كاميرون دياز

كاميرون ميشيل دياز (بالإنجليزية: Cameron Michelle Diaz) (مواليد 30 أغسطس 1972 –) المعروفة باسمها الفني كاميرون دياز (بالإنجليزية: Cameron Diaz) هي ممثلة، وكاتبة، وعارضة سابقة أمريكية. ولدت في سان دييغو، ولاية كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة. انطلقت شهرتها مع بداية التسعينات عندما ظهرت في أفلام ناجحة تجاريا مثل: القناع (1994)، وهناك شيء ما عن ماري (1998). ترشحت أربع مرات لجائزة الغولدن غلوب، وفازت بـ18 جائزة أخري.

نشأتها
ولدت دياز في 30 أغسطس 1972، في سان دييغو، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة. نشأت في عائلة من أصل كوبي، وتعتبر من الجيل الثالث، حيث أن جدها جاء من كوبا للعيش في الولايات المتحدة، ومع ذلك فهي لا تستطيع التحدث بالإسبانية. والدها هو "إيميلو دياز"، وكان يعمل رئيس عمال للشركة النفطية بكاليفورنيا مؤسسة يونوكال، وكان يتمنّى أن ينجب صبيانا، فوضعت زوجته أولا بنتا، وهي أختها الأكبر "شيمين دياز"، ثم وضعت بنتا أخري، وهي كاميرون قبل أن تعلن الأم أنها لا تود المزيد من الأولاد. والدتها أمريكية من أصول إنجليزية-ألمانية. غادرت منزل والديها منذ أن كانت بسن الـ16 من عمرها لتتابع مهنتها كعارضة أزياء، ولمدة خمس سنوات تنقلت حول العالم في بلدان مختلفة كاليابان، وأستراليا، والمكسيك، والمغرب حتي عادت لموطنها بسن الـ21 عندما حصلت علي أول دور لها بفيلم القناع أمام الممثل جيم كاري عام 1994.

المسيرة المهنية
بدأت دياز مشوارها الفني كعارضة أزياء لم تحظي بأي دور في السينما من قبل ولا أي تجربة تمثيلية من أي نوع، وربما كانت بطولتها ونجاحها في فيلم القناع هو أسرع نجاح لممثلة في السينما الأمريكية. ولقد اعتبرها الناقد الأمريكي روجر إيبرت اكتشافا مذهلا آنذاك؛ واصفا إياها بصاحبة الجمال الفاتن والابتسامة الساحرة، وامتدح حس الكوميديا لديها. إلا أن كاميرون لم تدع الفرصة تتسلل من يديها، وعرفت كيف تستفيد منها بخطوات سريعة منتقلة من فيلم إلي فيلم، وبل إلي أربعة أفلام أحيانا في عام واحد. وقد جني الفيلم في شباك التذاكر أكثر من 100 مليون دولار أمريكي.


دياز في مهرجان تورونتو السينمائي الدولي لعام 2005.
في العام التالي مثلت دور البطولة في الفيلم الدرامي العشاء الأخير. أما في عام 1996 مثلت دور البطولة في فيلم رئيس فوق الماء. وفي عام 1997 مثلت دور البطولة في فيلم حياة أقل عادية بجانب الممثل الأمريكي إيوان مكريغور. وفي عام 1999 مثلت دور البطولة في فيلم فرص أيام الأحد.


دياز في يونيو 2007.
قالت دياز عن تمثيلها في العديد من الأفلام:

   كاميرون دياز أنا لم أفعل هذا كله من أجل المال. سأظل دائما أفعل كل ما يرتاح له قلبي، وإذا كان هذا يعني الحصول علي أموال لذلك أو لا. لا يهم. سأفعله إذا كان يعني شيئا بالنسبة لي وأريد أن أكون جزءا منه.    كاميرون دياز

دياز أثناء استلامها نجمتها في ممر الشهرة في هوليوود في يونيو 2009.
مثلت دياز أيضا في فيلم زواج أعز صديق أمام الممثلة الأمريكية جوليا روبرتس عام 1997. ثم أقدمت علي ثاني أكبر إنجاز لها في ذلك الوقت، وهو دور البطولة أمام الممثل الكوميدي بن ستيلر في فيلم هناك شيء ما عن ماري، والذي حقق مكاسب طائلة في شباك التذاكر، وتمكنت من خلال هذا الفيلم وباقي أفلامها في التسعينات من أن تكون الأنثي المفضلة لجمهور السينما آنذاك، وقد فازت كاميرون دياز بجائزة السفعة الذهبية عن دورها في هذا الفيلم.


دياز في مؤتمر صحفي في باريس لفيلمها فارس ويوم في بوردو في يوليو 2010.
تخلت دياز عن شعرها الأصفر لتتحول من شقراء فاتنة إلي ممثلة في أحد أنجح الأفلام في التسعينات، وهو رائعة المخرج سبايك جونز وفيلم الخيال والكوميديا الذي حمل اسم الممثل جون مالكوفيتش، والذي كتب السيناريو له الكاتب الشهير تشارلي كوفمان، وقد أدت دياز في الفيلم دور زوجة جون كيوزاك المهووسة بالحيوانات، ولم تكن دياز بطلة الفيلم إنما كانت ممثلة مساعدة، ورغم ذلك إلا أنه من أهم الأدوار التي قامت بها في مشوارها الفني.

الحياة الشخصية
خلال حياتها في دائرة الأضواء والشهرة واعدت دياز مشاهير من طبقات مختلفة. واعدت في البداية مات ديلون عام 1995، واستمرت العلاقة بينهما لمدة ثلاث سنوات، وانفصلا بعد تصوير فيلمهما المشترك هناك شيء ما عن ماري. بعد سنة من الانفصال صرح ديلون أن علاقتهما لم تنجح لأنه لم يكن مستعد للاستقرار، ويقول أن دياز كانت إلهام له في السنوات الأخيرة.

في عام 1999 واعدت دياز جاريد ليتو. العلاقة بين الاثنين كانت جدية، واستطاعا أن يبقياها خارج دائرة الأضواء والشهرة. إلا أنه بعد نجاح مهنة دياز كممثلة، وانشغال ليتو بفرقته "30 سكوندز تو مارس" قرر الاثنان الانفصال عام 2003.

لم تنتظر كاميرون طويلا، وواعدت جاستن تمبرليك. الاثنان تواعدا لثلاث سنوات، وكانت علاقتهما هي الأشهر، وكان جاستن يواعد قبلها بريتني سبيرز، وأليسا ميلانو. خلال وجودهم مع بعض أقامت دياز دعوي ضد "صحيفة ناشونال إينكويرر" بعد أن نشرت الصحيفة خبر أن جاستن كان يخونها.

في عام 2007 شوهدت دياز مع كريس إينجل في أكثر من موعد في لاس فيغاس، إلا أنها انفصلت عنه بعد دراما الطلاق بينه وبين زوجته.

وكانت دياز تواعد لاعب البيسبول أليكس رودريجيز، وكانت هناك إشاعات ترددت في بداية عام 2010 عن علاقتهما بعد انفصال أليكس عن الممثلة كيت هدسون، وفي شهر يوليو 2010 تم التأكيد علي أن الاثنين بالفعل في علاقة رومانسية وما زالا معا خلافا لكل ما نُشر عن انفصالهما، وانفصلا في يونيو 2011.

حاليا دياز متزوجة من بينغي مادن بعد 3 أشهر من الخطوبة.

توفي والد دياز عام 2008 بعد معاناة من مرض سرطان الكبد.

الجوائز
الترشيحات لجائزة الغولدن غلوب

دياز في حفل توزيع جوائز اختيار المراهقين لعام 2011.
أفضل ممثلة - فيلم موسيقي أو كوميدي عام 1999 علي عمل فيلم هناك شيء ما عن ماري.
أفضل ممثلة مساعدة - فيلم عام 2000 علي فيلم أن تكون جون مالكوفيتش، وعام 2002 علي فيلم سماء الفانيلا، وعام 2003 علي فيلم عصابات نيويورك.

Cameron Diaz

Cameron Michelle Diaz (born August 30, 1972) is an American actress, writer and former model. She has frequently appeared in comedies throughout her career, while also earning critical recognition in dramatic films. Her accolades include four Golden Globe Award nominations, three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, and a New York Film Critics Award. In 2013, she was named the highest-paid actress over 40 in Hollywood.[2] As of 2018, the U.S. domestic box office grosses of Diaz's films total over US$3 billion, with worldwide grosses surpassing US$7 billion, making her the fifth highest-grossing U.S. domestic box office actress.[3]

Born in San Diego, California, Diaz was raised in Long Beach. While still in high school, she signed a modeling contract with Elite Model Management. She made her film debut at age 21 opposite Jim Carrey in the comedy The Mask (1994). She was subsequently cast in a supporting role in My Best Friend's Wedding (1997) before appearing as the titular Mary in the Farrelly brothers' hit comedy There's Something About Mary (1998), which brought her increased fame and a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical. Her following two projects—the sports drama Any Given Sunday, and Spike Jonze's surrealist fantasy Being John Malkovich (both 1999)—lent Diaz a reputation as a dramatic actress, the latter earning her her second Golden Globe nomination.

Diaz earned a third Golden Globe nomination for her supporting role in Vanilla Sky (2001), and appeared in numerous high-profile films in the early 2000s, including Charlie's Angels (2000) and its sequel Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003), as well as voicing the character of Princess Fiona in the Shrek series (2001–2010). In 2003, she was cast in Martin Scorsese's period epic Gangs of New York, for which she earned her fourth Golden Globe nomination. Her subsequent films included the dramatic comedies In Her Shoes (2005) and The Holiday (2006), and the psychological thriller The Box (2009). Diaz appeared in a supporting role in The Green Hornet in 2011, followed by starring roles in the comedies Bad Teacher (2011) and The Other Woman (2014).

After appearing in Will Gluck's 2014 film adaptation of Annie, Diaz confirmed she was formally retiring from acting. Diaz is the author of two health books: The Body Book (2013), a New York Times bestseller, and The Longevity Book (2016).
Life and career
1972–1993: Early life and modeling
Cameron Michelle Diaz was born August 30, 1972,[4] in San Diego, California to Billie (née Early), an import/export agent, and Emilio Diaz (d. 2008),[5] a foreman of the California oil company Unocal.[6][7] Diaz has an elder sister, Chimene.[6] Her father's family is Cuban, and Diaz's ancestors had originally moved from Spain to Cuba. Later they settled in Ybor City, Tampa, before moving to California, where her father was born.[8][9] Her mother has predominantly English and German ancestry.[10][11]

Diaz was raised in Long Beach[7] and attended Los Cerritos Elementary School, and then Long Beach Polytechnic High School,[12] where she was a classmate of Snoop Dogg.[13] She recalled her upbringing as frugal, stating: "I had amazing parents, they were awesome. We weren't privileged—very much the opposite. My family would collect [soda] cans to turn in for extra money, because $20 meant something to us. But we were very happy."[14]

While still attending high school, Diaz signed a modeling contract with Elite Model Management at age 16,[15] and appeared in advertisements for Calvin Klein and Levi's.[16] The following year, at age 17, she was featured on the cover of the July 1990 issue of Seventeen magazine.[15] Diaz also modeled for 2 to 3 months in Australia and shot a commercial for Coca-Cola in Sydney in 1991.[17][18][19]

In 1992, at age 19, she was photographed and videotaped topless for an S&M leather fashion lingerie editorial by John Rutter, photographer, and Clifford Wright, as producer for an editorial for Max Magazine Italy.[20][21][22][23][24] They were never released. Rutter approached Diaz in 2003, ahead of the release of Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, offering to sell the pictures and video to her for $3.5 million before attempting to sell them to prospective buyers. He stated that he was offering her first right of refusal to them; she saw it as attempted blackmail and sued him.[22][23][24] In July 2004 the 30-minute video of the photo shoot, entitled She's No Angel, was released on a Russian website.[25][26][27][28] Rutter denied releasing it.[29] On July 26, 2005, Rutter was convicted of attempted grand theft, forgery, and perjury.[22][23] On September 16, 2005, Rutter was sentenced to more than three years in prison.[24]

1994–1998: Film debut and rise
At the age of 21, Diaz auditioned for The Mask playing a jazz singer named Tina Carlyle,[30] based on the recommendation of an agent for Elite, who met the film's producers while they were searching for the lead actress. Having no previous acting experience, she started acting lessons after being cast. The Mask became one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1994[31] and launched Diaz as a sex symbol.[32][33] During this period, Diaz dated video producer Carlos de la Torre.[34]

Diaz subsequently starred in the independent black comedy The Last Supper (1995), playing one of several liberal graduate students who invite a group of extremist conservatives to a dinner to murder them.[35] Roger Ebert deemed the film "a brave effort in a timid time, a Swiftian attempt to slap us all in the face and get us to admit that our own freedoms depend precisely on those of our neighbors, our opponents and, yes, our enemies."[36] She then had a lead role as an ex-stripper in the dramatic comedy Feeling Minnesota (1996), in which she co-starred opposite Keanu Reeves, Vincent D'Onofrio, and Courtney Love.[37] Emanuel Levy of Variety noted: "Sadly, with the notable exception of the attractive Diaz, who's well cast as the sexual aggressor and romantic manipulator, there are no exciting performances in the film."[37] The same year, she was cast opposite Jennifer Aniston in the Edward Burns-directed comedy She's the One (1996),[38] followed by a starring role in Head Above Water (1996), a crime-comedy in which she played an unfaithful wife implicated in her ex-lover's murder.[39]

She was scheduled to perform in the film Mortal Kombat, but had to resign after breaking her hand while training for the role.[40] Besides a starring part in the little-seen A Life Less Ordinary, Diaz returned to mainstream in 1997 with the romantic comedy My Best Friend's Wedding. In it, she starred opposite Julia Roberts, playing the wealthy fiancée of a sportswriter who is the long-time friend of Roberts' character. The film was a global box-office hit[41] and is considered as one of the best romantic comedy films of all time.[42][43]

In 1998 Diaz starred in There's Something About Mary, as the titular role of a woman living in Miami having several men vying for her affections. It was remarked in The Austin Chronicle:

“ As the Mary at the center of it all, Diaz certainly exudes that irresistible "something" expressed in the title. In films such as My Best Friend's Wedding and A Life Less Ordinary, Diaz has shown herself to be a good comic sport who is game for just about anything. Here, it's no stretch to understand why, at the end of the movie, some half-dozen suitors have converged in her living room to throw themselves at her feet.[44] ”
The sleeper hit was the highest-grossing comedy of 1998 in North America as well as the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year; it made US$176 million in the United States and US$369 million worldwide.[45] She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in the category of Best Actress – Musical or Comedy.[46] Diaz also starred in the critically panned comedy Very Bad Things (1998).

After appearing in There's Something About Mary, Diaz briefly dated her co-star Matt Dillon.[47] The following year, she began a four-year relationship with actor Jared Leto,[48] which ended in 2003.[34]

1999–2004: Dramatic roles and critical success
She starred in Spike Jonze's directorial debut Being John Malkovich (1999), portraying the pet-obsessed wife of an unemployed puppeteer who, through a portal, finds himself in the mind of actor John Malkovich. The film received widespread acclaim and was an arthouse success.[49] Janet Maslin of The New York Times concluded that Diaz "does a hilarious turn" in her "frumpy wife" role,[50] and Roger Ebert felt that the actress, "one of the best-looking women in movies, [...] here looks so dowdy we hardly recognize her [...] Diaz has fun with her talent by taking it incognito to strange places and making it work for a living".[51] For her role, Diaz earned Best Supporting Actress nominations at the Golden Globe, BAFTA, and SAG Awards. Her next film release in 1999 was Oliver Stone's sports drama Any Given Sunday, where she played a young team owner who a veteran coach (Al Pacino) has fallen out of favor with. While critical response was mixed, the film made US$100 million globally.[52]

In the film adaptation Charlie's Angels (2000), Diaz, Drew Barrymore and Lucy Liu played the trio of investigators in Los Angeles. The film was one of the highest-grossing films of the year, grossing US$264.1 million.[53] In 2001, Diaz starred in the Sundance-premiered independent drama The Invisible Circus, as a young woman who commits suicide in Europe in the 1970s, and next in the year, she appeared in Vanilla Sky, as the former lover of a self-indulgent and vain publishing magnate (Tom Cruise). A wide critical response and commercial success greeted Vanilla Sky upon its release; Los Angeles Times called her "compelling as the embodiment of crazed sensuality"[54] and The New York Times said she gives a "ferociously emotional" performance. San Francisco Chronicle similarly stated of the film, "most impressive is Cameron Diaz, whose fatal-attraction stalker is both heartbreaking and terrifying."[55] She earned nominations for Best Supporting Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, the SAG Awards, the Critics' Choice Awards, and the American Film Institute Awards for her performance in the film.

Also in 2001, she voiced Princess Fiona in the animated film Shrek.[56] In the film, her character is plagued by a curse that transforms her into an ogress each and every sunset. Locked in a dragon-guarded castle for several years, she is rescued by the title character, whom she later comes to love. The film was a major commercial success, grossing US$484.4 million worldwide.[57] In 2002, Diaz headlined the romantic comedy The Sweetest Thing, playing a single woman educating herself on wooing the opposite sex when she finally meets the man of her dreams. The film was a moderate commercial success with a global gross of US$68.6 million.
After completing Shrek, Diaz starred in Martin Scorsese's epic period drama Gangs of New York, set in the mid-19th century in the Five Points district of New York City; she took on the role of a pickpocket-grifter and the love interest of Leonardo DiCaprio's character. The film received positive reviews by critics and was a box office success, grossed a total of US$193 million worldwide.[59][60] A. O. Scott of The New York Times, agreeing with other top critics on co-star Daniel Day Lewis's presence overshadowing Diaz and DiCaprio,[61][62] felt that the actress "ends up with no outlet for her spitfire energies, since her character is more a structural necessity — the linchpin of male jealousy — than a fully imagined person. The limitations of her role point to a more serious lapse, which is the movie's lack of curiosity about what women's lives might have been like in Old New York".[63] Diaz next reprised her roles in the commercially successful sequels Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003), and Shrek 2 (2004). Beginning in 2003, it was reported that Diaz began dating singer and actor Justin Timberlake.[64]

2005–2011: Return to comedies
Diaz received substantial defamation damages from suing American Media Incorporated, after the National Enquirer posted an article and pictures with the headline "Cameron Caught Cheating" on their website in May 2005.[65] The photos claimed to show Diaz cheating on her boyfriend of the time, Timberlake, with the married MTV producer of her show Trippin', Shane Nickerson.[65][66] After Diaz complained, the article and pictures were removed from the web and the hard copy did not contain any of the content. The magazine apologized to Diaz, Timberlake, Nickerson and his wife for the distress caused and said the story was untrue and the picture showed no more than a goodbye hug between friends.
In her following film, Diaz played opposite Toni Collette and Shirley MacLaine in In Her Shoes (2005), a comedy-drama film based on the novel of the same name by Jennifer Weiner, which focuses on the relationship between two sisters and their grandmother. The film received generally positive reviews from critics,[67] and Diaz garnered acclaim for her performance of a dyslectic wild child engaged in a love-hate struggle with her plain, sensible sister (Collette), with USA Today calling it "her best work" at the time.[68] She followed In Her Shoes with a role in Nancy Meyers' romantic comedy The Holiday (2006), also starring Kate Winslet, Jude Law and Jack Black. In it she played Amanda, an American movie trailer producer who arranges a home exchange with a British woman (Winslet). The film became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year, grossing more than US$205 million worldwide.
In January 2007 it was reported that Diaz and Timberlake had separated after four years together.[64] Diaz's only film of 2007 was Shrek the Third, the third installment in the Shrek franchise, which also featured Timberlake in a supporting role. Although the film was met with mixed reviews from critics,[70] it grossed US$798 million worldwide.[71] The same year, Diaz also voiced Princess Fiona in a thirty-minute Christmas special, directed by Gary Trousdale.[72] Diaz earned an estimated US$50 million during the period of a year ending June 2008, for her roles in the Shrek sequel and her next film What Happens in Vegas opposite Ashton Kutcher.[73][74] A romantic comedy by Tom Vaughan, Diaz and Kutcher portrayed two strangers who awaken together to discover they have gotten married following a night in which they won a huge jackpot after playing the other's quarter. Critic reviews were negative but the film still grossed US$219 million with a budget of US$35 million.[75][76]

In 2009 she starred in My Sister's Keeper and The Box. Based on Jodi Picoult's novel of the same name,[77] My Sister's Keeper was released to mixed reviews in June 2009.[78] In the drama, Diaz plays a former lawyer and mother of three, one of whom is dying of leukemia. A moderate commercial success, it grossed US$95 million worldwide, mostly from its domestic run.[79] Set in 1976, The Box, written and directed by Richard Kelly, stars Diaz and James Marsden as a couple who receive a box from a mysterious man who offers them one million dollars if they press the button sealed within the dome on top of a box, knowing that someone, somewhere, will die from it.[80] Critical response towards the psychological horror film was mixed,[81] and, though having grossed its budget back, was considered a financial disappointment
In 2010 Forbes ranked Diaz as the richest female celebrity, ranking her number 60 among the wealthiest 100.[83][84] Also that year, Diaz reprised her voice role of Princess Fiona in Shrek Forever After, the fourth installment in the Shrek series. Although the film opened to mixed reviews from critics, it grossed a worldwide total of over US$752 million and became the fifth top-grossing films released that year.[85] Also in 2010, Diaz reunited with her Vanilla Sky co-star Tom Cruise in the action comedy film Knight and Day. In it, Diaz plays a classic car restorer who unwittingly gets caught up with the eccentric secret agent Roy Miller, played by Cruise, who is on the run from the Secret Service. Knight and Day received mixed reviews,[86] and while the comedy performed poorly at the box office in its debut, it became a sleeper hit at the box office with a worldwide gross of US$262 million.[87] Beginning in May 2010, Diaz began dating former New York Yankees player Alex Rodriguez.[88] Their relationship ended in September 2011.[88]

In 2011 Diaz was cast as Lenore Case, a journalist, in the remake of the 1940s film The Green Hornet. Directed by Michel Gondry, Diaz starred alongside Seth Rogen, Jay Chou, and Christoph Waltz in the superhero action comedy film. Released to mixed to negative reviews from critics, who called it an "overblown, interminable and unfunny update",[89] the film ended its theatrical run on April 21, 2011, with a worldwide gross total of US$228 million.[87] The same year, she played opposite Justin Timberlake and Jason Segel in Jake Kasdan's adult comedy Bad Teacher. In the film, Diaz plays an immoral, gold-digging Chicago-area middle school teacher at the fictional John Adams Middle School who curses at her students, drinks heavily, and smokes marijuana. Again, it received mostly negative reviews from critics who felt that "in spite of a promising concept and a charmingly brazen performance from Diaz, Bad Teacher is never as funny as it should be."[90] A commercial hit however, the R-rated comedy grossed US$216 million worldwide.[91] Also in 2011, Diaz was listed among CEOWorld Magazine's Top Accomplished Women Entertainers.[92]

2012–2016: Later roles and retirement from acting
In 2012 Diaz was cast in What to Expect When You're Expecting, directed by Kirk Jones and based on the pregnancy guide of the same name.[93] Diaz, who filmed her scenes in a two-week period, portrays Jules Baxer, a contestant on a celebrity dance show and a host to a weight-loss fitness show, who becomes pregnant with her dance partner's baby.[94] Upon release, the ensemble comedy received mostly negative reviews, but became a moderate commercial success with a worldwide gross of US$84.4 million.[95][96] Diaz's other film that year was Gambit, a remake of the 1966 film of the same name directed by Michael Hoffman and scripted by Joel and Ethan Coen. The film received overwhelmingly negative reviews,[97] and performed poorly at the box office, grossing only US$10 million internationally.[98] Diaz also voiced Sigmund Freud in A Liar's Autobiography (2012), a British animated comedy film that is a (deliberately) completely inaccurate portrayal[99] of the life of Monty Python alumnus Graham Chapman
Diaz's only film project of 2013 was Ridley Scott's The Counselor, co-starring Michael Fassbender, Javier Bardem, Penélope Cruz and Brad Pitt. In the thriller about greed, death, the primal instincts of humans and their consequences, Diaz plays a pathological liar and a sociopath, an immigrant who is now living the high-life after escaping a sordid past as an exotic dancer. While the film's reception was negative, her performance was praised as one of her best in recent years.[100]

Diaz's first film of 2014 was the romantic revenge comedy The Other Woman opposite Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Leslie Mann and Kate Upton. While The Other Woman received mostly negative reviews from critics, who felt that it settled for cheap laughs,[101] it opened atop the US weekend box office with earnings of US$24.7 million across the three days;[102] it eventually made US$83.9 million in North America and US$196.7 million globally.[103]

Her next film release in 2014 was the comedy Sex Tape, in which she starred with Jason Segel as a married couple waking up to discover that a sex tape they had made went missing, leading to a frantic search for its whereabouts. Although the negative-reviewed film "flopped" at the domestic box office,[104] it ultimately became a moderate commercial success with a worldwide gross of US$126 million.[105] The role required Diaz to perform multiple scenes of nudity. On her decision to appear nude, Diaz said: "People have seen my butt. I've shown the top of my butt, the bottom of my butt. I'm not opposed to doing nudity, as long as it's part of the story. I'll do whatever has to get done if it's the right thing."[106] Her last 2014 release was the film adaptation Annie, co-starring Quvenzhané Wallis, Jamie Foxx and Rose Byrne. She took on the role of Miss Colleen Hannigan, the cruel control freak of the foster home where the titular character resides.[107] Upon its December premiere, Annie made US$133 million worldwide, with Diaz's performance garnering polarized reviews; critics praising her effort, but ultimately calling it too "vampy",[108] as well as "strident and obnoxious".[109] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone says that she "overacts the role to the point of hysteria".[110] Diaz took a hiatus from film acting after the release of Annie, stating in July 2017 that she was tired of traveling for filming,[111] and confirmed the following March that she had retired from acting.[112]

In late 2013 she published a health book, The Body Book: Feed, Move, Understand and Love Your Amazing Body, co-written with Sandra Bark.[113] It was no. 2 on The New York Times Best Seller list in March 2014.[114] She then released The Longevity Book: The Science of Aging, the Biology of Strength, and the Privilege of Time in June 2016.[115][116][117] She has since invested in health and biotech startups, including Seed Health and Modern Acupuncture.[118][119][120][121]

Personal life
Diaz's father died of liver cancer in 2008. She married musician Benji Madden at her home in Beverly Hills, California, on January 5, 2015, in a Jewish ceremony.[122] It took place after an approximately three-month engagement[123] she stated on broadcast host Andy Cohen's Sirius radio program, "Town Hall with Cameron Diaz" in 2018, having been introduced seven months earlier by her close friend and now sister-in-law, Nicole Richie.[124]. On January 3, 2020, Cameron and Benji announced the birth of their daughter, Raddix Madden.[125]

Activism
Diaz publicly endorsed Al Gore during the 2000 presidential election. Known for her environmental activism, she was an early adopter of the Toyota Prius hybrid and worked to promote Gore's Live Earth campaign, raising awareness of climate change.[126] Diaz wore a T-shirt that read "I won't vote for a son of a Bush!" while making publicity visits for Charlie's Angels.[127]

Diaz has been involved with the Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA), the first and largest non-profit organization for veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and has spoken as an advocate for military families

كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي

كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي لكرة القدم (FA Cup) هو البطولة الرسمية الثانية لأندية كرة القدم الإنجليزية بعد الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز، يشرف على البطولة الاتحاد الإنجليزي لكرة القدم. بطولة كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي هي أقدم بطولة رسمية في تاريخ كرة القدم إذ يعود تاريخ انطلاقها للعام 1871 أي قبل سنة واحدة من انطلاقة بطولة كأس أسكتلندا. بصفتها بطولة تجمع أغلب الأندية الإنجليزية فإن البطولة تشهد الكثير من المفاجآت من قبل بعض الأندية الصغيرة بفوزها على أندية ذات تاريخ في لعبة كرة القدم.

في اجتماع عقد في 20 يوليو من العام 1871م في مكتب الرياضة في لندن اقترح الامين الفخري تشارلز ألكوك على رابطة الاتحاد الإنجليزي على استحداث كأس التحدي تشارك فيه جميع انديه الرابطة ودعوتهم للتنافس من اجل الحصول على الكأس وتمت الموافقة على الاقتراح واعلن عن بدء أول نسخه من البطولة بعد ثلاث أشهر. أقيمت أول بطولة في العام 1871-1872 م وتشارك في هذه البطولة جميع درجات الدوري في انجلترا, وشاركت في تلك النسخة 15 فريق كانت تنتمي إلى الرابطة الإنجليزية و 700 رياضي شاركوا في تلك المناسبة. وكان بطل أول نسخه من الكأس فريق واندرورز حين فاز على فريق رويال انجنيرز بنتيجه 1-0, واعلن عن اسمه كأول فريق يحرز لقب الكأس.

حامل اللقب الحالي هو نادي مانشستر سيتي، بعدما استطاع التغلب على نادي واتفورد في المباراة النهائية بنتيجة 6-0 في 18 مايو 2019.
نظام البطولة
نظام البطولة مبني على خروج المغلوب مع كل جولة من جولات البطولة ولا تحدد المواعيد حتى يتأكد صعود كل الفرق للدور التالي من البطولة، تلعب المباراة كأي مباراة عاديه ولكن من الممكن ان تعاد مره اخرى اذا انتهت بالتعادل الإيجابي او السلبي حيث تلعب في ارض الفريق الخصم واذا انتهت بالتعادل يتم اللجوء إلى ركلات الجزاء لحسم التأهل. هناك بعض المباريات التي اعيدت 6 مرات متتالية وذلك في العام 1975م ولكن تم تغيير النظام في العام 1990 م حيث حدد مباراتين للإعاده وثم اللجوء إلى ركلات الجزاء.

وتنص القوانين على ان تكون الاعاده بعد ثلاث او اربع ايام من تاريخ المباراة المعاده الا انه تم تغيير النظام في العام 1991-1992 م ليحدد مده عشر ايام للعب المباراة المعاده وتنص القرارات على ان تكون الاعاده لجميع المباريات في اي دور الا الدور نصف النهائي و المباراة النهائية حيث يتم اللجوء إلى الأشواط الإضافيه و ركلات الجزاء مباشرةً.

يتم عاده لعب الأدوار التمهيدية في آب / اغسطس حيث تم السماح لانديه الشمال والجنوب باللعب في الدور الثاني من البطولة في حين تشارك انديه فرق الدوري الممتاز من الدور التمهيدي الثالث وتلعب مباريات الدور الأول في منتصف تشرين الثاني / نوفمبر وتلعب مباريات الدوري الثاني في أول سبت و اثنين من كانون الأول / ديسمبر وتلعب منافسات الدور الثالث في يناير. الدور الرابع يلعب في وقت لاحق من نفس الشهر الدور الخامس يلعب في منتصف فبراير، ويلعب دور ربع النهائي فيي اوائل او منتصف مارس ويلعب الدور النصف نهائي بعد شهر من دور الربع نهائي في حين يكون النهائي عادة يوم السبت بعد انتهاء الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز اي في مايو.

سجل المواجهات النهائية

FA Cup

The FA Cup, also known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup, is an annual knockout football competition in men's domestic English football. First played during the 1871–72 season, it is the oldest national football competition in the world.[1] It is organised by and named after The Football Association (The FA). Since 2015, it has been known as The Emirates FA Cup after its headline sponsor. A concurrent women's tournament is also held, the FA Women's Cup.

The competition is open to any eligible club down to Level 10 of the English football league system – all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League (Level 1) and the English Football League (Levels 2 to 4), and several hundred "non-League" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10).[2] A record 763 clubs competed in 2011–12. The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. Entrants are not seeded, although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds – the minimum number of games needed to win, depending on which round a team enters the competition, ranges from six to fourteen.

The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition, from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper, meeting the first of the 48 professional teams from Leagues One and Two. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper.[2] In the modern era, only one non-League team has ever reached the quarter-finals, and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final.[note 1] As a result, significant focus is given to the smaller teams who progress furthest, especially if they achieve an unlikely "giant-killing" victory.

Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for the Europa League and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Manchester City are the current holders, having beaten Watford 6–0 in the 2019 final. Arsenal are the most successful club with 13 titles. Arsène Wenger is the most successful manager in the history of the competition, having won seven finals as manager of Arsenal F.C.
In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that "it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete". The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, on 16 March 1872. Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season, when qualifying rounds were introduced.[3]

Following the 1914–15 edition, the competition was suspended due to the First World War, and did not resume until 1919–20. The 1923 FA Cup Final, commonly known as the "White Horse Final", was the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium (known at the time as the Empire Stadium). The 1927 final saw "Abide with Me" being sung for the first time at the Cup final, which has become a pre-match tradition.[4] Due to the outbreak of World War II, the competition was not played between the 1938–39 and 1945–46 editions. Due to the wartime breaks, the competition did not celebrate its centenary year until 1980–81; fittingly the final featured a goal by Ricky Villa which was later voted the greatest goal ever scored at Wembley Stadium, but has since been replaced by Steven Gerrard.[5]

Having previously featured replays, the modern day practice of ensuring the semi-final and final matches finish on the day was introduced in 2000. Redevelopment of Wembley saw the final played outside of England for the first time, the 2001–2006 finals being played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. The final returned to Wembley in 2007, followed by the semi-finals from 2008.

Eligibility
The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria. All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible. Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season. Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season. All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.

It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition, although it can happen in exceptional circumstances. Manchester United did not defend their title in 1999–2000, as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship. The club stated that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premier League titles. The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side. The move benefited United as they received a two-week break and won the 1999–2000 league title by an 18-point margin, although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship. The withdrawal from the FA Cup, however, drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.[6][7][8]

Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only five clubs remaining: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927), Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, and Merthyr Town. In the early years other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition, with Glasgow side Queen's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association. In the 2013–14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed.[9]

The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years. In the 2004–05 season, 660 clubs entered the competition, beating the long-standing record of 656 from the 1921–22 season. In 2005–06 this increased to 674 entrants, in 2006–07 to 687, in 2007–08 to 731 clubs, and for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 competitions it reached 762.[10] The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then, with 759 clubs participating in 2010–11, a record 763 in 2011–12, 758 for 2012–13, 737 for 2013–14 and 736 for 2014–15. By comparison, the other major English domestic cup, the League Cup, involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League.

Competition format
Overview
Beginning in August, the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout, consisting of twelve rounds, a semi-final and then a final, in May. A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages. There is no seeding, the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw. Prior to the fifth round, fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only.[11] The first six rounds are qualifiers, with the draws organised on a regional basis. The next six rounds are the "proper" rounds where all clubs are in one draw.
The draw
The draws for the Extra-Preliminary, Preliminary, and First Qualifying Rounds used to all occur at the same time. Thereafter, the draw for each subsequent round is not made until after the scheduled dates for the previous round, meaning that in the case of replays, clubs will often know their future opponents in advance. This season 2016/17 the draw for the 1st qualifying round was drawn at a later date as per previous season's later rounds.

The draw for each of the proper rounds is broadcast live on television, usually taking place at the conclusion of live coverage of one of the games of the previous round. Public interest is particularly high during the draw for the third round, which is where the top-ranked teams are added to the draw.

Tiebreaking
In rounds up to and including the Fourth Round Proper, fixtures resulting in a draw (after normal time) go to a replay, played at the venue of the away team, at a later date; if that replay is still tied, the winner is settled by a period of extra time, and if still necessary, a penalty shootout. Since 2016–17, ties have been settled on the day from the quarter-finals onwards, using extra time and penalties. From 2018–19, Fifth Round ties are also settled by extra time and penalties.

Until 1990–91, further replays would be played until one team was victorious. Some ties took as many as six matches to settle; in their 1975 campaign, Fulham played a total of 12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final.[14] Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991–92 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice for the rounds proper. This led to penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United.[15]

From 1980–81 to 1998–99, the semi-finals went to extra time on the day if the score after 90 minutes was a draw. If the score was still level after extra time, the match would go to a replay. Replays for the semi-finals were scrapped for 1999–2000, the last semi-final to go into a replay was in 1998–99 when Manchester United beat Arsenal 2–1 after extra time. The first game had ended in a 0–0 draw.

The first FA Cup Final to go to extra time and a replay was the 1875 final, between the Royal Engineers and the Old Etonians. The initial tie finished 1–1 but the Royal Engineers won the replay 2–0 in normal time. The last replayed final was the 1993 FA Cup Final, when Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday fought a 1–1 draw. The replay saw Arsenal win the FA Cup, 2–1 after extra time.

The last quarter-final to go to a replay was Manchester United vs West Ham United in the 2015–16 FA Cup. The original game at Old Trafford ended in a 1–1 draw, while Manchester United won the replay at the Boleyn Ground, 2–1. It was also the last FA Cup game ever played at the Boleyn Ground.[16]

The last fifth round replay saw Tottenham Hotspur defeat Rochdale 6–1 at Wembley in the 2017–18 FA Cup after the first match at Spotland Stadium ended in a 2–2 draw.[17]

Qualification for subsequent competitions
European football
The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League (formerly named the UEFA Cup; from its launch in 1960 until 1998, they entered the now-defunct UEFA Cup Winners' Cup instead). This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight. In the past, if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season's Champions League or Europa League through their league or European performance, then the losing FA Cup finalist were given the European berth of the League Cup winners and the League Cup winners will be given the league berth instead (in the Cup Winners' Cup era, teams qualifying for the UEFA Cup via other competitions will be promoted to the Cup Winners' Cup instead). FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage. Losing finalists, if they haven't qualified for Europe via the league, began earlier, at the play-off or third qualifying round stage.[18] From the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League season, however, UEFA does not allow the runners-up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition.[19] If the winner — and until 2015, the runner-up — has already qualified for Europe through their league position (with the exception of the UEFA Cup until 1998), the FA Cup berth is then given to the highest-place team in the league who has not yet qualified.

FA Community Shield
The FA Cup winners also qualify for the following season's single-match FA Community Shield, the traditional season opener played against the previous season's Premier League champions (or the Premier League runners-up if the FA Cup winners also won the league – the double).

Venues
Fixtures in the 12 rounds of the competition are usually played at the home ground of one of the two teams. The semi-finals and final are played at a neutral venue – the rebuilt Wembley Stadium (since 2008 and 2007 respectively).

Competition rounds
In the matches for the twelve competition rounds, the team who plays at home is decided when the fixtures are drawn – simply the first team drawn out for each fixture. Occasionally games may have to be moved to other grounds due to other events taking place, security reasons or a ground not being suitable to host popular teams. In the event of a draw, the replay is played at the ground of the team who originally played away from home.

In the days when multiple replays were possible, the second replay (and any further replays) were played at neutral grounds. The clubs involved could alternatively agree to toss for home advantage in the second replay.

Semi-finals
The semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since 2008, one year after it opened and after it had already hosted a final (in 2007). For the first decade of the competition, the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue. In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley, semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final, chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel. The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times), Hillsborough in Sheffield (34 times) and Old Trafford in Manchester (23 times). The original Wembley Stadium was also used seven times for semi-final, between 1991 and 2000 (the last held there), but not always for fixtures featuring London teams. In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium.

In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals to recoup debts in financing the new stadium.[20] This was controversial, with the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London, as well as taking some of the prestige away from a Wembley final.[21] In defending the move, the FA has also cited the extra capacity Wembley offers, although the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out.[22] A fan poll by The Guardian in 2013 found 86% opposition to Wembley semi-finals.[22]

Final
The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened, in 2007.[23] The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales. Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 (being originally named the Empire Stadium). One exception to this 78 year series of Empire Stadium finals (including five replays) was the 1970 replay between Leeds and Chelsea, held at Old Trafford in Manchester.

In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening, the final (including 8 replays) was held in a variety of locations, predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace. It was played 22 times at The Oval (the inaugural competition in 1872, and then all but two times until 1892). After The Oval, Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914, broken up by four replays elsewhere. The other London venues were Stamford Bridge from 1920 to 1922 (the last three finals before the move to Empire Stadium); and the University of Oxford's Lillie Bridge in Fulham for the second ever final, in 1873. The other venues used sparingly in this period were all outside of London, as follows:

Racecourse Ground, Derby (1886)
Fallowfield Stadium, Manchester (1893)
Goodison Park, Liverpool (1894)
Burnden Park, Bolton (1901 replay)
Old Trafford, Manchester (1911 replay)
Goodison Park (1910 replay)
Bramall Lane, Sheffield (1912 replay)
Old Trafford (1915)
Artificial turf
The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014–15 edition and beyond.[24] Under the 2015–16 rules, the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs.[2] This followed approval two years previously for their use in the qualifying rounds only – if a team with a 3G pitch progressed to the competition proper, they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch.[25] Having been strong proponents of the surface, the first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2014.[26]

Trophy
The eventual winners of the competition receive the FA Cup; it is only loaned to the club by the FA, under the current (2015–16) rules it must be returned by 1 March, or earlier if given seven days’ notice.[2] Traditionally, the holders had the Cup until the following year's presentation, although more recently the trophy has been taken on publicity tours by the FA in between finals
The trophy comes in three parts – the cup itself, plus a lid and a base. There have been two designs of trophy in use, but five physical trophies have been presented. The original trophy, known as the "little tin idol", was 18 inches high and made by Martin, Hall & Co. It was stolen in 1895 and never recovered, and so was replaced by an exact replica, used until 1910. The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners, Manchester United, made their own replica, leading the FA to realise they did not own the copyright.[28] This new, larger design was by Fattorini and Sons, and was used from 1911.[28] In order to preserve this original, from 1992 it was replaced by an exact replica, although this had to be replaced after just over two decades, after showing wear and tear from being handled more than in previous eras. This third replica, first used in 2014, was built heavier to withstand the increased handling.[27] Of the four surviving trophies, only the 1895 replica has entered private ownership.[29]

The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony.[27] This means the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take 20 under normal conditions, although time is saved by engraving the year on during the match, and sketching the presumed winner.[30] During the final, the trophy is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game.[31] The tradition of tying ribbons started after Tottenham Hotspur won the 1901 FA Cup Final and the wife of a Spurs director decided to tie blue and white ribbons to the handles of the cup.[32] Traditionally, at Wembley finals, the presentation is made at the Royal Box, with players, led by the captain, mounting a staircase to a gangway in front of the box and returning by a second staircase on the other side of the box. At Cardiff the presentation was made on a podium on the pitch.

The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners, Wanderers, until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London.[33] Under the original rules, the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times, although when inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final, the rules were changed by FA Secretary CW Alcock (who was also captain of Wanderers in their first victory).[34]

Portsmouth F.C. have the distinction of being the football club which has held the FA Cup trophy for the longest uninterrupted period - seven years. Portsmouth had defeated Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–1 in the 1939 FA Cup Final and were awarded the trophy as 1938-1939 FA Cup Champions. But with the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the regular Football League and FA Cup competitions for the 1939-40 season were cancelled for the duration of the war. Portsmouth's manager Jack Tinn was rumoured to have kept the FA Cup trophy 'safe under his bed' throughout the duration of the war, but this is an urban myth. Because the naval city of Portsmouth was a primary strategic military target for German Luftwaffe bombing, the FA Cup trophy was actually taken ten miles to the north of Portsmouth, to the nearby Hampshire village of Lovedean, and there it resided in a quaint thatched roof country pub called The Bird in Hand for the seven years of the war.[35] After the conclusion of World War II, the FA Cup trophy was presented back to the Football Association by Portsmouth F.C. in time for the 1946 FA Cup Final.

Original design
1871 original
The first trophy, the 'little tin idol', was made by Martin, Hall & Co at a cost of £20.[36] It was stolen from a Birmingham shoe shop window belonging to William Shillcock while held by Aston Villa on 11 September 1895 and was never seen again. Despite a £10 reward for information, the crime was never solved. As it happened while it was in their care, the FA fined Villa £25 to pay for a replacement.

Just over 60 years later, 80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft, confessing to a newspaper, with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958. He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men, although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper (the crime pre-dated written police reports) in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen, detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed. Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins, which matched known intelligence of the time, in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse, although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison. He had been further imprisoned in 1957 for seven years for theft from cars. Released in 1961, he died in 1964

Paul Brannigan

Paul Brannigan (born 14 September 1986[2][3][4]) is a Scottish actor best known for his roles as Gareth O'Connor in Scottish soap opera River City and as Robbie in the film The Angels' Share (2012). Brannigan also appeared in the 2013 movie Under the Skin.
Early life
Brannigan was born in Glasgow, Scotland.[3] He was brought up in the rough working-class East End Barrowfield area of Glasgow. Both of his parents were long-term drug addicts and much of his youth was spent amidst gang violence and petty crime.[5] Brannigan has described it as like "a scene from Trainspotting". When he was ten years old, he attempted to slit his wrists.[3] Brannigan says that, before becoming an actor, he was in serious debt and had nobody to turn to.[3] He was a gang member in Glasgow and served time in a young offenders institution.[6]

Career
Brannigan began his film career as Robbie in the 2012 Ken Loach dark comedy film, The Angels' Share, which is set largely in Glasgow and the Scottish Highlands. He was nominated for a BAFTA Scotland award for Best Actor for this role. Brannigan was originally cast in a one-off appearance in the BBC Scotland soap opera River City, but in spring 2013 returned for a recurring role as Gareth O'Connor. He left the programme in September 2013.[7]

Brannigan had parts in the movies Under the Skin and Sunshine on Leith, and in 2014 appeared as Scotty in the fifth series of Irish crime drama Love/Hate and as Michael in the UK thriller Beyond.[8]

Personal life
Brannigan lives with his fiancée, Sheree Coutts, and their son Leo.[6][9] His cousin Kevin Brannigan, who also grew up in Barrowfield, is a drag artist

Pansexual

Pansexuality, or omnisexuality,[1] is the sexual, romantic or emotional attraction towards people regardless of their sex or gender identity.[2][3] Pansexual people may refer to themselves as gender-blind, asserting that gender and sex are not determining factors in their romantic or sexual attraction to others.[4][5]

Pansexuality may be considered a sexual orientation in its own right or a branch of bisexuality, to indicate an alternative sexual identity.[3][6][7] Because pansexual people are open to relationships with people who do not identify as strictly men or women, and pansexuality therefore rejects the gender binary,[3][7] it is often considered a more inclusive term than bisexual.[8][9] The extent to which the term bisexual is inclusive when compared with the term pansexual is debated within the LGBT community, especially the bisexual community
Etymology
The prefix pan- comes from the Ancient Greek word for "all, every", πᾶν; omni- comes from the Latin word for "all", omnis. The hybrid words pansexual and pansexualism were first attested in 1917, denoting the idea "that the sex instinct plays the primary part in all human activity, mental and physical",[8][10] a reproach (credited to Sigmund Freud) levelled at early psychology.[8][10][11]

Comparison to bisexuality and other sexual identities
A literal dictionary definition of bisexuality, due to the prefix bi-, is sexual or romantic attraction to two sexes (males and females), or to two genders (men and women).[8][9][15] Pansexuality, however, composed with the prefix pan-, is the sexual attraction to a person of any sex or gender. Using these definitions, pansexuality is defined differently by explicitly including people who are intersex, transgender, or outside the gender binary.[3][8][9]

Go Ask Alice! states that pansexuals can be attracted to cisgender, transgender, intersex and androgynous people, and that the term pansexual "is generally considered a more inclusive term than bisexual."[8] Volume 2 of Cavendish's Sex and Society, however, states that "although the term's literal meaning can be interpreted as 'attracted to everything,' people who identify as pansexual do not usually include paraphilias, such as bestiality, pedophilia, and necrophilia, in their definition" and that they "stress that the term pansexuality describes only consensual adult sexual behaviors."[3]

The definition of pansexuality can encourage the belief that it is the only sexual identity that covers individuals who do not cleanly fit into the categories of male or man, or female or woman.[2][7][9] However, bisexual-identified people and scholars may object to the notion that bisexuality means sexual attraction to only two genders, arguing that since bisexual is not simply about attraction to two sexes and encompasses attraction to different genders as well, it includes attraction to more than two genders.[9][16] Gender is considered more complex than the state of one's sex, as gender includes genetic, hormonal, environmental and social factors.[3] Furthermore, the term bisexual is sometimes defined as the romantic or sexual attraction to multiple genders.[9] The Bisexual Resource Center, for example, defines bisexuality as "an umbrella term for people who recognize and honor their potential for sexual and emotional attraction to more than one gender,"[17] while the American Institute of Bisexuality states that the term bisexual "is an open and inclusive term for many kinds of people with same-sex and different-sex attractions"[18] and that "the scientific classification bisexual only addresses the physical, biological sex of the people involved, not the gender-presentation."[16] According to the National Center for Transgender Equality, 25% of American transgender people identify as bisexual.[19]

Scholar Shiri Eisner states that terms such as pansexual, omnisexual, polysexual, queer, etc. are being used in place of the term bisexual because "bisexuality, it's been claimed, is a gender binary, and therefore oppressive, word" and that "the great debate is being perpetuated and developed by bisexual-identified transgender and genderqueer people on the one hand, and non-bi-identified transgender and genderqueer people on the other." Eisner argues that "the allegations of binarism have little to do with bisexuality's actual attributes or bisexual people's behavior in real life" and that the allegations are a political method to keep the bisexual and transgender movements separated, because of those who believe that bisexuality ignores or erases the visibility of transgender and genderqueer people.[9]

The American Institute of Bisexuality argues that "terms like pansexual, polysexual, omnisexual, and ambisexual also describe a person with homosexual and heterosexual attractions, and therefore people with those labels are also bisexual" and that "by replacing the prefix bi – (two, both) with pan- (all), poly- (many), omni- (all), ambi- (both, and implying ambiguity in this case), people who adopt these labels seek to clearly express the fact that gender does not factor into their own sexuality," but "this does not mean, however, that people who identify as bisexual are fixated on gender."[18] The institute believes that the notion that if a person identifies as bisexual, then it is a reinforcement of a false gender binary is a notion that "has its roots in the anti-science, anti-Enlightenment philosophy that has ironically found a home within many Queer Studies departments at universities across the Anglophone world" and that "while it is true that our society's language and terminology do not necessarily reflect the full spectrum of human gender diversity, that is hardly the fault of people who choose to identify as bi. ... The Latin prefix bi- does indeed indicate two or both, however the 'both' indicated in the word bisexual are merely homosexual (lit. same sex) and heterosexual (lit. different sex)." The institute argues that heterosexuality and homosexuality, by contrast," are defined by the boundary of two sexes/genders. Given those fundamental facts, any criticism of bisexuality as reinforcing a gender binary is misplaced. Over time, our society's concept of human sex and gender may well change."[16]

The term pansexuality is sometimes used interchangeably with bisexuality, and, similarly, people who identify as bisexual may "feel that gender, biological sex, and sexual orientation should not be a focal point in potential [romantic/sexual] relationships."[3] In one study analyzing sexual identities described as alternative terms for bisexual or bi-self labels, "half of all bisexual and bisexual-identified respondents also chose alternative self-labels such as queer, pansexual, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, polysexual, or personalized identities such as 'byke' or 'biphilic'".[6] Polysexuality is similar to pansexuality in definition, meaning "encompassing more than one sexuality," but not necessarily encompassing all sexualities. This is distinct from polyamory, which means more than one intimate relationship at the same time with the knowledge and consent of everyone involved. American Institute of Bisexuality stated, "The term fluid expresses the fact that the balance of a person's homosexual and heterosexual attractions exists in a state of flux and changes over time.

World War 3

World War III (WWIII or WW3) and the Third World War are names given to a hypothetical third worldwide large-scale military conflict subsequent to World War I and II. The term has been in use since at least as early as 1941. Some have applied it loosely to refer to limited or smaller conflicts such as the Cold War or the War on Terror, while others assumed that such a conflict would surpass prior world wars both in its scope and in its destructive impact.[1]

Due to the development and use of nuclear weapons near the end of World War II and their subsequent acquisition and deployment by many countries, the potential risk of a nuclear devastation of Earth's civilization and life is a common theme in speculations about a Third World War. Another major concern is that biological warfare could cause a very large number of casualties, either intentionally or inadvertently by an accidental release of a biological agent, the unexpected mutation of an agent, or its adaptation to other species after use. High-scale apocalyptic events like these, caused by advanced technology used for destruction, could potentially make the Earth's surface uninhabitable.

Prior to the beginning of the Second World War, the First World War (1914–1918) was believed to have been "the war to end all wars," as it was popularly believed that never again could there possibly be a global conflict of such magnitude. During the interwar period, WWI was typically referred to simply as "The Great War." The outbreak of World War II in 1939 disproved the hope that mankind might have already "outgrown" the need for such widespread global wars.

With the advent of the Cold War in 1945 and with the spread of nuclear weapons technology to the Soviet Union, the possibility of a third global conflict became more plausible. During the Cold War years, the possibility of a Third World War was anticipated and planned for by military and civil authorities in many countries. Scenarios ranged from conventional warfare to limited or total nuclear warfare. At the height of the Cold War, a scenario referred to as Mutually Assured Destruction ("MAD") had been calculated which determined that an all-out nuclear confrontation would most certainly destroy all or nearly all human life on the planet. The potential absolute destruction of the human race may have contributed to the ability of both American and Soviet leaders to avoid such a scenario.
Coinage
Time magazine
Time magazine was an early adopter if not originator of the term "World War III". Perhaps the first usage appears in its 3 November 1941, issue (preceding the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941) under its "National Affairs" section and entitled "World War III?" about Nazi refugee Dr. Hermann Rauschning, who had just arrived in the United States.[2] In its 22 March 1943, issue under its "Foreign News" section, Time reused the same title "World War III?" with regard to statements by then-U.S. Vice President Henry A. Wallace: "We shall decide some time in 1943 or 1944 ... whether to plant the seeds of World War III."[3][4] Time continued to entitle with or mention in stories the term "World War III" for the rest of the decade (and onwards): 1944,[5][6] 1945,[7][8] 1946 ("bacterial warfare"),[9] 1947,[10] and 1948.[11] (Time persists in using this term, e.g., this 2015 book review, entitled "This Is What World War III Will Look Like."[12])

Military plans
Military planners have been war gaming various scenarios, preparing for the worst, since the early days of the Cold War. Some of those plans are now out of date and have been partially or fully declassified.

Operation Unthinkable
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that, with the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of WWII and the unreliability of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, there was a serious threat to Western Europe. In April–May 1945, British Armed Forces developed Operation Unthinkable, thought to be the first scenario of the Third World War.[13] Its primary goal was "to impose upon Russia the will of the United States and the British Empire".[14] The plan was rejected by the British Chiefs of Staff Committee as militarily unfeasible.

Operation Dropshot
"Operation Dropshot" was the 1950s United States contingency plan for a possible nuclear and conventional war with the Soviet Union in the Western European and Asian theaters.

At the time the US nuclear arsenal was limited in size, based mostly in the United States, and depended on bombers for delivery. "Dropshot" included mission profiles that would have used 300 nuclear bombs and 29,000 high-explosive bombs on 200 targets in 100 cities and towns to wipe out 85% of the Soviet Union's industrial potential at a single stroke. Between 75 and 100 of the 300 nuclear weapons were targeted to destroy Soviet combat aircraft on the ground.

The scenario was devised prior to the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles. It was also devised before U.S. President John F. Kennedy and his Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara changed the US Nuclear War plan from the 'city killing' countervalue strike plan to a "counterforce" plan (targeted more at military forces). Nuclear weapons at this time were not accurate enough to hit a naval base without destroying the city adjacent to it, so the aim in using them was to destroy the enemy industrial capacity in an effort to cripple their war economy.

Exercises Grand Slam, Longstep, and Mainbrace
In January 1950, the North Atlantic Council approved NATO's military strategy of containment.[15] NATO military planning took on a renewed urgency following the outbreak of the Korean War in the early 1950s, prompting NATO to establish a "force under a centralised command, adequate to deter aggression and to ensure the defence of Western Europe". Allied Command Europe was established under General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, US Army, on 2 April 1951.[16][17] The Western Union Defence Organization had previously carried out Exercise Verity, a 1949 multilateral exercise involving naval air strikes and submarine attacks.

Exercise Mainbrace brought together 200 ships and over 50,000 personnel to practice the defence of Denmark and Norway from Russian attack in 1952. It was the first major NATO exercise. The exercise was jointly commanded by Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, USN, and Supreme Allied Commander Europe General Matthew B. Ridgeway, US Army, during the autumn of 1952.

The US, UK, Canada, France, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Netherlands, and Belgium all participated.

Exercises Grand Slam and Longstep were naval exercises held in the Mediterranean Sea during 1952 to practice dislodging an enemy occupying force and amphibious assault. It involved over 170 warships and 700 aircraft under the overall command of Admiral Carney. The overall exercise commander, Admiral Carney summarized the accomplishments of Exercise Grand Slam by stating: "We have demonstrated that the senior commanders of all four powers can successfully take charge of a mixed task force and handle it effectively as a working unit."[citation needed]

The USSR called the exercises "war-like acts" by NATO, with particular reference to the participation of Norway and Denmark, and prepared for its own military maneuvers in the Soviet Zone.[18][19]

Operation Strikeback