الجمعة، 10 يناير 2020

سانت كاترين

مدينة سانت كاترين هي أكثر مدن سيناء خصوصية وتميزاً، فهي أعلى الأماكن المأهولة في سيناء حيث تقع على هضبة ترتفع 1600 متر فوق سطح البحر في قلب جنوب سيناء على بعد 300 كم من قناة السويس، وتبلغ مساحتها 5130 كم مربع، وتحيط بها مجموعة جبال هي الأعلى في سيناء وفي مصر كلها، وأعلاها قمة جبل كاترين وجبل موسى وجبل الصفصافة. وهبها هذا الارتفاع مناخاً متميزاً معتدل في الصيف شديد البرودة في الشتاء، مما يعطي لها جمالاً خاصاً عندما تكسو الثلوج قمم الجبال وأرض المدينة. أُعلِنَت المنطقة محمية طبيعية لما لها من أهمية طبيعية وتاريخية ودينية. يعمل معظم سكان المدينة بأعمال الزراعة والرعي والخدمات السياحية. وتشتهر المدينة بالسياحة الدينية وسياحة السفاري وتسلق الجبال، ويوجد بها دير سانت كاترين وجبل موسى ومقام النبي هارون وغيرها من الآثار الدينية، وتعتبر أكبر محمية طبيعية في جمهورية مصر العربية من حيث المساحة.
التسمية
ترجع تسمية المدينة إلى القديسة كاترين (سانت كاترين) التي ولدت بالإسكندرية في نهاية القرن الثالث الميلادي ووصفت بالحكمة والعقل والحياء، وتربت على محبة السيد المسيح، والتحقت بالمدارس، وتثقفت بعلوم الكتاب المقدس. ولما بلغت الثامنة عشر أتمت دراسة اللاهوت والفلسفة وتعمّدت. في عام 307م حضر القيصر مكسيميانوس إلى الإسكندرية، فأمر بعبادة الأوثان، واضطهد القديسة، وعذبها حتى أنه أمر بقطع رأسها في 25 نوفمبر سنة 307م. وبعد استشهادها بخمسة قرون رأى راهب في سيناء جماعة من الملائكة يحملون جثمانها ويطيرون به ويضعونه على قمة جبل في سيناء، فانطلق الراهب إلى قمة الجبل، فوجد الجثمان كما نظره في الرؤيا، فحمله إلى كنيسة موسى النبي، ثم نُقل الجثمان بعد ذلك إلى كنيسة التجلي في الدير الذي بناه الإمبراطور جوستنيان في القرن السادس الميلادي. وعُرف الدير باسم دير سانت كاترين، وأُطلِق الاسم على المدينة كلها.

التاريخ والمعالم
يقع دير طور سيناء أو دير القديسة كاترين الأرثوذكسي عند قدم جبل حوريب، المذكور في العهد القديم، حيث حصل موسى على لوح الوصايا وهو الموقع الذي يقدسه المسلمون أيضاً ويدعونه جبل موسى. والمنطقة مقدّسة للديانات السماويّة الثلاث اليهودية والمسيحية والإسلام. تأسس الدير في القرن السادس وهو الدير المسيحي الأقدم الذي حافظ على وظيفته الأساسية. يقصد الدير أفواج سياحية من جميع بقاع العالم، ويديره رئيس الدير وهو أسقف سيناء، والذي لا يخضع لسلطة أية بطريرك أو مجمع مقدس ولكن تربطه علاقات وطيدة مع بطريرك القدس لذلك فإن اسمه يذكر في القداسات، ورهبان وكهنة الدير من اليونانيين وليسوا عرباً أو مصريين، شأنهم شأن أساقفة كنيسة الروم الأرثوذكس في القدس التي يسيطر عليها اليونانيين من عهود طويلة، ويتبع الرهبان نظام القديس باسيليوس الكبير (329م - 379م) أحد تلاميذ الأنبا باخوم (290م - 348م) حيث ينذر الراهب نفسه لحياة التقشف والعبادة مع العمل المشترك جنباً إلى جنب. وفي عام 2002 قررت لجنة اليونسكو إدراج المنطقة ضمن قائمة التراث العالمي.


دير سانت كاترين
يحيط الدير سور عظيم يحتضن عدة أبنية داخلية بعضها فوق بعض تصل أحياناً إلى أربعة طوابق تخترقها ممرات ودهاليز معوجة، وبناء الدير يشبه حصون القرون الوسطى، وسوره مشيد بأحجار الجرانيت وبه أبراج في الأركان، ويبلغ ارتفاع أسواره بين 12 و15 متر، ويعود بناء الدير إلى القرن الرابع الميلادي حين أمرت ببنائه الإمبراطورة هيلانه والدة الإمبراطور قسطنطين سنة 432م ثم أكمل في عهد الإمبراطور جوستينيان سنة 545م ليكون معقلاً لرهبان سيناء، وسمي في العصور التالية باسم دير القديسة كاترين. من أهم مباني الدير الكنيسة الكبرى التي ترجع إلى عهد الإمبراطور جيستيان في القرن السادس الميلادي والتي صممت على شكل البازيليكا الرومانية الذي كان شائعاً وقت بنائها عام 527م، وتقع في الجزء الشمالي من الدير وتسمى أحياناً الكنيسة الكبرى أو الكاتدرائية، وقد عرفت باسم كنيسة التجلي وبداخل الكنيسة صفان من الأعمدة وهي 12 عمود تمثل شهور السنة وعلى كل جانب يوجد 4 هياكل يحمل كل منها اسم أحد القديسين وفي صدر الكنيسة حنية مستديرة حلي سقفها وجوانبها بالفسيفساء وتحتها يوجد التابوت الذي وضعت داخله بقايا جثة القديسة كاترين داخل صندوقين من الفضة، أما أقدس مكان في الكنيسة فهو هيكل الشجرة الذي يعتقد أن موسى وقف فيه عندما تجلى الله له وخاطبه. وتتمثل باقي أبنية الدير في الكنيسة الصغيرة التي شيدت فوق جبل موسى، كنيسة الموتى وهي حجرة لحفظ جماجم الموتى، كنيسة العليقة خلف كنيسة الدير الرئيسية، وبجوار العليقة المقدسة مقام النبي هارون، مسجد الحاكم بأمر الله وهو مسجد صغير أمام الكنيسة الرئيسية بني من اللبن والحجر الجرانيتي في عهد الفاطميين تنفيذاً لرغبة الوزير أبو النصر أنوشطاقين في عام 500هـ/1106م، وهناك مخطوط في الدير ينص على أن الجامع بني في عهد الحاكم بأمر الله، المسجد القديم ويقع بجوار الكنيسة الكبرى، المكتبة الغنية بالمخطوطات وتقع في الطبقة الثالثة من بناء قديم جنوب الكنيسة الكبرى، وتضم مخطوطات نادرة وعدداً من الوثائق والفرمانات التي أعطاها الخلفاء والحكام للدير.

محمية سانت كاترين
تقع محمية سانت كاترين في نهاية ملتقى وادي الإسباعية مع وادي الأربعين على هضبة مرتفعة تحيطها ارتفاعات شاهقة تتمثل في عدة جبال متباينة الارتفاع هي جبل سانت كاترين أعلى قمة في مصر وجبل موسى وجبل الصفصافة وجبل الصناع وجبل البنات وجبل عباس، وتتميز هذه الجبال بميول حادة متموجة يصعب الصعود عليها بدون وجود مدقات محددة، تمتلك المحمية تراثاً حضارياً فريداً من نوعه يتمثل في دير سانت كاترين بمحتوياته المعمارية وكنوزه الفنية والأثرية، وبالجبال المقدسة حوله ذات الأهمية الدينية فضلاً عن بعض الآثار الدينية الأخرى مثل قبر النبي صالح وقبر هارون. أعلنت المنقطة محمية طبيعية عام 1988 وتبلغ مساحتها حوالي 4300 كم مربع، وتعد من أهم الملاجئ الطبيعية لمعظم النباتات النادرة التي تستوطن سيناء والتي تشمل شجر الزيتون والسموة والحبك والزعتر والشيح والعجرم والعتوم والبثيران والطرفة والسكران، وتكثر بها أيضاً الزراعات المثمرة والينابيع والآبار ذات الأهمية التاريخية مثل بئر الزيتونة وبئر هارون. تذخر المحمية بالعديد من أشكال الحياة البرية مثل الثعالب والضباع والتياتل والغزلان والوعول والأرانب البرية والذئاب والقنفذ العربي والفأر الشوكي والجربوع والزواحف مثل الطريشة، وكذلك أنواع شتى من الطيور أهمها اللقلق والنسر والصقر والعقاب والعوسق والشنار والقطا المتوج والقمري وبومة بتلر والقنبرة والأبلق والتمير والغراب والعصفور والنعار والدرسة.

الجبال
تنتشر بالمدينة المناظر الطبيعية بما فيها من جبال وأودية تجعل السير فيها متعة للنفس، والتي أدت إلى انتشار رحلات السفاري بالمدينة لطالبي متعة الطبيعة. ومن أشهر الجبال بالمنطقة جبل البنات وهو جبل عظيم تجاه سريال و يفصل بينهما وادي فيران، وجبل موسى الذي يعلو نحو 7363 قدم فوق سطح البحر وأطلق عليه هذا الاسم نسبة إلى نبي الله موسى عليه السلام، الذي اعتلى الجبل لمدة أربعين يوم يناجي ربه ويتسلم الرسالة، وشيدت على قمته كنيسة صغيرة وإلى جوارها جامع صغير، أما جبل سانت كاترين فهو من أعلى جبال مصر حيث يبلغ ارتفاعه 8563 قدم فوق سطح البحر، وسمي كذلك لأنه كما ورد في تقاليد الرهبان أن الملائكة قديما حملت جثة القديسة كاترين من مكان استشهادها في الإسكندرية عام 307م ونزلت بها إلى هذا الجبل و لم يبق منه حالياً سوى الجمجمة وعظم إحدى اليدين وهما محفوظتان في صندوقين داخل الكنيسة، كما يمكن لمن يعتلي قمة الجبل أن يشاهد على مرمى البصر خليج العقبة وخليج السويس.

الجغرافيا والسكان
تقع المدينة في قلب جنوب سيناء على هضبة ترتفع 1600 متر فوق سطح البحر بمنطقة جبلية وعرة المسالك، حبتها الطبيعة بجمال أخاذ يضم سلسلة جبال فريدة من نوعها مع طيب المناخ وجودة المياه العذب. تبعد المدينة 300 كم عن قناة السويس، وتبلغ مساحتها 5130 كم مربع، وتشتهر بالسياحة الدينية وسياحة السفاري وتسلق الجبال، ويميل الطقس في منطقة جبل كاترين دائماً إلى البرودة بحكم ارتفاعه عن سطح البحر، حيث تنخفض درجات الحرارة ليلاً إلى ما يقرب من 10.5 درجة مئوية وتقل شتاءً حتى تنخفض إلى ما دون الصفر وتتساقط الثلوج. تضم سانت كاترين قريتين رئيسيتين هما قرية الطرفة على بعد 23 كم اتجاه مدينة أبو رديس، وقرية السعال على بعد 50 كم من الدير، يتبعهما 31 تجمع بدوي، ويعيش بها ما يقرب من 9 آلاف نسمة موزعين على 37 وادي، يعمل معظمهم بأعمال الزراعة والرعي والخدمات السياحية.


فيديريكو فالفيردي

فيديريكو "فيد" سانتياغو فالفيردي ديبيتا (تلفظ إسباني: ‎/feðeˈɾiko βalˈβeɾðe/‏؛ مواليد 22 يوليو 1998) هو لاعب كرة قدم أوروغواياني يلعب في مركزالوسط مع نادي ريال مدريد في الدوري الإسباني لكرة القدم ومنتخب الأوروغواي لكرة القدم
مسيرته الكروية
بنيارول
قضى فالفيردي معظم مسيرته في شباب مع بينارول. لعب أول مباراة له مع بينارول في المباراة الأولى من موسم 2015–16 ضد سيرو.  أصبح جزءا من فريق الشباب في الأوروغواي وجذب اهتمام الأندية مثل أرسنال، برشلونة، تشيلسي وريال مدريد.

ريال مدريد
في يوليو 2016 إنتقل من بنيارول إلى ريال مدريد، و تم وضعه في ريال مدريد كاستيا. بعد شهرين، لعب فالفيردي أول مباراة مع الكاستيا ضد ريال يونيون، في المباراة التي خسرها ناديه. أصبح لعبا مهما في الكاستيا خلال موسمه الأول. سجل هدفه الأول مع الكاستيا ضد ألباسيتي في ديسمبر 2016.

وفيما يتعلق بأهميته المتزايدة للفريق، قال سانتياغو سولاري، مدربه في الكاستيا، في 29 يناير 2017: " أنا سعيد جدا معه، وقد تكيف بشكل جيد جدا مع النادي والبلد"

ديبورتيفو لاكورونيا (إعارة)
في 22 يونيو 2017، تمت إعارة فالفيردي إلى فريق الدوري الاسباني ديبورتيفو لاكورونيا لمدة عام واحد. شارك لأول مرة في 10 سبتمبر، حيث دخل كبديل عن فيد كارتابا في مباراة الخسارة 2–4 أمام ريال سوسيداد.

شارك فالفيردي بـ24 مباراة في الدوري خلال الموسم، وهبط فريقه بالنهاية.

العودة إلى ريال مدريد
مع عودته من الإعارة، أعجب فالفيردي المدير الفني الجديد جولين لوبيتيغي خلال التجهيزات للموسم الجديد، وتم ترقيته للفريق الأول.

مسيرته الدولية
حصل فيديريكو فالفيردي على الكرة الفضية في كأس العالم تحت 20 سنة عام 2017، حيث أن منتخب الأوروغواي احتل المركز الرابع في البطولة.

في 5 سبتمبر 2017 سجل أول أهدافه مع منتخب الأوروغواي الأول ضد منتخب باراغواي.

في مايو 2018، تم اختياره في تشكيلة الأوروغواي المكونة من 26 لاعبًا للمشاركة في كأس العالم 2018 في روسيا

فالفيردي

إرنستو فالفيردي (بالإسبانية: Ernesto Valverde) (من مواليد 9 فبراير 1964 بلدية فياندار دي لا فيرا.) هو لاعب كرة قدم إسباني سابق لعب لستة فرق في إسبانيا كان أهمها نادي برشلونة،أتلتيك بيلباو وإسبانيول، بعد الإعتزال درب عدة أندية في إسبانيا واليونان، وهو حالياً مدرب نادي برشلونة الإسباني.
الإنجازات
كلاعب
برشلونة
كأس ملك إسبانيا: 1989-1990
كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية: 1989
إسبانيول
كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي: الوصيف موسم 1987-1988
كمدرب
إسبانيول
وصيف الدوري الأوروبي: 2006-2007
نادي أولمبياكوس
الدوري اليوناني: 2008-2009، 2010-2011 و2011-2012
كأس اليونان: 2008-2009 و2011-2012
أتلتيك بيلباو
كأس السوبر الإسباني: 2015
برشلونة
الدوري الإسباني لكرة القدم: 2017–18
الدوري الإسباني لكرة القدم: 2018–19
كأس ملك إسبانيا: 2017–18
كأس السوبر الإسباني: الوصيف 2017

الخميس، 9 يناير 2020

Meghan Markle

Meghan, Duchess of Sussex (born Rachel Meghan Markle; August 4, 1981) is an American member of the British royal family and former actress.

Markle was raised in Los Angeles, California and has a mixed ethnic heritage. During her studies at Northwestern University, she began playing small roles in television series and films. From 2011 to 2017, she played Rachel Zane on the American legal drama Suits. She is an outspoken feminist and has addressed issues of gender inequality, and her lifestyle website The Tig featured a column profiling influential women. She represented international charity organizations and received recognition for her fashion and style, releasing a line of clothing in 2016.

Markle was married to actor and producer Trevor Engelson from 2011 until their divorce in 2013. In 2017, she announced her engagement to Prince Harry, grandson of Queen Elizabeth II, and she moved to London. She retired from acting, closed her related social media accounts, and started undertaking public engagements as part of the British royal family. She became Duchess of Sussex upon her marriage to Prince Harry in 2018. They have a son, Archie Mountbatten-Windsor. In 2020, the couple announced their intention to step back from senior roles in the royal family.
Rachel Meghan Markle[1] was born August 4, 1981, in Los Angeles, California.[2] Her mother, Doria Ragland, is a former social worker and yoga instructor living in View Park–Windsor Hills, California.[3][4] Markle has often described having a very close friendship with her mother.[5] Her father, Thomas Markle Sr., lives in Rosarito, Mexico,[6][7] and is a retired television director of photography and lighting director whose profession resulted in his young daughter often visiting the set of Married...with Children.[8][9] Markle's parents divorced when she was six years old.[10][11] Her older paternal half-siblings are Samantha Markle and Thomas Markle Jr., from whom she is reportedly estranged.[12]

Markle described her heritage in a 2015 essay for Elle: "My dad is Caucasian and my mom is African American. I'm half black and half white .... While my mixed heritage may have created a grey area surrounding my self-identification, keeping me with a foot on both sides of the fence, I have come to embrace that. To say who I am, to share where I'm from, to voice my pride in being a strong, confident mixed-race woman."[13] She is descended on her mother's side from slaves,[14] and from European settlers on her father's side.[15][16][17]

Markle grew up in Hollywood.[18] She was educated at private schools, beginning at age two at the Hollywood Little Red Schoolhouse.[19][20] Nick News with Linda Ellerbee profiled her successful campaign at age 11 to get Procter & Gamble to change a national television commercial that she viewed as sexist.[21] She was raised as a Protestant,[22] although she attended Immaculate Heart High School, an all-girl Catholic private school in Los Angeles.[23] She then attended Northwestern University, where she joined Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority and participated in community service and charity projects.[24][25] She also served an internship at the American embassy in Buenos Aires,[26] and studied for one semester in Madrid,[25] known in the United States as "junior year abroad". She received a bachelor's degree from the Northwestern University School of Communication in 2003, with a double major in theater and international studies.[27][26]

Acting and blogging
Early in her career, Markle worked as a freelance calligrapher and taught bookbinding to support herself between acting jobs.[8][28] Her first on-screen appearance was a small role as a nurse in an episode of the daytime soap opera General Hospital.[29][30] Markle had small guest roles on the television shows Century City (2004), The War at Home (2006), and CSI: NY (2006).[30] She also took on several contract acting and modeling jobs, including a stint as a "briefcase girl" on the US game show Deal or No Deal.[8] She appeared in Fox's series Fringe as Junior Agent Amy Jessup in the first two episodes of its second season.[31] Markle had some difficulty getting roles early in her career. In 2015, she wrote: "Being 'ethnically ambiguous', as I was pegged in the industry, meant I could audition for virtually any role ... Sadly, it didn't matter: I wasn't black enough for the black roles and I wasn't white enough for the white ones, leaving me somewhere in the middle as the ethnic chameleon who couldn't book a job."[32]

Markle appeared in two 2010 films, Get Him to the Greek and Remember Me, and one 2011 film, Horrible Bosses.[33] She was paid $187,000 for her role in Remember Me and $171,429 for her role in the short film The Candidate.[34] She also appeared in episodes of Cuts; Love, Inc.; 90210; Knight Rider; Without a Trace; The League; and Castle
In July 2011, Markle joined the cast of the USA Network show Suits. Her character, Rachel Zane, began as a paralegal and eventually became an attorney. She completed work on the seventh season in late 2017.[36] According to a critique in The Irish Times, Markle "actively re-positioned" her character from ingénue to "the show's moral conscience" and gave viewers the unique portrayal of a daughter whose African-American father is in a position to help her career and advance her "desire to crack both racial and gender glass ceilings".[37] While working on Suits, Markle lived for nine months each year in a rented house in the Seaton Village neighborhood of Toronto.[38][39] Fortune magazine estimated that Markle was paid $50,000 per episode, amounting to an annual salary of about $450,000.[40]

In 2014, Markle founded the lifestyle website The Tig, where she wrote about food, fashion, beauty, and travel, and profiled inspirational women.[41] As the website grew, Markle brought in experts such as dieticians, make-up artists, and fitness and yoga instructors. The website's audience consisted primarily of the fans of Markle and Suits. Markle reinforced The Tig's messages of self-love, positivity, and spirituality on social media, reaching 3 million followers on Instagram, 800,000 on Facebook, and 350,000 on Twitter. She closed The Tig in April 2017, taking all of its articles offline, and deleted her social media accounts in January 2018.[42] It was estimated that, as a lifestyle blogger, Markle earned about $80,000 annually from endorsements and sponsorships.[34]

Personal life
Markle began a relationship with actor and producer Trevor Engelson in 2004.[43][44] They were married in Ocho Rios, Jamaica, on September 10, 2011,[45] and concluded a no-fault divorce in August 2013,[46] citing irreconcilable differences.[47] Markle's subsequent relationship with celebrity chef and restaurateur Cory Vitiello lasted almost two years, ending in May 2016
In June 2016, Markle began a relationship with Prince Harry,[49] whom she had met on a blind date set up by a mutual friend.[50] At the time, he was fifth in line to the British throne;[51] his grandmother is Elizabeth II, queen of the United Kingdom and 15 other Commonwealth realms, as well as head of the Commonwealth.[52] In November, the British royal family's communications secretary released an official statement that addressed sexism, racism, and defamatory stories directed toward Markle.[53][54] In September 2017, Markle and Prince Harry appeared together in public for the first time at an official royal engagement at the Invictus Games in Toronto.[55][56]

Further information: Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle and Wedding dress of Meghan Markle
Markle's engagement to Prince Harry was announced on November 27, 2017, by Clarence House and Kensington Palace.[49][57] The announcement prompted generally positive comments about the possible social significance of a mixed-race member of the royal family.[58] Markle announced that she would retire from acting,[59][60] and began the process of becoming a British citizen.[61] In preparation for the wedding, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, baptized Markle and confirmed her into the Church of England on March 6, 2018.[62] The private ceremony, performed with water from the River Jordan, took place in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace.[62] The marriage ceremony was held on May 19 at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[63]

After the wedding, the Duke and Duchess originally lived at Nottingham Cottage in London, on the grounds of Kensington Palace.[64] The couple later moved to the more than two centuries-old, Frogmore Cottage in the Home Park of Windsor Castle.[65][66] The Crown Estate refurbished the cottage at a cost of £2.4 million, paid out of the Sovereign Grant, with the couple picking up expenses beyond restoration and ordinary maintenance.[67][68] Their office was moved to Buckingham Palace.[69] On May 6, 2019, the Duchess gave birth to Archie Mountbatten-Windsor,[70] who is seventh in line to the throne.[71]

Public role
Markle was politically vocal before joining the British royal family. She backed Hillary Clinton during the 2016 United States presidential election and described Clinton's opponent, Donald Trump, as "misogynistic" and "divisive". The same year, when the referendum on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union resulted in 51.9% of voters being in favor of Brexit, Markle expressed her disappointment on Instagram and posted a placard saying: "If EU leave me now, you take away the biggest part of me."[72] This, as well as her recommendation of Noam Chomsky's book Who Rules the World?, led Emine Saner of The Guardian to write that Markle would become "the most leftwing member of the royal family".[73] Members of the royal family are politically neutral by convention, and Dickie Arbiter, former press secretary to Prince Charles, expects the Duchess to follow suit.[72] Historian Robert Lacey said she was the most "feisty and spiky" person to marry into the royal family since her grandfather-in-law Prince Philip.[72]

After the engagement, Markle's first official public appearance with Prince Harry was at a World AIDS Day walkabout in Nottingham on December 1, 2017.[74][75] Markle and Harry marked International Women's Day by attending an event in Birmingham hosted by the Stemettes.[76] Along with the Queen and other members of the royal family, she attended the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey on March 12.[77] The couple made their first visit to Northern Ireland on March 23.[78] Markle carried out a total of 26 public engagements prior to the weddin
The Duchess's first official engagement after the wedding came on May 22 when she and her husband celebrated the charity work of his father, Prince Charles.[80] Her first trip abroad at the request of the British government was to Dublin, Ireland, in July 2018.[81][82] The Duchess takes part in her husband's work as youth ambassador to the Commonwealth, which includes overseas tours.[83] The first such trip was to Australia, Fiji, Tonga and New Zealand in October 2018.[84][85] Despite the dwindling support for the monarchy in Australia, the couple were greeted by crowds in Sydney, and the announcement of the Duchess's pregnancy hours after their arrival was received enthusiastically by the public and media.[85][86] During their visit to Morocco in February 2019, the Duke and Duchess focused on projects centered on "women's empowerment, girls' education, inclusivity and encouragement of social entrepreneurship".[87]

In 2018, Time magazine included Markle on its list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World,[88] and placed her on its shortlist for Person of the Year.[89] She was also chosen as one of the most influential women in the United Kingdom by British Vogue magazine.[90] As part of setting up their separate office or 'court' in 2019, the Duke and Duchess created an Instagram social media account, which broke the record for fastest account to reach 1 million followers.[91] In August 2019, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex were criticized by environmental campaigners for using private jets regularly when taking their personal trips abroad, which would leave more carbon footprint per person compared to commercial planes. The criticism was in line with the reactions the royal family faced in June 2019, after it was revealed that they "had doubled [their] carbon footprint from business travel".[92][93]

The Sussexes' discontent with their public roles and media scrutiny grew in 2019.[94] At the end of their tour of Southern African countries in September-October 2019, it emerged that the Duchess was suing The Mail on Sunday over the publication of a letter she had sent to her father.[95][96] A Mail on Sunday spokesman said the paper stood by the story and would defend the case "vigorously".[97] Seventy-two female British MPs sent a public letter of support to the Duchess, condemning the "outdated, colonial undertones" in the press.[98] In January 2020, the Duke and Duchess announced that they were stepping back from their role as senior members of the royal family, and would balance their time between the United Kingdom and North America.[99] The couple also announced that they would seek financial independence while continuing to support their charities and assist the Queen in royal duties.[100]

Fashion and style
As editor-in-chief of The Tig, Markle became known for her fashion sense.[39] She released two fashion collections with Canadian clothing company Reitmans in 2015 and 2016.[42] The lines were based on her personal style and that of her Suits character, described as "aspirational girl next door", and quickly sold out.
Markle has cited Emmanuelle Alt as her style inspiration.[101][102] In an interview with Glamour, the Duchess said that she favored "that French way of styling, where if your outfit is pulled together, then something's got to be dishevelled—your hair, your make-up".[101] In her youth, Markle's "sensibility had always been relaxed California girl style" consisting of jeans, cut-offs and flip-flops.[102] She usually prefers "streamlined dresses" with "neutral colors" and bateau necklines,[103][104] and likes "monochromatic and tonal dressing".[102] She has worn outfits and ensembles by a wide variety of fashion designers.[101]

In December 2017, Markle caused a surge in interest in Scottish retailer Strathberry after carrying one of their handbags to a public event shortly after her engagement.[105][106] This was reported as an indication that her fashion choices would produce her own version of the Kate effect.[105][107] After Markle and Prince Harry's first appearance as a couple, brands Mackage, Birks, R&R Jewelers, Crown Jewelers and Everlane noted an upswing in their website hits and sales.[108][109][106] It has been speculated that Markle's effect would be greater, as she has a strong appeal in America.[107] She caused a boost in the sales of yellow gold in the first quarter of 2018 in the United States.[110]

In 2018, Tatler named the Duchess on its list of Britain's best dressed people, praising her for redefining "modern royal style with every subsequent appearance".[111] Following the announcement of her pregnancy, the Duchess appeared in a Karen Gee dress that resulted in the breakdown of the designer's website.[112] She was ranked one of the best dressed women in 2018 by fashion website Net-a-Porter,[113] and was nominated for the 2018 Teen Choice Awards in the category Choice Style Icon.[114] In 2019, British brand Reiss reported a growth in profits, after the Duchess was seen wearing a mini-dress by them on International Women's Day.[115]

Charity work
Markle was a counselor for international charity One Young World.[117] At the 2014 summit in Dublin, she spoke on the topics of gender equality and modern-day slavery.[118] Also in 2014, she toured Afghanistan and Spain with the United Service Organizations.[119][120][121]

In 2016, Markle became a global ambassador for World Vision Canada, traveling to Rwanda for the Clean Water Campaign.[122][123][32] In 2016, after a trip to India focused on raising awareness for women's issues, she penned an op-ed for Time magazine concerning stigmatization of women in regard to menstrual health.[124] She has also worked with the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women as an Advocate.[122][125] The Duchess is a vocal feminist and intends to use her role as a member of the royal family to continue supporting women's rights and social justice.[126] In 2017, Markle joined Prince Harry in teaming up with the charity Elephants Without Borders to assist with the conservation efforts taking place in Botswana.[127]

Markle became interested in the Hubb Community Kitchen, run by the survivors of Grenfell Tower fire, in January 2018. She visited the kitchen regularly throughout 2018, and suggested that the displaced women publish a cookbook to obtain funding for it.[128] Together: Our Community Cookbook, her first charity project as Duchess of Sussex, was announced in September.[129]

In February 2018, she attended the first annual forum of The Royal Foundation;[130] she became the foundation's fourth patron, alongside Prince Harry, his brother Prince William, and sister-in-law Catherine, after her marriage into the royal family.[131] In June 2019, it was announced that the Duke and Duchess of Sussex would split from the charity and establish their own charity foundation by the end of 2019. However, the couples will reportedly collaborate on mutual projects, such as the mental health initiative Heads Together.[132][133] In July 2019, Harry and Meghan's new charity was registered in England and Wales under the title "Sussex Royal The Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Sussex".[134]

Her patronage of London's National Theatre, the Association of Commonwealth Universities, Smart Works, and Mayhew reflects her earlier interests in the arts, access to education, women's empowerment, and animal well-being, respectively.[135] The Duchess was appointed the vice president of the Queen's Commonwealth Trust, which focuses on projects involving children and welfare of prisoners, in March 2019.[136]

In 2019, the Duchess became a contributor and guest editor for the September issue of British Vogue and highlighted the works of 15 women from different areas, who were described as "Forces for Change".[137] In the same issue, it was revealed that she had collaborated with a number of British fashion houses and stores to launch a capsule collection, called The Smart Set, in September 2019 to benefit the charity Smart Works, of which she is a patron. The collection seeks to help "unemployed and disadvantaged women", through selling items "on a one-for-one basis, meaning an item is donated for each item purchased".[138] Taking advantage of "the Meghan effect" (driving consumer purchases), in 10 days the collection provided a years worth of clothes for the charity.[139] In October 2019, the Duchess voiced a Public Health England announcement with other members of the royal family for the "Every Mind Matters" program

Vistara

Tata SIA Airlines Limited, operating as Vistara, is an Indian full-service airline, based in Gurgaon, with its hub at Indira Gandhi International Airport. The carrier, a joint venture between Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines, commenced operations on 9 January 2015 with its inaugural flight between Delhi and Mumbai. The airline had carried more than two million passengers by June 2016[2] and as of May 2019, has a 4.7% share [3] of the domestic carrier market, making it the 6th largest domestic airline.[4] The airline serves 34[5] destinations with a fleet of Airbus A320 and Boeing 737-800NG[6] aircraft.
The airline was founded in 2013 as a joint venture (JV) between India's conglomerate Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines (SIA).[8][9][10][11][12] The two companies had made a bid in the mid-1990s to launch a full service carrier in India that was unsuccessful, being denied regulatory approval by the Indian government.[13] With India opening up its airline sector for 49 percent foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2012, Tata and SIA once again decided to float a JV airline company in India.[14] The JV, Tata SIA Airlines Limited (TSAL), was envisaged as a premium full-service carrier to cater to the demands of high-end business travellers in India's civil aviation market dominated by low-cost carriers. India's Foreign Investment Promotion Board approved the JV in October 2013, allowing SIA to take a 49 percent stake in the airline.[15] The two parent companies initially pledged to invest a combined US$100mn as start-up capital, with Tata Sons owning 51 percent and Singapore Airlines owning the remaining 49 percent.[16] This was part of Tata's second major foray into the aviation sector along with a minority stake in AirAsia India.[17] The company's first venture, Tata Airlines, was established in the 1930s and later became the flag carrier Air India after nationalization.[18]

The company unveiled its brand identity "Vistara" on 11 August 2014.[9] The name was taken from the Sanskrit word vistāra, meaning "limitless expanse".[19][20] Vistara received its air operator's certificate from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation on 15 December 2014 and started operations on 9 January 2015.[17][21][22] Vistara became the first carrier to operate domestic services out of the new Terminal 2 at Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport.[23] On 24 August 2015, Vistara inaugurated the Aviation Security Training Institute, an in-house institute for training its cockpit and cabin crew, security staff and others related to aviation industry. The institute has secured the necessary approvals from the nodal body Bureau of Civil Aviation Security.[24] From the first month of operation, Vistara consistently achieved very high on-time performance records of over 90 percent, the highest among India's domestic carriers.[25][26] On 20 August 2015, Vistara declared it had carried half a million passengers in just over seven months of operations.[27] As of February 2016, Vistara has a share of 2% in the domestic carrier market.[28] Vistara recently received the membership of the International Air Transport Association (IATA),[29] joining the association of more than 280 airlines around the world that represents, leads and serves the airline industry. With this, Vistara becomes one of the select few airlines in India to have the IATA membership.

Vistara announced on 11 July 2019 that their first international destination would be Singapore. The airline started its first international service from Delhi to Singapore and Mumbai to Singapore on 6 and 7 August respectively using the Boeing 737–800 NG which was earlier used by Jet Airways.[30][31][32]

Corporate affairs
On 15 April 2014,[33] Vistara chose Mr Phee Teik Yeoh as the chief executive officer (CEO) and Mr Giam Ming Toh[34] as the chief commercial officer (CCO), both from Singapore Airlines.[35]

In March 2015, Vistara shifted to its new office at the One Horizon Center tower in Sector 43, Gurgaon, a satellite city of Delhi.[36][37] Initially it started out with a three-member board comprising Swee Wah Mak (SIA group), Mukund Rajan and Prasad Menon (Tata group), with the latter as chairman.[38][39] In August 2015, the airline expanded the board by introducing two new members, Som Mittal and Sangeeta Pendurkar, along with an equity infusion of ₹2 billion (US$28 million), part of ₹5 billion (US$70 million) initially planned by Tata and SIA together.[40][41] In January 2016, Bhaskar Bhat, present Managing Director of Titan, joined as the new chairman following Prasad Menon's retirement.[42][43][44] In March 2016, Vistara appointed Sanjiv Kapoor as its chief strategy and commercial officer as the successor to Giam Ming Toh who was scheduled to leave in mid April 2016 following completion of his deputation at Vistara.[45]

On 16 October 2017, it was announced that Leslie Thng would succeed Yeoh Phee Teik as CEO of Vistara.[46] Mr Yeoh returned to Singapore Airlines to take up a senior management role as Acting Senior Vice President of Customer Experience.[47] Mr Thng was serving as Chief Commercial Officer of Budget Aviation Holdings, a Singapore Airlines subsidiary, prior to his appointment in Vistara.[48] Before that, Mr Thng was the Chief Executive Officer of SilkAir, a full service regional airline under Singapore Airlines.[49]

Destinations
Main article: List of Vistara destinations
As of October 2019, Vistara serves 24 destinations with over 1200 flights a week.[50] Its only hub is at the Indira Gandhi International Airport from where it operates all of its flights. Vistara's first flight was on 9 January 2015, from Delhi to Mumbai.[50] On 6 August 2019, the airline launched its first international flight from Delhi to Singapore using a Boeing 737–800 NG aircraft which was earlier used by Jet Airways.[51]

Codeshare agreements
Vistara codeshares with the following airlines:

British Airways[52]
SilkAir[53]
Singapore Airlines[53]
Japan Airlines
United Airlines[54]
Lufthansa[55]
Interline agreements
Vistara has interline agreements with the following airlines:[56]

Aeroflot
Air France
Air Mauritius
All Nippon Airways
Asiana Airlines
British Airways[57]
Emirates
Ethiopian Airlines
Finnair
flydubai
Gulf Air
Japan Airlines
Kenya Airways
KLM
Kuwait Airways
Qatar Airways[58]
SilkAir
Singapore Airlines[59]
Sri Lankan Airlines
Turkish Airlines
United Airlines
Services
Cabin
Business class
Vistara offers 8 business class seats, two rows in 2-2 configuration, in its 158-seater Airbus A320-200 fleet. The business class seats are 20.12 inches (511 mm) wide with 42 inches (1,100 mm) seat pitch.[75][76]

Premium Economy
Vistara was the first airline in India to introduce Premium Economy class in the domestic market.[77] At present it offers 24 premium economy seats, four rows in 3-3 configuration, out of total 158 seats in the single aisle Airbus A320-200 aircraft in its fleet. Each being 18 inches (460 mm) wide and having a pitch of 33–36 inches (840–910 mm).[75]

In-flight entertainment
Vistara World is the airline's wireless Wi-Fi inflight entertainment system that travellers can access on their personal handheld devices. Vistara selected a wireless IFE solution from Bluebox Aviation Systems to enable this service.[78] It offers a multimedia library of over 70 hours’ Bollywood and Hollywood content of various genres. It features movies of various categories such as Drama, Romance, Comedy, Thriller, Action, Adventure and Kids, as well as popular Indian and Western TV programmes and a selection of music including Indian, Pop, Jazz, Blues, Rock, Electronica and English Retro. Vistara World offers a live moving map display that allows one to track their aircraft as it flies.[79]

Catering
The in-flight food is catered by TajSATS Air Catering, another joint venture between Tata and a Singaporean company, headed by Chef Arun Batra, formerly the executive chef of the Taj Hotels group.[80] Vistara offers four different meals for each cabin for different time of the day – breakfast, refreshment, lunch and dinner with options of one vegetarian and one non-vegetarian dish in economy class; two vegetarian dishes and one non-vegetarian dish in premium economy; and two vegetarian and two non-vegetarian dishes for business-class cabin. The menu is typically changed every seventh day and there are different menus for lunch and dinner.[81] It also provides special meals upon request 24 hours before departure.[82][83]

Lounge
On 29 March 2016, Vistara inaugurated premium lounge service for its Business-class passengers and Club Vistara Platinum & Gold members at the departure level of Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi International Airport at Delhi. The lounge is spread across 250 square metres on the air-side and can seat 75 people at a time.[84]

Frequent-flyer program
Vistara uses Club Vistara as its frequent-flyer program;[85] it operates as a value based program and awards points on the basis of money spent on tickets rather than miles travelled by passengers.[86] On 29 January 2015, Vistara announced a partnership agreement with Singapore Airlines which would allow Club Vistara members to earn and redeem miles with the KrisFlyer program on Singapore Airlines and SilkAir flights.[87]

Paula Nickolds

Paula Margaret Nickolds (born February 1973) is a British businesswoman. From January 2017 until January 2020, she was the managing director of the John Lewis department store chain.[1]

Early life
Nickolds was born in February 1973.[2] Her father, Clive Nickolds, was a senior director at Marks & Spencer, and head of its international operations.[1] She earned a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Southampton.[1]

Career
In 1994, Nickolds joined John Lewis as a graduate trainee at their Oxford Street flagship store.[1] In January 2017, she succeeded Andy Street as managing director of John Lewis; she thereby became the first woman to hold this position in the company's 153-year history

Pokemon Direct

Nintendo Direct[a] is an online presentation or live shows produced by Nintendo, where information regarding the company's content or franchises is presented, such as information about games and consoles.[1] The presentations began in Japan and North America with the first edition on October 21, 2011, before later expanding to Europe, Australia, and South Korea.

Presentations are broadly done in both international and regional formats, with presenters varying by region and language. In Japan, Nintendo Directs were most commonly presented by Nintendo's global president Satoru Iwata until his death in 2015, with Yoshiaki Koizumi now serving as host. In North America, the videos were often presented by Nintendo of America president, Reggie Fils-Aimé, and Bill Trinen. European Directs were presented by Nintendo of Europe president, Satoru Shibata, with these presentations also being used for Australia. South Korea also aired its own exclusive Nintendo Directs hosted by Nintendo of Korea president, Hiroyuki Fukuda. Australia only aired the European output since 2012, but on September 24, 2014, they aired their first and only exclusive Nintendo Direct for their region hosted by Tom Enoki.

Nintendo Directs are frequently broadcast and localised internationally to several regions simultaneously. Until his death in 2015, Satoru Iwata was usually the presenter for these Directs, narrating in Japanese for the Japan Directs and in English for the other regions. Following Iwata's death, the format did not receive a worldwide host again until 2017, with Nintendo EPD's Yoshiaki Koizumi receiving the role. These presentations incorporated a new 'headline' format for announcements, with this section narrated in Japanese (in Japan) or English (elsewhere) by a secondary presenter. For North American broadcasts of Nintendo Directs, Koizumi's role is also dubbed into English. In Europe, Australia and South Korea, subtitles are used to translate Koizumi's role and the English narrator, where applicable.

Outside of the general Nintendo Direct presentations covering a range of titles, there are also Directs centred around specific titles or series. These are usually presented by the producer or director of the game or series, or employ a narrator.

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