السودان

السودان (رسمياً: جمهورية السودان)، هي دولة عربية تقع في شمال شرق أفريقيا تحدها من الشرق إثيوبيا وإريتريا ومن الشمال مصر وليبيا ومن الغرب تشاد وجمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى ومن الجنوب دولة جنوب السودان. وهي ثالث أكبر بلد من حيث المساحة في أفريقيا، فضلا عن كونها كذلك ثالث أكبر الدول العربية من حيث المساحة. وقبل الحرب الأهلية السودانية كان جنوب السودان جزءا من السودان، لكنه انفصل عام 2011. والديانة السائدة في السودان هي الإسلام.

يقسم نهر النيل أراضي السودان إلى شطرين شرقي وغربي وتقع العاصمة الخرطوم عند ملتقى النيلين الأزرق الأبيض رافدا النيل الرئيسيين. ويتوسط السودان حوض وادي النيل.

استوطن الإنسان في السودان منذ 5000 سنة قبل الميلاد والسودان موطن للعديد من الحضارات القديمة، مثل مملكة كوش، مروي، نوباتيا، علوة، المقرة، وغيرها، والتي ازدهرت معظمها على طول نهر النيل. تداخل تاريخ السودان القديم مع تاريخ مصر الفرعونية على مدى فترات طويلة، لاسيما في عهد الأسرة الخامسة والعشرين السودانية (الفراعنة السود) التي حكمت مصر من السودان ومن أشهر ملوكها طهراقة وبعنخي.

استقل السودان عن بريطانيا ومصر في الأول من يناير 1956 واشتعلت فيه الحرب الأهلية منذ قبيل إعلان الاستقلال حتى 2005 عدا فترات سلام متقطعة، نتيجة صراعات عميقة بين الحكومة المركزية في شمال السودان وحركات متمردة في جنوبه وانتهت الحرب الأهلية بالتوقيع اتفاقية السلام الشامل، بين حكومة السودان والحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان، واستقل جنوب السودان عام 2011 كدولة، بعد استفتاء تلى الفترة الانتقالية التي نصت عليها الإتفاقية.

تكررت الإنقلابات العسكرية في تاريخ السودان الحديث، وفي عام 1989 م، قاد العميد عمر البشير انقلاباً عسكرياً، أطاح بحكومة مدنية برئاسة الصادق المهدي زعيم حزب الأمة، وأصبح رئيساً لمجلس قيادة ثورة الإنقاذ، ثم رئيساً للجمهورية إلى أن تم الإطاحة به في 11 أبريل 2019 عقب احتجاجات عامة، حيث أعلن الجيش خلع البشير عن السلطة وبدء مرحلة انتقالية لمدة عامين تنتهي بإقامة انتخابات لنقل السلطة.
أصل التسمية
اسم السودان هو اسم أطلق على المنطقة الجغرافية جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، والتي تمتد من غرب أفريقيا إلى شرق وسط أفريقيا، والإسم مستمد من العربية، (بلاد السودان)، والذي يعني "أرض السود". وقديماً كان يطلق على السودان اسم "إثيوبيا"، كما عرفت عند الإغريق، وتعني (الوجوه التي حرقتها الشمس). وأيضا أطلق عليها اسم"كوش"، وأخيرا "بلاد النوبة".

جغرافيا السودان
من الناحية الجغرافية يقع السودان في شمال شرق أفريقيا ويحتل مساحة قدرها 1,865,813 كيلو متر مربع وهو بذلك ثالث أكبر بلد في أفريقيا بعد الجزائر والكونغو الديموقراطية، والثالث في العالم العربي بعد الجزائر والمملكة العربية السعودية، والسادس عشر على نطاق العالم (كان الأكبر مساحة في العالم العربي وأفريقيا قبل انفصال الجنوب في عام 2011، العاشر عالمياً، بمساحة قدرها 2 مليون كيلو متر مربع تقريباً).

ولايات السودان
بلغ عدد ولايات السودان حتى 2013 عام، ثمانية عشر ولاية تضم 133 محلية.
مملكة كوش النوبية من أقدم الممالك السودانية، حيث ظهرت فيها اللغة الكوشية قبل ظهور الكتابة المروية (نسبة إلى مدينة مروي التي تقع علي الضفة الشرقية لنهر النيل شمال قرية البجراوية الحالية). وكانت مروي عاصمة للسودان في الفترة ما بين القرن السادس قبل الميلاد والقرن الرابع الميلادى، وازدهرت فيها التجارة. وكانت للكوشيين حضارة عرفت نظم الإدارة وشيدت الأهرامات ، كما عرفت كوش تعدين الحديد والصناعات الحديدية في القرن الخامس قبل الميلاد.

بعد أن غزا الملك كاشتا ("الكوشي") مصر في القرن الثامن قبل الميلاد، حكم ملوك كوش كفراعنة الأسرة الخامسة والعشرين في مصر قبل هزيمتهم وتراجعهم من قبل الآشوريين. وفي ذروة مجدهم، حكم الكوشيون إمبراطورية امتدت من ما يعرف الآن بجنوب كردفان وصولاً إلى سيناء. وحاول الفرعون الكوشي بعانخي توسيع إمبراطوريته إلى الشرق الأدنى، ولكن تم إحباط هذا من قبل الملك الآشوري سرجون الثاني. وقد ذكرت مملكة كوش في الكتاب المقدس بأنها حمت بني إسرائيل من غضب الآشوريين. على الرغم من أن السبب الرئيسي لفشل الهجوم كان تفشي المرض بين العدو.

الممالك النوبية المسيحية
اندثرت حضارة النوبة لتقوم مكانها عدة ممالك مسيحية بلغ عددها في القرن السادس الميلادي حوالي 60 مملكة، أبرزها مملكة نبتة (Nobatia باللغات اللاتينية) في الشمال وعاصمتها فرس، ومملكة المقرة (Makuria) في الوسط وعاصمتها دنقلا العجوز على بعد 13 ميل جنوب مدينة دنقلا الحالية، ومملكة علوة (Alodia) في الجنوب وعاصمتها سوبا (إحدى الضواحي الجنوبية للخرطوم الحالية) وحكمت الممالك الثلاث مجموعة من المحاربين الأرستقراطيين بألقاب إغريقية على غرار البلاط البيزنطي.

دخلت المسيحية السودان في عهد الإمبراطور الروماني جستينيان الأول وزوجته ثيودورا، واعتنقت مملكة المغرة المذهب الملكاني في حين اتبعت نبتة وعلوة المذهب اليعقوبي الذي عمته زوجته ثيودورا. ووصف ابن حوقل علوة بأنها أكبر الممالك المسيحية الثلاث مساحة إذ تمتد حدودها حتى أطراف الحبشة في الجنوب الشرقي وكردفان غرباً وهي أيضاً أكثرها ثراء وقوة

دخول العرب والإسلام
دخل الإسلام في عهد الخليفة عثمان بن عفان، ووالي مصر عمرو بن العاص، كما تدل الوثائق القديمة ومن بينها اتفاقية البقط التي ابرمها عبد الله بن أبي السرح مع النوبة في سنة 31 هجرية لتأمين التجارة بين مصر والسودان، وقيل قبل ذلك لأن الاتفاقية تضمنت الاعتناء بمسجد دنقلا، ومن المشهود أن جماعات عربية كثيرة هاجرت إلى السودان واستقرت في مناطق البداوة في أواسط السودان وغربه ونشرت معها الثقافة العربية الإسلامية. وإزدادت الهجرات العربية إبان الفتوحات الإسلامية،، وجاء إلى السودان العلماء المسلمين في مرحلة ازدهار الفكر الصوفي فدخلت البلاد طرق صوفية سنية مهمة تجاوز نفوذها السودان ليمتد إلى ما جاوره من أقطار..

الممالك الإسلامية
بعد إضمحلال الممالك المسيحية وتراجع نفوذها السياسي أمام الهجرات العربية والمد الإسلامي قامت ممالك وسلطنات إسلامية العقيدة عربية الثقافة مثل السلطنة الزرقاء أو مملكة الفونج (1505-1820)م وعاصمتها سنار، وسلطنة الفور في الغرب (1637-1875) م، واستقر حكمها في الفاشر، ومملكة تقلي في جبال النوبة (حوالي 1570-إلى أواخر القرن التاسع عشر تقريباً) إضافة إلى ممالك أخرى مثل مملكة المسبعات في كردفان، ومملكة الداجو ومقر حكمها كلوا في الغرب الأقصى ومملكة البجا وعاصمتها هجر في الشرق.

الحكم التركي
في سنة 1821 أرسل محمد علي باشا والي مصر العثماني حملة عسكرية لاحتلال السودان بقيادة ابنه إسماعيل باشا. نجحت الحملة في ضم السودان حتى مناطق الاستوائية جنوباً وكردفان غرباً حتى تخوم دارفور وسواحل البحر الأحمر وإريتريا شرقاً. وكان لمحمد علي وحلفائه دور فاعل في تشكيل السودان ككيان سياسي على حدود مقاربة لحدوده الحالية. عرفت هذه الفترة في التاريخ السوداني بالتركية السابقة.

اصطبغت التركية السابقة بالإيغال في الظلم واستغلال المواطنين و فساد الحكام وانتشار الرشى و صيد الرقيق من الجنوب. مما مهد لثورة الأهالي بقيادة محمد أحمد المهدي.

الطبلاوى

الشيخ محمد محمود الطبلاوي قارئ قرآن مصري ويعد أحد أعلام هذا المجال البارزين، من مواليد 14 نوفمبر 1934 بحي ميت عقبة التابع لمحافظة الجيزة، تعود أصوله إلى محافظتي الشرقية والمنوفية، وتزوج مبكراً في سن السادسة عشرة من عمره. قرأ الشيخ محمد محمود الطبلاوي القرآن وانفرد بسهرات كثيرة وهو في الثانية عشرة من عمره ودعي لإحياء مآتم لكبار الموظفين والشخصيات البارزة والعائلات المعروفة بجوار مشاهير القراء الإذاعيين قبل أن يبلغ الخامسة عشرة واحتل بينهم مكانة مرموقة.

بداياته
من مشايخه الشيخ عبد الفتاح القاضي والشيخ أحمد مرعي والشيخ رزق خليل حبةوالشيخ محمود حافظ برانق والشيخ عبدالحميد المسيرى.

Parasite

Parasite (Korean: 기생충; Hanja: 寄生蟲; RR: Gisaengchung) is a 2019 South Korean black comedy thriller film directed by Bong Joon-ho, who also wrote the film's story and co-wrote the screenplay with Han Jin-won. The film stars Song Kang-ho, Lee Sun-kyun, Cho Yeo-jeong, Choi Woo-shik, and Park So-dam.

Parasite had its world premiere at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival on 21 May 2019, where it became the first Korean film to win the Palme d'Or and the first film to do so with a unanimous vote since 2013's Blue Is the Warmest Colour. The film was released in South Korea by CJ Entertainment on 30 May 2019 and in the rest of the world through 2019 to early 2020. It received critical acclaim and was generally considered one of the best films of the year by critics.[9] It also grossed $131 million worldwide, becoming Bong's highest-grossing release and the third highest-grossing film in South Korea.[10] Multiple critics have ranked Parasite as being among the best films since 2010.[11]

At the 92nd Academy Awards, the film earned six nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best International Feature Film, making it the first South Korean film to be nominated in those categories.[12] At the 77th Golden Globe Awards, the film won the award for Best Foreign Language Film, and it also received four nominations at the 73rd British Academy Film Awards.
Plot
The Kim family, consisting of father, Kim Ki-taek, mother, Chung-sook, son, Ki-woo, and daughter, Ki-jeong, live in a small semi-basement apartment, working low-paying temporary jobs and struggling to make ends meet. Ki-woo's friend Min-hyuk, who is preparing to study abroad, gifts the Kim family with a scholar's rock that is supposed to bring them wealth. Min-hyuk suggests that Ki-woo pose as a university student to take over his job as an English tutor for the wealthy Park family's teenage daughter, Da-hye. Once Ki-woo is hired, the rest of the Kims successively pose as sophisticated skilled workers, unrelated to each other, and integrate themselves into the lives of the Parks: Ki-woo begins a romantic relationship with Da-hye; Ki-jeong poses as an art therapist and is hired to teach their son, Da-song; Ki-taek is hired as a chauffeur after Mr. Park's driver is fired when Ki-jeong frames him for having sex in the car; and Chung-sook is hired to replace the current housekeeper, Moon-gwang, after the Kims exploit her allergy to peaches, claiming that she has tuberculosis.

When the Parks leave on a camping trip, the Kims occupy the mansion, revelling in its luxuries. That night, Moon-gwang returns, claiming that she left something in the basement. She opens a secret bunker, revealing that her husband, Geun-sae, has lived there for years to hide from loan sharks. As she begs Chung-sook to keep their secret, the eavesdropping Kims accidentally stumble into view. Moon-gwang threatens to expose their scam after realizing they are a family, leading to a fight.

The Parks suddenly call, informing Chung-sook that heavy rain has ruined the trip and that they are arriving home shortly. The Kims force Geun-sae and Moon-gwang into the bunker; Moon-gwang is kicked down the stairs by Chung-sook and suffers an eventually fatal head injury. When the Parks return, Mrs. Park tells Chung-sook that her son was traumatized years earlier by seeing a "ghost" emerge from the basement: Geun-sae. With the other three Kims hiding nearby, Mr. Park complains to his wife that while Ki-taek is a competent driver, he smells bad. The three Kims escape the mansion undetected, but find their apartment flooded by sewage water driven by the rain. They spend the night in a local gym, along with hundreds of others driven out by the rain.

The following day, Mrs. Park throws a birthday party for Da-song and invites the staff. Ki-woo returns to the bunker with the scholar's rock but is ambushed by Geun-sae, who hits him over the head with the rock. Geun-sae escapes the bunker and rushes into the party, stabbing Ki-jeong. Geun-sae's sudden appearance triggers Da-song's traumatic memory, causing a seizure. As Ki-taek rushes to help Ki-jeong, Mr. Park yells at him to drive Da-song to the hospital. Ki-taek throws him the car keys, which land under the struggling Chung-sook and Geun-sae. Chung-sook manages to kill Geun-sae with a meat skewer. As Mr. Park retrieves the keys, he recoils from Geun-sae's smell. Ki-taek, witnessing Mr. Park's reaction to the smell, fatally stabs Mr. Park before fleeing.

Weeks later, Ki-woo awakens from a coma and is sentenced, along with Chung-sook, to probation for fraud; Ki-jeong has died from her wound. Geun-sae’s motive and the whereabouts of Ki-taek, who is wanted for Mr. Park's murder, are unknown. While watching the Parks' recently sold mansion, Ki-woo notices a light flickering in Morse code – a SKATS message from Ki-taek, who now lives in the bunker. Ki-woo vows to one day earn enough money to purchase the mansion and free his father.

Cast
Song Kang-ho as Kim Ki-taek, father of the Kim family
Chang Hyae-jin [ko] as Kim Chung-sook, mother of the Kim family
Park So-dam as Kim Ki-jeong, daughter of the Kim family
Choi Woo-shik as Kim Ki-woo, son of the Kim family
Lee Sun-kyun as Park Dong-ik, father of the Park family
Cho Yeo-jeong as Park Yeon-gyo, mother of the Park family
Jeong Ji-so as Park Da-hye, daughter of the Park family
Jung Hyeon-jun as Park Da-song, son of the Park family
Lee Jung-eun as Gook Moon-gwang, the housekeeper
Park Myung-hoon [ko] as Geun-sae, Moon-gwang's husband
Park Geun-rok as Yoon, the chauffeur
Jung Yi-seo as the pizzeria manager
Park Seo-joon as Min-hyuk (cameo)[13]
Production
Principal photography began on 18 May 2018[14][15] and ended 77 days later on 19 September 2018.[16]

The Parks' house, said in the film to be designed by a fictional architect named Namgoong Hyeonja, was an entirely newly-built set.[17] Production designer Lee Ha-jun said the sun was an important factor with building the outdoor set. "The sun's direction was a crucial point of consideration while we were searching for outdoor lots," explained Lee. "We had to remember the sun's position during our desired time frame and determine the positions and sizes of the windows accordingly. In terms of practical lighting, the DP [director of photography Hong Kyung-pyo] had specific requests regarding the color. He wanted sophisticated indirect lighting and the warmth from tungsten light sources. Before building the set, the DP and I visited the lot several times to check the sun’s movement at each time, and we decided on the set's location together."[18]

"Since Mr. Park's house is built by an architect in the story, it wasn't easy finding the right approach to designing the house," he added. "I'm not an architect, and I think there's a difference in how an architect envisions a space and how a production designer does. We prioritize blocking and camera angles while architects build spaces for people to actually live in and thus design around people. So I think the approach is very different."[18]

Release
The film had its world premiere at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival on 21 May.[19] It was released in South Korea on 30 May 2019.[5][16]

Neon acquired the Northern American rights to the film at the 2018 American Film Market.[20][21] The film's rights were also pre-sold to German-speaking territories (Koch Films), French-speaking territories (The Jokers) and Japan (Bitters End).[22]

It was released in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Films on 27 June 2019[23] (becoming both the highest-ever-grossing Korean film in the region[24] and the distributor's highest-ever-grossing non-English language film in Australia),[25] Russia on 4 July 2019, and in the United States and Canada on 11 October 2019.[26]

The film was originally scheduled to be screened as a closing film at FIRST International Film Festival Xining in China on 28 July 2019, but on 27 July, the film festival organizers announced that the screening was cancelled for "technical reasons."[27]

It was licensed for the United Kingdom and Ireland by Curzon Artificial Eye at Cannes, and will have preview screenings with an interview with Bong Joon-ho shared live by satellite on 3 February 2020, followed by the film's general release on 7 February.[28]

Reception
Box office
As of 10 January 2020, Parasite has grossed $24.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $107 million in other territories (including $73 million from South Korea), for a worldwide total of $131.4 million.[7][8]

In the film's United States opening weekend, the film grossed $376,264 from three theaters. Its per-venue average of $125,421 was the best since La La Land's in 2016, and the best-ever for a foreign-language film.[29] It expanded to 33 theaters in its second weekend, making $1.24 million,[30] and then made $1.8 million from 129 theaters in its third.[31] The film made $2.5 million in its fourth weekend and $2.6 million in its fifth.[32] The film's theater count peaked in its sixth weekend at 620, when it made $1.9 million.[33] It continued to hold well in the following weekends, making $1.3 million and $1 million.[34][35] In its tenth week of release the film crossed the $20 million mark (rare for a foreign-language film), making $632,500 from 306 theaters.[36]

The film grossed US$20.7 million in its opening weekend in South Korea.[7]

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 99% based on 350 reviews, with an average rating of 9.4/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "An urgent, brilliantly layered look at timely social themes, Parasite finds writer-director Bong Joon Ho in near-total command of his craft."[37] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 96 out of 100 based on reviews from 48 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[38]

Writing for the New York Times, A.O. Scott described the film as "wildly entertaining, the kind of smart, generous, aesthetically-energized movie that obliterates the tired distinctions between art films and popcorn movies."[39] Bilge Ebiri of NY Mag wrote that Parasite is "a work that is itself in a state of constant, agitated transformation—a nerve-racking masterpiece whose spell lingers long after its haunting final image."[40] In his five-star review of the film, Dave Calhoun of Time Out praised the social commentary and stated that "This is a dazzling work, surprising and fully gripping from beginning to end, full of big bangs and small wonders."[41] Variety's Jessica Kiang described the film as "a wild, wild ride," writing that "Bong is back and on brilliant form, but he is unmistakably, roaringly furious, and it registers because the target is so deserving, so enormous, so 2019: Parasite is a tick fat with the bitter blood of class rage."[42] The A.V. Club's A. A. Dowd gave the film an A−, praising the fun and surprising twists.[43] Joshua Rivera from GQ gave a glowing review and declared Parasite to be "Maybe 2019's best film" and further said, "It's so top-to-bottom satisfying that even being completely spoiled couldn't ruin it – but if you can come to it cold, you'll be floored."[44]

Top-ten lists
Parasite appeared on many critics' year-end top-ten lists,[45] among them:

1st – Alissa Wilkinson,[a] Vox[46]
1st – Angie Han, Mashable[47]
1st – Barry Hertz, The Globe and Mail[48]
1st – Ben Travers, IndieWire[49]
1st – Candice Frederick, Harper's Bazaar[50]
1st – Cary Darling, Houston Chronicle[51]
1st – Christy Lemire, RogerEbert.com[52]
1st – Dan Jackson, Thrillist[53]
1st – David Crow, Den of Geek[54]
1st – Don Kaye, Den of Geek[55]
1st – Film Comment[56]
1st – Film School Rejects [57]
1st – Flood Magazine[58]
1st – Godfrey Cheshire III, RogerEbert.com[52]
1st – Guy Lodge, The Guardian[59]
1st – Hyperallergic[60]
1st – IGN[61]
1st – IndieWire (300+ Critics Survey)[62]
1st – Jessica Kiang and The Playlist Staff, The Playlist[63]
1st – Justin Chang,[b] Los Angeles Times[64]
1st – Karen Han, Polygon[65]
1st – Katie Rife, The A.V. Club[66]
1st – Keith Watson, Slant Magazine[67]
1st – Laura Di Girolamo, Exclaim![68]
1st – Leah Greenblatt, Entertainment Weekly[69]
1st – Matt Goldberg, Collider[70]
1st – Matt Neglia, Next Best Picture[71]
1st – Matthew Jacobs, Huffington Post[72]
1st – Michael Phillips, Chicago Tribune[73]
1st – Monica Castillo, RogerEbert.com[52]
1st – Nick Allen, RogerEbert.com[52]
1st – Noel Murray, The A.V. Club[74]
1st – Online Film Critics Society[75]
1st – Richard Lawson, Vanity Fair[76]
1st – Rotten Tomatoes[77]
1st – Sara Stewart, New York Post[78]
1st – Sarah Ward, Screen Daily[79]
1st – Sean P. Means, Salt Lake Tribune[80]
1st – Seongyong Cho, RogerEbert.com[52]
1st – Sydney Morning Herald[81]
1st – Tasha Robinson, Polygon[65]
1st – Tom Reimann, Collider[82]
1st – Valerie Ettenhofer, Film School Rejects[83]
1st – Vinnie Mancuso, Collider[84]
1st – WatchMojo[85]
2nd – Alex Biese, Asbury Park Press[86]
2nd – Anne Thompson, IndieWire[87]
2nd – Bob Strauss, Los Angeles Daily News[88]
2nd – David Ehrlich, IndieWire[89]
2nd – David Rooney The Hollywood Reporter[90]
2nd – Jonathan Sim, Vocal [91]
2nd – Kate Erbland, IndieWire[92]
2nd – Mark Hughes, Forbes [93]
2nd – Matt Zoller Seitz, RogerEbert.com[52]
2nd – Sean Fennessey and Adam Nayman, The Ringer[94]
2nd – Sight & Sound[95]
3rd – A. O. Scott, The New York Times[96]
3rd – Alison Willmore, New York magazine[97]
3rd – Amy Taubin, Artforum[98]
3rd – Bilge Ebiri, New York magazine[97]
3rd – Complex[99]
3rd – Consequence of Sound[100]
3rd – David Sims, The Atlantic[101]
3rd – Good Morning America[102]
3rd – Lawrence Toppman, The Charlotte Observer[103]
3rd – Manohla Dargis, The New York Times[96]
3rd – Mark Dujsik, RogerEbert.com[52]
3rd – Matt Singer, ScreenCrush[104]
3rd – Max Weiss, Baltimore[105]
3rd – Natalie Zutter, Den of Geek[106]
3rd – Peter Sobczynski, RogerEbert.com[52]
3rd – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone[107]
3rd – Samuel R. Murian, Parade[108]
3rd – Ty Burr, Boston Globe[109]
3rd – Yahoo! Entertainment[110]
4th – Adam Chitwood, Collider[111]
4th – Allison Shoemaker, RogerEbert.com[52]
4th – Alonso Duralde, The Wrap[112]
4th – Brian Tallerico, RogerEbert.com[52]
4th – Jake Coyle, Associated Press[113]
4th – Johnny Oleksinski, New York Post[114]
4th – Kristy Puchko, RogerEbert.com[52]
4th – Mara Reinstein, Us Weekly[115]
4th – Matt Patches, Polygon[65]
4th – Michal Oleszczyk, RogerEbert.com[52]
4th – Odie Henderson, RogerEbert.com[52]
4th – Sheila O'Malley, RogerEbert.com[52]
4th – Sheri Linden, The Hollywood Reporter[90]
4th – Tom Brook, Talking Movies[116]
5th – David Edelstein, Vulture[97]
5th – Derek Smith, Slant Magazine[67]
5th – Justin Kroll, Variety[117]
6th – Scott Feinberg, The Hollywood Reporter[118]
5th – Tomris Laffly, RogerEbert.com[52]
6th – Caroline Siede, The A.V. Club[119]
6th – Collin Souter, RogerEbert.com[52]
6th – Eli Glasner, CBC[120]
6th – Eric Kohn, IndieWire[121]
6th – Jon Frosch. The Hollywood Reporter[90]
6th – Joshua Rothkopf, Time Out New York[122]
6th – Stephanie Zacharek, Time[123]
6th – Kyle Smith, National Review[124]
7th – Marlow Stern, The Daily Beast[125]
8th – Lindsey Bahr, Associated Press[113]
9th – Brian Truitt, USA Today[126]
9th – Eugene Hernandez, Film at Lincoln Center[127]
9th – Max O'Connell, RogerEbert.com[52]
9th – Peter Rainer, The Christian Science Monitor[128]
9th – Richard Roeper, Chicago Sun-Times[129]
10th – Ben Kenigsberg, RogerEbert.com[52]
10th – Tom Gliatto, People magazine[130]
Top 10 (not ranked)

Amy Kaufman, Los Angeles Times[131]
Cameron Bailey, Toronto International Film Festival[132]
James Verniere, Boston Herald[133]
Joe Morgenstern, The Wall Street Journal[134]
Dana Stevens, Slate[135]
Sheila Nevins, MTV Documentary Films[136]
Stephen Rebello, Playboy[137]
Parasite also appeared on many critics' Best-of-the-decade top 10 lists,[11] among them:

1st – Den of Geek[138]
1st – Karen Han, Polygon[139]
2nd – Kevin O'Connor, The Ringer[140]
3rd – Amanda Dobbins, The Ringer[141]
3rd – Film School Rejects[142]
4th – Norman Wilner, Now Magazine[143]
4th – Sean P. Means, Salt Lake Tribune[144]
5th – /Film[145]
5th – Richard Lawson, Vanity Fair[146]
7th – Gregory Ellwood, The Playlist[147]
8th – Los Angeles Film Critics Association[148]
10th – Chris Plante, Polygon[149]
Honorable mention – WatchMojo[150]
Top 10 (not ranked)

Dana Stevens, Slate[151]
On Metacritic, Parasite ranked 7th among the films with the highest scores of the decade.[11] As of 28 December 2019 it is the 42nd highest rated film of all time on the website.[152]

Satya Nadella

Satya Narayana Nadella (/nəˈdɛlə/; born 19 August 1967) is an engineer and Indian American business executive. He is the chief executive officer (CEO) of Microsoft, succeeding Steve Ballmer in 2014.[1][2] Before becoming CEO, he was the executive vice president of Microsoft's cloud and enterprise group, responsible for building and running the company's computing platforms.
Early life
Nadella was born in Hyderabad[3] into a Telugu family. His father, Bukkapuram Nadella Yugandher, was a civil servant who worked for the Indian Administrative Service of the Government of India.[4][5][6]

Nadella attended the Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet[7] before receiving a bachelor's in electrical engineering[8] from the Manipal Institute of Technology (then part of Mangalore University) in Karnataka in 1988.[9][10] Nadella subsequently traveled to the U.S. to study for an M.S. in computer science at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee,[11][12] receiving his degree in 1990.[13] Later, he received an MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.[14]

Nadella said he "always wanted to build things"[15] and that electrical engineering "was a great way for [him] to go discover what turned out to become a passion", computer science.[16]

Career
Sun Microsystems
Nadella worked at Sun Microsystems as a member of its technology staff prior to joining Microsoft in 1992.[17]

Microsoft
At Microsoft, Nadella has led major projects that included the company's move to cloud computing and the development of one of the largest cloud infrastructures in the world.[18]

Nadella worked as the senior vice-president of Research and Development (R&D) for the Online Services Division and vice-president of the Microsoft Business Division. Later, he was made the president of Microsoft's $19 billion Server and Tools Business and led a transformation of the company's business and technology culture from client services to cloud infrastructure and services. He has been credited for helping bring Microsoft's database, Windows Server and developer tools to its Azure cloud.[14] The revenue from Cloud Services grew to $20.3 billion in June 2013 from $16.6 billion when he took over in 2011.[19] He received $84.5 million in 2016 pay.[20]

Nadella's 2013 base salary was nearly $700,000, for a total compensation, with stock bonuses, of $17.6 million.[21]

Previous positions held by Nadella include:[22]

President of the Server & Tools Division (9 February 2011 – February 2014)
Senior Vice-President of Research and Development for the Online Services Division (March 2007 – February 2011)[23]
Vice-President of the Business Division
Corporate Vice-President of Business Solutions and Search & Advertising Platform Group
Executive Vice-President of Cloud and Enterprise group[9]
On 4 February 2014, Nadella was announced as the new CEO of Microsoft,[1][2] the third chief executive in the company's history, following Bill Gates and Steve Ballmer.[24]

In October 2014, Nadella courted controversy when he made a statement that women should not ask for a raise and should trust the system.[25] The statement was made while he was attending an event on Women in Computing in Phoenix, AZ. Nadella was roundly criticised for the statement and he apologised later on Twitter.[26] He later sent an email to Microsoft employees admitting he was "Completely wrong".[27]

Nadella changed the company's direction after becoming CEO. His tenure has emphasized openness to working with companies and technologies with which Microsoft also competes, including Apple Inc.,[28] Salesforce,[29] IBM,[30] and Dropbox.[31] In contrast to previous Microsoft campaigns against the Linux operating system, Nadella proclaimed that "Microsoft ♥ Linux",[32] and in 2016, Microsoft joined the Linux Foundation as a Platinum member.[33]

Under Nadella Microsoft revised its mission statement to "empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more".[34] In comparison to founder Bill Gates's "a PC on every desk and in every home, running Microsoft software", Nadella says that it is an enduring mission, rather than a temporal goal.[35] His key goal has been transforming Microsoft's corporate culture into one that values continual learning and growth.[36] He has cited the book Mindset: The New Psychology of Success by Carol Dweck as inspiration for this philosophy around a "growth mindset".[37]

Nadella's leadership of Microsoft included a series of high-profile acquisitions of other companies, to redirect Microsoft's focus. His first major acquisition was of Mojang, a Swedish game company best known for the popular freeform computer building game Minecraft, in late 2014, for $2.5 billion. Minecraft was notably a cross-platform game, with versions running on Apple's iOS mobile devices, and the Sony PlayStation dedicated gaming console, as well as Microsoft's Xbox.[38] He followed that by purchasing Xamarin[39] and LinkedIn[40] in 2016, then GitHub in 2018.[41]

In the years since becoming CEO, Nadella is viewed as having done well,[42] with Microsoft stock having tripled by September 2018, with a 27% annual growth rate.[43][44] In December 2018, Comparably called him the best CEO of a large company in the United States, citing anonymous Nadella employee reviews.[45]

Awards and recognition
In 2019, Nadella was named Financial Times (FT) Person of the Year, "Microsoft was at risk of technological irrelevance but the chief executive has presided over an era of stunning wealth creation

Ritu Nanda

Ritu Nanda (née Kapoor; 30 October 1948 – 14 January 2020) was an Indian Businesswomen and insurance advisor.[1] She was the chairwoman and chief executive officer of Ritu Nanda Insurance Services (RNIS). Nanda was initially managing a household appliances manufacturing business Nikitasha which got closed due to poor growth. She was the recipient of the Brand and the Best Insurance Advisor of the Decade awards from the Life Insurance Corporation of India, the largest life insurance company of India.

Nanda entered the Guinness Book of Records for selling 17,000 pension policies in a single day. She also managed companies like Escolife and Rimari Corporate art services.

Nanda was the daughter of actor-director Raj Kapoor and his wife, Krishna. She was born in Mumbai on 30 October 1948. Her grandfather was actor Prithviraj Kapoor, and maternal uncles are actors Prem Nath and Rajendra Nath. Actor Prem Chopra is her uncle-by-marriage. Her brothers, Randhir Kapoor, Rishi Kapoor and Rajiv Kapoor, are film actors. She also has a sister, Rima Jain. Film actresses Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor are her nieces, while actor Ranbir Kapoor is her nephew.

Nanda was married to Rajan Nanda, an industrialist of India. She has two children, a son Nikhil Nanda, and a daughter Natasha Nanda. She was battling cancer[2]

Quique Setien

Enrique Setién Solar (Spanish pronunciation: [enˈrike seˈtjen soˈlaɾ]; born 27 September 1958) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder, and a manager. He is currently head coach of La Liga club Barcelona.

Nicknamed El Maestro, he was best known for his Racing de Santander spells, starting and finishing his 19-year professional career at the club and amassing La Liga totals of 374 matches and 58 goals over 15 seasons.[2]

In the 2000s, Setién (who represented Spain on three occasions) started a managerial career, going on to coach several teams including Racing.
Playing career
Club
Born in Santander, Setién made his La Liga debut in 1977, with his hometown club Racing de Santander. However, during his first spell with the Cantabrians, although used regularly, he was not yet an undisputed starter, and missed the entire 1982–83 season as well as suffering two top flight relegations.

Afterwards, Setién represented Atlético Madrid for three years: enjoying a good first two seasons,[3] but appeared rarely in his last after some spats with elusive club chairman Jesús Gil.[4][5][6]

Setién then moved to lowly CD Logroñés where, after a slow start, he was essential in helping the Riojans retain their top flight status. In 1992, the 34-year-old returned to Racing, and scored a career-best 11 goals in the first year in his second spell as the side returned to the top level. He played three more years with the latter, and retired in June 1996 at nearly 38 after featuring for Levante UD in the third division play-offs, which also ended in promotion; he appeared in almost 600 official matches in nearly two decades of play, totalling 95 league goals.

International
Setién appeared three times for Spain and was selected for the 1986 FIFA World Cup squad, but did not leave the bench during the tournament in Mexico.[7] His debut came on 20 November 1985 in a 0–0 friendly with Austria, in Zaragoza.[8]

Coaching career
Taking up coaching in 2001, Setién started with the club he spent most of his playing career at, Racing, and then switched to Polideportivo Ejido, both in the Segunda División. For three months in 2006, Setién coached the Equatorial Guinea national team.[9] After that he moved to another team he played for, Logroñes in division three, being sacked midway through the 2007–08 campaign.[10]

In June 2009, Setién became CD Lugo's coach.[11] He led the side to second division promotion in his third year, a second-ever for the Galicians;[12] in the following three years they managed to stay afloat, ranking between positions 11th and 15th.[13][14][15]

On 19 October 2015, following the sacking of Paco Herrera, Setién became UD Las Palmas' new manager.[16] He arrived with them in the relegation zone, and led them to 11th place in his first season. On 18 March 2017, he announced that he would leave the Canary Islands club at the end of the campaign due to disputes with the board.[17]

On 26 May 2017, Setién was appointed manager of Real Betis on a three-year deal.[18] He led the team to the sixth place in his first year, with the subsequent qualification to the group stage of the UEFA Europa League.[19]

Setién was linked with a move to FC Barcelona in January 2019,[20] but nothing came of it. On 19 May, he announced that he would leave the Estadio Benito Villamarín.[21]

On 13 January 2020, Setién was appointed as head coach of Barcelona, replacing the sacked Ernesto Valverde.[22][23]

Personal life
Setién's son, Laro, is also a footballer and a midfielder

कैफ़ी आज़मी

मुक्त ज्ञानकोश विकिपीडिया से

प्रारंभिक जीवन

कैफी का असली नाम अख्तर हुसैन रिजवी था। उत्तरप्रदेश के आजमगढ़ जिले के छोटे से गाँव मिजवां में 14 जनवरी 1919 में जन्मे।[1] गाँव के भोलेभाले माहौल में कविताएँ पढ़ने का शौक लगा। भाइयों ने प्रोत्साहित किया तो खुद भी लिखने लगे। 11 साल की उम्र में उन्होंने अपनी पहली गज़ल लिखी।[1]

शायरी

किशोर होते-होते मुशायरे में शामिल होने लगे। वर्ष 1936 में साम्यवादी विचारधारा से प्रभावित हुए और सदस्यता ग्रहण कर ली। धार्मिक रूढि़वादिता से परेशान कैफी को इस विचारधारा में जैसे सारी समस्याओं का हल मिल गया। उन्होंने निश्चय किया कि सामाजिक संदेश के लिए ही लेखनी का उपयोग करेंगे।

1943 में साम्यवादी दल ने मुंबई कार्यालय शुरू किया और ‍उन्हें जिम्मेदारी देकर भेजा। यहाँ आकर कैफी ने उर्दू जर्नल ‘मजदूर मोहल्ला’ का संपादन किया।

जीवनसंगिनी शौकत से मुलाकात हुई। आर्थिक रूप से संपन्न और साहित्यिक संस्कारों वाली शौकत को कैफी के लेखन ने प्रभावित किया। मई 1947 में दो संवेदनशील कलाकार विवाह बंधन में बँध गए। शादी के बाद शौकत ने रिश्ते की गरिमा इस हद तक निभाई कि खेतवाड़ी में पति के साथ ऐसी जगह रहीं जहाँ टॉयलेट/बाथरूम कॉमन थे। यहीं पर शबाना और बाबा का जन्म हुआ।

बाद में जुहू स्थित बंगले में आए। फिल्मों में मौका बुजदिल (1951) से मिला। स्वतंत्र रूप से लेखन चलता रहा। कैफी की भावुक, रोमांटिक और प्रभावी लेखनी से प्रगति के रास्ते खुलते गए और वे सिर्फ गीतकार ही नहीं बल्कि पटकथाकार के रूप में भी स्थापित हो गए। ‘हीर-रांझा’ कैफी की सिनेमाई कविता कही जा सकती है। सादगीपूर्ण व्यक्तित्व वाले कैफी बेहद हँसमुख थे, यह बहुत कम लोग जानते हैं।

वर्ष 1973 में ब्रेनहैमरेज से लड़ते हुए जीवन को एक नया दर्शन मिला - बस दूसरों के लिए जीना है। अपने गाँव मिजवान में कैफी ने स्कूल, अस्पताल, पोस्ट ऑफिस और सड़क बनवाने में मदद की।

उत्तरप्रदेश सरकार ने सुल्तानपुर से फूलपुर सड़क को कैफी मार्ग घोषित किया है। दस मई 2002 को कैफी यह गुनगुनाते हुए इस दुनिया से चल दिए : ये दुनिया, ये महफिल मेरे काम की नहीं। ..।

व्यक्तिगत जीवन

मई 1947 में इनका विवाह शौकत से हुआ। आर्थिक रूप से संपन्न और साहित्यिक संस्कारों वाली शौकत को कैफी के लेखन ने प्रभावित थीं। उनके यहाँ एक बेटी और एक बेटे का जन्म हुआ, जिनका नाम शबाना और बाबा है। शबाना आज़मी हिंदी फिल्मों की एक अज़ीम अदाकारा बनीं।

प्रमुख रचनाएँ

उनकी रचनाओं में आवारा सज़दे, इंकार, आख़िरे-शब आदि प्रमुख हैं।[1]

पुरस्कार एवं सम्मान

क़ैफ़ी आज़मी को राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार के अलावा कई बार फिल्मफेयर अवॉर्ड भी मिला।[1] 1974 में भारत सरकार ने उन्हें पद्मश्री से सम्मानित किया।

कैफी के कुछ प्रमुख फिल्मी गीत

मैं ये सोच के उसके दर से उठा था।..(हकीकत)

है कली-कली के रुख पर तेरे हुस्न का फसाना...(लालारूख)

वक्त ने किया क्या हसीं सितम... (कागज के फूल)

इक जुर्म करके हमने चाहा था मुस्कुराना... (शमा)

जीत ही लेंगे बाजी हम तुम... (शोला और शबनम)

तुम पूछते हो इश्क भला है कि नहीं है।.. (नकली नवाब)

राह बनी खुद मंजिल... (कोहरा)

सारा मोरा कजरा चुराया तूने... (दो दिल)

बहारों...मेरा जीवन भी सँवारो... (आखिरी khत)

धीरे-धीरे मचल ए दिल-ए-बेकरार... (अनुपमा)

या दिल की सुनो दुनिया वालों... (अनुपमा)

मिलो न तुम तो हम घबराए... (हीर-रांझा)

ये दुनिया ये महफिल... (हीर-रांझा)

जरा सी आहट होती है तो दिल पूछता है।.. (हकीकत)