The 2019 Indian generalelections

The 2019 Indian generalelections was held in seven phases from 11 April to 19 May 2019 to constitute the 17th Lok Sabha. The elections  can be held at an earlier date if the Council of Ministers recommends dissolution of the 16th Lok Sabha to the President of India. However, the government has publicly announced that the elections will be held according to schedule.[1][2][3] The general election in Tamil Nadu was held on April 18, 2019. ECI has announced that the by-election (2016–21 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections) for 18 assembly constituencies together with the general elections (18 constituencies polling date - 18.04.2019 and 4 Constituencies - 19.05.2019). The counting of votes was held on May 23 and on the same day results were published.

There are totally 39 lok sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu state and One lok sabha constituency from Puducherry. The average voters for each of the constituency is around 1.51 million in Tamil Nadu and 0.9 million in Puducherry. Special revisions were made in the voter's list so as to add/update/removal of the voters in the voters list and the revised list is published in the official website of the Election Commission (TN). The instructions for the voters were released for guiding the voters and it helps out the voters to clarify the doubts on the documents need be carried on the voting day and steps needed to be taken if there are any problems that may occur during voting. The ECI appreciated everyone those who took part in voting and the main goal was to achieve 100% voting percentage.

In the last elections in 2014, Dharmapuri recorded with the highest voting percentage with 81.14% whereas Chennai South recorded with the lowest voting percentage of 60.37% and the average voting percentage is 73.68% and 28 constituencies achieved polling percentage of more than the average voting percentage

Earthquake

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to propel objects (and people) into the air, and wreak destruction across entire cities. The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and displacing or disrupting the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally, volcanic activity.

In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether natural or caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the h
ypocente
Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the fault surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities, which leads to a form of stick-slip behavior. Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy.[1] This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves,[2] frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earth's deep interior.[3]

Earthquake fault types
There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an interplate earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust), and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of dip and where movement on them involves a vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended such as a divergent boundary. Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being shortened such as at a convergent boundary. Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip.

Reverse faults, particularly those along convergent plate boundaries, are associated with the most powerful earthquakes, megathrust earthquakes, including almost all of those of magnitude 8 or more. Strike-slip faults, particularly continental transforms, can produce major earthquakes up to about magnitude 8. Earthquakes associated with normal faults are generally less than magnitude 7. For every unit increase in magnitude, there is a roughly thirtyfold increase in the energy released. For instance, an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 releases approximately 30 times more energy than a 5.0 magnitude earthquake and a 7.0 magnitude earthquake releases 900 times (30 × 30) more energy than a 5.0 magnitude of earthquake. An 8.6 magnitude earthquake releases the same amount of energy as 10,000 atomic bombs like those used in World War II.[4]

This is so because the energy released in an earthquake, and thus its magnitude, is proportional to the area of the fault that ruptures[5] and the stress drop. Therefore, the longer the length and the wider the width of the faulted area, the larger the resulting magnitude. The topmost, brittle part of the Earth's crust, and the cool slabs of the tectonic plates that are descending down into the hot mantle, are the only parts of our planet that can store elastic energy and release it in fault ruptures. Rocks hotter than about 300 °C (572 °F) flow in response to stress; they do not rupture in earthquakes.[6][7] The maximum observed lengths of ruptures and mapped faults (which may break in a single rupture) are approximately 1,000 km (620 mi). Examples are the earthquakes in Alaska (1957), Chile (1960), and Sumatra (2004), all in subduction zones. The longest earthquake ruptures on strike-slip faults, like the San Andreas Fault (1857, 1906), the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey (1939), and the Denali Fault in Alaska (2002), are about half to one third as long as the lengths along subducting plate margins, and those along normal faults are even shorter.
The most important parameter controlling the maximum earthquake magnitude on a fault, however, is not the maximum available length, but the available width because the latter varies by a factor of 20. Along converging plate margins, the dip angle of the rupture plane is very shallow, typically about 10 degrees.[8] Thus, the width of the plane within the top brittle crust of the Earth can become 50–100 km (31–62 mi) (Japan, 2011; Alaska, 1964), making the most powerful earthquakes possible.

Strike-slip faults tend to be oriented near vertically, resulting in an approximate width of 10 km (6.2 mi) within the brittle crust.[9] Thus, earthquakes with magnitudes much larger than 8 are not possible. Maximum magnitudes along many normal faults are even more limited because many of them are located along spreading centers, as in Iceland, where the thickness of the brittle layer is only about six kilometres (3.7 mi).[10][11]

In addition, there exists a hierarchy of stress level in the three fault types. Thrust faults are generated by the highest, strike-slip by intermediate, and normal faults by the lowest stress levels.[12] This can easily be understood by considering the direction of the greatest principal stress, the direction of the force that "pushes" the rock mass during the faulting. In the case of normal faults, the rock mass is pushed down in a vertical direction, thus the pushing force (greatest principal stress) equals the weight of the rock mass itself. In the case of thrusting, the rock mass "escapes" in the direction of the least principal stress, namely upward, lifting the rock mass up, and thus, the overburden equals the least principal stress. Strike-slip faulting is intermediate between the other two types described above. This difference in stress regime in the three faulting environments can contribute to differences in stress drop during faulting, which contributes to differences in the radiated energy, regardless of fault dimensions.

Earthquakes away from plate boundaries
Where plate boundaries occur within the continental lithosphere, deformation is spread out over a much larger area than the plate boundary itself. In the case of the San Andreas fault continental transform, many earthquakes occur away from the plate boundary and are related to strains developed within the broader zone of deformation caused by major irregularities in the fault trace (e.g., the "Big bend" region). The Northridge earthquake was associated with movement on a blind thrust within such a zone. Another example is the strongly oblique convergent plate boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates where it runs through the northwestern part of the Zagros Mountains. The deformation associated with this plate boundary is partitioned into nearly pure thrust sense movements perpendicular to the boundary over a wide zone to the southwest and nearly pure strike-slip motion along the Main Recent Fault close to the actual plate boundary itself. This is demonstrated by earthquake focal mechanisms.[13]

All tectonic plates have internal stress fields caused by their interactions with neighboring plates and sedimentary loading or unloading (e.g., deglaciation).[14] These stresses may be sufficient to cause failure along existing fault planes, giving rise to intraplate earthquakes.[15]

Shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakes

Google Docs

Google Docs is a word processor included as part of a free, web-based software office suite offered by Google within its Google Drive service. This service also includes Google Sheets and Google Slides, a spreadsheet and presentation program respectively. Google Docs is available as a web application, mobile app for Android, iOS, Windows, BlackBerry, and as a desktop application on Google's ChromeOS. The app is compatible with Microsoft Office file formats.[2] The application allows users to create and edit files online while collaborating with other users in real-time. Edits are tracked by user with a revision history presenting changes. An editor's position is highlighted with an editor-specific color and cursor. A permissions system regulates what users can do. Updates have introduced features using machine learning, including "Explore", offering search results based on the contents of a document, and "Action items", allowing users to assign tasks to other users.
History
Google Docs originated from two separate products: Writely and XL2Web. Writely was a web-based word processor created by the software company Upstartle and launched in August 2005.[3] It began as an experiment by programmers Sam Schillace, Steve Newman and Claudia Carpenter, trying out the then-new Ajax technology and the "content editable" function in browsers.[4] On March 9, 2006, Google announced that it had acquired Upstartle.[5][6] In July 2009, Google dropped the beta testing status from Google Docs.[7] In March 2010, Google acquired DocVerse, an online document collaboration company. DocVerse allowed multiple user online collaboration on Microsoft Word documents, as well as other Microsoft Office formats, such as Excel and PowerPoint.[8] Improvements based on DocVerse were announced and deployed in April 2010.[9] In June 2012, Google acquired Quickoffice, a freeware proprietary productivity suite for mobile devices.[10] In October 2012, Google renamed the Drive products and Google Documents became Google Docs. At the same time, Chrome apps were released, which provided shortcuts to the service on Chrome's new tab page.[11] In February 2019, Google announced grammar suggestions in Docs, expanding their spell check by using machine translation techniques to help catch tricky grammatical errors.[12]

Platforms
Google Docs is available as a web application supported on Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge, and Apple Safari web browsers.[13] Users can access all Docs, as well as other files, collectively through the Google Drive website. In June 2014, Google rolled out a dedicated website homepage for Docs, that contains only files created with the service.[14] In 2014, Google launched a dedicated mobile app for Docs on the Android and iOS mobile operating systems.[15][16][17] In 2015, the mobile website for Docs was updated with a "simpler, more uniform" interface, and while users can read files through the mobile websites, users trying to edit will be redirected towards the dedicated mobile app, thus preventing editing on the mobile web.
Editing
Collaboration and revision history
Google Docs and the other apps in the Google Drive suite serve as a collaborative tool for cooperative editing of documents in real-time. Documents can be shared, opened, and edited by multiple users simultaneously and users are able to see character-by-character changes as other collaborators make edits. Changes are automatically saved to Google's servers, and a revision history is automatically kept so past edits may be viewed and reverted to.[20] An editor's current position is represented with an editor-specific color/cursor, so if another editor happens to be viewing that part of the document they can see edits as they occur. A sidebar chat functionality allows collaborators to discuss edits. The revision history allows users to see the additions made to a document, with each author distinguished by color. Only adjacent revisions can be compared, and users cannot control how frequently revisions are saved. Files can be exported to a user's local computer in a variety of formats (ODF, HTML, PDF, RTF, Text, Office Open XML). Files can be tagged and archived for organizational purposes.

Explore
In March 2014, Google introduced add-ons; new tools from third-party developers that add more features for Google Docs.[21] In order to view and edit documents offline on a computer, users need to be using the Google Chrome web browser. A Chrome extension, Google Docs Offline, allows users to enable offline support for Docs files on the Google Drive website.[22] The Android and iOS apps natively support offline editing.[23][24]4

In June 2014, Google introduced "Suggested edits" in Google Docs; as part of the "commenting access" permission, participants can come up with suggestions for edits that the author can accept or reject, in contrast to full editing ability.[16] In October 2016, Google announced "Action items" for Docs. If a user writes phrases such as "Ryan to follow up on the keynote script", the service will intelligently assign that action to "Ryan". Google states this will make it easier for other collaborators to see which person is responsible for what task. When a user visits Google Drive, Docs, Sheets or Slides, any files with tasks assigned to them will be highlighted with a badge.[25]

A basic research tool was introduced in 2012, later expanded into "Explore",[26][27][28] launched in September 2016, enabling additional functionality through machine learning.[29][30][31] In Google Docs, Explore shows relevant Google search results based on information in the document, simplifying information gathering. Users can also mark specific document text, press Explore and see search results based on the marked text only.

In December 2016, Google introduced a quick citations feature to Google Docs. The quick citation tool allows users to "insert citations as footnotes with the click of a button" on the web through the Explore feature introduced in September. The citation feature also marked the launch of the Explore functionalities in G Suite for Education accounts.[32][33][34]

Files
Supported file formats
Files in the following formats can be viewed and converted to the Docs format:[35]

For documents: .doc (if newer than Microsoft Office 95), .docx, .docm .dot, .dotx, .dotm, .html, plain text (.txt), .rtf, .odt
File limits
Limits to insertable file sizes, overall document length and size are listed below:[36][37]

Up to 1.02 million characters, regardless of the number of pages or font size. Document files converted to .gdoc Docs format cannot be larger than 50 MB. Images inserted cannot be larger than 50 MB, and must be in either .jpg, .png, or non-animated .gif formats.
G Suite
Google Docs and the Drive suite are free of charge for use by individuals, but are also available as part of Google's business-centered G Suite, enabling additional business-focused functionality on payment of a monthly subscription.[38]

Other functionality
A simple find and replace tool is available. The Drive suite includes a web clipboard tool that allows users to copy and paste content between Google Docs, Google Sheets, Google Slides and Drawings. The web clipboard can also be used for copying and pasting content between different computers. Copied items are stored on Google's servers for up to 30 days. For most copying and pasting, Google Docs also supports keyboard shortcuts.[39] Google offers an extension for the Google Chrome web browser called Office editing for Docs, Sheets and Slides that enables users to view and edit Microsoft Word documents on Google Chrome, via the Docs app. The extension can be used for opening Office files stored on the computer using Chrome, as well as for opening Office files encountered on the web (in the form of email attachments, web search results, etc.) without having to download them. The extension is installed on Chrome OS by default.[40] Google Cloud Connect was a plug-in for Microsoft Office 2003, 2007 and 2010 that could automatically store and synchronize any Word document to Google Docs (before the introduction of Drive) in Google Docs or Microsoft Office formats. The online copy was automatically updated each time the Microsoft Word document was saved. Microsoft Word documents could be edited offline and synchronized later when online. Google Cloud Connect maintained previous Microsoft Word document versions and allowed multiple users to collaborate by working on the same document at the same time.[41][42] Google Cloud Connect was discontinued in April 2013 as, according to Google, Google Drive achieves all of the above tasks, "with better results".[43]

Reception
In a December 2016 review of Google Docs and the Drive software suite, Edward Mendelsohn of PC Magazine wrote that the suite was "visually elegant" with "effortless collaboration", but that Docs, as paired with Sheets and Slides, was "less powerful than desktop-based suites". Comparing Google's office suite with Microsoft's and Apple's, he stated that "Docs exists only in your Web browser", meaning that users have "more limited feature set" than "the spacious, high-powered setting of a desktop app". He wrote that offline support required a plug-in, describing it as "less convenient than a desktop app, and you have to remember to install it before you need it". Mendelsohn praised the user interface, describing it as "elegant, highly usable" with "fast performance", and that the revision history "alerts you to recent changes, and stores fine-grained records of revisions". Regarding the Explore functionality, he credited it for being the "niftiest new feature" in the suite and that it surpassed comparable features in Microsoft Office. He described the quality of imports of Word files as "impressive fidelity". He summarized by praised Docs and the Drive suite for having "the best balance of speed and power, and the best collaboration features, too", while noting that "it lacks a few features offered by Microsoft Office 365, but it was also faster to load and save in our testing".[44]

Issues
2017 phishing incident
In May 2017, a phishing attack impersonating a Google Docs sharing email spread on the Internet. The attack sent emails pretending to be someone the target knew, requesting to share a document with them. Once the link in the email was pressed, users were directed to a real Google account permissions page where the phishing software, a third-party app named "Google Docs", requested access to the user's Google account. Once granted, the software received access to the user's Gmail messages and address book, and sent new fraudulent document invitations to their contacts.[45] The phishing attack was described by media outlets as "massive"[46] and "widespread",[47] and The Next Web's Napier Lopez wrote that it's "very easy to fall for".[46] One of the reasons the attack was so effective was that its email messages passed through spam and security software, and used a real Google address.[48] Within hours, the attack was stopped and fixed by Google, with a spokesperson stating that "We have taken action to protect users against an email impersonating Google Docs, and have disabled offending accounts. We've removed the fake pages, pushed updates through Safe Browsing, and our abuse team is working to prevent this kind of spoofing from happening again".[49][50] On the same day, Google updated Gmail on Android to feature protection from phishing attacks.[51][52][53] Media outlets noticed that, while the added protection was announced on the same day as the attack, it "may not have prevented this week's attack, however, as that attack involved a malicious and fake "Google Docs" app that was hosted on Google's own domain".[53] In early May 2017, Ars Technica reported that "at least three security researchers" had raised issues about the threat, one of them in October 2011, and that the attacker or attackers behind the actual incident "may have copied the technique from a proof of concept posted by one security researcher to GitHub in February". Furthermore, the report noted that Google had been repeatedly warned by researchers about the potential threat, with security researcher Greg Carson telling Ars Technica that "I don't think Google fully understood how severely this could be abused, but certainly hackers did".[54]

2017 "Terms of Service" error
In October 2017, Google released a server-side update to its codebase, which started incorrectly flagging random documents as unspecified violations of its "Terms of Service" policies. A fix was released shortly afterwards,[55][56] though the issue became noteworthy for the extent of Google's control over users' content, including its analysis of the contents of documents, as well as for its ability to shut users out at any time, including during critical moments of work.

Alex Trebek wife

George Alexander Trebek[1] OC (/trəˈbɛk/; born July 22, 1940) is a Canadian-American television personality. He has been the host of the syndicated game show Jeopardy! since its revival in 1984, and has also hosted a number of other game shows, including The Wizard of Odds, Double Dare, High Rollers, Battlestars, Classic Concentration, and To Tell the Truth. Trebek is contracted to host Jeopardy! until 2022.[2] Trebek has also made appearances in numerous television series, in which he usually played himself. A native of Canada, he became a naturalized American citizen in 1998
Early life
Trebek was born in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, on July 22, 1940,[4][5][6] the son of George Edward Trebek, a chef who had emigrated from Ukraine as a child, and Lucille Lagacé (born April 14, 1921), a Franco-Ontarian.[7] He grew up in a bilingual French-English household.[8] Trebek's first job was when he was 13; he was a bellhop at the hotel where his father worked as a chef.[9]

Trebek attended Sudbury High School, now Sudbury Secondary School and then attended the University of Ottawa.[10] Trebek graduated from the University of Ottawa with a degree in philosophy in 1961.[4][11] While a university student, he was a member of the English Debating Society. At the time, he was interested in a career in broadcast news, and before completing his degree, Trebek began his career in 1961 working for the CBC.[4] According to Trebek, "I went to school in the mornings and worked at nights; I did everything, at one time replacing every announcer in every possible job".[12] He would eventually read the national news and cover a wide range of special events for the CBC's radio and television divisions, including curling[13] and horse racing
Trebek's first hosting job was on a Canadian music program called Music Hop in 1963.[14] In 1966 he hosted a high school quiz show called Reach for the Top. From 1967 to 1970 he was a host for the CBC, introducing classical music programs including performances by Glenn Gould. For one or two seasons he hosted a weekly skating program. Starting in spring 1969, Trebek also hosted Strategy which aired on week days.[12]

In 1973, he moved to the United States and worked for NBC as host of a new game show, The Wizard of Odds. A year later Trebek hosted the popular Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley game show, High Rollers, which had two incarnations on NBC (1974–76 and 1978–80), and an accompanying syndicated season (1975–76). In between stints as host of High Rollers, Trebek hosted the short-lived CBS game show Double Dare[15] (not to be confused with the 1986 Nickelodeon game show of the same name). Double Dare turned out to be his only game show with the CBS network (he returned to CBS in 1994 to host Pillsbury Bake-Off until 1998), and the first show he hosted for what was then Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions, as well as the second season of the syndicated series The $128,000 Question, which was recorded in Toronto.

Since the second incarnation of High Rollers premiered while The $128,000 Question was still airing and taping episodes, Trebek became one of two hosts to emcee shows in both the United States and Canada, joining Jim Perry, who was hosting Definition and Headline Hunters in Canada and Card Sharks, which, coincidentally, premiered the same day as High Rollers in 1978 in the United States. Trebek's francophone side was put on display in 1978, in a special bilingual edition of Reach for the Top and its Radio-Canada equivalent, Génies en herbe. In this show Trebek alternated smoothly between French and English throughout.[16]

Like other hosts of the day, Trebek made several guest appearances as a panelist or player on other shows. One of his guest appearances was on a special week of NBC's Card Sharks, in 1980. He and several other game show hosts (Allen Ludden, Bill Cullen, Wink Martindale, Jack Clark, Gene Rayburn, and Jim Lange) competed in a week-long round robin tournament for charity. Trebek won the tournament, defeating Cullen in the finals. Trebek also appeared as a celebrity teammate on the NBC game show The Magnificent Marble Machine in 1975, and the Tom Kennedy-hosted NBC word game To Say the Least in 1978. Both of those shows were produced by Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley Productions, which also produced High Rollers, the show Trebek was hosting during both of those guest appearances. Trebek also was a contestant on Celebrity Bowling in 1976, teamed with Jim McKrell. The duo won their match against Dick Gautier and Scatman Crothers.

After High Rollers was cancelled in 1980, Trebek moved on to Battlestars for NBC. The series debuted in October 1981, and was cancelled in April 1982 after only six months on the air.[17] In September 1981 Trebek took the helm of the syndicated Pitfall, which taped in Vancouver and forced him to commute, as he had done while hosting High Rollers and The $128,000 Question in 1978. Pitfall was cancelled after its production company, Catalena Productions, went bankrupt. As a result, he was never paid for that series. After both series ended, Trebek hosted a revival of Battlestars called The New Battlestars that ended after thirteen weeks, then shot a series of pilots for other series for producers Merrill Heatter, for whom he had worked hosting High Rollers and Battlestars, and Merv Griffin. The Heatter pilots were Malcolm, an NBC-ordered pilot featuring Trebek with an animated character as his co-host, and Lucky Numbers, an attempt at a revival of High Rollers that failed to sell. For Griffin, he shot two pilots for a revival of Jeopardy! when original host Art Fleming (a friend of Trebek's) declined to return to the role due to creative differences. This revival sold; Trebek began hosting the revival in 1984 and has hosted ever since.

In 1987, while still hosting Jeopardy!, Trebek returned to daytime television as host of NBC's Classic Concentration his second show for Mark Goodson. He hosted both shows simultaneously until September 20, 1991, when Classic Concentration aired its final first-run episode[18] (NBC would air repeats until 1993). In 1991 Trebek made broadcast history by becoming the first person to host three American game shows at the same time, earning this distinction on February 4, 1991, when he took over for Lynn Swann as host of NBC's To Tell the Truth, also for Goodson-Todman, which he hosted until the end of the series' run on May 31, 1991.[19]

In 1994, Trebek returned to the CBS network for the first time since hosting Double Dare to host the Pillsbury Bake-Off, which he hosted until 1998.

In August 1995 in a return to his broadcast-news roots, Trebek filled in for Charles Gibson for a week on Good Morning America.

Trebek was a guest star in season 3 of The X-Files, playing one of two "Men in Black" (human agents charged with the supervision of extraterrestrial lifeforms on Earth, hiding their existence from other humans) opposite Jesse Ventura, in the episode Jose Chung's From Outer Space, which first aired on April 12, 1996.[20]

Trebek and Pat Sajak, host of Wheel of Fortune, traded places on April Fools' Day 1997. Pat Sajak hosted Jeopardy! and Alex Trebek hosted Wheel of Fortune with Sajak's wife, Lesly, as Trebek's co-host.[21] Sajak and Wheel of Fortune co-host Vanna White played contestants at the wheel, with winnings going toward charities.

Trebek appeared on Celebrity Poker Showdown in 2005. He came in second place in his qualifying game, losing to Cheryl Hines. On May 9, 2008, Trebek was a guest on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. On the program, he discussed his 24-year career as the host of Jeopardy!. Revisiting Kimmel in 2011, he talked about the IBM Challenge on Jeopardy!.

Trebek also appears in many commercials for Colonial Penn Life Insurance, of which he is a "compensated endorser", and he reprised his role as host of To Tell the Truth in a 2010 advertisement for DirecTV
In December 2010, Trebek guest-starred on How I Met Your Mother.[23]

On March 26, 2014, Alex Trebek made a guest appearance on Hot in Cleveland as himself.[24]

On June 13, 2014, Guinness World Records presented Alex with the world record for most episodes of a game show hosted, with 6,829 episodes at the time.[25]

On the December 18, 2014 series-finale episode of The Colbert Report, Trebek (introduced as "the one with all the answers") greets Colbert as he boards a sleigh driven by Santa Claus and Abraham Lincoln and leaves the studio for the last time.[26]

On June 24, 2018, Trebek returned as a panelist on the ABC revival of To Tell the Truth.

On October 1, 2018, Trebek moderated the only debate in the Pennsylvania governor's race.[27] According to news outlets, he wanted to change the flow of the debate to be more conversational instead of the more traditional format. He dominated the debate and talked for 41% of it,[28] often talking about himself without giving candidates time to discuss important political issues.[29] He also made surprising and unprovoked remarks regarding the sexual abuse scandals in the Catholic Church. Trebek later apologized for his performance, stating that he was "naive" and "misunderstood" the role of a moderator. "I offer my sincere apologies to the people of Pennsylvania, a state I dearly love," he said.[30]

Trebek will host a Jeopardy! primetime special event titled The Greatest of All Time on ABC in January 2020, pitting the highest money winners in the show's history, Brad Rutter, Ken Jennings, and James Holzhauer, against each other.[31]

Personal life
Trebek married businesswoman Elaine Callei in 1974.[32] The couple had no children and divorced in 1981. In 1990, he married Jean Currivan, a real estate project manager from New York.[33] They have two children, Matthew and Emily.

In 1996, Trebek ran the Olympic torch in Jacksonville, Florida, through a leg of its journey to Atlanta.[34]

Trebek became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1998.[35]

In late 2001 during Jeopardy!'s 18th season, Trebek shaved the mustache that he had worn for over 30 years. He wore a fake mustache for the first half of the April 1, 2008, episode as an April Fools' joke.[36] In summer 2014, Trebek regrew the mustache for the 31st season of Jeopardy!, only to shave it off again a month into the season.[37][38] Trebek grew out a full beard at the beginning of the 2018 season, shaving it down to a goatee for the second episode, and a mustache by the second week, and then the next day clean shaven again. [39]

On January 30, 2004, Trebek escaped major injury after falling asleep behind the wheel of his pick-up truck while driving alone on a rural road in the Central Coast town of Templeton, California, returning from a family home in Lake Nacimiento.[40][41] The truck sideswiped a string of mailboxes, flew 45 feet[42] over an embankment, and came to rest against a utility pole in a ditch. Trebek was not cited for the accident and returned to work taping Jeopardy! the following Tuesday, just four days after the accident.[43][44]

Trebek owned and managed a 700-acre ranch near Paso Robles in Creston, California, known as Creston Farms, where he bred and trained thoroughbred race horses.[35] Trebek's colt, Reba's Gold, is the stakes-winning son of Slew o' Gold.[45] Trebek sold the operation in 2008 and the property is now an event center called Windfall Farms.[46]

In 2018, in an interview with Vulture, Trebek stated that he was a political moderate and registered independent, neither conservative nor liberal, with some libertarian leanings.[47]

Health
On December 11, 2007, Trebek suffered a minor heart attack in his home, but returned to work as scheduled in January.[48][49][50] He injured an Achilles tendon, requiring six weeks in a cast, while chasing a burglar who had entered his San Francisco hotel room on July 27, 2011.[51][52] He suffered a mild heart attack on June 23, 2012,[53] but returned to work in July.[54]

On December 15, 2017, over the winter break of Jeopardy! taping, Trebek was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after reportedly experiencing complications from a fall in October of that year. The incident resulted in a subdural hematoma.[55] Trebek underwent surgery to remove blood clots from his brain the following day.[56] On January 4, 2018, the verified Twitter account of Jeopardy! announced that Trebek had been suffering from the fall. Trebek required a short medical leave and returned to regular hosting duty in mid-January 2018.[57]

In 2018, while being interviewed by Harvey Levin on Fox News, Trebek floated the idea of retirement, saying the odds of him leaving Jeopardy! in 2020 were 50/50 "and a little less". He added that he might continue if he is "not making too many mistakes" but would make an "intelligent decision" as to when he should give up the emcee role.[58] In October that year, he signed a new contract to continue as host through 2022,[2] stating in January 2019 that although he was beginning to slow down due to his age, the show's work schedule, consisting of 46 taping sessions each year, was still manageable.[59]

On March 6, 2019, Trebek announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer. He had been experiencing persistent stomachache before the diagnosis but did not recognize it as a symptom of the disease.[60] In a prepared video announcement of the diagnosis, Trebek noted that his prognosis was poor but that he would aggressively fight the cancer in hopes of beating the odds and would continue hosting Jeopardy! for as long as he was able, joking that his contract obligated him to do so for three more years.[61] Trebek updated the situation in May 2019, stating that he was responding exceptionally well to treatment and that some of the tumors had shrunk to half their previously observed size; he credited the prayers and well-wishes of his fans for the better-than-usual results. He will undergo several more rounds of chemotherapy in hopes of pushing the cancer into full remission.[62] Trebek hoped to beat the odds as only 3% of patients with stage 4 pancreatic cancer are still alive 5 years after being diagnosed.[63] Trebek finished that round of chemotherapy treatments in time to resume taping of the show in August 2019.[64] Follow-up immunotherapy was ineffective, and Trebek resumed chemotherapy in September.[65]

On October 4, 2019, in an interview with CTV's Chief Anchor and Senior Editor Lisa LaFlamme, Trebek said “I’m not afraid of dying,” and “I’ve lived a good life, a full life, and I’m nearing the end of that life … if it happens, why should I be afraid [of] that?” In the same interview, Trebek noted that sores in his mouth, a side effect from the chemotherapy, were interfering with his ability to speak, noting that "there will come a point when they (fans and producers) will no longer be able to say, ‘It’s okay.’"[66] On November 11, 2019, he revealed that he was reentering treatment. That night, during the Final Jeopardy! round, a player's response stated "What is We ♥ you, Alex!", to which Trebek became choked up. Hours later #WeLoveYouAlex was trending on Twitter.[67] In a December 2019 interview with ABC News, Trebek stated that he would begin looking at experimental treatments and chemotherapies and that despite periods of severe pain and depression, he was still in good enough physical condition to handle construction projects.[68] Trebek also stated that he had already prepared an on-air farewell statement before his cancer diagnosis.[68]

Philanthropy and activism
Trebek hosts the annual The Great Canadian Geography Challenge in Canada and previously hosted the National Geographic Bee in the United States. He hosted the National Geographic Bee until 2013. Active with World Vision Canada, a charitable organization, he has travelled to many developing countries with World Vision projects, taping reports on the group's efforts on behalf of children around the world.[69]

Trebek and the entire Jeopardy! crew became involved with the United Service Organizations in 1995 and have appeared on several military bases throughout the world, both in an attempt to find contestants and as a morale booster for the troops.[70]

In 1998, Trebek donated 74 acres (30 hectares) of open land in the Hollywood Hills (worth over $2 million at the time) to the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy.[71]

The American Foundation for the Blind, in 2001, awarded Trebek one of the year's six Access Awards[72] for his role in accommodating notable Jeopardy! champion Eddie Timanus.

In 2016, Trebek donated $5 million to the University of Ottawa to fund the Alex Trebek Forum for Dialogue, the objective of which is "to expose students to a wide range of diverse views, through speeches, public panels, events and lectures by University of Ottawa researchers, senior government officials and guests speakers from around the world."[73] Trebek's gifts to the university, which at the time totaled $7.5 million, also fund a Distinguished Speaker Series, which has included a presentation by Nobel laureate Leymah Gbowee, introduced by Trebek.[73] In 2017, Trebek funded the Alex Trebek Leadership Award at the University of Ottawa, an annual $10,000 award to a summa cum laude graduate who has also demonstrated community leadership.[74]

Awards and honors
In 1997 Alex Trebek was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of the University (D.Uni
v) from the University of Ottawa. [75]

In addition to awards for Jeopardy!, Trebek has received a great deal of recognition. In March 2006, it was announced that he would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in Toronto.[76][77] He is the second game show host to be inducted (the first being Monty Hall of Let's Make a Deal and the third being Howie Mandel of Deal or No Deal). His star is located on King Street West near those of the Crazy Canucks and Eugene Levy
Trebek has been awarded six Outstanding Game Show Host Emmy Awards (1989, 1990, 2003, 2006, 2008, and 2019),[78][79] and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (located at 6501 Hollywood Boulevard, near those for Ann-Margret and Vincent Price).

On November 4, 2010, Trebek received the Royal Canadian Geographical Society's Gold Medal for his contribution to geographic education and the popular study of geography.[80] Previous recipients of this award include the author and anthropologist Wade Davis (2009), Peter Gzowski (1997), and Mary May Simon (1998).[81]

In 2011, it was announced that Trebek would be one of the recipients of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Daytime Emmy Awards.[82][83]

As of June 13, 2014, Trebek has held a Guinness World Record for "the most gameshow episodes hosted by the same presenter (same program)" for having hosted 6,829 episodes of Jeopardy!,[84] overtaking previous record holder Bob Barker.[85] On May 4, 2015, Trebek's alma mater, the University of Ottawa, named its alumni hall in his honour, as a benefactor to the university.[86]

In 2016 Alex Trebek was named the Honorary President of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society. [87]

On June 30, 2017, he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada by then Governor General David Johnston for "his iconic achievements in television and for his promotion of learning, notably as a champion for geographical literacy."[88]

On June 28, 2019, the Daughters of the American Revolution awarded the 2019 Americanism Award to Trebek.[89][90]

Television and film appearances
Shows hosted
1963–1964: Music Hop
1964: Vacation Time – co-host
1966–1970: CBC Championship Curling – announcer
1966–1973: Reach for the Top
1969: Barris & Company – co-host/announcer (pilot)
1969: Strategy
1971: Pick and Choose
1972: Outside/Inside
1973: TGIF – announcer
1973: The Wizard of Odds
1974–1976, 1978–1980: High Rollers (NBC)
1976–1977: Double Dare (CBS)
1976–1980: Stars on Ice (CTV)
1977–1978: The $128,000 Question
1980–1981: Wall $treet
1981–1982: Pitfall
1981–1983: Battlestars
1983: Malcolm (pilot)
1983: Starcade (pilot)
1984–present: Jeopardy!
1985: Lucky Numbers (pilot)
1987: VTV-Value Television – co-host with Meredith MacRae
1987–1991: Classic Concentration
1989–2013: The National Geographic Bee national finals
1990: Super Jeopardy!
1991: To Tell the Truth (1990–1991) – from February to May 1991
1993: The Red Badge of Courage/Heart of Courage – Canadian-produced show highlighting brave individuals
1996–1998: The Pillsbury Bake-Off
1997: Wheel of Fortune – April Fools' Day episode (also a substitute host in August 1980)
1999: Live from the Hollywood Bowl – annual live broadcast
2017: Game Changers – host and executive producer
Acting
1987: Mama's Family – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1988: For Keeps – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1988: Rain Man – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1990: Cheers – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 8.14 – "What Is... Cliff Clavin?")
1990: Predator 2 – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (voice)
1990: The Earth Day Special – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1991: WrestleMania VII – as himself, a ring announcer and interviewer
1992: The Golden Girls – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 7.16 – "Questions and Answers")
1992: White Men Can't Jump – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1993: Short Cuts – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1993: Groundhog Day – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! show #1656
1993: The Larry Sanders Show – as himself, the minister who marries Hank Kinsley (episode 2.15 – "Hank's Wedding")
1993: Rugrats – as Alan Quebec, the host of "Super Stumpers" (episode 2.37 – "Game Show Didi")
1995: The Nanny – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 3.2 – "Franny and the Professor")
1995: Beverly Hills, 90210 – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1995: Blossom – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 5.14 – "Who's Not on First")
1995: Jury Duty – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1996: The X-Files – as a Man in Black who Agent Mulder thought looked "incredibly" like himself (episode: "Jose Chung's From Outer Space")
1996: Seinfeld – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 8.9 – "The Abstinence")
1996: The Magic School Bus – Announcer (voice) (episode 2.6 – "Shows and Tells")
1996: Ellen's Energy Adventure – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1997: "Ned and Stacey - as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
1997: The Simpsons – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "Miracle on Evergreen Terrace" (Voice)
1998: Baywatch – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 9.8 – "Swept Away")
1998: The Weird Al Show – as himself, the Host of Jeopardy! (voice)
1998: Mafia! – himself, riding on a parade float
2000: Finding Forrester – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
2000: Charlie's Angels – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!
2000: Saturday Night Live – himself
2000: Arthur – as Alex Lebek, the host of Riddle Quest[91]
2000: Pepper Ann – as himself (2 episodes)
2002: Saturday Night Live – himself
2006: Family Guy – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "I Take Thee Quagmire" (voice)
2008: The Bucket List – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (voice)
2010: How I Met Your Mother – himself in "False Positive"
2013: How I Met Your Mother – himself in "P.S. I Love You"
2013: Delta Air Lines – as himself, answering a Jeopardy-like question in the final segment of Delta's Holiday-themed safety video.
2014: Hot in Cleveland – as himself and Park Ranger Alex Trebek[24]
2014: Delta Air Lines – as himself, seen raising hand after being asked if the passengers have any questions toward the end of a Delta safety video.
2014: The Colbert Report (series finale) – as himself, "the man who knows all the answers", in Santa's sleigh.
2015: The Amazing Race Canada – as himself/season 3 pit stop greeter
2018: Orange Is the New Black – as himself
2018: RuPaul's Drag Race – as himself

Classroom

A classroom is a learning space, a room in which both children and adults learn. Classrooms are found in educational institutions of all kinds, ranging from preschools to universities, and may also be found in other places where education or training is provided, such as corporations and religious and humanitarian organizations. The classroom provides a space where learning can take place uninterrupted by outside distractions.
Types of classroom
In elementary schools (grades: [Kindergarten] through 5th), classrooms can have a whole group of 18 to 30 students and one, two, or even three teachers. When there are two teachers in a classroom, one is the lead teacher and the other one is the associate. Or the second teacher may be a special education teacher. There may be a third teacher in the back watching and taking notes. In lower elementary the classrooms are set up slightly different than upper elementary. In these classrooms there are tables instead of desks, a rug with a (smart board) for whole group learning, a library, computers, and centers. The rug is the vocal point of the classroom and everything else is strategically placed around it. The teacher must be able to move swiftly through the classroom. To determine if the classroom is meeting the highest level of quality there is a grading scale called ECERS (Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale). There are 43 items on this checklist and it is divided into 7 categories and they are as follows: Space and Furnishings, Personal Care Routines, Language-Reasoning, Activities, Interactions, Program Structure, and Parents and Staff.[1] In an upper elementary classroom students now use desks, there is no rug for whole group learning but there is a smart board and computers. Students also start practicing switching classes to get accustomed to middle and high, usually in fifth grade school transitions.

In a self-contained classrooms there are 7 or less students. Self-contained classrooms are designed for children that need more one-on-one time. Teachers get to solely focus on their small group of students and create individualized lessons for each child. An integrated or inclusion classroom can be thought of as a mix between a traditional classroom and a self-contained classroom. In this style of classroom, there is a mix of general students and students that need services. There are two teachers in this style of classroom, a general education teacher and special education teacher. They both teach and serve the students in the classroom, but during certain parts of the day the special education teacher may pull the students that have services to give them additional support. This allows students with accommodations or an Individual Education Program (IEP), to still get to be in a general classroom but also get the individualized instruction they need.

Middle school and high school classrooms are set up quite similar. There is one teacher and students transition from one classroom to the next. They do not stay in one classroom all day. These classrooms can have around 20 students. Students may not exactly have the same group of students in each class depending on the students schedule.

Then college classrooms are set up in a lecture hall or auditorium with one teacher, also called a professor. Typically this teacher has a Teacher Assistant (TA), which is a grad student. This person may help administer or grade tests. They can also hold review sessions for college students to come to once or twice a week.

Some other types of classrooms that a middle/high school or college might have are: computer labs for IT lessons, gymnasiums for sports, and science laboratories for biology, chemistry and physics.

Decor and design
The layout, design and decor of the classroom has a significant effect upon the quality of the educational experience.[2] Attention to the acoustics and colour scheme may reduce distractions and aid concentration. The lighting and furniture likewise influence factors such as student attention span.
istorically, relatively few pupil-centric design principles were used in the construction of classrooms. In 19th century Britain, one of the few common considerations was to try and orient new buildings so the class windows faced north as much as possible, while avoiding west or southern facing windows, as in Britain northern light causes less glare.[4] Desks were often arranged in columns and rows, with a teacher's desk at the front, where he or she would stand and lecture the class. Little color was used for fear of distracting the children. In the 1950s and 60s cheap and harsh fluorescent lights were sometimes used, which could cause eyestrain. Research has suggested that optimal use of daylight, acoustics, color selection and even the arrangement of the furniture in the classroom can affect pupils academic success.[citation needed] Georgetown University found that test scores increased by 11% through the improvement of a classroom's physical environment.[5]

In the design of a classroom, desk arrangements are essential to the decor and design of the classroom followed by seating arrangements for the students. Usually classroom desks are arranged in rows or columns, but there are many more ways to arrange the desks, for example making a circle with the desks so that it's more of a group discussion or having the desks in a "U" shape for group discussions and easy access for the teacher. Another common principle is arrangement in 'clusters' or small groups, which usually improves interaction and participation in (small) group-processes. Color is also a big asset to the classroom by realating the colors to the subjects learned in the classroom to help the students learn. Also color helps the atmosphere be fun and exciting and help visual stimulation for the students.

Acoustics
The acoustics of the classroom are very often overlooked, but are an important part of the success of a child. Choosing only materials that cause sound to reverberate, such as tile floors and hard wall surfaces, greatly increases noise levels and can prove detrimental to learning. One study of hyperactive versus control groups of children found that white noise has no impact on either group, but that auditory stimulation such as distant conversations or music has a negative effect on both groups of students. Children with attention deficit disorder scored higher on tests when white noise was being pumped into the classroom than when music was played. The control group of children as well as the hyperactive group of children averaged the same test scores when there was no sound as when white noise was being played.[6]

By utilizing soft surfaces, especially on the floor, the sounds within and outside of the classroom will be diminished, taking away from the distractions facing students and improving not just the test scores of hyperactive children, but those without attention deficit disorder as well. Although carpet is an obvious choice for sound absorption, it may not be suitable for high traffic areas like hallways. In such cases, other sound absorbing materials, such as cork, can be used. The use of sound absorbing ceiling tiles may also be a wise choice for areas where carpet cannot be used for practical purposes.

Color selection
Color theory refers to the psychological effects color has on the human body. Red is said to increase both aggression and appetite, a poor combination for a school's interior. Yellow increases adrenaline levels and is also undesirable for a school setting. Blue, green, and brown create a relaxing and calming environment, which is a positive for the classroom.[7] However, blue also is associated with cold and sadness and elongates the sense of time, which would make a blue classroom tortuous for students (Vodvarka, 1999). Warm colors are often favored by students, making them more alert and increasing brain activity, which helps in increasing test scores. Cool colors had the opposite effect.[8] By balancing warm and cool colors, bright and subdued, a pleasing effect can be achieved that will reduce absenteeism in schools and keep the students focused on what the teacher is saying. Test scores go up when children are not in a stark white environment, which can feel sterile and cold.[9][10]

Furniture arrangement
Furniture is an important aspect because students spend most of their time seated in the classroom. The furniture should be able to move and easy to arrange to allow students to sit in places that are best suited for their learning styles so they can focus on work[11]

Traditionally, classrooms have had one setup: straight rows of desks facing the front of the classroom. The row style allows teachers ample amount of space to walk around.[12] This makes it easier for teachers to supervise the students work and catch any students that may be misbehaving, insuring that students stay focused. Studies have found that the row style also fosters less off topic talking causing the atmosphere to be more conducive to learning.[13] While the row style sounds ideal from a teacher's standpoint it can be damaging to the student's well being. The row style of desk arrangement has been found to cause the students to withdraw.[14]

An alternative to the traditional row style desk pavement is to arrange the desks in groups. Phil Beadle, a UK Secondary Teacher of the Year, believes that it is best to arrange the desks in groups of six desks if at all possible. This allows for the most use out of the desk arrangement as you have the ability to utilize groups of two, three, or six students without moving a single chair.[15] Beadle isn't the only teacher to swear by group desk arrangement; studies have shown that the group desk placement setup produces a greater number of on task actions than any other form of desk placement.[14] The group setup does have one potentially serious negative side effect. Students sitting in group desk placements are more likely to misbehave when the teacher isn't looking, like using iPads that are provided by the school, such as in the Cupertino Union School District.[12] To avoid this the groups of desks should be arranged around the outside of the room giving the teacher plenty of room to walk around and supervise as well as providing room for kinesthetic activities that can be beneficial to the students learning.[15]

The final popular desk arrangement is the circle/semicircle placement. This particular desk setup is growing in popularity due to the numerous positive outcomes it provides. The circle desk arrangement facilitates the flow of ideas by fostering positive group dynamics.[12] When sitting in a circle it is easier for students to not only see who is talking, but to make eye contact with the speaker. Students sitting in a circle arrangement tend to feel more comfortable speaking up and asking questions.[13] This style of desk placement also makes it easier for teachers to control the class, preventing misbehaving and off task comments as it allows them to easily see all the students, and allows all the students to see the teacher.[12] Besides, the type of furniture may play an important role in the learning space. There is a relationship between the ergonomic characteristics of the educational furniture and the number of cognitive errors, as the more ergonomics characteristics of the furniture, the less error. There is also an error percentage reduction using separated chair and desk[16].


Challenges to the classroom
Online learning technologies make it possible for learning to take place at any time, at any place, and at any pace that the learner desires. This is particularly important for adult students who may need to schedule their learning around work and parenting responsibilities.[17] According to the American Society for Training and Development, as of 2014, approximately 25% of employee training hours take place online rather than in a classroom.[18] However, critics argue that even the classroom space is full of distractions in the 21st century since even though access to the online world may be restricted by some institutions, students may find distractions in their physical vicinity and so tend to multitask and divide their attention without focusing on any one task at a time.[19]

The traditional classroom has also been attacked by advocates of various forms of alternative education. Italian educator Maria Montessori wrote that "Stationary desks and chairs [are] proof that the principle of slavery still informs the school"

نجوى قاسم

نجوى قاسم (7 يوليو 1967 - 2 يناير2020-)، إعلامية لبنانية عملت مقدمة برامج سياسية في تلفزيون المستقبل قناة العربية والعربية الحدث حيثُ قدمت البرنامج اليومي «حدث اليوم» و«نهاية الأسبوع»
حياتها
وُلدت في بلدة جون محافظة جبل لبنان، وإنتقلت للعاصمة بيروت مع عائلتها في عمر السنتين حيث ترعرعت فتابعت دراستها هناك ، أكملت دراستها الجامعية في الجامعة اللبنانية ، تخرّجت منها في العام 1993 ونالت شهادة الماجستير فيها لكنها تحولت للعمل الإعلامي لشغفها بالسياسة،لم تتزوج

مشوارها المهني
بدايتها في الإعلام كانت عام 1993 "عبر قناة الجديد" عندما أعلن حاجتة لمذيعين جدد تقدّمت بطلب وتم قبوها حيث عملت هناك لأشهر قليلة إنتقلت بعدها لتكون أول مذيعة تطل عبر تلفزيون المستقبل في العام نفسه ، غطّت أخبار الحروب في أفغانستان والعراق ولبنان؛ وعملت فيه لمدة أحد عشر عامًا قدمت فيه برامج مهمة مختصة بالأسرى اللبنانيين والعرب في السجون الإسرائيلية حيث تابعت هذه القضية بشغف كبير حتى تحرير عدد كبير من هؤلاء الأسرى. كما واجهت العديد من الصعوبات و المحطات الرئيسية لها كإعلامية خلال وذلك في تغطية العديد من الأحداث المهمة محلياً وعالمياً كتغطية الحرب على أفغانستان في العام 2001 كمراسلة حربية كما أنها كانت شاهدة على الغزو الأميركي للعراق في العام 2003 حيث نجت بأعجوبة من الموت بعد تعرّض "فندق فلسطين" للقصف الأميركي. ،إنتقلت إلى قناة العربية في عام 2003 كصحفية ومذيعة رغبةً منها في قناة أكثر تخصصًا في الأخبار السياسية .

نجاتها من تفجير إرهابي في بغداد
في العام 2004 نجت من حادثة تفجير إرهابي استهدف مكتب قناة العربية في بغداد، نهضت من بين الحطام حاملة المايكرفون لتبُث على الهواء وقائع الحادث قبل أن تهرع إلى الشارع لإيقاف السيارات لنقل الجرحى للمستشفيات

ألقابها
حصلت في عام 2006 على جائزة أفضل مذيعة في المهرجان العربي الرابع للإعلام في بيروت. سُمّيت على موقع قناة العربية بـ «قطعة الكريستال» وسمّتها جريدة الرياض السعودية بـ «المراسلة الحربيّة».اختيرت في عام 2011 من بينِ أقوى مائة سيدة في العالم العربي من قبل مجلة أريبيان بزنس؛ وحصلت في العام الموالي على جائزة مؤسسة مي شدياق للإبداع التلفزيوني
وفاتها
أأعلن مالك الروقي مدير أخبار قناة إم بي سي عن وفاتها في الثاني من كانون الثاني/يناير 2020، بسبب سكتة قلبية وذلك عبرَ تغريدةٍ نشرها على حسابهِ الرسمي في موقع التدوينات المُصغّر تويتر.

آخر ما كتبته ، كان خلال الاحتفال برأس السنة الجديدة في دبي ، قائلة :

««يا رب عام خير على الجميع يا رب يا رب.. يا رب احفظ بلادنا، وعينك على لبنان»»

ردود الفعل على وفاتها
الرئيس سعد الحريري "صدمة حقيقية ومحزنة، أن ترحل نجوى قاسم في عز العطاء والشباب. رافقت مشوار تلفزيون المستقبل منذ تأسيسه وسطعت على شاشته نجمة متألقة، قبل أن تنتقل إلى دبي حيث تابعت التفوق والنجاح. خسارة لنا وللإعلام اللبناني العربي. رحم الله نجوى قاسم وأحر التعازي لأسرتها وأسرة العربية – الحدث".
سفير السعودية في الإمارات، تركي الدخيل: "وداعاً للصديقة الغالية الأستاذة نجوى_قاسم... وداعاً سيدة الأخلاق والأدب والمهنية والاحترافية... وداعاً صديقة الجميع... رحمة الله عليك رحمة واسعة... إنا لله وإنا إليه راجعون".
الوزيرة مي شدياق"صُعقت بالخبر المؤلم مع مطلع العام الجديد ماذا حصل! أنا عاجزة عن إيقاف دموعي! لقد بكيت كثيراً! أنت صديقة وفية، إعلامية لامعة!".
أحمد رمضان، رئيس حركة العمل الوطني من أجل سوريا "رحم الله الزميلة نجوي_قاسم الإعلامية الماهرة وصاحبة الحضور المميز، والبصمة الهامة في الإعلام العربي. العزاء لعائلتها، وأسرتها الإعلامية الكبيرة، والزملاء في العربية و الحدث، وألهمهم الصبر. سنفتقدك كثيراً يا نجوى الرحمة لك والعزاء لمحبيك".
الإعلامي مصطفى الآغا "بداية حزينة لعالم 2020 وخبر وفاة الزميلة نجوي قاسم بذبحة قلبية حسبما سمعنا ... خالص العزاء لأسرتها وزملاء مهنتها الذين تأثروا جداً برحيلها المفاجئ".
زاهي وهبي "خبرٌ مباغتٌ ومحزنٌ في مطلع العام الجديد. وداعًا نجوى قاسم زميلة المهنة والبدايات والمتاعب ومشقّات الحياة، لروحها الرحمة والمغفرة والسلام".
الإعلامي محمد أبو عبيد : "وآخر نجواها أن ترجو للناس عاما ملؤه الخير، وأن تسأل رب العباد أن يحفظ البلاد، ووطنها في العام الجديد 2020. كأنها قدمت وصيتها كي ترحل وقلبها منشغل ببلدها. ترحلين جسدا وروحك باقية فينا كم أذعت من الأخبار وتنهين المسيرة بأنك الخبر الفاجع. رحمك الله نجوي قاسم إنا على فراقك لمحزونون".
الإعلامي السعودي، مفيد النويصر "رحم الله قطعة الكريستال الأستاذة نجوى قاسم، الزميلة في قناة العربية، كانت صحافية ومراسلة حربية من طراز رفيع، إذ غطت أخبار الحروب بأفغانستان والعراق ولبنان.. وواجهت أحداث تفجير مكتب العربية ببغداد 2004 ولم يمنعها هذا الحادث أن تواصل تغطيتها ثم تركض للشارع لتسعف الجرحى".
الإعلامية ديانا مقلد، في تغريدة على حسابها عبر "تويتر" قاسم، مشيرةً، الى أنّ "نجوى رفيقة البدايات في التسعينيات، سكت قلبها في منزلها في دبي "نجوى إعلامية مكافحة كانت تعطي بسخاء وكرست حياتها كلها لعائلتها ومحبيها وكانت متفانية في عملها حتى اللحظة الأخيرة خبر حزين جدًا وصادم جدًا جدًا".
الفنانة اللبنانية، نجوى كرم "الله يرحم الإعلامية نجوى قاسم وتكون روحها في السماء".
الفنانة اللبنانية إليسا وقالت "شو محزن هالخبر مع بداية السنة الجديدة. نجوى قاسم كان العمر قدامها طويلا وكان عندها كتير لتقدمو بمشوارها بعد. الله يرحمها ويصبّر عيلتها عا هالمأساة. الموت حق وربنا يصبرن".

ماليكا أرورا

ماليكا أرورا (بالإنجليزية: Malaika Arora) (ولدت في 23 أغسطس سنة 1973) هي عارضة أزياء هندية وممثلة في بوليوود
نشأتها
ولدت ماليكا في مومباي لأم مالايالمية، هي جويس بوليكارب ،وأب بنجابي ،هو انيل أرورا. وقد عمل والدها في البحرية التجارية. وأختها الصغرى، أمريتا أرورا هي ممثلة في بوليوود.

وأنهت صفها العاشر من مدرسة سوامي فيفيكاناند شيمبور (مومباي). وكانت خالتها جريس بوليكارب مديرة المدرسة.وهي أيضا من خريجي الصليب المقدس في مدرسة ثانوية ثينمدرسة الصليب المقدس0} حيث درست هناك حتى الصف التاسع. وعاشت في مجتمع بورلا، بخلاف بسنت اسلكي قبل عملها بمهنة عارضة الازياء.

حياتها المهنية
وقد تم اختيار ماليكا كأحد الفنانات الاستعراضيات، عندما بدأت قناة " إم تي في " عملها في الهند. ثم ارتقت لتعمل كمحاورة على ام.تى.في الهندية، لتصبح أشهر ممثلة، وعارضة ازياء في الهند.

وقد اسندت إليها ال"ام.تى.في" عندما اكتشفت إمكانياتها أدوارا هامة مع سايروس بروتشا في البرنامج الشهير "لف لاين اند ستايل تشيك" ، في احتفالات "اوورد" والحفلات الموسيقية على القناة تلفزيونية. ثم دخلت بعد ذلك إلى عالم الأزياء. وعملها كاعارضة ازياء كان على نفس مستوى النجاح.

وقد ظهرت ماليكا في العديد من الإعلانات، وكذلك في سلسلة من الرقص والغناء، مثل شيايا شيايا في فيلم ديل سي وماهى في في كانتى ، وحصلت فيه على لقب، قنبلة الجنس. ومنذ ذلك الحين وهى تركز على مهنتها كاعارضة ازياء.

في عام 2005، قامت بمجموعة رقصات، كال دامال في فيلم كال . وأيضا قامت مؤخرا باستعراض ماهيش بابو لـالتيلوجو فيلم. وفي عام 2007، قامت بأداء أغنية فيلم هيى بيبى إخراج ساجد خان وأغنية أخرى معروفة لـأوم شانتي أوم التي أخرجتهافرح خان وهي شقيقة ساجد.

حياتها الشخصية
هي زوجة فنان بوليوود ارباز خان الذي قابلته أثناء تبادل لإطلاق النار باعلان قهوة. وانجبا ابنا "ارهان". وشقيقتها الممثلة أمريتا أرورا، واصهارها أيضا ممثلين، سلمان خان وسهيل خان. وأبو زوجها هو كاتب السيناريو الشهير السيد "سليم خان".

وقد قال ارباز في مقابلة شخصية "انها توازن بين عملها وبيتها وطفلها بشكل جميل". كما قالت أمريتا في برنامج كوفى الشهير مع كاران انها لا تعرف أحدا في بوليوود قد حافظ على رشاقته، كماليكا، حتى بعد انجابها.
ناتش بيلى
كما ظهرت ماليكا في البرنامج التلفزيوني ناتش بيلى بوصفها أحد الحكام الثلاثة وأذيع البرنامج على الهواء على ستار وان في منتصف 2005، واستمرت في منصب الحاكم في ناتش بيلى 2 الذي بدأ بثه على الهواء في الربع الأخير من عام 2006. وفي ذلك أيضا، قدمت العديد من الاستعراضات كنموذج لجميع المتسابقين.

زارا ناتشك ديكا
كما حكمت ماليكا في برنامج زارا ناتشك ديكا كحكم مع الممثل الهندي شانكى باندي.