الاثنين، 6 يناير 2020

Sarileru Neekevvaru

Sarileru Neekevvaru (transl. Nobody Can Match You) is an upcoming 2020 Indian Telugu-language action film written and directed by Anil Ravipudi.[3] The film stars Mahesh Babu as Indian Army Major Ajay Krishna while Rashmika Mandanna plays the female lead role. Sarileru Neekevvaru also features jaya Prakash reddy, Vijayashanti, Prakash Raj, Satya Dev, Pradeep Rawat, Hari Teja, Sachin Khedekar, Rajendra Prasad, Subbaraju, Vennela Kishore and Ajay. The film is scheduled to be theatrically released on 11 January 2020, during the Makar Sankranti festival.
Cast
Mahesh Babu as Major Ajay Krishna
Rashmika Mandanna
Vijayashanti as Bharati
Krishna (cameo appearance)
Prakash Raj
Rajendra Prasad
Rao Ramesh
Posani Krishna Murali
Vennela Kishore as Assistant Kishore
Satya Dev as Jai
Ajay
Subbaraju as Crime Branch Koti
Naresh
Raghu Babu
Satyam Rajesh
Bandla Ganesh
Sangeetha
Hari Teja
Rohini
Pavitra Lokesh
Tamannaah in the party song, "Daang Daang"[4]
Production
Development
After many speculations movie title was announced as Sarileru Neekevvaru,[5] On May 31, 2019, 75th birthday of Krishna, the makers unveiled the title poster.[6] Shyamprasad Reddy and others graced the occasion as guests.[7]

Casting
Rashmika Mandanna was signed to play leading lady in the movie opposite Mahesh Babu.[8] Vijayashanti was signed in for this film,[9] which marks as her comeback after 13-years.[10] Tamannaah was signed in for a Special appearance song, which was canned on both Mahesh and her.[11]

Filming
The first schedule was shot in Kashmir from July 5, 2019 to July 20, 2019.[12][13] For the second schedule, a replica set of Konda Reddy Buruju was constructed in Ramoji Film City with an estimated cost of ₹4 crore (US$560,000).[14] On 8 November 2019, with Kerala schedule the talkie part of the film wrapped up.[15]

Soundtrack
The music is composed by Devi Sri Prasad, collaborating with Mahesh Babu for the fifth time and with Anil Ravipudi for the second time after F2 - Fun and Frustration.[16] The lyrics were written by Devi Sri Prasad, Sri Mani and Ramajogayya Sastry. Composer Devi worked with a special orchestra in Europe for recording the film's soundtrack and score.[17] The makers announced that the film features five songs and all of them will be released as singles, on five consecutive Mondays of the December month. The hashtag #MassMBMondays was trending on social media.[18]

The first single track titled "Mind Block" was released on 2 December 2019, which was sung by Ranina Reddy with Blaaze crooning the rap versions. Devi recorded this song while he was recording two other songs for his upcoming two films, on the same day.[19] .

The second single track "Suryudivo Chandrudivo" was released on 9 December 2019, which was rendered by B Praak.[20] The song resembles numbers, like "Idhe Kadha Nee Katha" from Maharshi (2019) and "Srimanthuda" from Srimanthudu (2015), which were composed by Devi Sri Prasad.[21] The lyrics talk about the protagonist's kindness and greatness. The song was well received by fans and in an interview with News18, actor Mahesh Babu termed the song as his favorite from the album.[22]

The third single track "He's So Cute" was released on 16 December 2019, which was sung by Madhu Priya. It is termed as a teasing-romantic number.[23]

The fourth single "Sarileru Neekkevvaru Anthem" was released on 23 December 2019.

The fifth single track "Daang Daang" was released on 30 December 2019, which was sung by Nakash Aziz and Lavita Lobo. This song is the much-hyped party number, which will picturing Tamannah Bhatia
Release
This film is slated to release on 11 January 2020.[24]

This film is going to release in Japan on 12th January 2020.[25]

Marketing
The title poster of the film was released on 31 May 2019.[6] The first look poster and an intro video of Mahesh Babu was unveiled on 9 August 2019, which coincides his birthday. The video features Mahesh Babu as an army officer.[26] On 15 August 2019, coinciding with the Indian Independence day, the makers released a special two-minute video, featuring the title song of the film as a tribute to the Indian Army.[27]

A new poster was released on 7 October 2019, on the occasion of Dusshera in which Mahesh sports an axe in front of Konda Reddy Fort.[28] The team released two posters during the occasion of Diwali. On 25 October 2019, a special poster was released, which reveals Vijayashanti's character.[29] The following day, on 26 October 2019, a new poster was released in which Mahesh is seen riding a Royal Enfield motorcycle.[30] Another poster, featuring Mahesh and Rashmika Mandanna was released during Diwali on 27 October 2019.

The official teaser of the film was released on 22 November 2019, and received positive response from audiences.[31] A grand pre-release event will be held on 5 January 2020, at Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium in Hyderabad with Chiranjeevi helming the event as the chief guest. The Theatrical Trailer of the film was released on 5 January 2020 at 9:09 PM at pre-release event

هارفي وينشتاين

هارڤي واينستين^(بالإنجليزية: Harvey Weinstein أصد للإنجليزية:/ˈwaɪnstiːn/؛ 19 مارس 1952 في نيويورك في كوينز) هو منتج ومخرج أفلام أميركي سابق. شارك في تأسيس شركة ميراماكس رفقة شقيقه بوب وينشتاين والتي أصدرت العديد من الأفلام االمستقلة أبرزها جنس، أكاذيب وشريط فيديو، خيال رخيص، لعبة البكاء، مخلوقات سماوية وشكسبير عاشقا.. هذا الأخير الذي حاز بفضله على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل إنتاج بالإضافة إلى سبع جوائز توني عن مجموعة متنوعة من المسرحيات والكوميديات الموسيقية. بعد مغادرة شركة ميراماكس، أسس واينستين وشقيقه بوب شركة The Weinstein Company وهو استوديو أفلام صغير حيث كانا يتشاركان رئاسته من عام 2005 إلى عام 2017.

في أكتوبر 2017، وإثر عدد من ادعاءات التحرش والاعتداء الجنسي والاغتصاب المثارة ضده فيما عرف بفضيحة هارفي واينستين الجنسية، أقيل من مجلس إدارة شركته كما طرد من أكاديمية فنون وعلوم الصور المتحركة. بحلول 31 أكتوبر، قدمت أكثر من 80 امرأة ادعاءات ضد واينستين. وقد تسببت هذه المزاعم في إطلاق حملة قادها عدد من صفوة نساء المجتمع والمشاهير دعوا إلى تبادل تجاربهن الخاصة بالاعتداء الجنسي أو التحرش أو الاغتصاب على وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي تحت هاشتاج #MeToo ومن آثار الفضيحة اطلاق مسمى "تأثير واينستين" (Weinstein effect) على أي رجل نافذ في مختلف الصناعات وإقالة عدد من أقوى رجال الأعمال النافذين حول العالم.
مزاعم اعتداء جنسي
يوم 5 أكتوبر 2017، نشرت صحيفة ذا نيويورك تاميز مقالة فضحت أمر المنتج وكشفت عن اتهامات باعتداءات جنسية. بعد نشر مقالات صحيفة ذا نيويورك تايمز وذا نيويوركر، نساء كثيرات في صناعة الترفيه أثارن مزاعم شبيهة ضد واينستين فيما عرفت بفضائح هارفي واينستين الجنسية. وفق تقاريرهن، كان يدعو ممثلات وعارضات شواب لغرفة فندق أو مكتب بدعوى نقاش مستقبلهن المهني، ثم يطالب تدليكا أو الجماع. أفاد زملاء متعاوني سابقين المراسلين بأن هذه الأنشطة مكنها عماله وشركاؤه الذين قاموا بإعداد الجلسات ومحاموه ودعايته الذين كبتوا الشكاوى برشاوى وتهديدات.

النساء اللاتي قلن إنهن تعرضت للتحرش الجنسي أو الاعتداء الجنسي من طرف واينستين:

ليسيت أنتوني, ممثلة
آسيا أرجينتو, ممثلة and director
روزانا أركيت, ممثلة
جيسيكا بارث, ممثلة
كيت بيكينسيل, ممثلة
Zoë Brock, عارضة
Liza Campbell, writer and artist
إيما دي كونز, ممثلة
Florence Darel, ممثلة
كارا ديليفين, ممثلة and عارضة
Sophie Dix, ممثلة
Dawn Dunning, ممثلة
أليس إيفانز, ممثلة
Lucia Evans, formerly Lucia Stoller, ممثلة
انجي إيفرهارت, عارضة and ممثلة
كلير فورلاني, ممثلة
رومولا غاري, ممثلة
Louisette Geiss, screenwriter and ممثلة
Louise Godbold, nonprofit organization director
جوديث جودريش, ممثلة
هيذر غراهام, ممثلة
إيفا جرين, ممثلة
Ambra Gutierrez, formerly Ambra Battilana, عارضة
جيسيكا هاينز, ممثلة
أنجلينا جولي, ممثلة and director
آشلي جود, ممثلة
مينكا كيلي, ممثلة
Katherine Kendall, ممثلة
ميا كيرشنر, ممثلة
مايلين كلاس, مغنية and عارضة
Laura Madden, Weinstein employee
Sarah Ann Masse, ممثلة, comedian, and writer
روز مكغوان, ممثلة
ناتالي ميندوزا, ممثلة
Emily Nestor, Weinstein employee
جوينيث بالترو, ممثلة
Zelda Perkins, Weinstein employee
سارة بولي, ممثلة, writer, and director
Tomi-Ann Roberts, professor of psychology
Lisa Rose, Miramax employee
Erika Rosenbaum, ممثلة
ميليسا ساجميلر  , ممثلة
ليا سيدو, ممثلة
Lauren Sivan, journalist
Chelsea Skidmore, ممثلة and comedian
ميرا سورفينو, ممثلة
تارا سوبكوف, ممثلة
Paula Wachowiak, Weinstein employee
واتهمته أنثوني وأرجنتو وأفنز ومكغوان وامرأة أخرى مجهولة في مجلة ذا نيويورك بالأغتصاب بالإضافة إلى التحرش والأعتداء الجنسي.

Harvey Weinstein

Harvey Weinstein CBE (/ˈwaɪnstiːn/; born March 19, 1952) is an American former film producer. He and his brother Bob Weinstein co-founded the entertainment company Miramax, which produced several successful independent films, including Sex, Lies, and Videotape (1989), The Crying Game (1992), Pulp Fiction (1994), Heavenly Creatures (1994), Flirting with Disaster (1996), and Shakespeare in Love (1998).[1] Weinstein won an Academy Award for producing Shakespeare in Love, and garnered seven Tony Awards for a variety of plays and musicals, including The Producers, Billy Elliot the Musical, and August: Osage County.[2] After leaving Miramax, Weinstein and his brother Bob founded The Weinstein Company, a mini-major film studio. He was co-chairman, alongside Bob, from 2005 to 2017.

In October 2017, following sexual abuse allegations against Weinstein, he was dismissed from his company and expelled from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.[3][4] By October 31, over 80 women had made allegations against Weinstein.[5] The allegations sparked the #MeToo social media campaign and many similar sexual abuse allegations against and dismissals of powerful men around the world, now called the "Weinstein effect". On May 25, 2018, Weinstein was arrested in New York, charged with rape and other offenses, and released on bail
Early life
Weinstein was born March 19, 1952, in the Flushing section of Queens, New York,[7] to diamond cutter Max Weinstein[8] and his wife, Miriam (née Postel).[8][9] His family is Jewish,[10] and his maternal grandparents were Polish immigrants.[11] He grew up with his younger brother, Bob, in a housing co-op named Electchester in New York City. He graduated from John Bowne High School and attended the University at Buffalo.[12] Weinstein, his brother Bob, and Corky Burger independently produced rock concerts as Harvey & Corky Productions in Buffalo through most of the 1970s.[12][13]

Harvey Weinstein and his friend, fellow college student Horace "Corky" Burger, launched "Harvey and Corky Presents" which brought top acts to Buffalo including Frank Sinatra, Jackson Browne and The Rolling Stones. They eventually purchased Clarence, New York nightclub naming it Stage One, which brought even more notoriety for Weinstein who had a reputation as a savvy and tough negotiator.

Weinstein's longtime friend from high school, Jonathan A. Dandes, followed him to Buffalo. Dandes now owns the Buffalo Bisons Triple-A baseball franchise. He described Weinstein as "aggressive" and "consumed" in matters of business. "He either loved you or hated you," he added.[14][15]

Film career
1970s: Early work and creation of Miramax
Both Weinstein brothers had grown up with a passion for films, and they desired to enter the film industry. In the late '70s, using profits from their concert promotion business, the brothers created a small independent film distribution company named Miramax, named after their parents, Miriam and Max.[9] The company's first releases were primarily music-oriented concert films such as Paul McCartney's Rockshow.[16]

1980s: Success with arthouse and independent films
In the early 1980s, Miramax acquired the rights to two British films of benefit shows filmed for the human rights organization Amnesty International. Working closely with Martin Lewis, the producer of the original films, the Weinstein brothers edited the two films into one movie tailored for the American market. The resulting film was released as The Secret Policeman's Other Ball in May 1982, and it became Miramax's first hit. The movie raised considerable sums for Amnesty International and was credited by Amnesty with having helped to raise its profile in the United States
The Weinsteins slowly built upon this success throughout the 1980s with arthouse films that achieved critical attention and modest commercial success. Harvey Weinstein and Miramax gained wider attention in 1988 with the release of Errol Morris' documentary The Thin Blue Line, which detailed the struggle of Randall Adams, a wrongfully convicted inmate sentenced to death row. The publicity that soon surrounded the case resulted in Adams' release and nationwide publicity for Miramax. In 1989, their successful launch release of Steven Soderbergh's Sex, Lies, and Videotape propelled Miramax to become the most successful independent studio in America.[17]

Also in 1989, Miramax released two arthouse films, The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover, and director Pedro Almodóvar's film Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!, both of which the MPAA rating board gave an X-rating, effectively stopping nationwide release for these films. Weinstein sued the MPAA over the rating system. His lawsuit was later thrown out, but the MPAA introduced the NC-17 rating two months later.[18]

1990s–2000s: Further success, Disney ownership deal
Miramax continued to grow its library of films and directors until, in 1993, after the success of The Crying Game, Disney offered the Weinsteins $80 million for ownership of Miramax.[19] The brothers agreed to the deal that would cement their Hollywood clout and ensure that they would remain at the head of their company, and the next year, Miramax released their first blockbuster, Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction, and distributed the popular independent film Clerks.

Miramax won its first Academy Award for Best Picture in 1997 with the victory of The English Patient. (Pulp Fiction was nominated in 1995 but lost to Forrest Gump.)[20] This started a string of critical successes that included Good Will Hunting (1997) and Shakespeare in Love (1998), both of which won several awards, including numerous Academy Awards.[21][22][23][24]

2005–2017: The Weinstein Company
The Weinstein brothers left Miramax on September 30, 2005, to form their own production company, The Weinstein Company, with several other media executives, directors Quentin Tarantino and Robert Rodriguez, and Colin Vaines, who had successfully run the production department at Miramax for 10 years.[25] In February 2011, filmmaker Michael Moore took legal action against the Weinstein brothers, claiming he was owed $2.7 million in profits for his documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004), which he said had been denied to him by "Hollywood accounting tricks".[26] In February 2012, Moore dropped the lawsuit for an undisclosed settlement.[27]

In the aftermath of the sexual misconduct allegations against Weinstein, the company was forced into bankruptcy, with Lantern Entertainment purchasing all assets in 2018. The company was shut down on July 16, 2018 and the website sometime thereafter.

Managerial style and controversies
While lauded for opening up the independent film market and making it financially viable, Weinstein has been criticized for the techniques he applied in his business dealings. Peter Biskind's book Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance and the Rise of Independent Film[12] criticises Miramax's release history and editing of arthouse films. For examples, the book states that 54 was originally made as a non-mainstream arthouse film, but after Ryan Phillippe's sudden rise to stardom, Weinstein forced director Mark Christopher to re-edit and reshoot the film to make it more mainstream.

Harvey Weinstein also had a habit of re-editing Asian films and dubbing them in English. Weinstein tried to release the English-dubbed versions of Shaolin Soccer and Hero in the United States theatrically, but their English-dubbed versions scored badly in test screenings in the United States, so Weinstein finally released the films in United States cinemas with their original language.[28][29] Furthermore, Weinstein re-edited 1993 Cannes Palme d'Or winner Farewell My Concubine for U.S. theatrical release; 1993 Cannes jury head Louis Malle was furious. "The film we admired so much in Cannes is not the film seen in this country, which is twenty minutes shorter — but it seems longer, because it doesn't make any sense," Malle complained.[30]

When Harvey Weinstein was charged with handling the U.S. release of Princess Mononoke, director Hayao Miyazaki was reported to have sent him a samurai sword in the mail. Attached to the blade was a stark message: "No cuts." Miyazaki commented on the incident: "Actually, my producer did that. Although I did go to New York to meet this man, this Harvey Weinstein, and I was bombarded with this aggressive attack, all these demands for cuts. I defeated him."[31] Weinstein has always insisted that such editing was done in the interest of creating the most financially viable film. "I'm not cutting for fun," he said in an interview. "I'm cutting for the shit to work. All my life I served one master: the film. I love movies."[13][32]

Another example cited by Biskind was Phillip Noyce's The Quiet American (2002), whose release Weinstein delayed following the September 11 attacks owing to audience reaction in test screenings to the film's critical tone toward past U.S. foreign policy. After being told the film would go straight to video, Noyce planned to screen the film in Toronto International Film Festival in order to mobilize critics to pressure Miramax to release it theatrically. Weinstein decided to screen the film at the festival only after he was lobbied by star Michael Caine, who threatened to boycott publicity for another film he had made for Miramax. The Quiet American received mostly positive reviews at the festival, and Miramax eventually released the film theatrically, but it was alleged that Miramax did not make a major effort to promote the film for Academy Award consideration, though Caine was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor.[12]

Weinstein has also cultivated a reputation for ruthlessness and fits of anger.[33] According to Biskind, Weinstein once put a New York Observer reporter in a headlock while throwing him out of a party. On another occasion, Weinstein excoriated director Julie Taymor and her husband during a disagreement over a test screening of her movie Frida.[13]

In a 2004 newspaper article, in New York magazine, Weinstein appeared somewhat repentant for his often aggressive discussions with directors and producers.[34] However, a Newsweek story on October 13, 2008, criticized Weinstein, who was accused of "hassling Sydney Pollack on his deathbed" about the release of the film The Reader. After Weinstein offered $1 million to charity if the accusation could be proven, journalist Nikki Finke published an email sent by Scott Rudin on August 22 asserting that Weinstein "harassed" Anthony Minghella's widow and a bedridden Pollack until Pollack's family asked him to stop.[35][36]

In September 2009, Weinstein publicly voiced opposition to efforts to extradite Roman Polanski from Switzerland to the U.S. regarding a 1977 charge that he had drugged and raped a 13-year-old, to which Polanski had pleaded guilty before fleeing the country.[37] Weinstein, whose company had distributed Roman Polanski: Wanted and Desired, a film about the Polanski case, questioned whether Polanski committed any crime,[38] prompting Los Angeles County District Attorney Steve Cooley to insist that Polanski's guilty plea indicated that his action was a crime, and that several other serious charges were pending.[39]

An analysis of Academy Award acceptance speeches from 1966 to 2016 found that Weinstein had been thanked or praised in 34 speeches—as many times as God, and second only to Steven Spielberg with 43 mentions.[40]

Activism
Weinstein has been active on issues such as poverty, AIDS, juvenile diabetes, and multiple sclerosis research. Until October 2017,[41] he served on the Board of the Robin Hood Foundation, a New York City-based non-profit that targets poverty, and co-chaired one of its annual benefits.[42] He is critical of the lack of gun control laws and universal healthcare in the United States.[43]

Weinstein is a longtime supporter of and contributor to the Democratic Party, including the campaigns of President Barack Obama and presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and John Kerry.[44] He supported Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign,[45] and in 2012, he hosted an election fundraiser for Obama at his home in Westport, Connecticut.[46]

Fashion
Weinstein was active in the fashion industry. He produced Project Runway, the fashion reality show, making stars of designer Michael Kors, model Heidi Klum and editor Nina Garcia.[47] He was instrumental in the revival of Halston, collaborating with Tamara Mellon, Sarah Jessica Parker, and stylist Rachel Zoe. He licensed the option to revive the Charles James brand. Celebrities were asked to wear Marchesa (his wife's label) at least once if they were in a Weinstein movie. His production companies were frequently involved in fashion-themed movies, including Madonna's W.E., Robert Altman's Prêt-à-Porter, and Tom Ford's A Single Man. Stars of Weinstein's films appeared on more than a dozen Vogue covers.[48]

Allegations of and charges for sexual crimes
Allegations
In October 2017, The New York Times[49][50] and The New Yorker[3] reported that more than a dozen women accused Weinstein of sexually harassing, assaulting, or raping them. Many other women in the film industry subsequently reported similar experiences with Weinstein,[51][52][53] who denied "any nonconsensual sex". As a result of these accusations, Weinstein was fired from his production company,[54] suspended from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts,[55] expelled from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences,[4] resigned from the Directors Guild of America,[56] left by his wife Georgina Chapman,[57] and denounced by leading figures in politics whom he had supported.[58] The Los Angeles Police Department opened a criminal investigation for alleged rape,[59] and New York and London police are investigating other sexual assault allegations.[60]

Ronan Farrow reported in The New Yorker that Weinstein hired British-Israeli private intelligence firm Black Cube in order to stop the publication of the abuse allegations against him. Using false identities, private investigators from Black Cube tracked and met journalists and actresses, in particular Rose McGowan, who accused Weinstein of rape. Weinstein had Black Cube and other agencies "target, or collect information on, dozens of individuals, and compile psychological profiles that sometimes focussed on their personal or sexual histories."[61][62][63]

The allegations precipitated a wave of "national reckoning" against sexual harassment and assault in the United States,[64] known as the Weinstein effect. Compounded by other sexual harassment cases earlier in the year, the Weinstein reports and subsequent #MeToo hashtag campaign, which encouraged individuals to share their suppressed stories of sexual misconduct, created a cavalcade of allegations across multiple industries that brought about the swift ouster of many men in positions of power both in the United States and, as it spread, around the world.[65][66]

In 2019, a documentary Untouchable was released with interviews from several of his accusers.[67]

Charges and arrest
On May 25, 2018, Weinstein was charged by New York police with "rape, criminal sex act, sex abuse and sexual misconduct for incidents involving two separate women". On that day, he was arrested after surrendering to police.[6]

Weinstein was later released after $1 million bail was posted on his behalf. He later surrendered his passport and was required to wear an ankle monitor, with travel being restricted to New York and Connecticut. His lawyer Benjamin Brafman said Weinstein would plead not guilty.[68] On August 26, 2019, the trial date was delayed to January 6, 2020.[69]

Personal life
Weinstein has been married twice. In 1987, he married his assistant Eve Chilton; they divorced in 2004.[34][70] They had three daughters: Remy (previously Lily) (born 1995), Emma (born 1998), and Ruth (born 2002).[71] In 2007, he married English fashion designer and actress Georgina Chapman.[72] They have a daughter, India Pearl (born 2010),[73] and a son, Dashiell[74] (born 2013).[75] On October 10, 2017, Chapman announced she was leaving Weinstein after the sexual harassment accusations.[57]

Popular culture
Both Vanity Fair and The New York Post have announced the completion by the playwright and dramatist David Mamet of the play titled Bitter Wheat to deal principally with the Weinstein controversy concerning his arrest in 2018. As stated in The New York Post in May 2018: "The plan is to open Mamet’s new play in London... Sources say Mamet is wary of another run at Broadway unless his Weinstein play gets a good reception in England. He’s got a shot with Daniel Evans, the young director who’s in talks to do it"

Jeffrey Epstein

Jeffrey Edward Epstein (/ˈɛpstiːn/ EP-steen;[1] January 20, 1953 – August 10, 2019) was an American financier and convicted sex offender.[2][3] He began his professional life as a teacher but then switched to the banking and finance sector in various roles, working at Bear Stearns before forming his own firm. He developed an elite social circle and procured many women, including underage girls, who were then sexually abused by Epstein and some of his contacts.[3][4][5]

In 2005, police in Palm Beach, Florida, began investigating Epstein after a parent complained that he had sexually abused her 14-year-old daughter.[6] Epstein pleaded guilty and was convicted in 2008 by a Florida state court of procuring an underage girl for prostitution and of soliciting a prostitute.[7] He served almost 13 months in custody, but with extensive work release. He was convicted of only these two crimes as part of a plea deal; federal officials had in fact identified 36 girls, some as young as 14 years old, whom Epstein had sexually abused.[8][9]

Epstein was arrested again on July 6, 2019, on federal charges for the sex trafficking of minors in Florida and New York.[10][11] He died in his jail cell on August 10, 2019.[12] The medical examiner ruled the death a suicide,[13] although Epstein's lawyers have disputed the ruling.[14][15] Because his death eliminates the possibility of pursuing criminal charges, a judge dismissed all criminal charges on August 29, 2019
Epstein was born in 1953 in the New York City borough of Brooklyn to Jewish parents[18][19] Pauline (née Stolofsky, 1918–2004)[20] and Seymour G. Epstein (1916–1991).[21] His parents were married in 1952, shortly before his birth.[21] Pauline worked as a school aide and was a homemaker.[21][22] Seymour Epstein worked for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation as a groundskeeper and gardener.[21][18] Jeffrey Epstein was the older of two siblings. Epstein and his brother Mark grew up in the working-class neighborhood of Sea Gate, Coney Island, Brooklyn.[22]

Epstein attended local public schools, first Public School 188 and then Mark Twain Junior High School nearby.[22] In 1967, Epstein attended the National Music Camp at the Interlochen Center for the Arts.[23] He began playing the piano when he was five.[24] He graduated in 1969 from Lafayette High School at age 16, having skipped two grades.[25][26] Later that year, he attended classes at Cooper Union until he changed colleges in 1971.[25] From September 1971, he attended the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University, but left without receiving a degree in June 1974.[25][26]

Career
Teaching
Epstein started working in September 1974 as a physics and mathematics teacher for teens at the Dalton School on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.[25][27] He was hired by Donald Barr[28][29] (father of U.S. Attorney General William Barr), who was the headmaster until June 1974.[30][27][31][29] Epstein taught at the exclusive private school from late 1974 until he was dismissed in June 1976 for "poor performance".[27][32][33] While teaching at the school, Epstein became acquainted with Alan Greenberg, the chief executive officer of Bear Stearns, whose son and daughter were going to the school. Greenberg's daughter, Lynne Koeppel, pointed to a parent-teacher conference where Epstein influenced another Dalton parent into advocating for him to Greenberg.[31] Greenberg, impressed with Epstein's intelligence and drive for financial success, offered him a job at Bear Stearns.[24][34]

Banking
Epstein joined Bear Stearns in 1976 as a low-level junior assistant to a floor trader.[35] He swiftly moved up to become an options trader, working in the special products division, and then advised the bank's wealthiest clients, such as Seagram president Edgar Bronfman, on tax mitigation strategies.[26][36][37] Jimmy Cayne, the bank's later chief executive officer, praised Epstein's skill with wealthy clients and complex products. In 1980, four years after joining Bear Stearns, Epstein became a limited partner.[35]

In 1981, he was asked to leave Bear Stearns for, according to his sworn testimony, being guilty of a "reg d violation".[38][26][24] Even though Epstein departed abruptly, he remained close to Cayne and Greenberg and was a client of Bear Stearns until it collapsed in 2008.[35]

Financial consulting
In August 1981, Epstein founded his own consulting firm, Intercontinental Assets Group Inc. (IAG),[39] which assisted clients in recovering stolen money from fraudulent brokers and lawyers.[24] Epstein described his work at this time as being a high-level bounty hunter. He told friends that he worked sometimes as a consultant for governments and the very wealthy to recover embezzled funds, while at other times he worked for clients who had embezzled funds.[24][40] Spanish actress and heiress Ana Obregón was one such wealthy client, whom Epstein helped in 1982 to recover her father's millions in lost investments, which had disappeared when Drysdale Government Securities collapsed because of fraud.[41]

Epstein also stated to some people at the time that he was an intelligence agent.[42] Whether this statement was truthful is not clear. During the 1980s, Epstein possessed an Austrian passport that had his photo but a false name. The passport showed his place of residence in Saudi Arabia.[43][44] Investigative journalist Vicky Ward said she was told in 2017 by "a former senior White House official" that U.S. Florida District Attorney Alexander Acosta, who handled Epstein's criminal case in 2008, said to Trump transition interviewers "I was told Epstein 'belonged to intelligence' and to leave it alone" and that Epstein was "above his pay grade".[45][46]

During this period, one of Epstein's clients was the Saudi Arabian businessman Adnan Khashoggi, who was the middleman in transferring American weapons from Israel to Iran, as part of the Iran–Contra affair in the 1980s.[4] Khashoggi was one of several defense contractors that he knew.[24][42] In the mid-1980s, Epstein traveled multiple times between the United States, Europe, and Southwest Asia.[43][44] While in London, Epstein met Steven Hoffenberg. They had been introduced through Douglas Leese, a defense contractor, and John Mitchell, the former U.S. Attorney General.[24]

Tower Financial Corporation
Steven Hoffenberg hired Epstein in 1987, as a consultant for Tower Financial Corporation (unaffiliated with the company of the same name founded in 1998, and acquired by Old National Bancorp in 2014),[47] a collection agency that bought debts people owed to hospitals, banks, and phone companies.[48][49] Hoffenberg set Epstein up in offices in the "Villard Houses" in Manhattan and paid him US$25,000 per month for his consulting work (equivalent to $56,000 in 2019).[24]

Hoffenberg and Epstein then refashioned themselves as corporate raiders using Tower Financial as their raiding vessel. One of Epstein's first assignments for Hoffenberg was to implement what turned out to be an unsuccessful bid to take over Pan American World Airways in 1987. A similar unsuccessful bid in 1988 was made to take over Emery Air Freight Corp. During this period, Hoffenberg and Epstein worked closely together and traveled everywhere on Hoffenberg's private jet.[24]

In 1993, Tower Financial Corporation imploded as one of the biggest Ponzi schemes in American history which lost its investors over US$450 million.[24] In court documents, Hoffenberg claimed that Epstein was intimately involved in the scheme.[50][51] Epstein left the company by 1989 before it collapsed and was never charged for being involved with the massive investor fraud committed. It is unknown if Epstein acquired any stolen funds from the Tower Ponzi scheme.[24]

Financial management firm
In 1988, while Epstein was still consulting for Hoffenberg, he founded his own financial management firm, J. Epstein & Company.[49][39] The company was said by Epstein to have been formed to manage the assets of clients with more than US$1 billion in net worth, although others have expressed skepticism that he was this restrictive in the clients he took.[26]

The only publicly known billionaire client of Epstein was Leslie Wexner, chairman and CEO of L Brands (formerly The Limited, Inc.) and Victoria's Secret.[24][52] In 1986, Epstein met Wexner through their mutual acquaintances, insurance executive Robert Meister and his wife, in Palm Beach, Florida. A year later, Epstein became Wexner's financial adviser and served as his right-hand man. Within the year, Epstein had sorted out Wexner's entangled finances.[26][53] In July 1991, Wexner granted Epstein full power of attorney over his affairs. The power of attorney allowed Epstein to hire people, sign checks, buy and sell properties, borrow money, and do anything else of a legally binding nature on Wexner's behalf.[54]

By 1995, Epstein was a director of the Wexner Foundation and Wexner Heritage Foundation. He was also the president of Wexner's Property, which developed the town of New Albany outside Columbus, Ohio where Wexner lived. Epstein made millions in fees by managing Wexner's financial affairs. Although never employed by L Brands, he corresponded frequently with the company executives. Epstein often attended Victoria's Secret fashion shows, and hosted the models at his New York City home, as well as helping aspiring models get work with the company.[53][54]

In 1996, Epstein changed the name of his firm to the Financial Trust Company[26] and, for tax advantages, based it on the island of St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands.[26] By relocating to the U.S. Virgin Islands, Epstein was able to reduce federal income taxes by 90 percent. The U.S. Virgin Islands acted as an offshore tax haven, while at the same time offering the advantages of being part of the United States banking system.[55]

Media activities
In 2003, Epstein bid to acquire New York magazine.[56] Other bidders included advertising executive Donny Deutsch, investor Nelson Peltz, media mogul and New York Daily News publisher Mortimer Zuckerman, and film producer Harvey Weinstein. The ultimate buyer was Bruce Wasserstein, a longtime Wall Street investment banker, who paid US$55 million.[56]

In 2004, Epstein and Zuckerman committed up to US$25 million to finance Radar, a celebrity and pop culture magazine founded by Maer Roshan. Epstein and Zuckerman were equal partners in the venture. Roshan, as its editor-in-chief, retained a small ownership stake. It folded after three issues.[57]

Liquid Funding Ltd.
Epstein was the president of the company Liquid Funding Ltd. between 2000 and 2007.[58][59] The company was an early pioneer in expanding the kind of debt that could be accepted on repurchase, or the repo market, which involves a lender giving money to a borrower in exchange for securities that the borrower then agrees to buy back at an agreed-upon later time and price. The innovation of Liquid Funding, and other early companies, was that instead of having stocks and bonds as the underlying securities, it had commercial mortgages and investment-grade residential mortgages bundled into complex securities as the underlying security.[58]

Liquid Funding was initially 40 percent owned by Bear Stearns. Through the help of the credit rating agencies – Standard & Poor's, Fitch Ratings and Moody's Investors Service – the new bundled securities were able to be created for companies so that they got a gold-plated AAA rating. The implosion of such complex securities, because of their inaccurate ratings, led to the collapse of Bear Stearns in March 2008 and set in motion the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the subsequent Great Recession. If Liquid Funding was left holding large amounts of such securities as collateral, it could have lost large amounts of money.[58][60]

Investments
Hedge funds
Epstein invested $80 million between 2002 and 2005, in the D.B. Zwirn Special Opportunities hedge fund.[61] In November 2006, Epstein, while under federal investigation for sex crimes,[62] attempted to redeem his investment after he was informed of accounting irregularities in the fund.[63][64] By this time, his investment had grown to $140 million. Zwirn refused to redeem the investment. Zwirn worried that Epstein's redemption could cause a "run on the bank" at the hedge fund. It is unknown how much Epstein personally lost when the fund was wound down in 2008
In August 2006, Epstein, a month after the federal investigation of him began,[62] invested $57 million in the Bear Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Enhanced Leverage hedge fund.[61][65] This fund was highly leveraged in mortgage-backed collateralized debt obligations (CDOs).[65]

On April 18, 2007, an investor in the fund, who had $57 million invested, discussed redeeming his investment.[66] At this time, the fund had a leverage ratio of 17:1, which meant for every dollar invested there were seventeen dollars of borrowed funds; therefore, the redemption of this investment would have been equivalent to removing $1 billion from the thinly traded CDO market.[67] The selling of CDO assets to meet the redemptions that month began a repricing process and general freeze in the CDO market. The repricing of the CDO assets caused the collapse of the fund three months later in July, and the eventual collapse of Bear Stearns in March 2008. It is likely Epstein lost most of this investment, but it is not known how much was his.[66][65]

By the time that the Bear Stearns fund began to fail in May 2007, Epstein had begun to negotiate a plea deal with the U.S. Attorney's Office concerning imminent charges for sex with minors.[61][62] In August 2007, a month after the fund collapsed, the U.S. attorney in Miami, Alexander Acosta, entered into direct discussions about the plea agreement.[62] Acosta brokered a lenient deal, according to him, because he had been ordered by higher government officials, who told him that Epstein was an individual of importance to the government.[45][46] As part of the negotiations, according to the Miami Herald, Epstein provided "unspecified information" to the Florida federal prosecutors for a more lenient sentence and was supposedly an unnamed key witness for the New York federal prosecutors in their unsuccessful June 2008 criminal case against the two managers of the failed Bear Stearns hedge fund. Alan Dershowitz, one of Epstein's Florida attorneys on the case, told Fox Business Network "We would have been touting that if he had [cooperated]. The idea that Epstein helped in any prosecution is news to me."[8][61][68]

Israeli startup
In 2015, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported that Epstein invested in the startup Reporty Homeland Security (rebranded as Carbyne in 2018).[69][70][71] The startup is connected with Israel's defense industry. It is headed by former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, who was also at one time the defense minister, and chief of staff of the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). The CEO of the company is Amir Elihai who was a special forces officer, and Pinchas Bukhris, who is a director of the company, was at one time the defense ministry director general and commander of the IDF cyber unit 8200.[72] Epstein and Barak, the head of Carbyne, were close, and Epstein often offered him lodging at one of his apartment units at 301 East 66th Street in Manhattan.[73][74] Epstein had past experience with Israel's research and military sector.[75] In April 2008, he went to Israel and met with a number of research scientists and visited different Israeli military bases.[75] During this trip, he thought about staying in Israel in order to avoid trial, and possible jail, for charges he was facing for sex crimes; however, he opted to return to the United States.[76]

Video recordings
Epstein installed concealed cameras in numerous places on his properties to allegedly record sexual activity with underage girls by prominent people for criminal purposes, such as blackmail.[77] Ghislaine Maxwell, Epstein's close companion, told a friend that Epstein's private island in the Virgin Islands was completely wired for video and the friend believed that Maxwell and Epstein were videotaping everyone on the island as an insurance policy.[78] When police raided his Palm Beach residence in 2006 two hidden pinhole cameras were discovered in his home.[79] It was also reported that Epstein's mansion in New York was wired extensively with a video surveillance system.[80]

Maria Farmer, who visited Epstein's mansion in New York, noted that Epstein showed her a media room in the mansion where there were individuals monitoring the pinhole cameras throughout the house. The media room was accessed through a hidden door. She stated that in the media room "there were men sitting here. And I looked on the cameras, and I saw toilet, toilet, bed, bed, toilet, bed." She added that "It was very obvious that they were, like, monitoring private moments."[81]

Epstein allegedly "lent" girls to powerful people to ingratiate himself with them and also to gain possible blackmail information.[82] According to the Department of Justice, he kept compact discs locked in his safe in his New York mansion with handwritten labels that included the description: "young [name] + [name]".[83] Epstein partially confirmed that he had blackmail material when he told a New York Times reporter in 2018, off the record, that he had dirt on powerful people, including information about their sexual proclivities and recreational drug use.[84]

Legal proceedings
First criminal case
Initial developments (2005–2006)
In March 2005, a woman contacted Florida's Palm Beach Police Department and alleged that her 14-year-old stepdaughter had been taken to Epstein's mansion by an older girl. There she was allegedly paid $300 (equivalent to $390 in 2019) to strip and massage Epstein.[86] She had allegedly undressed, but left the encounter wearing her underwear.[87]

Police began a 13-month undercover investigation of Epstein, including a search of his home.[62][88] The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) also became involved. Subsequently, the police alleged that Epstein had paid several girls to perform sexual acts with him.[82] Interviews with five alleged victims and 17 witnesses under oath, a high-school transcript and other items found in Epstein's trash and home allegedly showed that some of the girls involved were under 18, the youngest being 14, with many under 16.[89][90] The police search of Epstein's home found two hidden cameras and large numbers of photos of girls throughout the house, some of whom the police had interviewed in the course of their investigation.[87]

A former employee told the police that Epstein would receive massages three times a day.[87] Eventually the FBI compiled reports on "34 confirmed minors" eligible for restitution (increased to 40 in the NPA) whose allegations of sexual abuse by Epstein included corroborating details.[91] Julie Brown's 2018 exposé[8][62][92] in the Miami Herald identified about 80 victims and located about 60 of them. She quotes the then police chief, Michael Reiter, "This was 50-something 'shes' and one 'he'—and the 'shes' all basically told the same story."[8] Details from the investigation included allegations that 12-year-old triplets were flown in from France for Epstein's birthday, and flown back the following day after being sexually abused by the financier. It was alleged that young girls were recruited from Brazil and other South American countries, former Soviet countries, and Europe, and that Jean Luc Brunel's "MC2" modeling agency was also supplying girls to Epstein.[89][93][94]

In May 2006, Palm Beach police filed a probable cause affidavit saying that Epstein should be charged with four counts of unlawful sex with minors and one count of sexual abuse.[87][95]

Epstein's defense lawyers included Roy Black, Gerald Lefcourt, Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz, and former U. S. Solicitor General Ken Starr.[86][96]

After press reports that Epstein would be charged with one count of aggravated assault with no intent to commit a felony, Palm Beach Police Chief Michael Reiter accused the Palm Beach County state prosecutor, Barry Krischer, of being too lenient and was instrumental in bringing in the FBI.[86] Instead Krischer convened a Palm Beach County grand jury, which was usually only done in capital cases. Presented evidence from only two victims, the grand jury returned a single charge of felony solicitation of prostitution,[97] to which Epstein pleaded not guilty in August 2006.[98]

Non-prosecution agreement (NPA) (2006–2008)
In July 2006, the FBI began its own investigation of Epstein, nicknamed "Operation Leap Year". It resulted in a 53-page indictment in June 2007 that was never presented to a grand jury.[62] Alexander Acosta, then the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Florida, agreed to a plea deal, which Alan Dershowitz helped to negotiate,[99] to grant immunity from all federal criminal charges to Epstein, along with four named co-conspirators and any unnamed "potential co-conspirators". According to the Miami Herald, the non-prosecution agreement "essentially shut down an ongoing FBI probe into whether there were more victims and other powerful people who took part in Epstein's sex crimes". At the time, this halted the investigation and sealed the indictment. The Miami Herald said: "Acosta agreed, despite a federal law to the contrary, that the deal would be kept from the victims."[8]

Acosta later said he offered a lenient plea deal because he was told that Epstein "belonged to intelligence", was "above his pay grade" and to "leave it alone".[45][46][100] Epstein agreed to plead guilty in Florida state court to two felony prostitution charges, register as a sex offender, and pay restitution to three dozen victims identified by the FBI.[8][82] The plea deal was later described as a "sweetheart deal".[101]

A federal judge later found that the prosecutors had violated the victims' rights in that they had concealed the agreement from the victims and instead urged them to have "patience".[102][103]

Conviction and sentencing (2008–2011)
On June 30, 2008, after Epstein pleaded guilty to a state charge (one of two) of procuring for prostitution a girl below age 18,[104] he was sentenced to 18 months in prison. While most convicted sex offenders in Florida are sent to state prison, Epstein was instead housed in a private wing of the Palm Beach County Stockade and, according to the sheriff's office, was after ​3 1⁄2 months allowed to leave the jail on "work release" for up to 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. This contravened the sheriff's own policies requiring a maximum remaining sentence of 10 months and making sex offenders ineligible for the privilege. He was allowed to come and go outside of specified release hours.[92]

Epstein's cell door was left unlocked, and he had access to the attorney room where a television was installed for him, before he was moved to the Stockade's previously unstaffed infirmary. He worked at the office of a foundation he had created shortly before reporting to jail; he dissolved it after he had served his time. The Sheriff's Office received $128,000 from Epstein's non-profit to pay for the costs of extra services being provided during his work release. His office was monitored by "permit deputies" whose overtime was paid by Epstein. They were required to wear suits, and checked in "welcomed guests" at the "front desk". Later the Sheriff's Office said these guest logs were destroyed per the department's "records retention" rules (although inexplicably the Stockade visitor logs were not).[105] He was allowed to use his own driver to drive him between jail and his office and other appointments
Epstein served almost 13 months before being released for a year of probation on house arrest until August 2010. While on probation he was allowed numerous trips on his corporate jet to his residences in Manhattan and the U.S. Virgin Islands. He was allowed long shopping trips and to walk around Palm Beach "for exercise".[92]

After a contested hearing in January 2011, and an appeal, he stayed registered in New York State as a "level three" (high risk of repeat offense) sex offender, a lifelong designation.[106][107] At that hearing the Manhattan District Attorney argued unsuccessfully that the level should be reduced to a low-risk "level one" and was chided by the judge. Despite opposition from Epstein's lawyer that he had a "main" home in the U.S. Virgin Islands, the judge confirmed he personally must check in with the New York Police Department every 90 days. Though Epstein had been a level-three registered sex offender in New York since 2010, the New York Police Department never enforced the 90-day regulation, though non-compliance is a felony.[103]

Reactions
The immunity agreement and his lenient treatment were the subject of ongoing public dispute. The Palm Beach police chief accused the state of giving him preferential treatment,[86] and the Miami Herald said U.S. Attorney Acosta gave Epstein "the deal of a lifetime".[8] Following Epstein's arrest in July 2019, on sex trafficking charges, Acosta resigned as Secretary of Labor effective July 19, 2019.[108]

After the accusations became public, several persons and institutions returned donations that they had received from Epstein, including Eliot Spitzer, Bill Richardson,[109] and the Palm Beach Police Department.[90] Harvard University announced it would not return any money.[109] Various charitable donations that Epstein had made to finance children's education were also questioned.[104]

On June 18, 2010, Epstein's former house manager, Alfredo Rodriguez, was sentenced to 18 months' incarceration after being convicted on an obstruction charge for failing to turn over to police, and subsequently trying to sell, a journal in which he had recorded Epstein's activities. FBI Special Agent Christina Pryor reviewed the material and agreed it was information "that would have been extremely useful in investigating and prosecuting the case, including names and contact information of material witnesses and additional victims."[110][111]

Civil cases
Jane Does v. Epstein (2008)
On February 6, 2008, an anonymous Virginia woman filed a $50 million civil lawsuit[112] in federal court against Epstein, saying that when she was a 16-year-old minor in 2004–05, she was "recruited to give Epstein a massage". She claims she was taken to his mansion, where he exposed himself and had sexual intercourse with her, and paid her $200 immediately afterward.[97]

A similar $50 million suit was filed in March 2008, by a different woman, who was represented by the same lawyer.[113] These and several similar lawsuits were dismissed.[114]

All other lawsuits have been settled by Epstein out of court.[115] Epstein made many out-of-court settlements with alleged victims.[114]

Victims' rights: Jane Does v. United States (2014)
A December 30, 2014, federal civil suit was filed in Florida by Jane Doe 1 (Courtney Wild) and Jane Doe 2 against the United States for violations of the Crime Victims' Rights Act by the U.S. Department of Justice's NPA with Epstein and his limited 2008 state plea. There was a later unsuccessful effort to add Virginia Roberts (Jane Doe 3) and another woman (Jane Doe 4) as plaintiffs to that case.[116] The addition accused Alan Dershowitz of sexually abusing a minor, Jane Doe 3, provided by Epstein.[117] The allegations against Dershowitz were stricken by the judge and eliminated from the case because he said they were outside the intent of the suit to re-open the plea agreement.[118][119] A document filed in court alleges that Epstein ran a "sexual abuse ring", and lent underage girls to "prominent American politicians, powerful business executives, foreign presidents, a well-known prime minister, and other world leaders".[120]

This long-running lawsuit is pending in federal court, aimed at vacating the federal plea agreement on the grounds that it violated victims' rights.[121] On April 7, 2015, Judge Kenneth Marra ruled that the allegations made by alleged victim Virginia Roberts against Prince Andrew had no bearing on the lawsuit by alleged victims seeking to reopen Epstein's non-prosecution plea agreement with the federal government; the judge ordered that allegation to be struck from the record.[118] Judge Marra made no ruling as to whether claims by Roberts are true or false. Though he did not allow Jane Does 3 and 4 to join the suit, Marra specifically said that Roberts may later give evidence when the case comes to court.[122]

On February 21, 2019, in the case of the Two Jane Does v. United States, Senior Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida Kenneth Marra said federal prosecutors violated the law by failing to notify victims before they allowed him to plead guilty to only the two Florida offenses. The judge left open what the possible remedy could be.[123]

Virginia Roberts Giuffre v. Epstein (2015)
In January 2015, a 31-year-old American woman, Virginia Roberts (now Virginia Giuffre),[124] alleged in a sworn affidavit that at the age of 17, she had been held as a sex slave by Epstein.[125] She further alleged that he and the British socialite Ghislaine Maxwell had trafficked her to several people, including Prince Andrew[126][127] and retired Harvard Law professor Alan Dershowitz.[124] Roberts also claimed that Epstein, Maxwell and others had physically and sexually abused her.[126] Roberts alleged that the FBI may have been involved in a cover-up.[127] She said she had served as Epstein's sex slave from 1999 to 2002, and had recruited other underage girls.[128] Prince Andrew, Epstein, and Dershowitz all denied having had sex with Roberts. Dershowitz took legal action over the allegations.[129][130][131] Roberts filed a defamation suit against Dershowitz, claiming he purposefully made "false and malicious defamatory statements" about her.[99] A diary purported to belong to Roberts was published online.[132][133] Epstein entered an out-of-court settlement with Roberts, as he had done in several other lawsuits.[82] The BBC television series Panorama planned an investigation of these claims.[134] As of 2016, these accusations had not been tested in any court of law.[135]

Virginia Roberts Giuffre v. Ghislaine Maxwell (2015)
As a result of Giuffre's allegations and Maxwell's comments about them, Giuffre sued Maxwell for defamation in September 2015. After much legal confrontation, the case was settled under seal in May 2017. The Miami Herald, other media, and Alan Dershowitz filed to have the documents about the settlement unsealed. After the judge dismissed their request, the matter was appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.[136]

On March 11, 2019, in the appeal of the district judge's refusal to unseal the documents relating to the 2017 defamation settlement of Giuffre v. Maxwell, the Second Circuit Court gave parties one week to provide good cause as to why they should remain under seal, without which they would be unsealed on March 19, 2019. Later the Court ordered these documents to be unsealed (after having them redacted to protect innocent parties). In Giuffre's testimony, she claims that she was directed by Maxwell to give erotic massages and engage in sexual activities with Prince Andrew; Jean-Luc Brunel; Glenn Dubin; Marvin Minsky; Governor Bill Richardson; another unnamed prince; an unnamed foreign president; "a well known Prime Minister"; and an unnamed hotel chain owner from France, among others that she could not name.[137] As of August 2019, none of these men has been indicted or sued for related sex crimes, and the deposition does not say which of these men (if any) in fact engaged with Giuffre.[137] Giuffre testified, "my whole life revolved around just pleasing these men and keeping Ghislaine and Jeffrey happy. Their whole entire lives revolved around sex."[137][136]

On August 9, less than 24 hours before Epstein's death, 2,000 pages of previously sealed documents from the case were released. Two sets of additional sealed documents will be analyzed by a federal judge to determine whether they should also be made public. A "John Doe" asked the judge on September 3 to permanently keep the documents secret, claiming "unproven allegations of impropriety" could damage his reputation, though he had no evidence his name was included.[138]

Jane Doe v. Epstein and Trump (2016)
A federal lawsuit filed in California in April 2016, against Epstein and Donald Trump by a California woman alleged that the two men sexually assaulted her at a series of parties at Epstein's Manhattan residence in 1994, when she was 13 years old. The suit was dismissed by a federal judge in May 2016 because it did not raise valid claims under federal law. The woman filed another federal suit in New York in June 2016, but it was withdrawn three months later, apparently without being served on the defendants. A third federal suit was filed in New York in September 2016.

The two latter suits included affidavits by an anonymous witness who attested to the accusations in the suits, asserting Epstein employed her to procure underage girls for him, and an anonymous person who declared the plaintiff had told him/her about the assaults at the time they occurred. The plaintiff, who had filed anonymously as Jane Doe, was scheduled to appear in a Los Angeles press conference six days before the 2016 election, but abruptly canceled the event; her lawyer Lisa Bloom asserted that the woman had received threats. The suit was dropped on November 4, 2016. Trump attorney Alan Garten flatly denied the allegations, while Epstein declined to comment.[139][140][141][142][143]

Sarah Ransome v. Epstein and Maxwell (2017)
In 2017, Sarah Ransome filed a suit against Epstein and Maxwell, alleging that Maxwell had hired her to give massages to Epstein and later threatened to physically harm her or destroy her career prospects if she did not comply with their sexual demands at his mansion in New York City and on his private Caribbean island, Little Saint James. The suit was settled in 2018 under undisclosed terms.[144][145][146]

Bradley Edwards' defamation v. Epstein (2018)
A state civil lawsuit in Florida filed by attorney Bradley Edwards against Epstein was scheduled for trial in December 2018. The trial was expected to provide victims with their first opportunity to make their accusations in public. However, the case was settled on the first day of the trial, with Epstein apologizing to Edwards; other terms of the settlement were confidential.[121][147]

Maria Farmer v. Epstein and Maxwell (2019)
On April 16, 2019, a new accuser, Maria Farmer, went public and filed a sworn affidavit in federal court in New York, alleging that she and her 15-year-old sister, Anne, had been sexually assaulted by Epstein and Maxwell in separate locations in 1996. According to the affidavit, Farmer had met Epstein and Maxwell at a New York City art gallery reception in 1995. The following year, in the summer of 1996, they hired her to work on an art project in Leslie Wexner's Ohio mansion, where she was then sexually assaulted.[148] Farmer reported the incident to the New York City Police Department and the FBI.[149]

Farmer's affidavit also stated that during the same summer, Epstein flew her then-15-year-old sister to his New Mexico property where he and Maxwell sexually abused her on a massage table.[150]

Jennifer Araoz v. Epstein (2019)
On July 22, 2019, while in jail awaiting trial, Epstein was served with a petition regarding a pending state civil lawsuit filed by a Jennifer Araoz, who says Epstein raped her in his New York City mansion when she was 15. As of August 14, 2019, adult survivors of child sexual abuse will have one year from that date to sue for offenses in New York State, no matter how long ago the abuse took place.[151]

Katlyn Doe, Lisa Doe and Priscilla Doe v. Epstein's Estate (2019)
Three women sued the estate of Jeffrey Epstein on August 20, 2019. Two of the women were 17 and one was 20 when they met Epstein. The women allege they were recruited, subjected to unwanted sex acts, and controlled by Epstein and a "vast enterprise" of co-conspirators.[152][153]

Second criminal case
Trafficking charges


غوردون رامزي

غوردون رامزي ‎/‏ˈræm.ziː‎/‏، هو طاهي وصاحب مطعم اسكتلندي بريطاني. منحت مطاعمه 16 نجمة من نجوم ميشلان وقد سحبت أثنتين وحافظ على 14 نجمة. حصل مطعمه الذي يحمل بصمته الشخصية في تشيلسا بلندن على ثلاث نجوم ميشلان وقد بقي محافظا عليها منذ عام 2001. عرف غوردون بتقديمه لبرنامج تلفزيوني يجري فيه مسابقات بين متسابقين في عالم الطهي.

حياته
ولد رامزي في 8 نوفمبر 1966، في جونستون، رينفروشاير، اسكتلندا. ومنذ أن أصبح في الخامسة من عمره نشأ رامزي في ستراتفورد أبون آفون، في وارويكشاير، بإنجلترا. ترتيب رامزي الثاني بين أربعة أخوة. لديه شقيقة أكبر سنا تدعى ديان؛ وشقيق أصغر يدعى روني؛ وأخته الصغرى تدعى إيفون. الأب رامزي أسمه غوردون جيمس سينيور (توفي عام 1997)، وقد عمل بوظائف مختلفة من مدير حمام سباحة للحام، إلى صاحب متجر. أخته ايفون وأمهم هيلين (الأسم قبل الزواج: كوسجروف)  كانت ممرضة

Gordon Ramsay

Gordon James Ramsay OBE (born 8 November 1966) is a British chef, restaurateur, writer, television personality and food critic. He was born in Johnstone, Scotland, and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. His restaurants have been awarded 16 Michelin stars in total and currently hold a total of seven.[2][3][4] His signature restaurant, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in Chelsea, London, has held three Michelin stars since 2001. Appearing on the British television miniseries Boiling Point in 1998, by 2004 Ramsay had become one of the best-known and most influential chefs in the UK.[5][6]

As a reality television personality, Ramsay is known for his fiery temper, strict demeanour and use of expletives. He often makes blunt and controversial comments, including insults and wisecracks about contestants and their cooking abilities. He combines activities in the television, film, hospitality, and food industries and has promoted and hired various chefs who have apprenticed under his wing. Ramsay is known for presenting TV programmes about competitive cookery and food, such as the British series Hell's Kitchen, The F Word, and Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares, the American series MasterChef, MasterChef Junior, and Hotel Hell, and the American versions of Hell's Kitchen and Kitchen Nightmares. In 2018, Forbes listed his earnings at $62 million for the previous 12 months, and ranked him the 33rd-highest-earning celebrity in the world
Early life
Ramsay was born on 8 November 1966[8] in Johnstone, Renfrewshire.[9] From the age of five, he was raised in Stratford-upon-Avon.[9] Ramsay is the second of four children. He has an older sister, a younger brother (who Ramsay revealed had been imprisoned for heroin possession as a juvenile)[10] and a younger sister. Ramsay's father, Gordon James Ramsay,[11] was—at various times—a swimming pool manager, a welder, and a shopkeeper; his sister and their mother, Helen (née Cosgrove),[11] have been nurses.[12]

Ramsay has described his early life as "hopelessly itinerant" and said his family moved constantly due to the aspirations and failures of his father, who was a sometimes violent alcoholic.[11] In his autobiography, Humble Pie, he describes his early life as being marked by abuse and neglect from this "hard-drinking womaniser".[12][13] In 1976, they finally settled in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he grew up in the Bishopton area of the town. He worked as a pot washer in a local Indian restaurant where his sister was a waitress.[14] At the age of 16, Ramsay moved out of the family home and into a flat in Banbury.[15]

Football career
Ramsay played football and was first chosen to play under-14 football at age 12. He was chosen to play for Warwickshire. His footballing career was marked by injuries, causing him to remark later in life, "Perhaps I was doomed when it came to football."[12] In mid-1984, Ramsay had a trial with Rangers, the club he supported as a boy. He seriously injured his knee, smashing the cartilage during training.[16]

Ramsay has claimed to have played two first team games for Rangers.[17] According to his autobiography Ramsay played "a couple of non-league matches as a trialist" for Rangers[18] and was signed by the club at the age of 15.[19]

Allan Cairns, the photographer who took a picture of Ramsay playing for Rangers in September 1985, said the photo was not one of Rangers first team but a side picked to play a testimonial match. A Rangers spokesman said: "Ramsay was a trialist in that testimonial game. He trained with us for a few months after that but then got injured."[20]

Rangers revisited
In series 4, episode 12 of The F Word (originally aired on 29 July 2008), Ramsay visited Ibrox, the home ground of his favourite childhood team, Rangers, and exclaimed, "Home, Sweet Home!" He explained, "My dream came true when I was spotted in the mid-80s and I joined the youth team here in Ibrox." He related that one of his fondest memories is playing alongside one of Scotland's football legends, Ally McCoist, who said about Ramsay, "I remember him well and the one thing that never ever will change is that he's a competitive so-and-so and wants to do and be the best that he can." Ramsay recalled that, "the pain of being released on the back of an injury" was only assuaged many years later, "after receiving [his] third Michelin Star", and concluded that, "without the upset at Ibrox, I would not be the chef I am today."[21]

Early cooking career
By this time, Ramsay's interest in cooking had already begun, and rather than be known as the football player with the gammy knee,[12] at age 19, Ramsay paid more serious attention to his culinary education. Ramsay enrolled at North Oxfordshire Technical College, sponsored by the Rotarians, to study hotel management. He describes his decision to enter catering college as "an accident, a complete accident."[22]

In the mid-1980s, he worked as a commis chef at the Wroxton House Hotel, then ran the kitchen and 60-seat dining room at the Wickham Arms, until his sexual relationship with the owner's wife made the situation difficult.[23] Ramsay then moved to London, where he worked in a series of restaurants until being inspired to work for the temperamental Marco Pierre White at Harveys.[12]

After working at Harveys for two years and ten months, Ramsay, tired of "the rages and the bullying and violence", decided that the way to further advance his career was to study French cuisine. White discouraged Ramsay from taking a job in Paris, instead encouraging him to work for Albert Roux at Le Gavroche in Mayfair, where he met Jean-Claude Breton, now his maître d'hôtel at Restaurant Gordon Ramsay. After working at Le Gavroche for a year, Albert Roux invited Ramsay to work with him at Hotel Diva, a ski resort in the French Alps, as his number two. From there, a 23-year-old Ramsay moved to Paris to work with Guy Savoy and Joël Robuchon, both Michelin-starred chefs. In Master Chef series 3 episode 18, Gordon Ramsay stated that Guy Savoy was his mentor. He continued his training in France for three years, before giving in to the physical and mental stress of the kitchens and taking a year to work as a personal chef on the private yacht Idlewild, based in Bermuda.[12] The role on the boat saw him travel to Sicily and Sardinia, Italy, and learn about Italian cuisine.[24]

Head chef
Upon his return to London in 1993, Ramsay was offered the position of head chef, under chef-patron Pierre Koffmann, at the three-Michelin-starred La Tante Claire in Chelsea. Shortly thereafter, Marco Pierre White reentered his life, offering to set him up with a head chef position and 10% share in the Rossmore, owned by White's business partners. The restaurant was renamed Aubergine and went on to win its first Michelin star fourteen months later. In 1997, Aubergine won its second Michelin star. Despite the restaurant's success, a dispute with Ramsay's business owners, who wanted to turn Aubergine into a chain, and Ramsay's dream of running his own restaurant led to his leaving the partnership in July 1998.[25][26] He has described the decision to set out on his own as "the most important day of my entire cooking career; the most important decision of my life".[27]

In 1998, Ramsay opened his own restaurant in Chelsea, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, with the help of his father-in-law, Chris Hutcheson, and his former colleagues at Aubergine.[28] The restaurant gained its third Michelin star in 2001, making Ramsay the first Scot to achieve that feat.[29] In 2011, The Good Food Guide listed Restaurant Gordon Ramsay as the second best in the UK, only bettered by The Fat Duck in Bray, Berkshire.[30]

After establishing his first restaurant, Ramsay's empire expanded rapidly. He next opened Pétrus, then Amaryllis in Glasgow (which he was later forced to close), and later Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's. He hired his friend and maître d'hôtel Jean-Philippe Susilovic, who works at Pétrus and also appears on Ramsay's US TV show Hell's Kitchen. Restaurants at the Dubai Creek and Connaught hotels followed, the latter branded with his protegee Angela Hartnett's name. Ramsay has opened restaurants outside the UK, beginning with Verre in Dubai. Two restaurants, Gordon Ramsay at Conrad Tokyo and Cerise by Gordon Ramsay, both opened in Tokyo in 2005. In November 2006, Gordon Ramsay at the London opened in New York City,[31] winning top newcomer in the city's coveted Zagat guide, despite mixed reviews from professional critics.[32]

In 2007, Ramsay opened his first restaurant in Ireland, Gordon Ramsay at Powerscourt, at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Powerscourt, County Wicklow.[33] This restaurant closed in 2013. In May 2008, he opened his first restaurant in the Western US, in The London West Hollywood Hotel (formerly the Bel-Age Hotel) on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles. The contract expired in 2015, closing the restaurant.[34]

On 9 August 2011, Ramsay opened his first Canadian restaurant, Laurier Gordon Ramsay (at the former Rotisserie Laurier BBQ) in Montreal.[35] In February 2012, Danny Lavy, the owner of the restaurant, announced the restaurant was disassociating itself from Ramsay, citing a lack of involvement and understanding on Ramsay's part.[36] The restaurant closed in 2013.[37]

Awards
Opened in September 1998, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay was Ramsay's first solo restaurant, located at Royal Hospital Road, London. In 2001, it was voted Top Restaurant in the UK in the London Zagat Survey and was awarded its third Michelin star.[38]

He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2006 honours list for services to the hospitality industry, but almost missed the award when his plane was delayed.[39]

In July 2006, Ramsay won the Catey award for "Independent Restaurateur of the Year", becoming only the third person to have won three Catey awards. Ramsay's two previous Catey awards were in 1995 (Newcomer of the Year) and 2000 (Chef of the Year). The other two triple-winners are Michel Roux and Jacquie Pern.[40] In September 2006, he was named as the most influential person in the UK hospitality industry in the annual Caterersearch 100 list, published by Caterer and Hotelkeeper magazine. He overtook Jamie Oliver, who had been top of the list in 2005.[41] Also in 2006, Ramsay was nominated as a candidate for Rector of the University of St Andrews, but lost at the polls to Simon Pepper.[42]

Ramsay's flagship restaurant, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, was voted London's top restaurant in Harden's for eight years, but in 2008 was placed below Petrus, a restaurant run by former protégé Marcus Wareing.[43] In January 2013, Ramsay was inducted into the Culinary Hall of Fame.[44]

Gordon Ramsay Holdings
All of Ramsay's business interests (restaurants, media, consultancy) are held in the company Gordon Ramsay Holdings Limited, which was run in partnership with his father-in-law, Chris Hutcheson. Ramsay owns a 69% stake, valued at £67 million in 2007.[45] Whereas previous ventures acted as a combined consultant/brand, in November 2006 Ramsay announced plans to create three restaurants in the United States. These opened in 2006/2007 at the London Hotel in Manhattan, in October 2006,[31] the Cielo in Boca Raton, Florida, and at the London Hotel in West Hollywood, California. Ramsay acts as a consultant to numerous catering organisations. In 2005 he was recruited by Singapore Airlines as one of its "International Culinary Panel" consultants.[46]

In late 2006, Gordon Ramsay Holdings purchased three London pubs, which were converted into gastropubs. These are: The Narrow in Limehouse, which opened in March 2007, the Devonshire in Chiswick, which opened in October 2007 and The Warrington in Maida Vale, which opened in February 2008. Both The Devonshire and The Warrington were sold in 2011.[47]

In May 2008, it was confirmed that Ramsay's protege of 15 years, Marcus Wareing, was going solo, having opened and operated Pétrus at The Berkeley Hotel on behalf of Gordon Ramsay Holdings since 2003.[48] With the name Pétrus owned by Gordon Ramsay Holdings, industry sources suggested it was likely to transfer to another restaurant in the group with the former La Noisette site identified as the most likely.[49] In April 2010, Jason Atherton, executive chef of Maze restaurants worldwide, resigned to open his own venue in Mayfair.[50]

On 19 October 2010, the company Gordon Ramsay Holdings Limited announced that Chris Hutcheson had left his position as CEO. Shortly afterwards, Ramsay released a letter to the press describing how he had unravelled the "manipulative" Hutcheson's "complex life" after having had him followed by a private detective. His father-in-law's "away days," wrote Ramsay, "were rarely what I thought they were." Company accounts show Hutcheson borrowed up to £1.5 million from Gordon Ramsay Holdings, though Hutcheson says he reported the borrowings to the company and paid the money back. Hutcheson said he had been "vaporised" and subjected to a "public hanging" by Ramsay, whom he described as a friendless egotist.[51] In April 2017, Hutcheson pleaded guilty to a charge of conspiracy to hack into the computers of Gordon Ramsay Holdings Limited.[52]

In October 2012, Ramsay opened The Fat Cow in Los Angeles, US at The Grove, a shopping area that is also popular with tourists.[53] Ramsay explained his intention for the Fat Cow in a press release to signify the opening of the venue: "The concept for The Fat Cow came from my desire to have a neighbourhood restaurant that you could go to all the time to just relax and enjoy a terrific meal."[54] In partnership with footballer David Beckham, Ramsay opened the Union Street Café in the Southwark district of London, UK in September 2013. The Italian cuisine of the Union Street Café, with a menu that is revolved on a daily basis, is overseen by Chef Davide Degiovanni.[55]

In October 2013, the Gordon Ramsay at The London restaurant in New York lost its two Michelin stars due to issues encountered by the Michelin reviewers. The guide's director Michael Ellis stated that he was served "some very erratic meals" and also experienced "issues with consistency." The loss followed the closure of another of Ramsay's restaurants in June 2013.[56]

On 26 June 2019, Chloe Sorvino from Forbes magazine reported that Ramsay will receive $100 million from Lion Capital, a private equity firm headquartered in London, to open 100 restaurants by the year 2024.[57]

Television
Ramsay's first documented role in television was in two fly-on-the-kitchen-wall documentaries: Boiling Point (1998) and Beyond Boiling Point (2000), but he had appeared previously as a judge on a MasterChef-like series for young catering students in 1997, with his then restaurant partner. Ramsay appeared on series three of Faking It in 2001, helping the prospective chef, a burger flipper named Ed Devlin, learn the trade. This episode won the 2001 BAFTA for "Best Factual TV Moment."[58][59]

In 2004, Ramsay appeared in two British television series. Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares aired on Channel 4, and saw the chef troubleshooting failing restaurants over a one-week period. This series ran its fifth series in 2007. Hell's Kitchen, a reality show which aired on ITV1, saw Ramsay attempt to train ten British celebrities to be chefs, as they ran a restaurant on Brick Lane in the East End of London, which opened to the public for the two-week duration of the show. Although he was the creator of Hell's Kitchen, Ramsay only starred in the first series, as he signed a four-year contract with Channel 4, ruling out any possibility of him appearing on future episodes of the ITV-produced show.[60]

In May 2005, the Fox network introduced Ramsay to American audiences in a US version of Hell's Kitchen produced by Granada Entertainment and A. Smith & Co. The show follows a similar premise to the original British series, showcasing Ramsay's perfectionism and infamously short temper. Ramsay had also hosted a US version of Kitchen Nightmares, which premiered on Fox on 19 September 2007. On 23 June 2014, Ramsay announced he was ending the series.[61] In June 2018, Gordon Ramsay's 24 Hours to Hell and Back, a new series with a premise much like Kitchen Nightmares but a shorter timeline, premiered on Fox.[62]

Ramsay has presented five series of a food-based magazine programme titled The F Word; it launched on Channel 4 on 27 October 2005. The show is organised around several key, recurring features, notably a brigade competition, a guest cook competition, a food-related investigative report and a series-long project of raising animals to be served in the finale. The guest cook (usually a celebrity) prepares a dish of their own choosing and places it in competition against a similar dish submitted by Ramsay. The dishes are judged by diners who are unaware of who cooked which dish and, if the guest wins (as they have on numerous occasions), their dish is served at Ramsay's restaurant. The US version premiered on 31 May 2017 on Fox
In July 2006, Channel 4 announced that it had re-signed Ramsay to an exclusive four-year deal at the network, running until July 2011.[65] The series became one of the highest rated shows aired on Channel 4 each week.[66] During one episode of The F Word, Ramsay cooked in Doncaster Prison in Marshgate for its inmates. The chef was so impressed by the speed at which a prisoner, Kieron Tarff, chopped vegetables that he offered him a job at his restaurant following his release in 2007.[67]

In 2010, Ramsay served as a producer and judge on the US version of MasterChef.[68] (A second season of the show began in June 2011, again starring Ramsay.) On that same show, he was joined by culinary judges Graham Elliot and Joe Bastianich. He starred in a travelogue about his visit to India, Gordon's Great Escape followed by a series set in Asia. He hosted the series Ramsay's Best Restaurant, which was the first UK series by Ramsay's own production company, One Potato Two Potato.

Ramsay joined several other celebrity chefs in the 2010 series, The Big Fish Fight, where he, along with fellow chef Jamie Oliver and a few others, spent time on a trawler boat to raise awareness about the discarding of hundreds of thousands of salt water fish.

In March 2012, Fox announced the coming of Ramsay's fourth series for the Fox network, Hotel Hell;[69] the series is similar to Kitchen Nightmares, except that it focuses on struggling hotels, motels and other lodging establishments in the United States.[70] Originally slated for debut 6 April 2012[71] and 4 June 2012,[72] the series debuted 13 August 2012.[73]

Guest appearances
In September 2005, Ramsay, along with Jamie Oliver, Heston Blumenthal, Wolfgang Puck and Sanjeev Kapoor, were featured in CNN International's Quest, in which Richard Quest stepped into the shoes of celebrity chefs
In 2006, Ramsay took part in a television series for ITV, following the lead-up to Soccer Aid, a celebrity charity football match, in which he played only the first half, nursing an injury picked up in training. Ramsay captained the Rest of the World XI against an England XI captained by Robbie Williams. His involvement was limited after he received a four-inch cut in his calf.

During his second appearance on the BBC’s Top Gear, he stated that his current cars are a Ferrari F430 and a Range Rover Sport Supercharged, the latter replacing the Bentley Continental GT he previously owned. On 14 May 2006, he appeared on Top Gear in the "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car" segment. Ramsay held the top spot on Top Gear's celebrity leader board, with a lap time of 1.46.38 until overtaken by Simon Cowell.[75]

Ramsay starred in part of a National Blood Service "Give Blood" television advertisement in England, in which he said that he would have died from a ruptured spleen had it not have been for another person's blood donation.[76] On 13 October 2006, he was guest host on the first episode of the BBC's comedy panel show Have I Got News for You's 32nd series. On 27 December 2007, Ramsay appeared in the Extras Christmas special.[77]

In January 2008, Ramsay also guest featured on Channel 4's Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack as the Big Brother housemates took part in his Cookalong Live television show. Gordon spoke directly to the Big Brother House via the house plasma screens, regularly checking on the progress of the contestants.[78]

In 2011, during the results show of American Idol, footage of the top 5 contestants taking on a challenge of cooking with Gordon Ramsay was shown. The Top 5 were given 10 minutes to make the best omelettes.[79]

In November 2011, Ramsay made an appearance on The Simpsons episode "The Food Wife". In February 2017, Ramsay made a guest appearance on New Girl episode "Operation: Bobcat". Ramsay made an appearance on 11 December 2017 broadcast of Please Take Care of My Refrigerator, a South Korean reality television show on JTBC.

Ramsay voices the character Bolton Gramercy in Big Hero 6: The Series. The character, a chef with a fiery temper, is loosely based on him.[80]

Legal proceedings
In June 2006, Ramsay won a High Court case against the London Evening Standard newspaper, in which Victor Lewis Smith had alleged, after reports from previous owner Sue Ray, that scenes and the general condition of Bonaparte's had been faked for Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares. Ramsay was awarded £75,000 plus costs.[81] Ramsay said at the time: "I won't let people write anything they want to about me. We have never done anything in a cynical fake way."[81]

In June 2007, Ramsay's show was sued by the terminated general manager (Martin Hyde) of the New York restaurant Purnima (Dillon's), who also alleged fakery. Hyde had quit his position at the restaurant during the show, when Ramsay suggested that the owner hire top Indian Chef Vikas Khanna as the Consultant Chef for Purnima. The lawsuit alleged that "unknown to the viewing audience, some or all of Kitchen Nightmares are fake and the so-called 'problems uncovered and solved' by Ramsay are, for the most part, created by Ramsay and his staff for the purpose of making it appear that Ramsay is improving the restaurant."[82] In August 2007, the case was dismissed voluntarily and ordered into arbitration as stipulated in their contract.[83]

On 21 March 2012, Ramsay filed a $2.7 million lawsuit against his former partners of his restaurant in Montreal, Quebec, the Laurier Gordon Ramsay (since renamed The Laurier 1936), over lost licensing fees and defamatory statements made against him.[84][85] On 16 April 2013, just over a year later, Laurier 1936 closed.[86]

In January 2014, Ramsay lost a high court case in relation to the "York & Albany pub." Ramsay claimed that his father-in-law had misused a 'ghost writing' machine to make a personal guarantor for the £640,000 a year annual rent of that pub. Ramsay tried to nullify the 25-year lease, signed in 2007. The judge said that Ramsay had known from the guarantee beforehand but that he had total trust in his father-in-law, Christopher Hutcheson, and left the deal with him. The judge dismissed the case and ordered Ramsay to pay all legal costs and outstanding monies, in total more than one million pounds.[87]

Public image and reception
Personality
Ramsay's reputation is built upon his goal of culinary perfection, which is associated with winning three Michelin stars. His mentor, Marco Pierre White, noted that he is highly competitive.[88][89] Since the airing of Boiling Point, which followed Ramsay's quest of earning three Michelin stars, the chef has also become infamous for his fiery temper and use of expletives.[90] Ramsay once famously ejected food critic A. A. Gill, whose dining companion was Joan Collins, from his restaurant, leading Gill to state that "Ramsay is a wonderful chef, just a really second-rate human being."[29] Ramsay admitted in his autobiography that he did not mind if Gill insulted his food, but a personal insult he was not going to stand for. Ramsay has also had confrontations with his kitchen staff, including one incident that resulted in the pastry chef calling the police.[91] A 2005 interview reported Ramsay had retained 85% of his staff since 1993.[92] Ramsay attributes his management style to the influence of previous mentors, notably chefs Marco Pierre White and Guy Savoy, father-in-law, Chris Hutcheson, and Jock Wallace, his manager while a footballer at Rangers.[93]

Ramsay's ferocious temper has contributed to his media appeal in both the United Kingdom and the United States, where his programmes are produced.[94][95] MSN Careers featured an article about television's worst bosses, which listed Ramsay as the only non-fictional boss. They cited his frequent loss of his temper and his harsh critiques, notably when he picks on something other than cooking ability, such as calling someone a "chunky monkey".[96]

Although Ramsay often mocks the French, one of his most trusted maîtres d'hôtel, Jean-Baptiste Requien (Royal Hospital Road), is French[97][98] and he also speaks fluent French from his time in Paris.[99]

In November 2007, Ramsay installed 29-year-old Clare Smyth as head chef at his three-Michelin-starred flagship restaurant on Royal Hospital Road.[100] Smyth is the second high-profile appointment of a female chef by Ramsay, after Angela Hartnett. Smyth was the first female three-Michelin-starred; she moved on to start her own restaurant in 2017.

Ramsay has been criticised for his frequent use of strong language on his programmes, first by British celebrity cook Delia Smith,[101] then, in relation to Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares, by a member of the Federal Parliament of Australia.[102] In his autobiography, Ramsay himself said he was unaware of the extent of his swearing until he watched an episode of Boiling Point. While he stated he did not have a problem with it, "Mum was appalled".

On 5 June 2009, Ramsay started trading national TV insults with Australia's Nine Network, A Current Affair journalist Tracy Grimshaw. The day after his interview, he was a guest feature at the Melbourne Food and Wine festival. While doing his display, he allegedly insulted Grimshaw and made insinuations about her sexuality. Grimshaw responded the next day, calling Ramsay an "arrogant, narcissist bully."[103][104] Ramsay eventually apologised, stating that his behaviour "was a joke".[105][106]

TV Guide included him in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.[107] Despite being known for his ferocious temper, Ramsay has been well-received as the host of Masterchef Junior: in contrast to his interaction with adults, Ramsay was shown to be more patient and sensitive to the children featured on the show.[108] Despite his competitiveness and fiery temper, he showed far more understanding and empathy towards children, amateur and special needs chefs (notably Christine Hà on MasterChef),[109][110][111] although he continued to offer constructive criticism.[112][113][114]

Food views
On the second series of The F Word, Ramsay showed a softened stance on vegetarianism after learning about intensive pig farming practices, including castration and tail docking, while letting two young family piglets live in an intensive farm. On the programme, Ramsay commented, "It's enough to make anyone turn fucking vegetarian, for God's sake. And I've always sort of knocked vegetarians and vegans for missing out on the most amazing flavour you can get from meat. But you can see why so many people change instantly".[115]

Other chefs
Ramsay has been highly critical of Food Network and Iron Chef America star Mario Batali. The New York Post reported in 2009 that Batali has banned Ramsay from his restaurants. This alleged feud goes back to when Batali was highly critical of Ramsay's cooking style for being "dull and outdated".[116] Batali has since stated that the alleged feud "was created by a couple of journalists." Batali went on to state, "I'd love to hang out with Ramsay".[117]

Eating and exercising habits
Ramsay revealed that he exercises semi-competitively for general well-being, as he has seen overweight and unfit chefs collapse or become unable to move quickly around the kitchen. He often competes in ironman, marathons, and triathlons. He also eats very little per 'meal', and prefers to graze throughout the day, partly due to the habit he built up as a judge and chef and also because of his busy schedule.[118][119] He has a black belt in karate.[120]

Personal life
Family
Ramsay married Cayetana Elizabeth Hutcheson, a Montessori-trained schoolteacher, in 1996.[121] They divide their time between Wandsworth Common, London[122] and Los Angeles. They have five children, Megan, Holly, Jack, Matilda, and Oscar.[1] Megan ran the London Marathon in 2017 in memory of the miscarriage her mother suffered five months into her pregnancy in June 2016, a boy whom they had named Rocky.[123] Until 2010, Ramsay's father-in-law, Chris Hutcheson, was responsible for the business operations of Ramsay's restaurant empire. On 7 June 2017, Hutcheson was jailed for six months for conspiring to hack a computer system relating to the Ramsays' business interests.[124] Hutcheson was accused with his sons of accessing company systems almost 2,000 times between 23 October 2010 and 31 March 2011.[125]

Charity work
Ramsay has been involved in a series of charitable events and organisations. He fulfilled his aim of finishing 10 marathons in ten years by running his 10th consecutive London Marathon on 26 April 2009, sponsoring the Scottish Spina Bifida Association.[126]

Ramsay has been Honorary Patron of the Scottish Spina Bifida Association since 2004, and in 2005 he launched The Gordon Ramsay "Buy a Brick" appeal to help the organisation raise funds to build a new Family Support Centre and Head Office in Glasgow. In 2006, he launched a new appeal to help the charity raise the funds required to continue to run the support centre: "What's your favourite 'F' Word? Gordon's is Fundraising." In November 2007, Ramsay hosted a St Andrew's Day Gala Dinner at Stirling Castle in aid of the Association and has now made this fundraising Gala Dinner an annual event.[127]

During March 2005, Ramsay teamed up with Indian chef Madhur Jaffrey to help the VSO, an international development charity group, to support its Spice Up Your Life event. The charity hoped to raise £100,000 for VSO's work in HIV and AIDS in India.[128] The Ramsays were the first couple to become ambassadors for the women's charity Women's Aid in 2005. The couple ran the Flora Families marathon[129] to support Women's Aid.[130]

In 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, Ramsay took part in the biennial charity event Soccer Aid to raise money for UNICEF. On 6 June 2010 he played for the Rest of the World team alongside former professional footballers Zinedine Zidane and Luís Figo as well as Hollywood actors Woody Harrelson, Mike Myers and Michael Sheen.[131] The match took place at Old Trafford in Manchester and was won by the Rest of the World for the first time, the winning penalty scored by Harrelson in the shoot-out.[131]

Life-threatening experiences
In 2008, Ramsay was in Iceland's Westman Islands filming a puffin hunting segment when he lost his footing and fell during a descent off an 85 feet (26 m) cliff, landing in the icy water below. He said, "I thought I was a goner". He reached the surface of the water by removing his heavy boots and waterproof clothing. His film crew, who rescued Ramsay by throwing him a rope, reported that he was submerged for at least 45 seconds. During the ordeal, he remembers how he felt: "I was panicking and my lungs were filling with water. When I got to the top after getting my boots off, I was dazed and my head was totally massive".[132]

Pre-prepared meal controversy
On 17 April 2009, it was revealed that one of Ramsay's restaurants, Foxtrot Oscar in Chelsea, West London, used pre-prepared food that was heated up and sold with mark-ups of up to 586%. It was also revealed that three of his gastropubs in London did the same thing. A spokeswoman for Gordon Ramsay explained, "Gordon Ramsay chefs prepare components of dishes devised and produced to the highest Gordon Ramsay standards. These are supplied to those kitchens with limited cooking space such as Foxtrot Oscar and Gordon Ramsay's highly acclaimed pubs, including the Narrow. These are sealed and transported daily in refrigerated vans and all menu dishes are then cooked in the individual kitchens. This is only for the supply of Foxtrot Oscar and the three pubs and allows each establishment to control the consistency and the quality of the food served".[133][134] Reflecting on the controversy in 2010, Ramsay was unapologetic, stating:
When I was working at the Gavroche all those years ago, the duck terrine wasn't made there. It was made outside, then brought to the restaurant wrapped in plastic. This is standard practice. What on earth was the fuss about?[135]

Other interests
Ramsay is an avid football fan and supports Scottish Premiership club Rangers[136] and English Premier League club Chelsea.[137] As a baseball fan, he follows teams from Los Angeles, both the Los Angeles Dodgers and Los Angeles Angels. However, he feels that the game of baseball is often too long, joking that this leads to fans spending most of the time eating or sleeping, which could lead to them being unhealthy

توم هانكس

توماس جيفري "توم" هانكس (ولد في 9 يوليو 1956) هو ممثل و‌مخرج و‌ممثل صوت و‌كاتب و‌منتج أمريكي رُشّح خمس مرات لجوائز الأوسكار، وحققها مرتين، كما رشح ونال عشرات الجوائز الأخرى، منها جائزة إيمي وأربعة جوائز الغولدن غلوب
النشأة
ولد توم هانكس في 9 يوليو 1956 في كونكورد بولاية كاليفورنيا وكانت طفولته مضطربة وكان كثيراً ما تتنقل عائلته من مدينة إلى أخرى، ولقد أنفصل والداه وهو صغير، ولم يكن لدى توم هانكس أي خبرة تمثيلية عندما كان طالباً في الجامعة حيث كان كل ما فعله هو إنه تقدم بطلب للتمثيل في أحد المسرحيات وتم قبوله وبدا مشواره الفني حيث دعاه مخرج المسرحية للذهاب إلى كليفلاند وكانت البداية من هناك.

السيرة المهنية
الثمانينات
في مدينة كليفلاند قابل زوجته الثانية الممثلة ريتا ويلسون، وومثلا معا في فيلم "المتطوعون" (Volunteers). وله منها طفلان وكان ذلك في عام 1985. ولتوم ولد وبنت آخرين من زوجته الأولى وهي سمانثا لوس، واستمر زواجهما من عام 1978 وحتى عام 1985.

كان أول أفلام توم هانكس في عام 1980 وهو فيلم "يعلم انك وحدك" (He Knows You're Alone) ولم يحقق أي نجاح يذكر. وفي نفس العام قام بمسلسل تلفزيوني وهو "حضن الاصدقاء" (Bosom Buddies)، واستمر المسلسل حتى عام 1982. وبسبب نجاحه في المسلسل عرض عليه دور بفيلم "حفلة التخرج" (Bachelor Party) عام 1984.

أول ظهور كبير وناجح لهانكس كان في فيلم "رشة ماء" (Splash) عام 1984. وتبعه بفيلم "المحقق تيرنر والكلب هوش" (Turner & Hooch) عام 1989.

ثم فرض نفسه كنجم عندما حقق نجاحاً عظيماً في فيلم "كبير" (Big) عام 1988 وكانت بدايته الحقيقية في هوليوود ورشح عن هذا الدور لـجائزة الأوسكار لأفضل ممثل.


هانكس في موقع تصوير فورست جامب
التسعينات
في عام 1990 مثل في فيلم "شعلة من الغرور" (The Bonfire of the Vanities) وفيلم "دوري خاص بهم" (A League of Their Own) مع مغنية البوب مادونا في عام 1992. عام 1993 حقق أكبر نجاح على الإطلاق حين شارك النجم دينزل واشنطن في فيلم "فيلادلفيا" (Philadelphia) حيث حصل على أول جائزة أوسكار له. وفي نفس العام كان له الفيلم الرومانسي الناجح "الساهر في سياتل" (Sleepless in Seattle).

وفي عام 1994 حصل على اوسكاره الثاني عن فيلم فورست جامب (Forrest Gump). وتوالت نجاحاته بعد ذلك فقام ببطولة فيلم "أبولو 13" (Apollo 13) عام 1995. وقام بتسجيل صوته لشخصية وودي في فيلم الأنيميشن حكاية لعبة (Toy Story) الذي أنتجته ديزني وكان له جزء ثاني في عام 1999 وثالث في 2010.

في عام 1996 قام بالإخراج لاول مرة لفيلم "الشيء الذي تفعله" (That Thing You Do) والذي مثل فيه أيضا. وفي عام 1998 شارك المخرج ستيفن سبيلبرغ في فيلمه إنقاذ الجندي رايان (Saving Private Ryan). ومثل الفيلم الكوميدي الرومنسي مع ميغ رايان وهو فيلم جاءتك رسالة (You've Got Mail). وفي عام 1999 قام بالفيلم الميل الأخضر (The Green Mile).

الألفية الجديدة
من 2000 إلى 2009
في عام 2000 قام ببطولة فيلم المنبوذ (Cast Away). اما عام 2002 فقد قام بدور رجل مافيا في فيلم "الطريق إلى الهلاك" (Road to Perdition) مع بول نيومان. وفي نفس العام شارك المخرج ستيفن سبيلبرغ والممثل ليوناردو دي كابريو في فيلم أمسكني لو استطعت (Catch Me if You Can).

في عام 2004 شارك هانكس في ثلاثة أفلام. فيلم كوميدي من إخراج الأخوان كوين بعنوان "الذين قتلوا السيدة" (The Ladykillers). والفيلم الكارتوني القطار القطبي السريع (The Polar Express). وفيلم من إخراج ستيفن سبيلبرغ أيضا هو المحطة (The Terminal).

عام 2006 شارك في فيلم شيفرة دافينشي (The Da Vinci Code) المقتبس عن رواية مشهورة للكاتب الأمريكي دان براون. وحقق الفيلم إيرادات ضخمة. في عام 2007 عمل مع الممثلة جوليا روبرتس في فيلم حرب تشارلي ويلسون (Charlie Wilson's War).

في 2009 قام ببطولة الجزء الثاني من سلسلة الكاتب دان براون فيلم ملائكة وشياطين (Angels & Demons).

من 2010 - حتى الان
في 2010 عاد توم هانكس لسلسلة الكارتون الشهيرة حكاية لعبة، بعد 11 عاما من توقفها، في الجزء الثالث حكاية لعبة 3. حقق هذا الجزء نجاحا ضخما جدا. واصبح أول فيلم كارتوني يحقق مليار دولار كإيرادات على مستوى العالم.

في السنة التالية، 2011 أخرج فيلما من بطولته وبطولة الممثلة جوليا روبرتس هو لاري كراون (Larry Crowne) بشكل رومانسي كوميدي. وشارك أيضا في فيلم صاخب وقريب (Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close).

في 2012 شارك هانكس في فيلم واحد للخيال العلمي بعنوان سحابة الأطلس (Cloud Atlas).

في العام 2013 قام هانكس ببطولة اثنين من الافلام التي لاقت استحسان النقاد. الأول بعنوان القبطان فيليبس (Captain phillips). والثاني أدى فيه شخصية والت ديزني بعنوان إنقاذ السيد بانكس (Saving Mr. Banks). وحصل توم هانكس على جائزة غولدن غلوب لأفضل ممثل.

زياد علي

زياد علي محمد