتستخدمها كطائرات احتياطية
أوكرانيا
الاتحاد السوفيتي مُنحت جميع طائراته للدول المنشقة عنه
كازاخستان
مواصفاتها
خصائصها العامة
عدد أفراد الطاقم: طيار واحد
الطول: 17,08 متر
الارتفاع: 5 أمتار
الآداء
السرعة القصوى
على مستوى سطح البحر: 1350 كم/الساعة
على ارتفاع 8000 متر: 1885 كم/الساعة
مدى الطيران (فارغة): 2500 كم
أقصى ارتفاع: 1400 متر
معدل الارتفاع: 200 متر/ثانية
التسليح
المدافع:
مدفع واحد عيار 30 ملم مع قذائف 260-300
مدفعين SPPU-6 و SPPU-22 (اختياري)
الصواريخ: صواريخ ليزرية وصواريخ كهربائية موجهة بصرياً
القنابل: قنابل متعددة الاستعمال (اختياري)
صنعت الميج-27 في الهند أيضا بواسطة شركة هندوستان آيرونوتيكس برخصة تحت اسم بهادور. تعد الميج-27 تطورا من الطائرة المقاتلة ميج-23 إلا أنها خصصت لمهام الهجوم الأرضي. وعلى العكس من الميج-23 لم تنتشر الميج-27 بشكل كبير خارج الاتحاد السوفييتي وروسيا لأن معظم الدول حبذت شراء الميج-23 BN والسوخوي سو-25 بدلا منها. ما زالت الميج-27 في الخدمة في القوات الجوية الهندية والسريلانكية فقط في مهام الهجوم الأرضي. كل الطائرات في خدمة القوات الجوية الروسية والأوكرانية خرجت من الخدمة.
التصميم والتطوير
تتشارك كل من الميج-27 والميج-23 في نفس الهيكل والجسم ولكن مع تعديل شكل أنف الطائرة والذي دخل لأول مرة في الميج-23 B بدون رادار لتعطي منظر جانبي مائل لأسفل وذلك لتحسين مدى الرؤية للطيار وباحث ليزري عن الأهداف. ولهذا أعطيت الطائرة بين طيارين الاختيار لقب "بالكون" أي "الشرفة" وذلك بسبب زيادة مجال الرؤية من قمرة القيادة. كما تم زيادة تدريع قمرة الطيار بالإضافة إلى أنظمة هجوم أرضي وأنظمة ملاحة جديدة كليا.
لأن الميج-27 صممت لتطير معظم الوقت على ارتفاعات منخفضة، لم تكن هناك حاجة للتعقيدات مثل مداخل الهواء ومخارج العادم المتغيرة والمنحدرة مثل تلك الموجودة في الميج-23، فاستبدلت بمداخل ثابتة وبسيطة مما خفف من وزن الطائرة ومتطلبات الصيانة. كما كان للطائرة معدات هبوط أكبر وأثقل وأكثر قدرة على الاحتمال وذلك لتسهيل عملها من المطارات الرديئة.
التاريخ التشغيلي
سريلانكا
دخلت الطائرة في الخدمة مع القوات الجوية السريلانكية في عام 2000, ومنذ ذلك الحين، لوحظت ايجابيات هذه الطائرة من حيث أهداف القصف الإستراتيجي وتقديم الدعم الجوي القريب. في أغسطس 2000، تحطمت طائرة من طراز ميج 27 بالقرب من مطار باندارانيكا الدولي - سريلانكا, مما أسفر عن مقتل قائدها الأوكراني. في يوليو 2001 تم تدمير طائرة من طراز ميج-27 خلال هجوم لنمور التاميل على قاعدة للقوات الجوية. كما تحطمت طائرة في البحر بالقرب من مطار باندارانيكا في يونيو 2004. لعبت الطائرة دوراً مهماً في هزيمة سريلانكا لنمور التاميل.
الهند
في 27 مايو 1999 خلال حرب كارجيل فُقدت طائرة من طراز ميج-27 إلى جانب طائرة أخرى من طراز ميج-21, حيث كانتا في دعم للهجوم البري الهندي في منطقة كشمير, قفز كلا الطيارين من طائرتهما، لكن ألقي القبض على أحدهما من قبل القوات الباكستانية, بينما الآخر فيُعتقد أنه قفز من طائرته بسلام لكنه قُتل في وقت لاحق من جانب الباكستانيين. في منتصف فبراير 2010, أوقفت القوات الجوية الهندية استخدامها لطراز الطائرات ميج-27 بعد تحطم طائرة في 16 فبراير 2010 في بنغال الغربية أحد أقاليم الهند, ويعزى هذا الحادث إلى خلل في محركات البحث، حيث يشتبه أنه حصل خلال إصلاح شركة شركة هندوستان آيرونوتيكس للطائرة. منذ عام 2001 تحطمت 13 طائرة من طراز ميج-27 في حوادث مختلفة.
الفئات
ميج-27 (ميج 23BM)
وكانت هذه أول طائرة صُنعت من عائلة الميج-27 ولقب تعريف الناتو لها هو Flogger-D.
ميج-27K
لقب تعريف الناتو لها هو Flogger-J2، وهي من أكثر الطائرات الميج-27 سوفييتية الصنع تطوراً، حيث أضيف إليها نظام الليزر ومدعوماً بالأسلحة الكهروضوئية ومضافاً إليها مدفع.
ميج-27M
لقب تعريف الناتو لها هو فلاجر-جي (بالإنجليزية: Flogger-J). وكان هذا النوع هو من الأرخص في هذه العائلة، وهو كذلك أفضل بكثير من نوع ميغ 23B، ميغ 23BN، وميج-27 (ميغ 23BM)، بالإضافة إلى كهربائيتها الضوئية وتردداتها الراديوية. كما أنها توفر نظام هجوم آلي وإطلاق للذخائر. ومع ذلك، لم يكن هذا الطراز ناجحاً بسبب ارتداد المدافع الثقيلة أثناء تشغيلها، كما أن إطلاقها للأعيرة النارية قد يؤدي إلى ضرر بهيكل الطائرة على المدى البعيد. تدخل هذه الطائرة حالياً في الخدمة مع القوات الجوية السريلانكية.
ميج-27D
وهو طراز مطور من الميج 23BM
ميج-27ML
هذه هي الفئة التصديرية للهند، صدرت عام 1986 على هيئة أجزاء ليتم تجميعها في الهند محليا.
ميج-27H
تطوير هندي للفئة "ميج-27L" عام 1988، كما زودت فرنسا هذه الفئة بأجهزة إلكترونية وملاحية فرنسية. ومن شأن هذا التطوير إضافة نظام مضاد للسفن. يتوقع أنه قد يصل عدد الطائرات المطورة من الميج-27ML إلى ميج-27H إلى 140 طائرة.
المشغلون الأساسيون
الهند
القوات الجوية الهندية 145 طائرة
سريلانكا
القوات الجوية السريلانكية 7 طائرات في الخدمة
كوبا
القوات الجوية الكوبية 15 طائرة
روسيا
القوات الجوية الروسية وتستخدمها كطائرات احتياطية
أوكرانيا
الاتحاد السوفيتي مُنحت جميع طائراته للدول المنشقة عنه
كازاخستان
مواصفاتها
خصائصها العامة
عدد أفراد الطاقم: طيار واحد
الطول: 17,08 متر
الارتفاع: 5 أمتار
الآداء
السرعة القصوى
على مستوى سطح البحر: 1350 كم/الساعة
على ارتفاع 8000 متر: 1885 كم/الساعة
مدى الطيران (فارغة): 2500 كم
أقصى ارتفاع: 1400 متر
معدل الارتفاع: 200 متر/ثانية
التسليح
المدافع:
مدفع واحد عيار 30 ملم مع قذائف 260-300
مدفعين SPPU-6 و SPPU-22 (اختياري)
الصواريخ: صواريخ ليزرية وصواريخ كهربائية موجهة بصرياً
القنابل: قنابل متعددة الاستعمال (اختياري)
MiG-27
The Mikoyan MiG-27 (Russian: Микоян МиГ-27; NATO reporting name: Flogger-D/J) is a variable-geometry ground-attack aircraft, originally built by the Mikoyan-Gurevich design bureau in the Soviet Union and later licence-produced in India by Hindustan Aeronautics as the Bahadur ("Valiant"). It is based on the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 fighter aircraft, but optimised for air-to-ground attack. Unlike the MiG-23, the MiG-27 did not have widespread use outside Russia, as most countries opted for the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23BN and Sukhoi Su-22 instead. It remains in service with the Kazakh and Sri Lankan Air Forces in the ground attack role. All Russian, Indian and Ukrainian MiG-27s have been retired.
The MiG-27 shares the basic airframe of the MiG-23, but with a revised nose – nicknamed "Utkonos" ("Platypus") in Russian service, first introduced on the MiG-23B. Dissatisfaction with the MiG-23BN led to the further development of the basic airframe to accommodate a stronger undercarriage, simpler intakes and a shorter exhaust nozzle,[2] without radar in favor of a downward-sloping profile for improved pilot visibility,[3] a laser rangefinder and marked-target seeker.[4] Among its test pilots, it was also called "Balkon" ("Balcony") because of the increased frontal view from the cockpit. Additional cockpit armor was installed, along with a totally new nav/attack system.
Since the MiG-27 was intended to fly most of its missions at low altitude, the MiG-23's variable intake ramps and exhaust nozzles were discarded in favor of a simpler fixed configuration, reducing weight and maintenance requirements. The aircraft also has larger, heavy-duty landing gear to facilitate operation from poorer-quality airfields. In accordance with the MiG-27's strike and low-level attack requirements, provisions were made to mount missiles and precision-guided munitions, as well as retaining a nuclear capability in line with other Soviet combat aircraft by introducing specialized navigation systems.[4]
Operational history
Soviet forces used the MiG-27 during the later stages of the Afghanistan conflict in 1987–89.
Although several Western observers considered the MiG-27 widely exported, confusing it with the MiG-23BN, the aircraft type was only exported to India and Sri Lanka which also utilized the MiG-27 in regional conflicts.[4]
Sri Lanka
MiG-27 aircraft entered service with the Sri Lanka Air Force in 2000. During the Sri Lankan Civil War, they saw considerable action bombing targets and providing close air support. In August 2000, a MiG-27 crashed near Colombo International Airport, killing its Ukrainian pilot. In July 2001, a second MiG-27 was destroyed and another damaged on the ground during an assault on the same air force base by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. A MiG-27 crashed into the sea near the airport in June 2004. Another MiG-27 fighter jet crashed on a routine training mission on 13 February 2012 near the Dummalasuriya area at around 1.35 pm. The pilot managed to eject from the jet without sustaining injuries.[5]
India
On 27 May 1999, during the Kargil War, one Indian MiG-27 was lost due to Engine failure MiG-21 while attacking the Pakistan Army Positions in Azad Kashmir region.[6]
Since 2001, the Indian Air Force has lost more than 12 MiG-27s to crashes.[7] In mid-February 2010, India grounded its entire fleet of over 150 of the aircraft after a MiG-27 crashed on 16 February 2010 in Siliguri, West Bengal. The crash was attributed to defects in the R-29 engines of the aircraft, suspected to have occurred during the overhauling of the aircraft by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Another MiG-27 crashed in the Barmer area on 27 January 2015.[8][9]
India retired the last MiG-27ML squadron on 27 December 2017.[10]Last two squadrons of MiG 27 were retired at a ceremony on December 27, 2019 at Jodhpur airbase.[11]
Kazakhstan
12 MiG-27 remains in service with the Kazakh Air Force.
MiG-23B
The first Flogger attack variant was powered by the AL-21F. Only 24 were produced, due a lack of engines (the AL-21F was destined for the Sukhoi Su-17/22 and the Su-24 Fencer). It was armed with the GSh-23L cannon, carrying 200 rounds.
MiG-23BN
Derived from the MiG-23B, but powered by the R29B-300 engine. This gave the advantage of making this variant exportable (the AL-21F was a restricted engine at the time, unlike the R29B-300). The R29B-300 also offered commonality with the MiG-23MS and MiG-23MF fighter variants already sold to the rest of world. It was armed with the GSh-23L cannon, with 200 rounds.
MiG-27 (MiG-23BM)
This was the first in the MiG-27 family to have a canopy without the central frame, suggesting that the ejection seat was designed to directly break through the transparency. The dielectric head above the pylon on the MiG-23 was used on the MiG-27 to house electro-optical and radio-frequency gear instead. It was also the first variant armed with a Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30M Gatling gun. Its NATO reporting name was Flogger-D.
MiG-27K
NATO reporting name: Flogger-J2. The MiG-27K was most advanced Soviet variant, with a laser designator and compatibility with TV-guided electro-optical weapons. It carried the GSh-6-30 cannon. Around 200 were built.
MiG-27M
NATO reporting name: Flogger-J. This model was a cheaper variant than the MiG-27K, but much better than the MiG-23B, MiG-23BN, and MiG-27 (MiG-23BM), with the electro-optical and radio-frequency heads above the glove pylons deleted. It was first armed with the GSh-6-23M Gatling gun, but this was later replaced by a new 30 mm GSh-6-30 six-barrel cannon with 260 rounds of ammunition in a fuselage gondola. It also received much-improved electronic countermeasure (ECM) systems, and a new PrNK-23K nav/attack system providing automatic flight control, gun firing, and weapons release. However, this modification was not very successful because of the heavy recoil from the new cannon, and bursts longer than two or three seconds often led to permanent damage to the airframe. Test pilot V. N. Kondaurov described the first firing of the GSh-6-30А:[need quotation to verify] "As I imposed the central mark on the air target and pressed the trigger to shoot, I heard such noise that I involuntarily drew my hand aside. The whole plane began to vibrate from the shooting and had almost stopped from the strong recoil of the gun. The pilotless target, which was just making a turn ahead of me, was literally disintegrating into pieces. I have hardly come to my senses from unexpectedness and admiration: This is a calibre! Such a beast! If you hit something — it will be plenty enough [to wipe it out]". A total of 200 MiG-27Ms were built from 1978 to 1983, plus 160 for India, and it is currently in service with the Sri Lanka Air Force.
MiG-27D
All MiG-27D are MiG-27s (MiG-23BMs) upgraded to MiG-27M standard. It is very difficult to distinguish from the MiG-27M. 305 were upgraded.
MiG-27ML
This was an export variant of the MiG-27M provided in 1986 to India in knock-down kits for license-assembly. It was the same as the MiG-27M, except the undernose fairing for the infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor had a single window instead of several, like the one on the original MiG-27M. A total of 150 were assembled by India. India refers to this model as the MiG-27M Bahadur, while MiG-27L is the Mikoyan export designation.[2]
MiG-27H[
This was a 1988 indigenous Indian upgrade of its license-assembled MiG-27L with French avionics, which provides the same level of performance, but with much reduced size and weight. The capabilities of the aircraft are being enhanced by the incorporation of modern avionics systems consisting primarily of two Multi-Function Displays (MFDs) Mission and Display Processor (MDP), Sextant Ring Laser Gyros (RLG INSI), combined GPS/GLONASS navigation, HUD with UFCP, Digital Map Generator (DMG), jam-resistant Secured Communication, stand-by UHF communication, data link and a comprehensive Electronic Warfare (EW) Suite. A mission planning and retrieval facility, VTR and HUD Camera will also be fitted. The aircraft retains stand-by (conventional) instrumentation, including artificial horizon, altimeter and airspeed indicator, to cater for the failure of HUD and the MFDs. The MiG-27s are also being equipped with the French Agave or Russian Komar radar. The installation of the radar would give the MiG-27 anti-ship and some air-to-air capability. It is expected that at least 140 of the 180 aircraft will be converted from MiG-27MLs.
The MiG-27 shares the basic airframe of the MiG-23, but with a revised nose – nicknamed "Utkonos" ("Platypus") in Russian service, first introduced on the MiG-23B. Dissatisfaction with the MiG-23BN led to the further development of the basic airframe to accommodate a stronger undercarriage, simpler intakes and a shorter exhaust nozzle,[2] without radar in favor of a downward-sloping profile for improved pilot visibility,[3] a laser rangefinder and marked-target seeker.[4] Among its test pilots, it was also called "Balkon" ("Balcony") because of the increased frontal view from the cockpit. Additional cockpit armor was installed, along with a totally new nav/attack system.
Since the MiG-27 was intended to fly most of its missions at low altitude, the MiG-23's variable intake ramps and exhaust nozzles were discarded in favor of a simpler fixed configuration, reducing weight and maintenance requirements. The aircraft also has larger, heavy-duty landing gear to facilitate operation from poorer-quality airfields. In accordance with the MiG-27's strike and low-level attack requirements, provisions were made to mount missiles and precision-guided munitions, as well as retaining a nuclear capability in line with other Soviet combat aircraft by introducing specialized navigation systems.[4]
Operational history
Soviet forces used the MiG-27 during the later stages of the Afghanistan conflict in 1987–89.
Although several Western observers considered the MiG-27 widely exported, confusing it with the MiG-23BN, the aircraft type was only exported to India and Sri Lanka which also utilized the MiG-27 in regional conflicts.[4]
Sri Lanka
MiG-27 aircraft entered service with the Sri Lanka Air Force in 2000. During the Sri Lankan Civil War, they saw considerable action bombing targets and providing close air support. In August 2000, a MiG-27 crashed near Colombo International Airport, killing its Ukrainian pilot. In July 2001, a second MiG-27 was destroyed and another damaged on the ground during an assault on the same air force base by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. A MiG-27 crashed into the sea near the airport in June 2004. Another MiG-27 fighter jet crashed on a routine training mission on 13 February 2012 near the Dummalasuriya area at around 1.35 pm. The pilot managed to eject from the jet without sustaining injuries.[5]
India
On 27 May 1999, during the Kargil War, one Indian MiG-27 was lost due to Engine failure MiG-21 while attacking the Pakistan Army Positions in Azad Kashmir region.[6]
Since 2001, the Indian Air Force has lost more than 12 MiG-27s to crashes.[7] In mid-February 2010, India grounded its entire fleet of over 150 of the aircraft after a MiG-27 crashed on 16 February 2010 in Siliguri, West Bengal. The crash was attributed to defects in the R-29 engines of the aircraft, suspected to have occurred during the overhauling of the aircraft by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). Another MiG-27 crashed in the Barmer area on 27 January 2015.[8][9]
India retired the last MiG-27ML squadron on 27 December 2017.[10]Last two squadrons of MiG 27 were retired at a ceremony on December 27, 2019 at Jodhpur airbase.[11]
Kazakhstan
12 MiG-27 remains in service with the Kazakh Air Force.
MiG-23B
The first Flogger attack variant was powered by the AL-21F. Only 24 were produced, due a lack of engines (the AL-21F was destined for the Sukhoi Su-17/22 and the Su-24 Fencer). It was armed with the GSh-23L cannon, carrying 200 rounds.
MiG-23BN
Derived from the MiG-23B, but powered by the R29B-300 engine. This gave the advantage of making this variant exportable (the AL-21F was a restricted engine at the time, unlike the R29B-300). The R29B-300 also offered commonality with the MiG-23MS and MiG-23MF fighter variants already sold to the rest of world. It was armed with the GSh-23L cannon, with 200 rounds.
MiG-27 (MiG-23BM)
This was the first in the MiG-27 family to have a canopy without the central frame, suggesting that the ejection seat was designed to directly break through the transparency. The dielectric head above the pylon on the MiG-23 was used on the MiG-27 to house electro-optical and radio-frequency gear instead. It was also the first variant armed with a Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30M Gatling gun. Its NATO reporting name was Flogger-D.
MiG-27K
NATO reporting name: Flogger-J2. The MiG-27K was most advanced Soviet variant, with a laser designator and compatibility with TV-guided electro-optical weapons. It carried the GSh-6-30 cannon. Around 200 were built.
MiG-27M
NATO reporting name: Flogger-J. This model was a cheaper variant than the MiG-27K, but much better than the MiG-23B, MiG-23BN, and MiG-27 (MiG-23BM), with the electro-optical and radio-frequency heads above the glove pylons deleted. It was first armed with the GSh-6-23M Gatling gun, but this was later replaced by a new 30 mm GSh-6-30 six-barrel cannon with 260 rounds of ammunition in a fuselage gondola. It also received much-improved electronic countermeasure (ECM) systems, and a new PrNK-23K nav/attack system providing automatic flight control, gun firing, and weapons release. However, this modification was not very successful because of the heavy recoil from the new cannon, and bursts longer than two or three seconds often led to permanent damage to the airframe. Test pilot V. N. Kondaurov described the first firing of the GSh-6-30А:[need quotation to verify] "As I imposed the central mark on the air target and pressed the trigger to shoot, I heard such noise that I involuntarily drew my hand aside. The whole plane began to vibrate from the shooting and had almost stopped from the strong recoil of the gun. The pilotless target, which was just making a turn ahead of me, was literally disintegrating into pieces. I have hardly come to my senses from unexpectedness and admiration: This is a calibre! Such a beast! If you hit something — it will be plenty enough [to wipe it out]". A total of 200 MiG-27Ms were built from 1978 to 1983, plus 160 for India, and it is currently in service with the Sri Lanka Air Force.
MiG-27D
All MiG-27D are MiG-27s (MiG-23BMs) upgraded to MiG-27M standard. It is very difficult to distinguish from the MiG-27M. 305 were upgraded.
MiG-27ML
This was an export variant of the MiG-27M provided in 1986 to India in knock-down kits for license-assembly. It was the same as the MiG-27M, except the undernose fairing for the infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor had a single window instead of several, like the one on the original MiG-27M. A total of 150 were assembled by India. India refers to this model as the MiG-27M Bahadur, while MiG-27L is the Mikoyan export designation.[2]
MiG-27H[
This was a 1988 indigenous Indian upgrade of its license-assembled MiG-27L with French avionics, which provides the same level of performance, but with much reduced size and weight. The capabilities of the aircraft are being enhanced by the incorporation of modern avionics systems consisting primarily of two Multi-Function Displays (MFDs) Mission and Display Processor (MDP), Sextant Ring Laser Gyros (RLG INSI), combined GPS/GLONASS navigation, HUD with UFCP, Digital Map Generator (DMG), jam-resistant Secured Communication, stand-by UHF communication, data link and a comprehensive Electronic Warfare (EW) Suite. A mission planning and retrieval facility, VTR and HUD Camera will also be fitted. The aircraft retains stand-by (conventional) instrumentation, including artificial horizon, altimeter and airspeed indicator, to cater for the failure of HUD and the MFDs. The MiG-27s are also being equipped with the French Agave or Russian Komar radar. The installation of the radar would give the MiG-27 anti-ship and some air-to-air capability. It is expected that at least 140 of the 180 aircraft will be converted from MiG-27MLs.
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan[b] (Kazakh: Қазақстан, romanized: Qazaqstan, IPA: [qɑzɑqˈstɑn] (About this soundlisten); Russian: Казахстан, romanized: Kazakhstan, IPA: [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы, romanized: Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Russian: Республика Казахстан, tr. Respublika Kazakhstan),[4][13] is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest country in the world, with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres (1,052,100 sq mi).[4][14] It is a transcontinental country largely located in Asia; the most western parts are in Europe. Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.[15]
Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage.[16] Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, steppe, taiga, rock canyons, hills, deltas, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018.[17] Its population density is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is Nur-Sultan, formerly known as Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty, the country's largest city.
The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires. In antiquity, the nomadic Scythians have inhabited the land and the Persian Achaemenid Empire expanded towards the southern territory of the modern country. Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as Turkic Khaganate etc. have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century, the territory joined the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, divided into three jüz (ancestor branches occupying specific territories). The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union.
Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Nursultan Nazarbayev, the first president of Kazakhstan, was characterised as an authoritarian, and his government was accused of numerous human rights violations, including suppression of dissent and censorship of the media. Nazarbayev resigned in March 2019 and made its Security Council's chairman-for-life, not to mention the capital city name changing to his first name. Senate Chairman Kassym-Jomart Tokayev succeeding Nazarbayev as president.[15] Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry.[15] Human Rights Watch says that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion",[18] and other human rights organisations regularly describe Kazakhstan's human rights situation as poor.
Kazakhstan's 131 ethnicities include Kazakhs (65.5% of the population), Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, and Uyghurs.[19] Islam is the religion of about 70% of the population, with Christianity practised by 26%.[20] Kazakhstan officially allows freedom of religion, but religious leaders who oppose the government are suppressed.[21] The Kazakh language is the state language, and Russian has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes.[4][22] Kazakhstan is a member of the United Nations (UN), WTO, CIS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Eurasian Economic Union, CSTO, OSCE, OIC, and TURKSOY
Etymology
The name "Kazakh" comes from the ancient Turkic word qaz, "to wander", reflecting the Kazakhs' nomadic culture.[23] The name "Cossack" is of the same origin.[23] The Persian suffix -stan means "land" or "place of", so Kazakhstan can be literally translated as "land of the wanderers".
Though traditionally referring only to ethnic Kazakhs, including those living in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan and other neighbouring countries, the term Kazakh is increasingly being used to refer to any inhabitant of Kazakhstan, including non-Kazakhs
Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage.[16] Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, steppe, taiga, rock canyons, hills, deltas, snow-capped mountains, and deserts. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018.[17] Its population density is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). The capital is Nur-Sultan, formerly known as Astana, where it was moved in 1997 from Almaty, the country's largest city.
The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires. In antiquity, the nomadic Scythians have inhabited the land and the Persian Achaemenid Empire expanded towards the southern territory of the modern country. Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as Turkic Khaganate etc. have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century, the territory joined the Mongolian Empire under Genghis Khan. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, divided into three jüz (ancestor branches occupying specific territories). The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union.
Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Nursultan Nazarbayev, the first president of Kazakhstan, was characterised as an authoritarian, and his government was accused of numerous human rights violations, including suppression of dissent and censorship of the media. Nazarbayev resigned in March 2019 and made its Security Council's chairman-for-life, not to mention the capital city name changing to his first name. Senate Chairman Kassym-Jomart Tokayev succeeding Nazarbayev as president.[15] Kazakhstan has worked to develop its economy, especially its dominant hydrocarbon industry.[15] Human Rights Watch says that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion",[18] and other human rights organisations regularly describe Kazakhstan's human rights situation as poor.
Kazakhstan's 131 ethnicities include Kazakhs (65.5% of the population), Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, and Uyghurs.[19] Islam is the religion of about 70% of the population, with Christianity practised by 26%.[20] Kazakhstan officially allows freedom of religion, but religious leaders who oppose the government are suppressed.[21] The Kazakh language is the state language, and Russian has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes.[4][22] Kazakhstan is a member of the United Nations (UN), WTO, CIS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Eurasian Economic Union, CSTO, OSCE, OIC, and TURKSOY
Etymology
The name "Kazakh" comes from the ancient Turkic word qaz, "to wander", reflecting the Kazakhs' nomadic culture.[23] The name "Cossack" is of the same origin.[23] The Persian suffix -stan means "land" or "place of", so Kazakhstan can be literally translated as "land of the wanderers".
Though traditionally referring only to ethnic Kazakhs, including those living in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan and other neighbouring countries, the term Kazakh is increasingly being used to refer to any inhabitant of Kazakhstan, including non-Kazakhs
Kushal Punjabi
Kushal Punjabi (23 April 1977– 26 December 2019) was an Indian film and television actor, who won the TV reality game show, Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout, the Indian version of US game show Wipeout in February 2011, taking home the prize of ₹5 million.[4][5]
Punjabi had been in movies such as Farhan Akhtar's Lakshya and Karan Johar's Kaal, UTV's Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal and Cinevistaa's Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai. He had also appeared in a number of television series, most recently in Ishq Mei Marjawan on Colors TV, where he plays an advocate. In addition, he has participated in several reality shows, including Fear Factor, Mr. & Miss TV, Paisa Bhari Padega, Nautica Navigators Challenge, Ek Se Badhkar Ek and Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa.
He had been a professional modern jazz and hip hop dancer and choreographed the Gladrags Manhunt Megamodel and Mrs. India contests as well as various fashion shows and music videos. He choreographed and directed the 'Star Walk' Fashion event for UMEED (a NGO for children).
Early life and family
Punjabi was born into a Sindhi family. Although his father is from Karachi and his mother is from Hyderabad, he was born and raised in Mumbai.[1] As a child, Punjabi was extremely active and started cycling, skating, swimming and dancing very early and in the coming years played football, athletics and swimming for his school and college. He loved travelling and being outdoors and his spirit of adventure made him an apt candidate for adventure sports which he did with great passion. His love of dance theatre and music helped him in becoming a serious actor and went on to do more than 20 TV shows, 5 films and plenty of music videos and commercials.[citation needed]
Career
He started his career as a dancer and model,[6] and participated in Gladrags Manhunt Contest, in 2000.[7] He also appeared in music album of Shweta Shetty pop song Deewane To Deewane Hai in 1997. His television career began with the TV series A Mouthful Of Sky in 1995 for DD Metro channel, followed by Love Marriage in 2002 on Zee TV, and also appeared in a number of series like Don in 2006 for Star One, Santaan from 2007–2008 for Star Plus, Kasamh se in 2006 for Zee Tv, Sssshh...Phir Koi Hain for Star One and King Aasman Ka Ek Raja for Sony TV. He appeared as Sub-inspector in CID: Special Bureau, detective-crime TV series, CID (on Sony TV) from 2003 to 2004 and did a small role in the TV series, Kkusum. In 2004, he appeared as a lead in Dekho Magar Pyaar Se (on STAR Plus), an Indian adaptation of popular Venezuelan TV series, Mi Gorda Bella and also in popular comedy TV series, Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa on Zee TV. His other shows were Antariksh in 2008 for Star Plus, Yeh Dil Chahe More in 2006 for Star One, Hum Tum in 2008 for Zee Next and Rishta dot com on Sony TV in 2010 for Yash Raj productions. He also appeared in STAR Plus TV series, Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat from 2008 to 2010. In 2010, he did a cameo in SAB TV's Gutur Gu, India's first silent comedy series.[8] He then bagged a prominent role in Farhan Akhtar's film, Lakshya (2004), followed by Karan Johar's Kaal, which also starred Ajay Devgn.[9]
He appeared in Hindi films, like Lakshya (2004), Kaal (2005), Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love (2007) and Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal (2007).
He was a trained dancer-choreographer[9] and worked as a dancer/trainer with Shiamak Davar for while.[7] He participated in reality shows like Mr. & Ms. TV (2007),Fear Factor, Fun on the Run and Ek Se Badhkar Ek (2008) on Zee TV,[10] and in 2011, won the TV reality game show, Zor Ka Jhatka, the Indian version of Wipeout!, which started with 28 contestants, in an obstacle course set in Argentina, and was hosted by Shah Rukh Khan.,[5][11] and was shooting for Balaji Film's Rock the Shaadi as 1 of the 3 main leads. He also made a wild card entry in the dance reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa.
Death
Punjabi was found dead at his residence in Pali Hill, Mumbai on 26 December 2019. The cause of death was reported to be suicide by hanging. He died at the age of 42.[3] He distributed his property among his parents and son, as stated in his suicide note
Punjabi had been in movies such as Farhan Akhtar's Lakshya and Karan Johar's Kaal, UTV's Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal and Cinevistaa's Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai. He had also appeared in a number of television series, most recently in Ishq Mei Marjawan on Colors TV, where he plays an advocate. In addition, he has participated in several reality shows, including Fear Factor, Mr. & Miss TV, Paisa Bhari Padega, Nautica Navigators Challenge, Ek Se Badhkar Ek and Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa.
He had been a professional modern jazz and hip hop dancer and choreographed the Gladrags Manhunt Megamodel and Mrs. India contests as well as various fashion shows and music videos. He choreographed and directed the 'Star Walk' Fashion event for UMEED (a NGO for children).
Early life and family
Punjabi was born into a Sindhi family. Although his father is from Karachi and his mother is from Hyderabad, he was born and raised in Mumbai.[1] As a child, Punjabi was extremely active and started cycling, skating, swimming and dancing very early and in the coming years played football, athletics and swimming for his school and college. He loved travelling and being outdoors and his spirit of adventure made him an apt candidate for adventure sports which he did with great passion. His love of dance theatre and music helped him in becoming a serious actor and went on to do more than 20 TV shows, 5 films and plenty of music videos and commercials.[citation needed]
Career
He started his career as a dancer and model,[6] and participated in Gladrags Manhunt Contest, in 2000.[7] He also appeared in music album of Shweta Shetty pop song Deewane To Deewane Hai in 1997. His television career began with the TV series A Mouthful Of Sky in 1995 for DD Metro channel, followed by Love Marriage in 2002 on Zee TV, and also appeared in a number of series like Don in 2006 for Star One, Santaan from 2007–2008 for Star Plus, Kasamh se in 2006 for Zee Tv, Sssshh...Phir Koi Hain for Star One and King Aasman Ka Ek Raja for Sony TV. He appeared as Sub-inspector in CID: Special Bureau, detective-crime TV series, CID (on Sony TV) from 2003 to 2004 and did a small role in the TV series, Kkusum. In 2004, he appeared as a lead in Dekho Magar Pyaar Se (on STAR Plus), an Indian adaptation of popular Venezuelan TV series, Mi Gorda Bella and also in popular comedy TV series, Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa on Zee TV. His other shows were Antariksh in 2008 for Star Plus, Yeh Dil Chahe More in 2006 for Star One, Hum Tum in 2008 for Zee Next and Rishta dot com on Sony TV in 2010 for Yash Raj productions. He also appeared in STAR Plus TV series, Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat from 2008 to 2010. In 2010, he did a cameo in SAB TV's Gutur Gu, India's first silent comedy series.[8] He then bagged a prominent role in Farhan Akhtar's film, Lakshya (2004), followed by Karan Johar's Kaal, which also starred Ajay Devgn.[9]
He appeared in Hindi films, like Lakshya (2004), Kaal (2005), Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love (2007) and Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal (2007).
He was a trained dancer-choreographer[9] and worked as a dancer/trainer with Shiamak Davar for while.[7] He participated in reality shows like Mr. & Ms. TV (2007),Fear Factor, Fun on the Run and Ek Se Badhkar Ek (2008) on Zee TV,[10] and in 2011, won the TV reality game show, Zor Ka Jhatka, the Indian version of Wipeout!, which started with 28 contestants, in an obstacle course set in Argentina, and was hosted by Shah Rukh Khan.,[5][11] and was shooting for Balaji Film's Rock the Shaadi as 1 of the 3 main leads. He also made a wild card entry in the dance reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa.
Death
Punjabi was found dead at his residence in Pali Hill, Mumbai on 26 December 2019. The cause of death was reported to be suicide by hanging. He died at the age of 42.[3] He distributed his property among his parents and son, as stated in his suicide note
Amazon Prime
Amazon Prime is a paid subscription service offered by Amazon that gives users access to services that would otherwise be unavailable, or cost extra, to the typical Amazon customer. This includes free two-day delivery, streaming music and video, and other benefits. In April 2018, Amazon reported that Prime had more than 100 million subscribers worldwide.[2] Prime's ability to drive customer spend is often compared to Costco's membership program
History
Early history
In 2005, Amazon announced the creation of Amazon Prime, a membership service offering free two-day shipping within the contiguous United States on all eligible purchases for an annual fee of $79 (equivalent to $101 in 2018),[4] and discounted one-day shipping rates.[5] Amazon launched the program in Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom in 2007; in France (as "Amazon Premium") in 2008, in Italy in 2011, in Canada in 2013,[6] in India in July 2016[7] and in Mexico in March 2017.[8] According to Amazon, there are now Prime members in 17 countries in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific.[9]
From 2012 to 2016
Amazon Prime membership in Australia, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, India and the United States also provides Amazon Video,[10] the instant streaming of selected films and TV programs at no additional cost.[11] In November 2011, it was announced that Prime members had access to the Kindle Owners' Lending Library, which allows users to borrow up to one a month of specified popular Kindle e-books.[12] People with an email address at an academic domain such as .edu or .ac.uk, typically students, are eligible for Prime Student privileges, including discounts on Prime membership.[13]
In March 2014, Amazon increased the annual US membership fee for Amazon Prime from $79 to $99.[4][14] Shortly after this change, Amazon announced Prime Music, providing unlimited, ad-free music streaming.[15] In November 2014, Amazon added Prime Photos, adding unlimited storage of files deemed to be photographs in the users' Amazon Drive.[16][17][18] Amazon began offering free same-day delivery to Prime members in 14 United States metropolitan areas in May 2015.[19]
In April 2015, Amazon started a trial partnership with Audi and DHL in order to deliver directly into the trunks of Audi cars, available in the Munich, Germany area to some Audi-connected car users.[20]
Amazon announced that July 15, 2015, its 20th birthday, would be "Amazon Prime Day", with deals for prime members similar to those on Black Friday.[21] That month Amazon Prime announced[22] signed up Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, and James May, formerly of BBC's Top Gear, to begin working on The Grand Tour, which was released in 2016. On July 13, 2016, Amazon Prime said customers placed 60 percent more orders worldwide on "Prime Day".[23]
In December 2015, Amazon stated that "tens of millions" of people were Amazon Prime members.[24] Amazon Prime added 3 million members during the third week of December 2015.[25] That month Amazon announced the creation of the Streaming Partners Program,[26] a subscription service that provides Amazon Prime subscribers with additional streaming video services. Among the programming providers involved in the program are Showtime, Starz. Lifetime Movie Club (containing recent original movie titles from Lifetime Television and Lifetime Movie Network), Smithsonian Earth, and Qello Concerts.
2016 onward
In January 2016, Amazon Prime reached 54 million members according to a report from Consumer Intelligence Research Partners.[27] Several reports in January 2016 said that nearly half of all U.S. households are members of Amazon Prime.[28]
In April 2016, Amazon announced same-day delivery would be expanded to include the areas of Charlotte, Cincinnati, Fresno, Louisville, Milwaukee, Nashville, Central New Jersey, Raleigh, Richmond, Sacramento, Stockton, and Tucson, bringing total coverage to 27 metro areas.[29][30]
In September 2016, Amazon launched a restaurant delivery service for Prime members in London, England, with free delivery on all orders over £15.[31]
In September 2016, Amazon subsidiary Twitch announced features available to users with an Amazon Prime subscription (Twitch Prime), including monthly offers of video games and add-on content, and the ability to purchase a free subscription to a user's channel once per-month.[32][33]
In December 2016, Amazon began offering Prime membership for an alternative monthly, instead of yearly fee, of $10.99 per month,[34] increased to $12.99 in February 2018.[35]
In December 2016, Amazon announced Wickedly Prime, an own-brand line of food and beverages available to Prime members.[36]
Amazon announced , a service that lets customers try on clothes before they pay, in June 2017.[37]
In 2017, Amazon announced the Prime Exclusive Phone program, which offers some smartphones displaying Amazon ads on the lock screen from companies including LG, Motorola and Nokia at a discount.[38]
In May 2018, Amazon increased the annual US Prime membership fee from $99 to $119.[39]
In June 2019, Amazon expanded their one-day delivery with Amazon Prime. Prime Free One Day is available to U.S. members on more than 10 million products with no minimum purchase.[40]
Prime Music
Prime Music is a music streaming service that is most similar to Spotify. It offers a limited library of most songs to Amazon Prime members for free. Amazon offers a separate subscription service called Amazon Music Unlimited which unlocks all other songs not available without a subscription. It costs $7.99 per month for Prime members and $9.99 per month for non-Prime members.
Prime Video
The service debuted on September 7, 2006 as Amazon Unbox in the United States. On September 4, 2008, the service was renamed Amazon Video on Demand. The Unbox name still refers to the local program, which as of August 2014 is no longer available for downloading purchased instant videos. On February 22, 2011, the service rebranded as Amazon Instant Video.
Prime Reading
Beginning in October 2016, Prime members in the U.S. receive access to a rotating set of Kindle e-books through Prime Reading.[41] Some magazines and travel guides are also available through the service.[42] Prime Reading is unrelated to the Kindle Owners Lending Library, Kindle Unlimited, and Kindle First, all of which continue to be available.[43]
Prime Pantry
In April 2014, Amazon began a service for shipping non-perishable grocery store items into a single box for delivery for a fixed fee. The service is available in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, India, Japan, Italy, Spain and France.
For $6, Amazon Prime members can have box of "pantries" delivered to their homes. As people shop, Amazon quantifies the space each item takes up so that people can assess the number of boxes needed before check off and shipping.[citation needed]
Prime Now
In December 2014, Amazon announced that as a benefit to Prime members located in parts of Manhattan and New York City the capability to get products delivered to them within one hour for a fee of $7.99, or within two hours for no additional fee. As of 2014, 25,000 daily essential products were available with this delivery service.[44] In February 2015, the service was extended to include all of Manhattan.[45] By mid-2016, it had been expanded in the United States to include parts of Chicago, Miami, Baltimore,[46] Seattle, Dallas, Atlanta, Austin, Nashville, Portland, San Antonio, and Tampa.[47][48][49] Outside of the United States, it has expanded to parts of the United Kingdom,[50] Italy,[51] Germany,[52] France,[53] Spain,[54] Japan,[55] and Singapore.[56] To meet the on-demand needs of Prime Now, Amazon further launched Amazon Flex, a platform for independent contractors to provide delivery services.[57]
Amazon Key
In-Home
In October 2017, Amazon.com added an option for Prime members to get in-home deliveries by its Amazon Flex contractors, who gain entry using a one-time code.[58] The service, Amazon Key, became available for customers residing in 37 United States metro areas in April 2018.[59][60] As of 2018 the service required a Kwikset or Yale smart lock and a special version of Amazon's Cloud Cam security camera.[61]
Customers are given a time window of four hours for the package to be delivered. Once the courier opens the door, the Cloud Cam records a clip until the door is locked, which is sent to the customer's smartphone.[62] Participants in the service can also use the Amazon Key companion app for iOS and Android to lock and unlock the door, monitor the camera, and issue virtual keys.[63]
A month after the service was launched, a security expert found a flaw, since patched, in the system which would freeze the camera and stop image transmission.[64]
In-Car
Amazon Key In-Car is a service allowing owners of vehicles with OnStar (that are 2015+ models) or Volvo on Call, to get packages delivered in their vehicle's trunk.[65] The service is available in the same areas as Amazon Key's In-Home delivery, but requires no additional hardware.[66] Customers are provided with a four-hour delivery window.[67] During that time, their vehicle must be located in a publicly accessible area.[68]
In-Garage
At CES 2019, Amazon announced a partnership with the Chamberlain Group, allowing packages to be placed in customers garages with myQ-enabled openers, as part of the Key service.[69]
Prime Air
60 Minutes announced on December 1, 2013 that Amazon Prime Air was a possible future delivery service expected to be in development for several more years. In concept, the process would use drones to deliver small packages (less than five pounds) within 30 minutes by flying short distances (10–20 km) from local Amazon Fulfillment Centers.[70][71] In the United States, the project will require the Federal Aviation Administration to approve commercial use of unmanned drones.[72]
In July 2014, it was revealed the company was developing its 8th and 9th drone prototypes, some that could fly 50 miles an hour and carry 5-pound packages, and had applied to the FAA to test them.[73]
Despite the company's confidence, the project is not yet in flight, and Amazon is awaiting both patents and logistic agreements from the US and UK governments.
Prime Day
On July 15, 2015, in honor of the website's 20th anniversary, Amazon first held Prime Day. The event features a large number of sales and promotions that are exclusively available to Amazon Prime subscribers, with Amazon promoting that the first edition would feature "more deals than Black Friday". The inaugural Prime Day faced criticism over the quality of the discounts offered, with many of them being tied to items not in high demand. Some users jokingly described the event as a "yard sale", and Walmart also countered the event with a promotional blog post arguing that customers "shouldn't have to pay $100 to find great deals". Amazon defended criticism of the event, noting that order volume on the website had "surpassed" Black Friday sales in 2014.[74][75][76][77][78]
The 2018 edition was preceded by a concert event headlined by Ariana Grande, and streamed on Amazon Video and Twitch.[79] The 2019 concert was held on July 10 ahead of Prime Day starting on the 15th, and streamed exclusively for Prime subscribers, featuring Taylor Swift, Dua Lipa, Becky G, and SZA.[80][81][82]
In 2018, Prime Day first became tied to protests of Amazon and employee strikes due to the treatment of workers at its fulfillment centers. Supporters of these actions have urged boycotts of Amazon during Prime Day as solidarity, covering all services provided by the company or its subsidiaries
History
Early history
In 2005, Amazon announced the creation of Amazon Prime, a membership service offering free two-day shipping within the contiguous United States on all eligible purchases for an annual fee of $79 (equivalent to $101 in 2018),[4] and discounted one-day shipping rates.[5] Amazon launched the program in Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom in 2007; in France (as "Amazon Premium") in 2008, in Italy in 2011, in Canada in 2013,[6] in India in July 2016[7] and in Mexico in March 2017.[8] According to Amazon, there are now Prime members in 17 countries in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific.[9]
From 2012 to 2016
Amazon Prime membership in Australia, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, India and the United States also provides Amazon Video,[10] the instant streaming of selected films and TV programs at no additional cost.[11] In November 2011, it was announced that Prime members had access to the Kindle Owners' Lending Library, which allows users to borrow up to one a month of specified popular Kindle e-books.[12] People with an email address at an academic domain such as .edu or .ac.uk, typically students, are eligible for Prime Student privileges, including discounts on Prime membership.[13]
In March 2014, Amazon increased the annual US membership fee for Amazon Prime from $79 to $99.[4][14] Shortly after this change, Amazon announced Prime Music, providing unlimited, ad-free music streaming.[15] In November 2014, Amazon added Prime Photos, adding unlimited storage of files deemed to be photographs in the users' Amazon Drive.[16][17][18] Amazon began offering free same-day delivery to Prime members in 14 United States metropolitan areas in May 2015.[19]
In April 2015, Amazon started a trial partnership with Audi and DHL in order to deliver directly into the trunks of Audi cars, available in the Munich, Germany area to some Audi-connected car users.[20]
Amazon announced that July 15, 2015, its 20th birthday, would be "Amazon Prime Day", with deals for prime members similar to those on Black Friday.[21] That month Amazon Prime announced[22] signed up Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, and James May, formerly of BBC's Top Gear, to begin working on The Grand Tour, which was released in 2016. On July 13, 2016, Amazon Prime said customers placed 60 percent more orders worldwide on "Prime Day".[23]
In December 2015, Amazon stated that "tens of millions" of people were Amazon Prime members.[24] Amazon Prime added 3 million members during the third week of December 2015.[25] That month Amazon announced the creation of the Streaming Partners Program,[26] a subscription service that provides Amazon Prime subscribers with additional streaming video services. Among the programming providers involved in the program are Showtime, Starz. Lifetime Movie Club (containing recent original movie titles from Lifetime Television and Lifetime Movie Network), Smithsonian Earth, and Qello Concerts.
2016 onward
In January 2016, Amazon Prime reached 54 million members according to a report from Consumer Intelligence Research Partners.[27] Several reports in January 2016 said that nearly half of all U.S. households are members of Amazon Prime.[28]
In April 2016, Amazon announced same-day delivery would be expanded to include the areas of Charlotte, Cincinnati, Fresno, Louisville, Milwaukee, Nashville, Central New Jersey, Raleigh, Richmond, Sacramento, Stockton, and Tucson, bringing total coverage to 27 metro areas.[29][30]
In September 2016, Amazon launched a restaurant delivery service for Prime members in London, England, with free delivery on all orders over £15.[31]
In September 2016, Amazon subsidiary Twitch announced features available to users with an Amazon Prime subscription (Twitch Prime), including monthly offers of video games and add-on content, and the ability to purchase a free subscription to a user's channel once per-month.[32][33]
In December 2016, Amazon began offering Prime membership for an alternative monthly, instead of yearly fee, of $10.99 per month,[34] increased to $12.99 in February 2018.[35]
In December 2016, Amazon announced Wickedly Prime, an own-brand line of food and beverages available to Prime members.[36]
Amazon announced , a service that lets customers try on clothes before they pay, in June 2017.[37]
In 2017, Amazon announced the Prime Exclusive Phone program, which offers some smartphones displaying Amazon ads on the lock screen from companies including LG, Motorola and Nokia at a discount.[38]
In May 2018, Amazon increased the annual US Prime membership fee from $99 to $119.[39]
In June 2019, Amazon expanded their one-day delivery with Amazon Prime. Prime Free One Day is available to U.S. members on more than 10 million products with no minimum purchase.[40]
Prime Music
Prime Music is a music streaming service that is most similar to Spotify. It offers a limited library of most songs to Amazon Prime members for free. Amazon offers a separate subscription service called Amazon Music Unlimited which unlocks all other songs not available without a subscription. It costs $7.99 per month for Prime members and $9.99 per month for non-Prime members.
Prime Video
The service debuted on September 7, 2006 as Amazon Unbox in the United States. On September 4, 2008, the service was renamed Amazon Video on Demand. The Unbox name still refers to the local program, which as of August 2014 is no longer available for downloading purchased instant videos. On February 22, 2011, the service rebranded as Amazon Instant Video.
Prime Reading
Beginning in October 2016, Prime members in the U.S. receive access to a rotating set of Kindle e-books through Prime Reading.[41] Some magazines and travel guides are also available through the service.[42] Prime Reading is unrelated to the Kindle Owners Lending Library, Kindle Unlimited, and Kindle First, all of which continue to be available.[43]
Prime Pantry
In April 2014, Amazon began a service for shipping non-perishable grocery store items into a single box for delivery for a fixed fee. The service is available in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, India, Japan, Italy, Spain and France.
For $6, Amazon Prime members can have box of "pantries" delivered to their homes. As people shop, Amazon quantifies the space each item takes up so that people can assess the number of boxes needed before check off and shipping.[citation needed]
Prime Now
In December 2014, Amazon announced that as a benefit to Prime members located in parts of Manhattan and New York City the capability to get products delivered to them within one hour for a fee of $7.99, or within two hours for no additional fee. As of 2014, 25,000 daily essential products were available with this delivery service.[44] In February 2015, the service was extended to include all of Manhattan.[45] By mid-2016, it had been expanded in the United States to include parts of Chicago, Miami, Baltimore,[46] Seattle, Dallas, Atlanta, Austin, Nashville, Portland, San Antonio, and Tampa.[47][48][49] Outside of the United States, it has expanded to parts of the United Kingdom,[50] Italy,[51] Germany,[52] France,[53] Spain,[54] Japan,[55] and Singapore.[56] To meet the on-demand needs of Prime Now, Amazon further launched Amazon Flex, a platform for independent contractors to provide delivery services.[57]
Amazon Key
In-Home
In October 2017, Amazon.com added an option for Prime members to get in-home deliveries by its Amazon Flex contractors, who gain entry using a one-time code.[58] The service, Amazon Key, became available for customers residing in 37 United States metro areas in April 2018.[59][60] As of 2018 the service required a Kwikset or Yale smart lock and a special version of Amazon's Cloud Cam security camera.[61]
Customers are given a time window of four hours for the package to be delivered. Once the courier opens the door, the Cloud Cam records a clip until the door is locked, which is sent to the customer's smartphone.[62] Participants in the service can also use the Amazon Key companion app for iOS and Android to lock and unlock the door, monitor the camera, and issue virtual keys.[63]
A month after the service was launched, a security expert found a flaw, since patched, in the system which would freeze the camera and stop image transmission.[64]
In-Car
Amazon Key In-Car is a service allowing owners of vehicles with OnStar (that are 2015+ models) or Volvo on Call, to get packages delivered in their vehicle's trunk.[65] The service is available in the same areas as Amazon Key's In-Home delivery, but requires no additional hardware.[66] Customers are provided with a four-hour delivery window.[67] During that time, their vehicle must be located in a publicly accessible area.[68]
In-Garage
At CES 2019, Amazon announced a partnership with the Chamberlain Group, allowing packages to be placed in customers garages with myQ-enabled openers, as part of the Key service.[69]
Prime Air
60 Minutes announced on December 1, 2013 that Amazon Prime Air was a possible future delivery service expected to be in development for several more years. In concept, the process would use drones to deliver small packages (less than five pounds) within 30 minutes by flying short distances (10–20 km) from local Amazon Fulfillment Centers.[70][71] In the United States, the project will require the Federal Aviation Administration to approve commercial use of unmanned drones.[72]
In July 2014, it was revealed the company was developing its 8th and 9th drone prototypes, some that could fly 50 miles an hour and carry 5-pound packages, and had applied to the FAA to test them.[73]
Despite the company's confidence, the project is not yet in flight, and Amazon is awaiting both patents and logistic agreements from the US and UK governments.
Prime Day
On July 15, 2015, in honor of the website's 20th anniversary, Amazon first held Prime Day. The event features a large number of sales and promotions that are exclusively available to Amazon Prime subscribers, with Amazon promoting that the first edition would feature "more deals than Black Friday". The inaugural Prime Day faced criticism over the quality of the discounts offered, with many of them being tied to items not in high demand. Some users jokingly described the event as a "yard sale", and Walmart also countered the event with a promotional blog post arguing that customers "shouldn't have to pay $100 to find great deals". Amazon defended criticism of the event, noting that order volume on the website had "surpassed" Black Friday sales in 2014.[74][75][76][77][78]
The 2018 edition was preceded by a concert event headlined by Ariana Grande, and streamed on Amazon Video and Twitch.[79] The 2019 concert was held on July 10 ahead of Prime Day starting on the 15th, and streamed exclusively for Prime subscribers, featuring Taylor Swift, Dua Lipa, Becky G, and SZA.[80][81][82]
In 2018, Prime Day first became tied to protests of Amazon and employee strikes due to the treatment of workers at its fulfillment centers. Supporters of these actions have urged boycotts of Amazon during Prime Day as solidarity, covering all services provided by the company or its subsidiaries
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