السبت، 25 يناير 2020

Sara Bareilles

Sara Beth Bareilles (/bəˈrɛlɪs/; born December 7, 1979)[1] is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her 2007 hit single "Love Song" reached no. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[2] In the third season of NBC's The Sing-Off, Bareilles served as a celebrity judge alongside Ben Folds and Shawn Stockman. She composed music and wrote lyrics for the Broadway musical Waitress, for which she earned a Tony Award nomination for Best Original Score in 2016, and a Grammy nomination for Best Musical Theatre Album. In April 2018, Bareilles received acclaim for her portrayal of Mary Magdalene in NBC's live television concert adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's rock opera, Jesus Christ Superstar, for which she was nominated for the 2018 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie.

Bareilles has sold over one million albums and over nine million singles and downloads in the United States and has earned seven Grammy Award nominations, including one Album of the Year nomination for The Blessed Unrest (2013).[3] In February 2012, VH1 placed Bareilles in the 80th spot of the Top 100 Greatest Women in Music.[4] Her memoir, Sounds Like Me: My Life (So Far) in Song, was published in 2015; The New York Times listed it as a bestseller.
Life and career
1979–2001: Early life
Bareilles was born and raised in Eureka, California, in Humboldt County, one of three daughters of Bonnie Halvorsen (née Capellas), a funeral home worker, and Paul Bareilles, an insurance adjuster.[6][7] She has two sisters, Stacey and Jennifer, and a half-sister, Melody.[8] She is of Italian, English, German, Portuguese, and French descent; she speaks Italian and lived in Italy for a year.[9] Bareilles was raised Catholic.[10] She participated in the high school choir, Limited Edition, and local community theater musical productions, including her high school's production of Little Shop of Horrors, in which she appeared as Audrey.[11]

After graduating from high school in 1998, Bareilles studied communication studies at the University of California, Los Angeles,[1] where she was a member of the co-ed a cappella group Awaken a Cappella;[12] she can be heard on their album Dysfunktional Family, singing her original selection "Gravity" and "I Want You Back" by The Jackson 5.[13] The group's rendition of Bareilles' "Gravity" was featured on the Best of College a Cappella 2004 compilation CD. Bareilles and the band Maroon 5 have been acquainted since their younger days in California, when the band was known as Kara's Flowers.[14][15] She performed in the annual student concert UCLA Spring Sing, winning twice. Bareilles taught herself to play the piano and, subsequently, all other instruments she has been seen playing.
2002–2006: Career beginnings and Careful Confessions
After graduating from UCLA in 2002, Bareilles performed at local bars and clubs (such as the Hotel Café and Genghis Cohen in Los Angeles), building a following before performing in larger venues. She released two demos of mostly live tracks in 2003: The First One in April and The Summer Sessions in October. In 2004, she appeared as a singer in a bar in the indie film Girl Play, performing the song "Undertow".[11]

In January 2004, Bareilles released her first studio album, Careful Confessions. She then signed a contract with Epic Records on April 15, 2005.[16] She spent the remainder of the year, and the early months of 2006, writing, composing, and reworking songs for her upcoming album.[1]

In mid-2004, she opened for Rocco DeLuca and the Burden during their inaugural headline tour, supported Guster on their first UK tour, and co-headlined a tour with Jon McLaughlin.[17] She toured as the opening act in 2006 for Marc Broussard's "Carencro" tour. Bareilles's song "Gravity" appeared briefly in the 2006 independent film Loving Annabelle. In 2007, Bareilles toured as the opening act for Aqualung and Mika, and later that year opened for several shows on both Maroon 5 and Paolo Nutini's U.S. tours. She also opened for James Blunt on his U.S. Tour in association with VH1 You Oughta Know.

2007–2008: Breakthrough with Little Voice
In June 2007, iTunes featured Bareilles's single "Love Song" as the free single of the week. The following month, her major-label debut, Little Voice, shot to No. 1 on the list of most downloaded albums of the music store[18] in its first week of release, and debuted at No. 45 on the Billboard 200 chart. After being featured on a Rhapsody commercial in 2007, "Love Song" began climbing the pop charts, jumping from No. 73 to No. 16 in one week. It entered the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 on December 27, 2007, and peaked at No. 4. On other charts, such as the Pop 100 and Hot AC, "Love Song" hit No. 1. Bareilles performed the song on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on Thursday, January 17, 2008, and on the Today show on Thursday, February 21, 2008. Soon after that, the song entered the UK Singles Chart, peaking at No. 4. The music video was directed by Josh Forbes, and it starred the British actor Adam Campbell.

As of 2010, Little Voice had been certified platinum by the RIAA. The album peaked in the Billboard 200 at No. 7, and the UK Top 40 at No. 9.[19] Bareilles's breakthrough single, "Love Song", was later certified triple platinum.[20]

On October 28, 2008, Bareilles released Between the Lines: Sara Bareilles Live at the Fillmore on DVD and CD. The package is a recording of her first headlining tour at The Fillmore in San Francisco. This package also included live recordings of her unreleased song "August Moon", as well as a cover of Otis Redding's "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay". She concluded the tour in her home town of Eureka, California, on December 19, 2008, at the Arkley Center for the Performing Arts.

She toured with Counting Crows and Maroon 5 between July 22 and August 26, 2008. The first stop was Virginia Beach, Virginia, and the last stop Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.[21] Bareilles was selected as MTV artist of the week for July 7–11 and appeared again on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on Wednesday, July 9, 2008; and on December 9, 2008 (with Ingrid Michaelson).

During the spring of 2009, Bareilles was on her second headlining tour, the Gravity Tour, to promote "Gravity", the third and final single from her album Little Voice. She made her third appearance in Charlottesville, Virginia, during the University of Virginia's annual Springfest on March 28, her first as the opener for Marc Broussard in 2005 and the second being an opening for Maroon 5. Bareilles also played multiple college shows in April and May. Some were for college students only and others were open to the public.

She sent out a special holiday message to fans on her mailing list and gave out a free live acoustic EP recorded during her Gravity Tour last spring. The EP contained 7 acoustic songs, including a new song "Free Ride", "I'm on Fire" (a Bruce Springsteen cover duet with Tony Lucca), and two speaking segments.

In early 2010, Bareilles recorded video of what she called "An Ode to Jersey Shore" and posted it to her official website as a gag for fans.[22]

2009–2012: Kaleidoscope Heart and The Sing-Off
After an extended period of writer's block,[23] Bareilles began work on the follow-up to her major label debut in the summer of 2009, collaborating with the likes of Ahmir "Questlove" Thompson, members of Weezer, and Pharrell Williams. As the songs began to take their final shape, Neal Avron was assigned to produce, record, and mix the entire album. The album, eventually titled Kaleidoscope Heart, was recorded at The Village Recorder and Sunset Sound in Los Angeles.

The first single from Kaleidoscope Heart, "King of Anything", began receiving radio airplay in the United States in May 2010,[24] and was released for sale in June.[25] "King of Anything" had its first play on British radio airwaves on Paul Kay's "Album Download" show on Mid-Wales commercial radio station "Radio Maldwyn – The Magic 756" in August 2010. "King of Anything" was later certified platinum by the RIAA.

In anticipation of the new album, Bareilles released a series of webisodes, featuring the making of select songs from Kaleidoscope Heart, including "King of Anything", "Uncharted", "Gonna Get Over You", "Bluebird", and a strings-only version of "King of Anything". The first webisode also contains Bareilles writing the chorus/refrain lyrics for "Hold My Heart". She was selected as VH1's Posted Artist of the Month for July 2010,[26] chronicling her life leading up to the album's release.

Kaleidoscope Heart was released on September 7, 2010, and debuted at number 1 in the United States, selling 90,000 copies.[27] Her previous album Little Voice re-entered the charts at number 200 in the same week, bookending the charts.[28]

Bareilles toured in support of Kaleidoscope Heart from September to December 2010, with most of the shows being sold out. Bareilles toured Europe and parts of Asia and Australia with Maroon 5 throughout spring 2011. She embarked on a small headline "Uncharted" tour in April 2011 with openers Elizabeth & the Catapult and Ximena Sariñana in support of the second single from Kaleidoscope Heart, "Uncharted", which concluded April 23, 2011 in Memphis, Tennessee. She also opened select shows for the country music duo Sugarland on their Summer 2011 Incredible Machine Tour. The third and final single released from Kaleidoscope Heart is "Gonna Get Over You", with a music video directed by Jonah Hill.

Bareilles was added in the third season of the NBC television series The Sing-Off as a celebrity judge following the departure of Nicole Scherzinger, alongside Ben Folds and Shawn Stockman of Boyz II Men. Bareilles also guest-starred on Bucket & Skinner's Epic Adventures.

On August 13, 2011, the Hoosier Lottery Grandstand stage at the Indiana State Fair collapsed right after Bareilles finished performing as the opening act for Sugarland. She was uninjured, tweeting, "I'm speechless and feel so helpless; my heart aches for the lives lost." Seven people were killed, and more than 45 injured, in the collapse.[29]

2012–2014: Once Upon Another Time EP and The Blessed Unrest
Soon after joining The Sing-Off, Bareilles announced she was in the process of recording a new EP with co-star Ben Folds producing it. She also collaborated with fellow singer songwriters Greg Laswell and Jon McLaughlin on their new singles in February. In March, she was slated to release A Trace of Sun, a documentary of the time she had spent volunteering in Japan after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Her EP, Once Upon Another Time, was released on 22 May and contained 5 new recordings. The first and only single from the EP, "Stay", was released on April 21, 2012 on 7" vinyl, exclusive to Record Store Day participants with a vinyl-only B-side, "Beautiful Girl". During her Stageit show on September 10, 2012, Bareilles stated that she was working on a new record in New York. She also premiered a new song which might be appearing on the new album in question, which was titled "Only Shadows". In January 2013, she revealed the plans for what was to come later in the year. After moving to New York, Bareilles finished her record, and released the lead single from that album "soon" thereafter.[30] In January, Bareilles was a featured artist of the a cappella group Straight No Chaser on the Jackson 5 song, "I Want You Back" which premiered on Billboard.[31]

In February 2013, Bareilles began teasing her fans to her upcoming album through her Twitter and YouTube accounts. The first tease was a video she released on her website, titled "Sara is Making a Record...".[32]

On March 27, 2013, Bareilles announced that she would conduct an 18-city tour to promote the new album. The first single, "Brave", was released digitally on April 23.[33] On April 17, 2013, Bareilles released a lyric video for her single "Brave" on YouTube.[34] The album she had been teasing, finally titled The Blessed Unrest, was eventually released on July 13, 2013.[35][36]

Bareilles performed two songs for the feature film Bounty Killer, which was released in September 2013. The first, titled "The Kill", was written and composed by Will Collyer and Sujata Day. The second, titled "Gonna Getcha", was written and composed by Will Collyer and the film's director, Henry Saine.

Her live album, "Brave Enough: Live at the Variety Playhouse", was released on October 22, 2013. The concert was recorded at the Variety Playhouse in Atlanta, Georgia.[37]

In October 2013, two nurses from University of Minnesota Amplatz Children's Hospital Brittany Bloemke and Natalie Snyder, along with former patient Sarah Ewald, produced a YouTube video containing coworkers and young cancer patients dancing and singing to Bareilles's song "Brave". As of August, 2019, it had over 1.6 million views.[38] On October 31, 2013, while the trio were being interviewed by host Nischelle Turner on the HLN show Showbiz Tonight, Bareilles surprised them by Skyping into the interview. Of the video, she said: "I was sent this video by a friend of a friend who lives in Minnesota, and I watched it late at night and immediately my eyes welled up with tears. It's moments like this that remind me of the importance of music, and I can't think of a more perfect incarnation of this song. It's exactly the kind of thing that gives the life to this song that we were hoping for."[39] On October 16, 2019 she visited the hospital before her show at the Xcel Energy center to sing the song with them live.[40]

On January 26, 2014, Bareilles performed a duet with Carole King at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. The pair performed renditions of King's "Beautiful" and Bareilles's "Brave".[41]

On April 28, 2014, Bareilles performed with Elton John at The Breast Cancer Research Foundation's Annual Hot Pink Party Fundraiser.[42][43] In May, Bareilles recorded a cover of Jackie Wilson's song "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher" for the Oprah Winfrey Network.[44]

Bareilles toured 24 American cities between July 10, 2014 and August 14, 2014 in her "The Little Black Dress Summer Tour". The tour supported her album The Blessed Unrest, and it featured opening performances by at least three "special guests": American singer Emily King, indie pop band Lucius, and Canadian singer Hannah Georgas.

Bareilles sang "Smile" during the "In Memoriam" segment of the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards show on August 25, 2014.[45]

2015–2017: Waitress, Sounds Like Me, and What's Inside
In June 2013, it was reported that Bareilles was to score Waitress, a musical adaptation of the 2007 film of the same title.[46] The musical opened on August 20, 2015, produced by the American Repertory Theater.[47][48] The production was directed by Diane Paulus, and it starred Jessie Mueller in the leading role.[49] Bareilles debuted a song from the musical, "She Used To Be Mine," during some shows on her Little Black Dress Tour.[50] On July 16, 2019 it was announced that Waitress the Musical would end its run on Broadway on January 5, 2020.[51][52] Bareilles said about the closing, “It is such a bittersweet moment to say goodbye to our home on Broadway at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre, but I am reflecting upon this enormously magical time with a tremendous amount of gratitude...and smiling through tears. I am in awe of the tireless energy and devotion of our company, our crew, our band, and most especially our fans. The warmth and love they have showered upon our show in all its iterations is truly a miracle, and the impact this experience has had on my life has been profound and unforgettable. Thank you to my dear collaborators and producers, the entirety of our wildly passionate Waitress company, band and crew members (past and present), our beloved staff at the Brooks, and a very special thank you to our Waitress fans and believers who have made this chapter as sweet as it ever could have been. The run of Waitress on Broadway has far surpassed my expectations and I am so very proud of what we were able to create here in New York City, but I am still so moved and delighted by the knowledge that our show will continue to have a big, beautiful life in other cities around the world, and on tour. Alas... everything changes. Sugar, Butter, Thank you.[51]"

On October 25, 2012, Simon & Schuster announced it would publish a book, written by Bareilles, containing essays and photos.[53] The book was tentatively set for release in 2014; however, Bareilles finished the book in March 2015.[54] The title, Sounds Like Me: My Life (So Far) in Song, was announced in April 2015,[55] and the book released on October 6, 2015.[56]

Bareilles began work on her fifth studio album, What's Inside: Songs from Waitress,[57] in April 2015 at New York City's Electric Lady Studios, in collaboration with producer Neal Avron, who had previously worked with Bareilles on Kaleidoscope Heart.[58][59] In June 2015, Bareilles confirmed, during a Google Hangout Q & A session, that the album would feature songs she had written and composed for Waitress, which would be reworked "to sound like Sara Bareilles songs." On June 27, 2015, Bareilles and Nadia DiGiallonardo performed "She Used To Be Mine," the album's lead single, with Rich Dworsky and The Berkshire Boys on humorist Garrison Keillor's National Public Radio show A Prairie Home Companion.[60] The album was released on November 6, 2015, through Epic Records.

In June 2016, Bareilles performed the part of Ariel in a two-night live presentation of Disney's The Little Mermaid at the Hollywood Bowl.[61] She performed the Joni Mitchell song "Both Sides, Now" during the In Memoriam homage at the 89th Academy Awards in February 2017.

On March 31, 2017, Bareilles took to the Broadway stage in the role of Jenna Hunterson in Waitress for a 10-week engagement.[62] She would return to the role in January 2018 for a 6-week run, including 2 weeks co-starring with friend and fellow musician Jason Mraz as Dr. Pomatter.[63] Mraz had previously duetted with Bareilles on two songs featuring the Pomatter part on the What's Inside album. She returned to the role again in January 2019, for a 4-week run opposite Gavin Creel as Dr. Pomatter.[64]

2018–present: Jesus Christ Superstar and Amidst the Chaos
On April 1, 2018, Bareilles portrayed Mary Magdalene in Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert, NBC's stripped-down "concert" adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's first full stage musical.[65] Bareilles was well-received in the role by fans and critics and was nominated for the 2018 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie.[66] and the 2019 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theatre Album.

On June 10, 2018, Bareilles hosted the 72nd Tony Awards with Josh Groban. She and Groban performed the opening number to the show, "This One's For You", which was an ode to those who would not win an award that night and referencing that neither had won a major award before, particularly noting the Grammy Awards. They also performed three other numbers, a medley tribute to Chita Rivera and Andrew Lloyd Webber, "8 Times a Week" (a parody of "Chandelier" by Sia), and "This One's for the Dreamers". Bareilles was one of the composers who were nominated for the 2018 Tony Award for Best Original Score for SpongeBob SquarePants. In August 2018, it was announced that Waitress would premiere at the Adelphi Theatre in London's West End in February 2019.[67]

In early 2017, Bareilles announced that she was working on a new album to be released by the end of 2018.[68][69][70] The new album's first single, "Armor," was released on October 26, 2018.[71][72] The same day, pre-orders for the new album were made available through the PledgeMusic direct-to-fan platform with an updated release target of Spring 2019.[73] On February 13, 2019, Bareilles announced the title of her sixth album will be Amidst the Chaos. On April 6, 2019, the album debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 with 35,000 equivalent album sales, of which 29,000 were pure sales.[74] She also released "Shiny," a song about "wanting moms to see how special they really are," on May 10, 2019 to coincide with Mother's Day.[75]

On November 4, 2019, Bareilles announced that she would be performing the role of Jenna Hunterson in Waitress for six weeks from January 27, 2020 at the Adelphi Theatre in London's West End, opposite Gavin Creel who will perform the role of Dr. Jim Pomatter.[76]

Artistry
Musical style and influences
Bareilles is known for her strong mezzo-soprano vocal range.[77][78] She is often compared to artists such as Regina Spektor, Fiona Apple and Billy Joel,[79] due to her vocal ability and incorporation of piano into her music.

She has described her sound as "piano-based pop soul",[80] with Bareilles finding inspiration from singers such as Etta James and Sam Cooke.[81]

She is often praised for her songwriting abilities, with critics stating she "conveys vulnerability and wisdom in lyrics that speak honestly about relationships from a woman's point of view", and that her "writing voice is uniquely her own".[79]

Band members
Bareilles's first band consisted of these members aside from Bareilles herself:

Javier Dunn (guitar and vocals),[82]
Daniel Rhine (bass), and
Josh Day (drums, percussion and backing vocals).[83]
Other musicians who have toured with her as part of her band include Eric Robinson (guitar and keys),[84] Holly Conlan (backing vocals), Steve Goold (drums, percussion) and Philip Krohnengold (guitar and keyboards).[85]

In 2013, Bareilles parted amicably with her longtime bandmates to "move in a new direction".[86] She subsequently embarked on a short solo tour, before forming a new band in anticipation of her fall co-headlining tour with OneRepublic.[87]
The new band consists of these personnel aside from Bareilles herself:

Rich Hinman (guitar),
Steve Goold (drums, percussion),
Chris Morrissey (bass),
Cara Fox and Christina Courtin (strings), and
Misty Boyce (keyboards).[88]
Collaborations with other artists
In December 2008, a single Bareilles had performed in collaboration with Ingrid Michaelson, titled "Winter Song", was released from the compilation The Hotel Cafe Presents Winter Songs. Bareilles and Michaelson performed it on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, and an animated video was released. In December 2011, "Winter Song" reached number 2 on the Irish Singles Chart.[89] She also recorded a song "Come Home", a duet with OneRepublic, which was released on iTunes on July 14, 2009.

Bareilles performed with many other singers on the season 3 finale of 30 Rock, alongside Mary J. Blige, Rachael Yamagata, Sheryl Crow, Norah Jones, and Elvis Costello. She also appeared with Weezer on Jimmy Kimmel Live and as an AOL Sessions guest, performing "(If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To" as well for a special performance on YouTube.

She has performed for the First Family numerous times. Bareilles was first invited by First Lady Michelle Obama to play at the G-20 Summit in Pittsburgh in September 2009. Here she performed songs for the First Ladies of 20 nations and afterward dined with Michelle Obama. The Obamas again invited her to perform at the Easter Egg Roll in 2010. On October 20, 2010, it was announced that Bareilles would open for President Obama at a Las Vegas rally for the Democratic midterm elections.[90] In late 2010, as pop rock band Maroon 5 was touring in promotion for their Hands All Over album, Bareilles contributed to the female vocals (originally belonging to Lady Antebellum) for the song "Out of Goodbyes". She appeared with the band Sugarland for a cover of Dexys (Midnight Runners)'s "Come on Eileen" in a YouTube exclusive.[91] In December, Bareilles and fellow singer Ingrid Michaelson performed "Winter Song" for the Obamas and many spectators at the National Christmas Tree Lighting.[92]

In December 2010, Bareilles appeared on the second-season finale of The Sing-Off to sing "King of Anything" with The Backbeats. She performed the duet "Love Won't Let You Get Away" with Seth MacFarlane on his debut studio album, Music Is Better Than Words, and reunited to perform the song with him at Club Nokia on March 26, 2011. She joined The Sing-Off as a judge in its third season alongside musicians Ben Folds and Shawn Stockman (of Boyz II Men). She and Folds sang the Frank Loesser classic "Baby, It's Cold Outside" on a Christmas-themed episode of the show in December 2011. Folds later produced, played on, and provided backing vocals on Bareilles' 2012 EP Once Upon Another Time. Folds also provided the forward to her 2015 book, Sounds Like Me: My Life (So Far) In Song.

Bareilles was featured on "Summer is Over," the first single from Jon McLaughlin's third studio album, Promising Promises, a re-issue of his self-released album Forever If Ever. McLaughlin released the selection in January 2012.

MacFarlane's Christmas album Holiday for Swing, released on September 30, 2014, would also feature Bareilles.[93] She joined him on another rendition of "Baby, It's Cold Outside". The album, which also featured collaborations with Norah Jones and Frank Sinatra's bassist Chuck Berghoffer as well as a 65-piece orchestra, was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London.[94]

Bareilles collaborated with Folds again in January 2018 at The Kennedy Center for his DECLASSIFIED: Ben Folds Presents concert series with the National Symphony Orchestra. Joined by violinist, singer, and Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Caroline Shaw, the orchestra performed classical music, modern compositions by Shaw, and five of Bareilles's songs, including "She Used to Be Mine" from Waitress. Shaw and Dominic Mekky would arrange the orchestral parts for a performance of "Love Song". Shaw and Folds joined the orchestra, on vocals and percussion respectively, to back Bareilles on "Brave". She, Folds, and Shaw harmonized together on "Once Upon Another Time".[95]

Personal life
Bareilles was in a relationship with former band member and guitarist Javier Dunn until 2013.[96][97][98] In August 2015, Bareilles met actor Joe Tippett during the out-of-town tryout for Waitress at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and they later began a relationship.[96][99][100][101] The couple made their first public/red carpet appearance at the 2017 Tony Awards.[102]

Bareilles considers herself "definitely sort of a feminist," saying, "I don't think that being a feminist has anything to do with hating anything. It's about celebrating women and being productive for females. I'm not one for seeing amazing, intelligent women being reduced to sex symbols."[103] Bareilles has been a longtime ally of the LGBT community, and cites her song "Brave" as being inspired by her friend's struggle with coming out.[104][105]

Discography
Main article: Sara Bareilles discography
Careful Confessions (2004)
Little Voice (2007)
Kaleidoscope Heart (2010)
The Blessed Unrest (2013)
What's Inside: Songs from Waitress (2015)
Amidst the Chaos (2019)


Terry Gilliam

Terrence Vance Gilliam (/ˈɡɪliəm/; born 22 November 1940)[2] is an American-born British screenwriter, film director, animator, actor, comedian and former member of the Monty Python comedy troupe.

Gilliam has directed 13 feature films, including Time Bandits (1981), Brazil (1985), The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), The Fisher King (1991), 12 Monkeys (1995), Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), The Brothers Grimm (2005), Tideland (2005), and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009). The only "Python" not born in Britain, he became a naturalised British subject in 1968 and formally renounced his American citizenship in 2006.

Gilliam was born in Minnesota, but spent his high school and college years in Los Angeles. He started his career as an animator and strip cartoonist. He joined Monty Python as the animator of their works, but eventually became a full member and was given acting roles. He became a feature film director in the 1970s. Most of his films explore the theme of imagination and its importance to life, express his opposition to bureaucracy and authoritarianism, and feature characters facing dark or paranoid situations. His own scripts feature black comedy and tragicomedy elements, combined with surprise endings.

In 1988, Gilliam and the other Monty Python members received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema.[3] In 2009, Gilliam received the BAFTA Fellowship for lifetime achievement
Early life
Gilliam was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of Beatrice (née Vance) and James Hall Gilliam. His father was a travelling salesman for Folgers before becoming a carpenter. Soon after, they moved to nearby Medicine Lake, Minnesota.[5]

The family moved to the Los Angeles neighbourhood of Panorama City in 1952. Gilliam attended Birmingham High School, where he was the president of his class and senior prom king. He was voted "Most Likely to Succeed" and achieved straight A's. During high school, he began to avidly read Mad magazine, then edited by Harvey Kurtzman, which would later influence Gilliam's work.[6]

Gilliam graduated from Occidental College in 1962 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science.[7]

Gilliam told Salman Rushdie about defining experiences in the 1960s that, he said, set the foundations for his views on the world:

I became terrified that I was going to be a full-time, bomb-throwing terrorist if I stayed [in the U.S.] because it was the beginning of really bad times in America. It was '66–'67, it was the first police riot in Los Angeles. ... In college my major was political science, so my brain worked that way. ... And I drove around this little English Hillman Minx—top down—and every night I'd be hauled over by the cops. Up against the wall, and all this stuff. They had this monologue with me; it was never a dialogue. It was that I was a long-haired drug addict living off some rich guy's foolish daughter. And I said, "No, I work in advertising. I make twice as much as you do." Which is a stupid thing to say to a cop. ...

And it was like an epiphany. I suddenly felt what it was like to be a black or Mexican kid living in L.A. Before that, I thought I knew what the world was like, I thought I knew what poor people were, and then suddenly it all changed because of that simple thing of being brutalized by cops. And I got more and more angry and I just felt, I've got to get out of here—I'm a better cartoonist than I am a bomb maker. That's why so much of the U.S. is still standing.[8]

Career
Animation
Gilliam began his career as an animator and strip cartoonist. One of his early photographic strips for Help! magazine featured future Python cast member John Cleese.[9] When Help! folded, Gilliam went to Europe, jokingly announcing in the very last issue that he was "being transferred to the European branch" of the magazine,[8] which, of course, did not exist. Moving to England, he animated sequences for the children's series Do Not Adjust Your Set which ran from 1967 to 1969, and which also featured Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin.[9]

Monty Python
Gilliam was a part of Monty Python's Flying Circus from its outset, credited at first as an animator (his name was listed separately after the other five in the closing credits) and later as a full member. His cartoons linked the show's sketches together and defined the group's visual language in other media, such as LP and book covers and the title sequences of their films.[10] His animations mix his own art, characterised by soft gradients and odd, bulbous shapes, with backgrounds and moving cutouts from antique photographs, mostly from the Victorian era.
In 1978, Gilliam published Animations of Mortality, an illustrated, tongue-in-cheek, semi-autobiographical how-to guide to his animation techniques and the visual language in them.[11] Roughly 15 years later, between the release of the CD-ROM game Monty Python's Complete Waste of Time in 1994, which used many of Gilliam's animation templates, and the making of Gilliam's film Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), Gilliam was in negotiations with Enteractive, a software company, to tentatively release in the autumn of 1996 a CD-ROM under the same title as his 1978 book, containing all of his thousands of 1970s animation templates as license-free clip arts for people to create their own flash animations, but the project hovered in limbo for years,[12][13] probably because Enteractive was about to downsize greatly in mid-1996 and changed its focus from CD-ROM multimedia presentations to internet business solutions and web hosting in 1997[14] (in the introduction to their 2004 book Terry Gilliam: Interviews,[13] David Sterrit and Lucille Rhodes claimed that the internet had overwhelmed the "computer-communications market" and gave this as the reason that the Animations of Mortality CD-ROM never materialised). Around the time of Gilliam's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009), the project had changed into the idea of releasing his 1970s animation templates as a license-free download of Adobe After Effects or similar files.

Besides creating the animations, Gilliam also appeared in several sketches, though he rarely had main roles and did considerably less acting in the sketches. He did, however, have some notable sketch roles, such as Cardinal Fang of the Spanish Inquisition; the bespectacled commenter who said, "I can't add anything to that!" in the sketch "Election Night Special"; Kevin Garibaldi, the brat on the couch shouting "I want more beans!" in the sketch "Most Awful Family in Britain 1974" (episode 45); the Screaming Queen in a cape and mask in “The Visitors”; and Percy Bysshe Shelley in “Ant Poetry Reading”. More frequently, he played parts that no one else wanted to play, generally because they required a lot of makeup or uncomfortable costumes, such as a recurring knight in armour who ended sketches by walking on and hitting one of the other characters over the head with a plucked chicken. He took a number of roles in the films, including both Patsy and The Old Man From Scene 24 in Monty Python and the Holy Grail (which he co-directed with Terry Jones; Gilliam was responsible for photography, while Jones guided the actors' performances) and the jailer in Monty Python's Life of Brian. He also designed the covers of most of the Monty Python albums, including Another Monty Python Record, The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief, Monty Python Live at Drury Lane, and all of their film soundtrack albums.[15] Katy Hepburn, a freelance designer and graduate of the Royal College of Art in London, also worked with Gilliam.[16]

Directing
With the gradual breakup of the Python troupe between Life of Brian in 1979 and The Meaning of Life in 1983, Gilliam became a screenwriter and director, building upon the experience he had acquired during the making of Monty Python and the Holy Grail. He says he used to think of his films in terms of trilogies, starting with Time Bandits: the "Trilogy of Imagination" (written by Gilliam) about "the ages of man" in Time Bandits (1981), Brazil (1985), and The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988). All are about the "craziness of our awkwardly ordered society and the desire to escape it through whatever means possible."[17] All three movies focus on these struggles and attempts to escape them through imagination; Time Bandits through the eyes of a child, Brazil through the eyes of a man in his thirties, and Munchausen, through the eyes of an elderly man.

In the 1990s, Gilliam directed a trilogy of Americana: The Fisher King (1991), 12 Monkeys (1995), and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), which played on North American soil and, while still surreal, had fewer fantastical plots than his previous trilogy.[18]

Themes and philosophy
Well, I really want to encourage a kind of fantasy, a kind of magic. I love the term magic realism, whoever invented it – I do actually like it because it says certain things. It's about expanding how you see the world. I think we live in an age where we're just hammered, hammered to think this is what the world is. Television's saying, everything's saying 'That's the world.' And it's not the world. The world is a million possible things.[8]

As for his philosophical background in screenwriting and directing, Gilliam said on the TV show First Hand on RoundhouseTV, "There's so many film schools, so many media courses which I actually am opposed to. Because I think it's more important to be educated, to read, to learn things, because if you're gonna be in the media and if you'll have to say things, you have to know things. If you only know about cameras and 'the media', what're you gonna be talking about except cameras and the media? So it's better learning about philosophy and art and architecture [and] literature, these are the things to be concentrating on it seems to me. Then, you can fly...!"[19]

Gilliam's films are usually imaginative fantasies. His long-time co-writer Charles McKeown commented, "the theme of imagination, and the importance of imagination, to how you live and how you think and so on ... that's very much a Terry theme."[20] Most of Gilliam's movies include plotlines that seem to occur partly or completely in the characters' imaginations, raising questions about the definition of identity and sanity. He often shows his opposition to bureaucracy and authoritarian regimes. He also distinguishes "higher" and "lower" layers of society, with a disturbing and ironic style. His movies usually feature a fight or struggle against a great power which may be an emotional situation, a human-made idol, or even the person himself, and the situations do not always end happily. There is often a dark, paranoid atmosphere and unusual characters who used to be normal members of society. His scripts feature black comedy and often end with a dark tragicomic twist.

Gilliam is fascinated with the Baroque period because of the pronounced struggle between spirituality and rationality in that era.[21][22] There is often a rich baroqueness and dichotomous eclecticism about his movies, with, for instance, high-tech computer monitors equipped with low-tech magnifying lenses in Brazil and a red knight covered with flapping bits of cloth in The Fisher King. He also is given to incongruous juxtapositions of beauty and ugliness or antique and modern. Regarding Gilliam's theme of modernity's struggle between spirituality and rationality whereas the individual may become dominated by a tyrannical, soulless machinery of disenchanted society, the film critic Keith James Hamel observed a specific affinity of Gilliam's movies with the writings of the economic historian Arnold Toynbee and the sociologist Max Weber, specifically the latter's concept of the "iron cage" of rationality.[22]

Look and style
Gilliam's films have a distinctive look, not only in mise-en-scène but even more so in photography, often recognisable from just a short clip; to create a surreal atmosphere of psychological unrest and a world out of balance, he frequently uses unusual camera angles, particularly low-angle shots, high-angle shots, and Dutch angles. Roger Ebert said that "his world is always hallucinatory in its richness of detail".[23] Most of his movies are shot almost entirely with rectilinear ultra-wide-angle lenses with focal lengths of 28mm or less to achieve a distinctive style defined by extreme perspective distortion and extremely deep focus. Gilliam's long-time director of photography Nicola Pecorini has said, "with Terry and me, a long lens means something between a 40mm and a 65mm."[24] This attitude markedly differs from the common definition in photography, by which 40 to 65 mm is the focal length of a normal lens, resembling the natural human field of view, unlike Gilliam's signature style, defined by extreme perspective distortion due to his usual choice of focal length. The 14 mm lens has become informally known as "The Gilliam" among filmmakers because of his frequent use of it at least since Brazil.[25] Gilliam has explained his preference for using wide-angle lenses in his films:

The wide-angle lenses, I think I choose them because it makes me feel like I'm in the space of the film, I'm surrounded. My prevalent vision is full of detail, and that's what I like about it. It's actually harder to do, it's harder to light. The other thing I like about wide-angle lenses is that I'm not forcing the audience to look at just the one thing that is important. It's there, but there's other things to occupy, and some people don't like that because I'm not pointing things out as precisely as I could if I was to use a long lens where I'd focus just on the one thing and everything else would be out of focus. ...
[M]y films, I think, are better the second and third time, frankly, because you can now relax and go with the flow that may not have been as apparent as the first time you saw it and wallow in the details of the worlds we're creating. ... I try to clutter [my visuals] up, they're worthy of many viewings.[26]

In another interview, Gilliam mentioned, in relation to the 9.8 mm Kinoptic lens he had first used on Brazil, that wide-angle lenses make small film sets "look big".[27] The widest lens he has used so far is an 8 mm Zeiss lens employed in filming The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus.[28]

Production problems
Gilliam has made a few extremely expensive movies beset with production problems. After the lengthy quarrelling with Universal Studios over Brazil, Gilliam's next picture, The Adventures of Baron Munchausen, cost around US$46 million,[29] and then earned only about US$8 million in US ticket sales. The film saw no wide domestic release from Columbia Pictures, which was in the process of being sold at the time.

In the mid-1990s, Gilliam and Charles McKeown developed a script for Time Bandits 2, a project that was never produced because several of the original actors had died. Gilliam also attempted to direct a version of Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities, which collapsed due to disagreements over its budget and the choice of a lead actor.[30]

Gilliam attempted twice to adapt Alan Moore's Watchmen comics into a film, in 1989 and 1996. Both attempts were unsuccessful.

In 1999, Gilliam attempted to film The Man Who Killed Don Quixote, budgeted at US$32.1 million, among the highest-budgeted films to use only European financing; but in the first week of shooting, the actor playing Don Quixote (Jean Rochefort) suffered a herniated disc, and a flood severely damaged the set. The film was cancelled, resulting in an insurance claim of US$15 million.[31] Despite the cancellation, the aborted project did yield the documentary Lost in La Mancha, produced from film from a second crew that had been hired by Gilliam to document the making of Quixote. After the cancellation, both Gilliam and the film's co-lead, Johnny Depp, wanted to revive the project. The insurance company involved in the failed first attempt withheld the rights to the screenplay for several years[32] but the production was restarted in 2008.[33][34]

From 2002 to 2006, Gilliam tried to get funding for an adaptation of Good Omens, by Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman, with Robin Williams and Johnny Depp rumored as possible stars, but movie studios found the apocalyptic theme unacceptable in the wake of the 9/11 terror attacks, and funding never materialized.[35][36]

More recently, unforeseeable problems again befell a Gilliam project when the actor Heath Ledger died in New York City during the filming of The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus.

Box office
Gilliam's first successful feature, Time Bandits (1981), earned more than eight times its original budget in the United States alone. The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), although it was a flop at the box office, was nominated for four Academy Awards and won three BAFTA Awards, among several other Prizes in Europe. The Fisher King (1991), his first film not to feature a member of the Monty Python troupe, had a budget of $24 million and grossed more than $41 million at United States box office. 12 Monkeys grossed more than US$168 million worldwide. The Brothers Grimm, despite a mixed critical reception, grossed over US$105 million worldwide. The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, with a budget of $30 million, has been an international success at the box office, grossing over $60 million in worldwide theatrical release. According to Box Office Mojo, his films have grossed an average of $21,602,510.[37]

Recurring collaborators
Since his first feature, Gilliam has shown a propensity to work with particular actors in numerous productions. Up until the 1990s, each of Gilliam's non-Python films has featured at least one of his fellow Monty Python alumni (particularly Palin, Cleese, and Idle), and for his finished projects Gilliam has worked with the following actors at least twice (in order of first film appearance):

Derrick O'Connor (Jabberwocky, Time Bandits, Brazil)
Derek Deadman (Jabberwocky, Time Bandits, Brazil)
Charles McKeown (Time Bandits, Brazil, The Adventures of Baron Munchausen)
Katherine Helmond (Time Bandits, Brazil, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas)
Ray Cooper (Brazil, The Adventures of Baron Munchausen, The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, The Zero Theorem)
Jonathan Pryce (Brazil, The Adventures of Baron Munchausen, The Brothers Grimm, The Man Who Killed Don Quixote)
Stephen Bridgewater (The Fisher King, 12 Monkeys, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas)
Peter Stormare (The Brothers Grimm, The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, The Zero Theorem)
Other recurring collaborators include Gilliam's cinematographers Roger Pratt (Brazil, The Fisher King, 12 Monkeys) and Nicola Pecorini (Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, The Brothers Grimm, Tideland, The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, The Zero Theorem, The Man Who Killed Don Quixote), and his co-writer McKeown (Brazil, The Adventures of Baron Munchausen, The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus).

Gilliam and Harry Potter
J. K. Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter series, is a fan of Gilliam's work. Consequently, he was Rowling's first choice to direct Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 2000, but Warner Bros. ultimately chose Chris Columbus for the job.[38] In response to this decision, Gilliam said that "I was the perfect guy to do Harry Potter. I remember leaving the meeting, getting in my car, and driving for about two hours along Mulholland Drive just so angry. I mean, Chris Columbus' versions are terrible. Just dull. Pedestrian."[39] In 2006, Gilliam said that he found Alfonso Cuarón's Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban to be "really good... much closer to what I would've done."[40] In retrospect, however, Gilliam has stated that he wouldn't have liked to direct any Potter film. In a 2005 interview with Total Film, he said that he would not enjoy working on such an expensive project because of interference from studio executives.[41]

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, director David Yates paid homage to Gilliam's 1985 film Brazil, portraying the Death Eater–infiltrated Ministry of Magic in a fashion reminiscent of Gilliam's totalitarian bureaucracy.[42][43]

Secret Tournament
In 2002, Gilliam directed a series of television advertisements called “Secret Tournament”. Part of Nike's 2002 FIFA World Cup campaign, the advertisements feature a secret three-on-three tournament between the world's best football players, including Ronaldo, Ronaldinho and Thierry Henry, who are inside a huge tanker ship.[44] The advertisements are accompanied with a remixed version of the Elvis Presley song "A Little Less Conversation".[45]

Slava's Diabolo
In 2006, Gilliam directed the stage show Slava's Diabolo, created and staged by the Russian clown artist Slava Polunin. The show combined Polunin's clown style, characterised by deep nonverbal expression and interaction with the audience, with Gilliam's rich visuals and surrealistic imagery. The show premiered at the Noga Hall of the Gesher Theatre in Jaffa, Israel.

The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus
The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, directed and co-written by Gilliam, was released in 2009.[46] In January 2007, Gilliam announced that he had been working on a new project with his writing partner Charles McKeown. One day later, the fansite Dreams reported[47] that the new project was titled The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus. In October 2007, Dreams confirmed that this would be Gilliam's next project and was slated to star Christopher Plummer and Tom Waits.[48] Production began in December 2007 in London.[49]

On 22 January 2008, production of the film was disrupted following the death of Heath Ledger in New York City. Variety reported that Ledger's involvement had been a "key factor" in the film's financing.[50] Production was suspended indefinitely by 24 January,[51] but in February the actors Johnny Depp, Jude Law, and Colin Farrell signed on to continue Ledger's role, transforming into multiple incarnations of his character in the "magical" world of the film.[52][53] Thanks to this arrangement the principal photography was completed on 15 April 2008, on schedule. Editing was completed in November 2008.[54] According to the official ParnassusFilm Twitter channel[55][56] launched on 30 March 2009, the film's post-production FX work finished on 31 March. During the filming, Gilliam was accidentally hit by a bus and suffered a broken back.[57]

The film had successful screenings including a premiere at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival. The UK release for the film was scheduled for 6 June 2009 but was pushed back to 16 October 2009. The USA release was on 25 December 2009. Eventually, this $30 million-budgeted film had grossed more than $60 million in worldwide theatrical release and received two Academy Award nominations.

The film's end credit states that the film is dedicated to the memories of Ledger and William Vince. Depp, Farrell, and Law donated their proceeds from the film to Ledger's daughter.[58]

The Zero Theorem
In July 2012, Gilliam revealed plans for a film which would be shot in Bucharest, Romania. He denied that it would be Don Quixote but refused to give any further details.[59] The actor David Walliams reportedly entered into talks with Gilliam to play a part in it and was told that he'd have to "be willing to work with Johnny Depp and fly to Bucharest where the movie is to be filmed."[60] Depp, to that point, had made no mention of his involvement but was seen in Bucharest around the same time in mid-July[61] as Romanian news outlets reported Gilliam was staying in the city for negotiations on studio work with the Romanian film production company MediaPro Studios.[62] On 13 August 2012, this project was announced to be The Zero Theorem, set to start shooting in Bucharest on 22 October, produced by Dean Zanuck (son of the late Richard D. Zanuck, who was originally to produce the film in 2009), with worldwide sales handled by Voltage Pictures, Toronto, and starring the Academy Award–winner Christoph Waltz in the lead (replacing Billy Bob Thornton, who had been attached to the project in 2009).[63][64][65][66][67][68][69] The Zero Theorem premiered at the 70th Venice International Film Festival on 2 September 2013.[70][71]

Opera director
Gilliam made his opera debut at London's English National Opera (ENO) in May 2011, directing The Damnation of Faust, by Hector Berlioz.[72] The production received positive reviews in the British press[73][74][75] On 16 September 2012, the production opened at the Vlaamse Opera in Ghent, Belgium, in the opera's original French-language version and received praise from critics and audiences alike. After a number of performances in Ghent, the production moved to the opera house in Antwerp for sold-out run of performances.

In June 2014, Gilliam followed up on his success with Faust with a new ENO production of another opera by Berlioz, the rarely performed Benvenuto Cellini.[76]

Projects in development or shelved
Gilliam has several projects in various states of development, including an adaptation of Neil Gaiman's and Terry Pratchett's comic fantasy novel Good Omens. Other projects Gilliam has been trying to get off the ground since the 1990s are an adaptation of Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities (starring Mel Gibson); an adaptation of Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, which has been adapted as films several times before; and a script entitled The Defective Detective, which Gilliam wrote with Richard LaGravenese (who wrote The Fisher King). While promoting the US theatrical release of The Zero Theorem, Gilliam revealed he and LaGravenese were meeting to see if The Defective Detective script could be made into a miniseries. If this comes together, it would be the first time Gilliam has ever directed for television.[77] Stanley Kubrick had Gilliam in mind to direct a sequel to Dr. Strangelove (1964).[78] Gilliam also turned down offers to direct such films as Enemy Mine (1985),[79][80] Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988),[81] Forrest Gump (1994)[82] and Braveheart (1995).[83] He was even considered to direct The Truman Show (1998).[84] Gilliam confirmed in a 2018 interview that he turned down the offer to direct one of the sequels to Alien (1979),[85] though he did not specify which one of them.[86]

It was rumoured that Gilliam may direct or be involved in the production of the animated band Gorillaz movie. In a September 2006 interview with Uncut, Damon Albarn was reported to have said, "we're making a film. We've got Terry Gilliam involved."[87] However, in a more recent interview with Gorillaz-Unofficial, Jamie Hewlett, the co-creator of the band, stated that since the time of the previous interview, Damon's and his own interest in the film had lessened. In an August 2008 Observer interview, Gorillaz band members Albarn and Hewlett revealed the nature and title of the project, Journey to the West, a film adaptation of the opera of the same name, based on a 16th-century Chinese adventure story also known as Monkey.[88] In January 2008, while on set of The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, Gilliam stated that he was looking forward to the project, "But I'm still waiting to see a script!"[54]

The Man Who Killed Don Quixote
After regaining the rights to the screenplay of The Man Who Killed Don Quixote, Gilliam restarted preproduction in 2008, with Johnny Depp still attached to the project.[89] The film was to be reshot completely, with Rochefort's role recast. Michael Palin reportedly entered into talks with Gilliam about stepping in for Rochefort and playing Don Quixote.[90] However, Gilliam revealed on the Canadian talk show The Hour on 17 December 2009 that Robert Duvall had been cast to play Quixote, before the film was postponed once again.[91] In January 2014, Gilliam wrote on Facebook that "Dreams of Don Quixote have begun again".[92] At the Cannes Film Festival in 2016, it was confirmed that The Man Who Killed Don Quixote was going to be made, with Michael Palin and Adam Driver in starring roles.[93] In March 2017, filming finally began, with Driver and Jonathan Pryce starring.[94] On 4 June 2017, Gilliam announced that the shooting of the film was complete.[95]

The film premiered on 19 May 2018 as the closing film of the 2018 Cannes Film Festival (where it received a standing ovation), and was released in French theaters the same day.[96][97][98][99]

Future projects
On 16 December 2010, Variety reported that Gilliam was to "godfather" a film called 1884, described as an animated steampunk parody of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, with several former Pythons lending their voices to the project; Gilliam was to be credited as "creative advisor".[100]

During the second half of 2011, Gilliam and Paul Auster wrote a screenplay for a film adaptation of Auster's novel Mr. Vertigo.[101][102] In June 2018, Gilliam announced at the Brussels International Film Festival that he was working again on Mr. Vertigo, and that it might be his next film, and that he had Ralph Fiennes attached to star in it.[103][104]

As of 2014 he was in talks to make his first animated feature film with Laika, the studio behind Coraline and ParaNorman.[105]

In October 2015, in a webchat hosted by The Guardian, Gilliam announced that he was working on "a TV series based on Time Bandits" and "another based on a script by Richard LaGravanese and I wrote after Fisher King, called The Defective Detective."[106]

Charitable activities
Gilliam has been involved with a number of charitable and humanitarian causes. In 2009, he became a board member of Videre Est Credere (Latin for "to see is to believe"), a UK human rights charity.[107] Videre describes itself as giving "local activists the equipment, training and support needed to safely capture compelling video evidence of human rights violations. This captured footage is verified, analysed and then distributed to those who can create change."[108] He participates alongside movie producer Uri Fruchtmann, music producer Brian Eno and executive director of Greenpeace UK John Sauven.

Personal life
Gilliam has been married to British makeup and costume designer Maggie Weston since 1973. She worked on Monty Python's Flying Circus, many of the Python movies, and Gilliam's movies up to The Adventures of Baron Munchausen. They have three children, Amy Rainbow Gilliam (born 1978), Holly Dubois Gilliam (born in October 1980), and Harry Thunder Gilliam (born on 3 April 1988), who have also appeared in or worked on several of his films.

In 1968, Gilliam obtained British citizenship. He held dual American and British citizenship for the next 38 years, until he renounced his American citizenship in January 2006.[109] In an interview with Der Tagesspiegel,[110] he described the action as a protest against then-President George W. Bush, and in an earlier interview with The A.V. Club, he also indicated that it was related to concerns about future tax liability for his wife and children.[111][112] As a result of renouncing his citizenship, Gilliam was permitted to spend 30 days each year in the US over the next 10 years, "less than any European".[110]

He maintains a residence in Italy near the Umbria–Tuscany border. He has been instrumental in establishing the annual Umbria Film Festival,[113] held in the nearby town of Montone. Gilliam also resides in Highgate, London.[114]

On 8 September 2015, Variety mistakenly published a false obituary claiming that Gilliam had died.[115][116]

In May 2018, Gilliam suffered a perforated medullary artery that was erroneously reported in the media as a stroke

Chinese zodiac

The Chinese zodiac is a classification scheme that assigns an animal and its reputed attributes to each year in a repeating 12-year cycle. The 12-year cycle is an approximation to the 11.85-year orbital period of Jupiter.[1] Based in China, the zodiac and its variations remain popular in many Asian countries, such as Japan,[2] South Korea,[3] Vietnam,[3] Cambodia,[4] and Thailand.[5]

Identifying this scheme using the generic term "zodiac" reflects several superficial similarities to the Western zodiac: both have time cycles divided into 12 parts, each labels at least the majority of those parts with names of animals, and each is widely associated with a culture of ascribing a person's personality or events in his or her life to the supposed influence of the person's particular relationship to the cycle.

Nevertheless, there are major differences between the two: the animals of the Chinese zodiac are not associated with constellations spanned by the ecliptic plane. The Chinese 12-part cycle corresponds to years, rather than months. The Chinese zodiac is represented by 12 animals, whereas some of the signs in the Western zodiac are not animals, despite the implication of the etymology of the word zodiac.
The zodiac traditionally begins with the sign of the Rat. The following are the twelve zodiac signs in order, each with its associated characteristics (Earthly Branch, yin/yang force, Trine, and nature element).[6]

Rat – 鼠, shǔ (子) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Water)
Ox – 牛, niú (丑) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Tiger – 虎, hǔ (寅) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Wood)
Rabbit – 兔, tù (卯) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Wood)
Dragon – 龙/龍, lóng (辰) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Snake – 蛇, shé (巳) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Fire)
Horse – 马/馬, mǎ (午) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Fire)
Goat/Sheep – 羊, yáng (未) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Monkey – 猴, hóu (申) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Metal)
Rooster – 鸡/雞, jī (酉) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Metal)
Dog – 狗, gǒu (戌) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Pig – 猪/豬, zhū (亥) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Water)
In Chinese astrology the animal signs assigned by year represent how others perceive you or how you present yourself. It is a common misconception that the animals assigned by year are the only signs, and many Western descriptions of Chinese astrology draw solely on this system. In fact, there are also animal signs assigned by month (called "inner animals"), by day (called "true animals") and hours (called "secret animals"). The Earth is all 12 signs, 5 seasons.

While a person might appear to be a Dragon because they were born in the year of the Dragon, they might also be a Snake internally, an Ox truly, and a Goat secretively.

A conflict between a person's zodiac sign and how they live is known as Tai Sui or kai sui.
Within the Four Pillars, the month is the pillar representing information about the person's parents or childhood. Many Chinese astrologers consider the month pillar to be the most important one in determining the circumstances of one's adult life.

The 12 animals are also linked to traditional Chinese agricultural calendar, which runs alongside the better known Lunar calendar. Instead of months, this calendar is divided into 24 two week segments known as Solar Terms. Each animal is linked to two of these solar terms for a period similar to the Western month. Unlike the 60 year Lunar calendar, which can vary by as much as a month in relation to the Gregorian calendar, the agricultural calendar varies by only one day, beginning on the Gregorian calendar on February 3 or 4 every year. Again unlike the cycle of the lunar years, which begins with the Rat, the agricultural calendar begins with the Tiger as it is the first animal of spring. Around summer days are longer than winter days, because it occurs differences of perihelion and aphelion.[clarification needed]

As each sign is linked to a month of the solar year, it is thereby also linked to a season. Each of the elements is also linked to a season (see above), and the element that shares a season with a sign is known as that sign's fixed element. In other words, that element is believed to impart some of its characteristics to the sign concerned. The fixed element of each sign applies also to the year and hour signs, and not just the monthly sign. The fixed element is separate from the cycle of elements which interact with the signs in the 60-year cycle.

Pablo Mari

Pablo Marí Villar (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpaβlo maˈɾi biˈʎaɾ]; born 31 August 1993) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a central defender for Brazilian club Flamengo.
Club career
Mallorca
Born in Almussafes, Ribera Baixa, Valencian Community,[2] Marí was a product of RCD Mallorca's youth system. He made his debut as a senior with the reserves at the age of just 17, going on to spend several seasons in the third division.

Marí made his first appearance with the first team on 7 December 2011, playing 30 minutes in a 2–2 draw against Granada CF after coming off the bench for fellow youth graduate Pedro Bigas.[3] On 5 May 2012 he played his second La Liga game, again acting as a substitute in a 1–0 home win over Levante UD.[4]

Marí continued to be almost exclusively associated with the B-side until the end of his spell in the Balearic Islands.

Gimnàstic
On 2 September 2013, Marí signed a contract with Gimnàstic de Tarragona also in the third level.[5] He made his debut for the Catalans on 12 October, starting and conceding a penalty in a 2–2 draw at CD Olímpic de Xàtiva.[6]

Marí scored his first goal for Nàstic on 1 December 2013, the winner in a 2–1 home victory against Levante UD B.[7] On 25 June 2015, after achieving promotion to Segunda División, he signed a new three-year deal with the club.[2]

Marí scored his first professional goal on 30 August 2015, netting his team's first in a 2–1 away defeat of CD Tenerife.[8]

Manchester City
On 15 August 2016, Marí was transferred to Premier League side Manchester City.[9] A day later, he was loaned to Girona FC in a season-long deal.[10]

In the following two campaigns, still owned by City, Marí played with NAC Breda (Dutch Eredivisie, where he was team captain)[11][12] and Deportivo de La Coruña (Spanish second tier).[13]

Flamengo
On 11 July 2019, Marí signed with Clube de Regatas do Flamengo on a contact through 2022,[14] for an approximate fee of €1.3 million (or R$5.5 million).[15] He became the third Spanish player for the Brazilian club, after goalkeeper Talladas in the late 30s and forward José Ufarte in the 60s.[16] He made his debut as a starter on 28 July in a Série A match against Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas at the Maracanã Stadium, a 3–2 win;[17] he quickly established himself in the first team, with manager Jorge Jesus pairing him with Rodrigo Caio.[18]

Marí scored his first goal for Mengão on 25 August 2019, with a volley inside the box in a 3–0 away victory over Ceará Sporting Club.[19] His second in the league came on 7 September, this time with a header against Avaí FC in a 3–0 win at Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha.[20] In November, he became the first Spaniard to win the Copa Libertadores, the major South American club competition

Brentford

Brentford Football Club is a professional association football club based in Brentford, Greater London, England. The club competes in the Championship, the second tier of English football. The club was founded on 10 October 1889 and has played its home matches at Griffin Park since 1904, after a nomadic existence playing at five previous grounds.

Brentford's most successful period came during the 1930s, when it achieved three consecutive top-six finishes in the top flight. The club has been Football League Trophy finalists on three occasions. Its main rivals are fellow West London clubs Fulham and Queens Park Rangers.
Nickname
Brentford's nickname is "The Bees". The nickname was unintentionally created by students of Borough Polytechnic in the 1890s, when they attended a match and shouted the college's chant "buck up Bs" in support of their friend and then-Brentford player Joe Gettins. Local newspapers misheard the chant as "Buck up Bees" and the nickname stuck.[4]

Team colours and badge
Brentford's predominant home colours are a red and white striped shirt, black shorts and red or black socks.[5] These have been the club's predominant home colours since the 1925–26 season, bar one season – 1960–61 – when yellow (gold) and blue were used, unsuccessfully.[6] The colours on entering the Football League, in 1920–21, were white shirts, navy shorts and navy socks.[5] Away kits have varied over the years, with the current colours being a black shirt with black shorts, both with yellow detailing, along with yellow socks. Brentford have had several badges on their shirts since it was formed in 1889.[7] The first one, in 1893, was a white shield, with 'BFC' in blue and a wavy line in blue, which is thought to represent the river and the rowing club, who founded the football club.[7] The next known badge, the Middlesex County Arms, was on shirts donated by a club supporter in 1909.[7] The Brentford and Chiswick arms, as a badge, was used just for the one season, in 1938–39.[7] The next badge wasn't until 1971–72 when a shield, formed into quadrants, which had a hive and bees in one, 3 seaxes in another and the other two with red and white stripes.[7] In 1972, the club organised a competition to design a new crest, which was won by Mr BG Spencer's design, a circle with a bee and stripes with founded 1888. This was introduced in 1973 and used until May 1975, when it was brought to the club's attention, via Graham Haynes, that the club was formed in 1889 and not in 1888. Therefore, a new badge, reputedly designed by Dan Tana – the club's chairman at the time – was introduced for the 1975–76 season and continued until 1994 when the current badge was introduced.[7] In 2011 Russell Grant claimed to have designed the badge in a BBC interview,[8] however it was in fact designed in 1993 for two season tickets by supporter Andrew Henning, following a request from Keith Loring the then chief executive.[6] In 2017, the club redesigned its crest to a more modern, uncluttered, design with the flexibility for use in two tone colour print.[7] The design is a double roundel with the club name and year founded in white on a red background and a large central bee

الصين

الصين (بالصينية المبسطة: 中国 تشونغوا؛ بالصينية التقليدية: 中國) المعروفة رسميًا باسم جمهورية الصين الشعبية (بالصينية المبسطة: 中华人民共和国 تشونغهوا رنمين غونغهيغو؛ بالصينية التقليدية: 中華人民共和國) هي الدولة الأكثر سكانًا في العالم حيث يقطنها أكثر من 1.338 مليار نسمة. تقع في شرق آسيا ويحكمها الحزب الشيوعي الصيني في ظل نظام الحزب الواحد. تتألف الصين من أكثر من 22 مقاطعة وخمس مناطق ذاتية الحكم وأربع بلديات تدار مباشرة (بكين وتيانجين وشانغهاي وتشونغتشينغ واثنتان من مناطق عالية الحكم الذاتي هما هونغ كونغ وماكاو. عاصمة البلاد هي مدينة بكين.

تمتد البلاد على مساحة 9.6 مليون كيلومتر مربع (3.7 مليون ميل مربع)، حيث تعد جمهورية الصين الشعبية ثالث أو رابع أكبر من المساحة الإجمالية (اعتمادًا على تعريف ما هو مدرج في هذا المجموع)، وثاني أكبرها وفقًا لمساحة البر. يتنوع المشهد الطبيعي في الصين بين غابات وسهوب وصحاري (جوبي وتكلامكان) في الشمال الجاف بالقرب من منغوليا وسيبيريا في روسيا والغابات شبه الاستوائية في الجنوب الرطب قرب فيتنام ولاوس وبورما. التضاريس في الغرب وعرة وعلى علو شاهق حيث تقع جبال الهيمالايا وجبال تيان شان وتشكل الحدود الطبيعية للصين مع الهند وآسيا الوسطى. في المقابل فإن الساحل الشرقي من البر الصيني منخفض وذو ساحل طويل 14,500 كيلومتر يحده من الجنوب الشرقي بحر الصين الجنوبي ومن الشرق بحر الصين الشرقي الذي تقع خارجه تايوان وكوريا واليابان.

الحضارة الصينية القديمة إحدى أقدم الحضارات في العالم، حيث ازدهرت في حوض النهر الأصفر الخصب الذي يتدفق عبر سهل شمال الصين. خلال أكثر من 6,000 عام قام النظام السياسي في الصين على الأنظمة الملكية الوراثية (المعروفة أيضًا باسم السلالات). كان أول هذه السلالات شيا (حوالي 2000 ق.م) لكن أسرة تشين اللاحقة كانت أول من وحد البلاد في عام 221 ق.م. انتهت آخر السلالات (سلالة تشينغ) في عام 1911 مع تأسيس جمهورية الصين من قبل الكومينتانغ والحزب القومي الصيني. شهد النصف الأول من القرن العشرين سقوط البلاد في فترة من التفكك والحروب الأهلية التي قسمت البلاد إلى معسكرين سياسيين رئيسيين هما الكومينتانغ والشيوعيون. انتهت أعمال العنف الكبرى في عام 1949 عندما حسم الشيوعيون الحرب الأهلية وأسسوا جمهورية الصين الشعبية في بر الصين الرئيسي. نقل حزب الكومينتانغ عاصمة جمهوريته إلى تايبيه في تايوان حيث تقتصر سيادته حاليًا على تايوان وكنمن ماتسو وجزر عدة نائية. منذ ذلك الحين، دخلت جمهورية الصين الشعبية في نزاعات سياسية مع جمهورية الصين حول قضايا السيادة والوضع السياسي لتايوان.

منذ إدخال إصلاحات اقتصادية قائمة على نظام السوق في عام 1978 أصبحت الصين أسرع اقتصادات العالم نموًا حيث أصبحت أكبر دولة مصدرة في العالم وثاني أكبر مستورد للبضائع. يعد الاقتصاد الصيني ثاني أكبر اقتصاد في العالم، من حيث الناتج المحلي الإجمالي الاسمي وتعادل القوة الشرائية. الصين عضو دائم في مجلس الأمن للأمم المتحدة. كما أنها أيضًا عضو في منظمات متعددة الأطراف بما في ذلك منظمة التجارة العالمية والابيك وبريك ومنظمة شانغهاي للتعاون ومجموعة العشرين. تمتلك الصين ترسانة نووية معترف بها وجيشها هو الأكبر في العالم في الخدمة مع ثاني أكبر ميزانية دفاع. وصفت الصين كقوة عظمى محتملة من جانب عدد من الأكاديميين  والمحللين العسكريين  والمحللين الاقتصاديين والسياسة العامة.
أصل التسمية
الصين
صينية تقليدية: 中華人民共和國
صينية مبسطة: 中华人民共和国
˂نسخ
تُشتق لفظة "الصين" من الكلمة الفارسية "چین" (نقحرة: تشين)، وهي أيضًا أصل جميع المسميات الأوروبية المعاصرة لتلك البلاد، ويرجع الفضل في إيصال هذا اللفظ إلى أوروبا، إلى الرحّآلة البندقي ماركو بولو. بالمقابل تجد اللفظة الفارسية أصلها في الكلمة السنسكريتية "تشيناس" (بالسنسكريتية: चीन)، وهو الاسم الذي استخدم للصين في بلاد الهند منذ حوالي سنة 150.

قال عدد من المؤرخين والخبراء اللغويين بأصول مختلفة لكلمة "الصين"، لكن أبرز تلك النظريات وأكثرها شيوعًا، هي التي قال بها المؤرخ الإيطالي "مارتينو مارتيني"، ومفادها أن "صين" مشتقة من كلمة "تشين" (بالصينية: 秦)، وهي أقصى الممالك وقوعًا إلى الغرب في عهد سلالة تشو، أو تيمنًا بسلالة تشين (221 – 206 ق.م) التي خلفتها في حكم البلاد. تنص مخطوطة "مهابهاراتا" الهندوسية، و"مجموعة قوانين مانو"، أن بلاد "تشيناس" تقع شرق الهند، وراء الحدود التبتية البورميّة. من التفسيرات الأخرى لأصل اسم هذه المنطقة، ما قيل بأنها مُشتقة من الاسم الذي أطلقه شعب مملكة "يلانغ" القديمة على أنفسهم، حيث كتبوا أنهم "زينيّون" وبلادهم هي "زاينا".

التاريخ
العصر الحجري القديم

وعاء فخاري أحمر يعود لحضارة البايليغانغ.
عثر العلماء على أدلّة أحفوريّة تدل أن الإنسان المنتصب كان يعيش في الصين قبل أكثر من مليون سنة، وبحسب الظاهر، فإن أول استخدام للنار من قبل الإنسان المنتصب حدث في الموقع الأثري في "زايهاودو" في مقاطعة شانشي، وذلك قبل 1.27 مليون سنة. من أشهر العينات المكتشفة للإنسان المنتصب في الصين ما يسمى برجل بكين الذي اكتشف في عام 1923. اكتشفت قطع أثرية من الفخار في إحدى الكهوف في ليوتشو بمقاطعة قوانغشي، والتي تعود إلى الفترة الممتدة بين عاميّ 16,500 و19,000 قبل الميلاد.

العصر الحجري الحديث
نشأت أقدم الحضارات الإنسانية في الصين خلال الفترة الممتدة بين عاميّ 12,000 و10,000 ق.م، وقد أظهرت الدراسات أن البشر القدماء استقروا وعملوا بزراعة الحبوب، مثل الدخّن، منذ حوالي 7000 سنة ق.م، ومن هؤلاء المزراعين الأوائل ظهرت أوّل المجتمعات الصينية، مثل حضارة "البايليغانغ"، التي عُثر على حرفيات صنعها أبناؤها في مقاطعة شينتشنغ عام 1977. تحوّل النهر الأصفر إلى مركز لتجمّع الحضارات في أواخر العصر الحجري الحديث، حيث اكتشف علماء الآثار أنقاض قرى عديدة على ضفافه، لعلّ أهمها هي تلك التي عُثر عليها في موقع "بانبو" في شيان، وفي موقع "دامايدي" في نينغشيا، حيث اكتشف ما يزيد عن 3,172 نقش صخري تعود للفترة الممتدة بين عاميّ 6000 و5000، وهي تُظهر الشمس والقمر والآلهة ومشاهد صيد ورعي، ويُعتقد أن هذه النقوش مشابهة لأقدم الحروف الصينية المكتوبة.

عهد الأسر الحاكمة
تطورت الحضارة الصينية تطورًا كبيرًا خلال ألفيّ سنة تقريبًا، من القرن الحادي عشر قبل الميلاد حتى أوائل القرن العاشر الميلادي. وقد مرّت في ثلاثة أدوار هي: دور التقدم الحضاري الأول الممتد من عام 1028 ق.م إلى عام 220م، ودور الركود والاضطراب الممتد من عام 220م حتى عام 618م، ودور الازدهار الحضاري الثاني الممتد من سنة 618م حتى سنة 906م. حكمت الصين خلال هذا الدور ثلاث سلالات هي: سلالة تشو وسلالة تشين وسلالة هان.

عهد سلالة تشو (1028 ق.م - 256 ق.م)
كانت حدود دولة الصين قبل هذا العهد لا تتعدى حدود القسمين: الأوسط والساحلي، من حوض النهر الأصفر. وفي عهد سلالة تشو هذه اتسعت الحدود غربًا وجنوبًا وشملت حوض النهر الأزرق أيضًا. وكان يحكم الصين في هذا العهد ملوك من أبناء تلك السلالة يُلقب واحدهم "بابن السماء"، ويُعاونه موظف كبير مثل رئيس الوزراء حاليًا. وكانت أعمال الدولة موزعة على ست إدارات هي: الزراعة، والحرب، والأشغال العامّة، والماليّة، والشؤون الدينيّة، والعدليّة، وكان على رأس كل إدارة موظف كبير مسؤول أمام الملك ومعاونه.


كونفوشيوس.
كانت الزراعة هي مورد العيش الرئيسي للسكان، وتطورت أساليبها، وشُقت الأقنية للريّ من مياه النهر الأصفر والنهر الأزرق. ولكن ذلك لم يمنع ازدياد عدد المدن، واتساع مساحتها وظهور طبقة متوسطة فيها من التجّار والصنّاع وأصحاب الحرف. وقد اشتهر هؤلاء بصورة خاصة بصناعة التحف والمجوهرات من العاج والمعادن الثمينة والحجارة الكريمة كالمرجان والزمرد والياقوت. وقد تطوّر أسلوب الكتابة في هذا الدور من الطريقة التصويرية الذاتيّة إلى الطريقة التصويرية المقطعيّة، وهي الطريقة المعتمدة حاليًا في الصين، لأن الصينيين لم ينتقلوا بعد ذلك إلى مرحلة الكتابة الأبجدية كما يعرفها العالم الحديث.

حقق الصينيون في عهد سلالة تشو تقدمًا عظيمًا في حقل العلم ولا سيما علم الفلك. ففي سنة 444 ق.م توصلوا إلى تحديد طول السنة بثلاثمائة وخمسة وستين يومًا وربع، ورصدوا النجوم وجمعوا معلومات دقيقة وصحيحة كثيرة عنها. ولكن أبرز ما اشتُهر به عهد سلالة تشو ظهور الفيلسوف كونفوشيوس. وُلد هذا الرجل حوالي سنة 551 ق.م، وقضى معظم حياته بعد الثالثة والعشرين في التدريس والتبشير بتعاليم فلسفته الخاصة، وتتلخص هذه الفلسفة في أن الإنسان ليس شريرًا بطبعه بل هو طيّب الجوهر وحسن العنصر، فإذا رُبي تربية صالحة أصبح إنسانًا خيرًا ومواطنًا كريمًا. وبعد وفاة كونفوشيوس تابع تلاميذه نشر تعاليمه، وصار له أتباع كثيرون، فألّهوه وأقاموا له التماثيل والهياكل ونظموا له الطقوس والعبادات. وكان لتعاليم كونفوشيوس تأثير كبير في تطور الحضارة الصينية، فقد أثّرت أراؤه في أخلاق الناس وتفكيرهم وانعكست في سلوكهم وعاداتهم وتقاليدهم، ولكنها إلى جانب ما كان لها من فضائل وحسنات، فقد أضرّت الصينيين وتسببت في تأخرهم وجمودهم، ذلك أن تقديسها للسلف وتمسكها بالماضي وتعلقها بعاداته وتقاليده منعها من التقدّم وحال دون مجاراتها ركب الحضارة المتطور في البلدان الأخرى.

عهد سلالة تشين (206 - 256 ق.م)
تشين (بالصينية: 秦朝) هي أسرة الأباطرة التي كان لها الفضل في توحيد البلاد وتأسيس أول إمبراطورية حقيقية فيها، وهي من أعطى الصين اسمها في وقت لاحق. قضى ملوك سلالة تشين على سلطة الإقطاعيين والزعماء المحلييّن وعزّزوا الحكومة المركزية وعهدوا بالإدارة إلى موظفين أكفاء يتم اختيارهم عن طريق مسابقات خطيّة منظمة، فنشأ عن ذلك النظام الإمبراطوري الصيني الذي استمرّ قائمًا طيلة ألفيّ سنة تقريبًا حتى تحوّل إلى نظام جمهوري في سنة 1911.

وفي عهد أسرة تشين أيضًا حاول الأباطرة توحيد بلاد الصين توحيدًا حقيقيًا شاملًا، فوحدوا اللغة الكتابيّة والموازين الكتابيّة والموازين والمقاييس والشرائع في جميع أنحاء الإمبراطورية واهتموا بتوعية رعاياهم بأنهم شعب صيني واحد. ومن أجل تأمين سلامة الإمبراطورية ورد الغزاة عنها قامت الحكومة ببناء السور العظيم الذي امتد على الحدود الشمالية مسافة ألفين وخمسمائة كيلومتر بارتفاع سبعة أمتار ونصف المتر، وسماكة أربعة أمتار ونصف المتر. وبالإضافة إلى رد الغزاة ساعد هذا السور على تقوية الشعور بوحدة المصير بين الصينيين.

سلالة هان (206 ق.م - 220 م)
أسرة هان هي ثاني أسرة إمبراطورية في الصين، حكمت البلاد من سنة 202 ق.م، إلى أن تفككت سنة 220 م. تأسس حكم "الهان" سنة 206 قبل الميلاد، في فترة حرب أهلية، ووحدت الصين تحت رايتها سنة 202 قبل الميلاد. كانت أول عاصمة لها هي مدينة "تشانغن"، وأول إمبراطور حكمها كان "ليو بانغ"، الذي عرف فيما بعد باسم "الإمبراطور غاوزو". نُقلت العاصمة إلى "لويانغ" (25-196 م)، ثم إلى "زوتشانغ" (196-220 م)، وتطورت التكنولوجيا والهندسة وازدهرت مختلف جوانب العلوم خلال هذا العهد. عندما استولت سلالة هان على الحكم قامت بسلسلة من الفتوحات وضمّت إلى الصين كوريا ومنشوريا في الشمال، وهضبة التبت والهند الصينية في الجنوب، كما مدّت سيطرتها غربًا داخل القارّة حتى حدود أفغانستان.


برج مراقبة في منقطة غونسو في الصين، لمراقبة القوافل التجارية التي تعبر طريق الحرير وحمايتها. وهو واقع في الجزء الصيني من الطريق.
ولقد نشطت التجارة الخارجية في عهد هذه السلالة واتسعت إلى حدود لم تبلغها من قبل. فقد وصل التجّار الصينيون إلى شواطئ البحر الأسود وحوض البحر المتوسط، وحملوا بضائعهم ومنتجاتهم إلى أوروبا ومصر وبلاد مابين النهرين. وبفضلهم عرفت هذه البلدان لأوّل مرة الدرّاق والمشمش والقرفة والحرير والبورسلين والفرو الآسيوي الفاخر. وكانوا يستوردون من الهند وآسيا الوسطى البخور والعاج والعنبر واللؤلؤ وغيرها. وكان لهذه التجارة الخارجية الواسعة تأثير كبير على الحضارة الصينية نفسها، فإن احتكاك الصينيين بالبلدان الأخرى طعّم حضارتهم بعناصر حضاريّة جديدة، وكان أهم ما جرى في هذا المجال إدخال البوذية إلى الصين في سنة 67 م، فآمن بها كثيرون وأصبحت إحدى الأديان الرئيسيّة في الصين. وفي هذا العهد أيضاً اختُرِع الورق، ووُضع أوّل قاموس وكُتب أوّل تاريخ موثوق للصين، وكذلك اهتم الصينيون بالآداب والفنون، فصنّفوا الكتب وأنتجوا بعض الآثار القيّمة في الرسم والنحت.
دخلت الحضارة الصينية بعد زوال سلطة سلالة هان سنة 220م في دور من الركود والانحطاط، وكان ذلك نتيجة للفوضى التي عمّت البلاد في الداخل والأخطار التي كانت تهددها من الخارج، فقد ضعفت الحكومة المركزية وأعلن عدد من حكّام الأقاليم استقلالهم، كما أن قبائل المغول هاجمت الصين واحتلت القسم الشمالي منها. دامت هذه الحال أربعمائة سنة تقريبًا، ركد فيها النشاط الحضاري ودخلت الصين في عهد يمكن وصفه بالقرون المظلمة تشبيهًا بالقرون المظلمة التي سادت أوروبا بعد غزوات الهمج وسقوط روما في أيديهم.

من أبرز الممالك التي ظهرت خلال هذه الفترة كانت "مملكة واي" (بالصينية: 魏)، المعروفة باسم تساو واي، وهي إحدى الممالك الثلاث التي كانت تتنافس على حكم الصين بعد سقوط سلالة الهان. استمرت المملكة من عام 220 حتى 265. وكان آخر حكامها تساو هوان، الذي توفي عام 303 م. وبلغت فترة حكم المملكة 45 سنة بعدما قام الإمبراطور "سيما يان" حفيد "سيما يي" بالإطاحة بسلالة واي عام 265م، وأسس بعد ذلك أسرة جين.

دور الازدهار الحضاري الثاني (618 م - 906 م)

الهجوم الصاروخي على قاعدة عين الأسد الجوية 2020

الهجوم الصاروخي على قاعدة عين الأسد الجوية 2020 هو هجوم صاروخي نفذته الحرس الثوري الإيراني قبل فجر يوم 8 يناير 2020. واستهدف مطار عين الأسد في محافظة الأنبار العراق المتمركزة فيه القوات العسكرية الأمريكية باستخدام 9 صواريخ (معلومات أولية).

وجاء هذا الهجوم ردًا على اغتيال قاسم سليماني (62 سنة) من قبل الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في 3 يناير 2020،  وهو قائد لفيلق القدس وهي فرقة تابعة للحرس الثوري الإيراني والمسؤولة عن العمليات العسكرية والعمليات السرية خارج الحدود الإقليمية.
حسب تصريحات التلفزيون الحكومي الإيراني إن الهجوم جاء انتقاما بعد مقتل اللواء قاسم سليماني في غارة جوية بدون طيار في بغداد، بناء على أوامر الرئيس الأمريكي دونالد ترامب. وقال أيضا الحرس الثوري الإيراني إن الهجوم كان ردًّا على مقتل سليماني.

القصف
بحلول الـ 23:10 من مساء السابع من كانون الثاني/يناير 2020 بتوقيت جرينتش (02:40 من صباح اليوم الموالي حسب توقيت إيران)؛ تحدثت مصادر أمنية عراقية عن قصفٍ صاروخي عبر تسعِ صواريخ يستهدفُ قاعدة عين الأسد التي تضمُّ قوات أمريكية وذلك بالتزامنِ مع تحدث مصادر محليّة أخرى عن سماعِ دوي انفجار في مدينة أربيل بكردستان العراق. ثلث ساعة بعد ذلك حتى نقل التلفزيون الإيراني بيانًا للحرس الثوري يقولُ فيهِ «إنه نفذ هجومًا صاروخيًا على قاعدة عين الاسد بالعراق عبر إطلاق عددٍ من الصواريخ أرض أرض وذلك انتقامًا لاغتيال سليماني.»

بعد حوالي نصف الساعة من الهجوم؛ نشرت وسائل إعلام إيرانيّة صور وفيديوهات أولية للقصف الصاروخي الذي تبنّاه حرس الثورة. أعلنَ البيت الأبيض في نفس الوقت تقريبًا عن «علمهِ بالتقارير التي تتحدث عن هجومٍ على منشآت عراقية والرئيس ترامب على علمٍ ويُتابع عن كثب»؛ قبل أن يُعلِن أن «الرئيس يعقدُ مشاروات مع مجلس الأمن القومي لبحث التطورات بعد القصف الصاروخي على القاعدة التي تستضيفُ جنودًا من أمريكا.»

نشرَ الحرس الثوري بيانًا ثانيًا قال فيهِ «إنه تمّ إطلاق عشرات صواريخ أرض-أرض على قاعدة عين الأسد» مُحذرًا «حلفاء واشنطن الذين يستقبلون قواعد أمريكية باستهدافِ تلك القواعد إذا انطلق منها هجوم ضدّ طهران»، ثم تلاهُ بيانٌ من البنتاغون الذي أكّد فيهِ على «أن إيران أطلقت أكثر من 10 صواريخ باليستية على الجيش الأمريكي وقوات التحالف في العراق ونعمل على التقييم الأولي للخسائر.»

في تمام الساعة 00:20 حسب توقيت جرينتش (03:50 في إيران)؛ بدأت وسائلُ إعلام إيرانيّة وعلى رأسها وكالة تسنيم الدولية للأنباء في الحديثِ عن موجة ثانية من الهجوم الصاروخي للحرس الثوري على القاعدة الجويّة الأمريكية بالعراق،  ثم أصدر هذا الأخير بيانًا ثالثًا دعا فيهِ الولايات المتحدة لإخراج قواتها العسكرية من العراق تجنبًا لسقوطِ عددٍ أكبرٍ من القوات الأمريكية ومُحذرًا من أن أيّ «عدوان أمريكي» على طهران سيواجهُ «بِرد ساحق».

بعد ساعتين من الهجوم الأول على قاعدة عين الأسد؛ بدأت المصادر العسكريّة في الحديثِ عن تفاصيل ما جرى حيثُ قالت مصادر محليّة في العراق إنّ صاروخًا قد سقطَ قُرب مطار أربيل دون أن ينفجر وآخر في الأراضي الزراعية المجاورة دون وقوعِ أيّ ضحايا؛ فيما تحدثت وكالة الأنباء السورية عن تحليقٍ مكثفٍ للطائرات الأمريكية في سماء دير الزور عند الحدود مع العراق شمال شرقي سوريا؛ وتحدثت مصادر عسكرية عراقية عن تحليقٍ مكثفٍ أيضًا لمروحيات عسكرية فوق المنطقة الخضراء في بغداد.

التداعيات
أعلنت وكالة الطيران الفيدرالي الأمريكي مراقبتها للأحداث في الشرق الأوسط عن كثبٍ لرصدِ أيّ تهديداتٍ محتملةٍ لسلامة الطيران المدني؛ فيما حظرت إدارة الطيران الاتحادية على شركات الطيران المدني الأمريكية التحليق في المجال الجوي للعراق وإيران والخليج وخليج عمان. أوصت الوكالة الاتحادية للنقل الجوي هي الأخرى شركات الطيران الروسيّة بعدم التحليقِ في أجواء العراق وإيران والخليج؛ بينما علّقت الخطوط الجوية الفرنسية جميع الرحلات في الأجواء الإيرانية والعراقية،  ونفس الأمر فعلتهُ شركة طيران لوفتهانزا التي علّقت رحلاتها بين ألمانيا وإيران وأربيل.

تزامن القصف الإيراني على قاعدة عين الأسد مع تحطّم طائرة تابعة للخطوط الأوكرانية كان على متنها 176 شخصًا وذلك بُعيدَ إقلاعها من مطار الإمام الخميني في طهران،  وكان التلفزيون الإيراني قد أعلنَ مقتل جميع من كانوا على متن الطائرة الأوكرانية المنكوبة.

ردود الفعل
إيران
في 8 يناير 2020، وصف المرشد الأعلى الإيراني، علي خامنئي، الغارات الجوية بأنها "صفعة قوية على وجه الولايات المتحدة"، وقال: «ان الانتقام لسليماني قضية أخرى، وان العمل العسكري لا يكفي، وينبغي إنهاء الوجود الفاسد للولايات المتحدة في المنطقة.»، وقال المتحدث باسمِ الحكومة الإيرانية أنه «إذا فكّر الأمريكيون في الرد سيتلقون ردا أكثر إيلامًا» مؤكدًا أن «طرد الأمريكيين سيُساعد على تعزيز الأمن في المنطقة.»

وأعلنَ مستشار الرئيس الإيراني في وقتٍ لاحقٍ «أن أيّ تحركٍ عسكري أمريكي ضد إيران سيؤدي لحرب واسعة في كل المنطقة»،  فيما قال وزيرُ الخارجية الإيراني جواد ظريف «أن إيران لا تسعى إلى التصعيدِ أو الحرب لكنها ستُدافع عن نفسها في وجه أيّ عدوان.» نقلت وسائل إعلام إيرانيّة بيانًا جديدًا للحرس هدّد فيهِ بموجة ثالثة من الصواريخ تدمر دبي و‌حيفا إذا ردّت واشنطن على الهجوم؛ فيما قال المتحدثُ باسم الحرس «إن الإيرانييين ومحور المقاومة وحرس الثورة مُصرّون على مواصلة نهج سليماني.». كما حذّر الحرس الدول التي تستضيف على أراضيها قواعد أمريكية، إذا أقدمت الولايات المتحدة بالرد "فسيتم استهداف مصدر الأعمال العدائية والعدوانية التي تستهدف إيران".

الولايات المتحدة
في أول ردٍ للرئيس الأمريكي على الاستهداف الإيراني؛ غرّد دونالد ترامب على حسابه الرسمي في موقع تويتر بالقول «إنَّ كل شيء على ما يُرام وجاري تقييم الخسائر بعد الهجوم الصاروخي الإيراني على قاعدتين بالعراق ... سأُدلي ببيانٍ صباح الأربعاء [الموافق للثامن من كانون الثاني/يناير 2020].» وفي إعلانه، قلل ترامب من تأثير الضربات الجوية وأعلن فرض عقوبات جديدة على إيران. وذكر أيضًا أنه مستعد "لاحتضان السلام".

نصح الأعضاء الجمهوريون في مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي إدارة ترامب بإلغاء موقفها مع إيران، وقال زعيم الأغلبية في مجلس الشيوخ ميتش ماكونيل، «أعتقد أن الرئيس يريد تجنب الصراع أو الخسارة التي لا داعي لها في الأرواح، لكنه على استعداد بحق لحماية الأرواح والمصالح الأمريكية وآمل أن لا يخطئ الزعماء الإيرانيون في حساباتهم عن طريق التشكيك في إرادتنا الجماعية في شن مزيد من الهجمات».

دوليًّا
اعتبرت وزارة الخارجية الروسية بأنه دليل على التصعيد، وقالت المتحدثة باسم الخارجية الروسية ماريا زاخاروفا «...ما تحدثنا عنه سابقا يتأجج، لقد حذرنا من هذا التصعيد...»

قال  الاتحاد الأوروبي بأنه لا يجوز وقوع العراق ضحية لحروب الآخرين حيث صرح سفير الاتحاد الأوروبي في العراق مارتن هوث «ايران ينتهك سيادة العراق بهجومه على قاعدة عين الأسد. وهذا بعد ان أشتكى العراق من انتهاك الولايات المتحدة لسيادته في ٣/١. فالعراق لا يستحق ان يكون ضحية حروب الآخرين!»
الخسائر والإصابات
قدّر الجيش الأمريكي في البداية أنه لم تقع خسائر في صفوف القوات الأمريكية، وأكد الرئيس ترامب ذلك لاحقًا. لكن اعلن التليفزيون الإيراني سقوط 80 جنديا أمريكيا على الأقل في الهجمات وأكد أن أضرار جسيمة لحقت بالطائرات الهليكوبتر الأمريكية والعديد من المعدات العسكرية، رغم محاولة الأمريكيين إخفاء الحقائق. مع الاستمرار في إرسال رسالة قوية من العزم في أعقاب مقتل قاسم سليماني على يد القوات الأمريكية.

صرح المسؤولون الأمريكيون أن تقييم الأضرار الناجمة عن القنابل كان جارياً في الساعات التي تلت الهجوم. وصرح الرئيس الأمريكي دونالد ترامب في وقت لاحق أنه يجري تقييم للخسائر والأضرار،  كان التقييم الأولي أنه لم يكن هناك "ضحايا أمريكيون"  وأن الصواريخ أصابت مناطق من قاعدة عين الأسد الجوية التي لا يسكنها الأمريكيون،  وقال مصدر أمني عراقي إن هناك خسائر بشرية في القاعدة،  ومع ذلك أبلغ الجيش العراقي في وقت لاحق عن عدم وجود خسائر في صفوف قواته،  أضاف كبار المسؤولين العراقيين في تصريحاتهم أنه لم تكن هناك خسائر أمريكية أو عراقية ناتجة عن الغارات.

ومن بين قوات التحالف الموجودة في القاعدتين أكدت أستراليا  وكندا  والدنمارك  وفنلندا  وليتوانيا  والنرويج  وبولندا  أن قواتهم لم تصب بأذى. كما أعلن الأمين العام لمنظمة أوبك محمد باركيندو في مؤتمر عقد في أبو ظبي أن المنشآت النفطية العراقية آمنة.

وفي وقت لاحق أعلن ترامب أنه لم تقع إصابات بسبب الغارة الجوية وأن الأضرار كانت "ضئيلة". تُظهر الصور التي التقطتها الأقمار الصناعية من قِبل Planet Labs أضرارًا جسيمة لقاعدة الأسد الجوية. تعرضت خمسة مبان على الأقل لأضرار في الهجوم الذي بدا دقيقًا بما يكفي لضرب المباني الفردية. وقال ديفيد شمرر، المحلل في معهد ميدلبري للدراسات الدولية في مونتيري الذي قام بتقييم الصور، "يبدو أن الهجمات أصابت مبان تخزن الطائرات، في حين لم تُضرب المباني المستخدمة لموظفي الإسكان". كما أظهرت الصور الجوية التي بثها موقع إذاعة "إن بي آر" الأميركية نقلا عن شركة بلانت للتصوير عبر الأقمار الصناعية، إن الضربة على قاعدة عين الأسد تبين إصابة عدد من حظائر الطائرات في القاعدة الجوية، والتي بدت خالية.

زياد علي

زياد علي محمد