جولي والترز

جوليا ماري "جولي" والترز (بالإنجليزية: Julie Walters)؛ (مواليد 22 فبراير 1950 في سمثوي كويست ميدلاندز، انكلترا)، ممثلة بريطانية, وقد فازت باثنين من جوائز بافتا السينمائية، وأربع جوائز تلفزيونية بافتا، وحصلت على منحة بافتا في عام 2014 , قدمت العديد من الادوار السينائية منها سلسلة أفلام هاري بوتر بتدًا من فيلم هاري بوتر وحجر الفلاسفة (2001), فيلم هاري بوتر وحجرة الأسرار (2002), فيلم هاري بوتر وسجين أزكابان (2004) , فيلم هاري بوتر وجماعة العنقاء (2007), فيلم أصبحت جين (2007), فيلم ماما ميا!! (2008) , فيلم هاري بوتر والأمير الهجين (2009), فيلم هاري بوتر ومقدسات الموت – الجزء الأول (2010), فيلم الرسوم المتحركة غنوميو وجولييت (2011), وفيلم هاري بوتر ومقدسات الموت – الجزء الثاني (2011) , فيلم الرسوم المتحركة جاستن وفرسان الشجاعة (2013), فيلم فرصة واحدة (2013), فيلم إيفي غراي (2014), فيلم الرسوم المتحركة البريطاني بادنغتون (2014), فيلم بروكلين (2015), حصلت علي جوائز ايمي دورها في المسلسل البريطاني الذي انتجته بي بي سي باسم "اقامة قصيرة" والذي يناول عمليات "القتل الرحيم" التي يقدم عليها عدد من المرضى ممن يعانون من امراض لا علاج لها في عيادات في سويسرا. ذلك جائزة «بافتا» لها بحصولها على جائزة أفضل ممثلة للعام الثالث على التوالي لادائها في مسلسل «ذي وايف اوف باث».

حياتها
ولدت والترز في مستشفى سانت تشاد،إدغباستون، برمنغهام، والذي كان آنذاك مستشفى الولادة الرئيسي ل سميثويك، ثم في ستافوردشاير. عاش والديها ماري بريدجيت (ني أوبراين)، وهو كاتب بريد آيرلندي كاثوليكي ولد في مقاطعة مايو بأيرلندا وتوماس والترز، وهو مصمم وديكور إنجليزي، في 69 طريق بيشوبتون بالقرب من حديقة ليتوودز في منطقة بيروود في سميثويك . عمرها 18 عاما تدربت كممرضة في مستشفى الملكة إليزابيث، برمنغهام قررت ترك التمريض، ودرس اللغة الإنجليزية والدراما شارك علي خشبة المسرح عام 1970 .

Julie Walters

Dame Julia Mary Walters DBE (born 22 February 1950)[citation needed] is an English actress, writer and comedian. She is the recipient of four BAFTA TV Awards, two BAFTA Film Awards, a BAFTA Fellowship, and a Golden Globe. She has been nominated twice for an Academy Award, in the categories of Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress.

Walters came to international prominence in 1983, for playing the title role in Educating Rita. It was a role she had created on the West End stage and it earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. It also won her a BAFTA and a Golden Globe. She received a second Academy Award nomination, this time for Best Supporting Actress, for her role in the 2000 film Billy Elliot, which also won her a BAFTA.

Her other film credits include Personal Services, Prick Up Your Ears (both 1987), Buster (1988), Stepping Out (1991), Sister My Sister (1994), Girls' Night, Titanic Town (both 1998), Calendar Girls (2003), Wah-Wah (2005), Driving Lessons (2006), Becoming Jane (2007), Mamma Mia! (2008) and its sequel (2018), Brave (2012), Paddington (2014) and its sequel (2017), Effie Gray (2014), Brooklyn (2015), Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool (2017), and Mary Poppins Returns (2018). She played Molly Weasley in seven of the eight Harry Potter films (2001–2011). On stage, she won an Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons.

On television, she collaborated with Victoria Wood, and appeared with her in several television shows including Wood and Walters (1981), Victoria Wood As Seen on TV (1985–1987), Pat and Margaret (1994), and dinnerladies (1998–2000). She has won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress four times, more than any other actress, for My Beautiful Son (2001), Murder (2002), The Canterbury Tales (2003), and for her portrayal of Mo Mowlam in Mo (2010); Walters and Helen Mirren are the only actresses to have won the award thrice consecutively and Walters is tied with Judi Dench for the most nominations in the category, at seven each. She starred in A Short Stay in Switzerland in 2009, which won her an International Emmy for Best Actress. In 2006, she came fourth in ITV's poll of the public's 50 Greatest TV stars in Britain. In 2008, she released her autobiography titled That's Another Story.
Early life
Walters was born in St Chad's Hospital,[1] Edgbaston, Birmingham,[2] which was then the main maternity hospital for Smethwick, then in Staffordshire. Her parents, Mary Bridget (née O'Brien), a Roman Catholic postal clerk born in County Mayo, Ireland, and Thomas Walters, an English builder and decorator, lived at 69 Bishopton Road, near Lightwoods Park, in the Bearwood area of Smethwick.[3][4][5]

The youngest of five children and the third to survive birth,[6] Walters had an early education at a convent school[7] and later at Holly Lodge Grammar School for Girls on Holly Lane in Smethwick. "It was heaven when I went to an ordinary grammar school", she said in 2014,[8] although she was asked to leave at the end of her lower sixth because of her "high jinks". In an interview with Alison Oddey, Walters said about her early schooling: "I was never going to be academic, so [my mother] suggested that I try teaching or nursing [...] I'd been asked to leave school, so I thought I'd better do it."[9]

Her first job was in insurance at the age of 15.[10] At 18 she trained as a student nurse at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, and worked on the ophthalmic, casualty and coronary care wards during the 18 months she spent there.[11] Walters decided to leave nursing, and studied English and drama at Manchester Polytechnic (now Manchester Metropolitan University). She worked for the Everyman Theatre Company in Liverpool in the mid-1970s, alongside several other notable performers: Bill Nighy, Pete Postlethwaite, Jonathan Pryce, Willy Russell and Alan Bleasdale.[12]

Career
1970s
Walters first received notice as the occasional partner of comedian Victoria Wood, whom she had briefly met in Manchester. The two first worked together in the 1978 theatre revue In at the Death, followed by the television adaptation of Wood's play Talent.

They went on to appear in their own Granada Television series, Wood and Walters, in 1982. They continued to perform together frequently over the years. The BAFTA-winning BBC follow-up, Victoria Wood As Seen on TV, featured one of Walters's best-known roles, Mrs Overall, in Wood's parodic soap opera, Acorn Antiques (she later appeared in the musical version, and received an Olivier Award nomination for her efforts).[citation needed]

1980s
Before making her London stage debut in Educating Rita, Walters had worked in regional theatre, stand-up comedy and cabaret. Her first serious acting role on TV was in the classic Boys from the Blackstuff in 1982, and she broke into films with her Academy-Award-nominated, BAFTA Best Actress award-winning and Golden Globe Award Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical/Comedy award-winning performance opposite Michael Caine in Educating Rita (1983), a role she had created on the West End stage.

In 1985, she played Adrian Mole's mother, Pauline, in the TV adaptation of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole. Walters appeared in the lead role of Cynthia Payne in the 1987 film Personal Services – a dramatic comedy about a British brothel owner. Then she played the lead character's wife, June, in the film Buster, released in 1988. She also appeared as Mrs. Peachum in the 1989 film version of The Threepenny Opera, which was renamed Mack the Knife for the screen.

1990s
In 1991, Walters starred opposite Liza Minnelli in Stepping Out[13] and had a one-off television special, Julie Walters and Friends,[14] which featured writing contributions from Victoria Wood, Alan Bennett, Willy Russell and Alan Bleasdale.

In 1993, Walters starred in the TV film Wide-Eyed and Legless (known as The Wedding Gift outside the UK) alongside Jim Broadbent and Thora Hird. The film was based on the book by the author Deric Longden and tells the story of the final years of his marriage to his wife, Diana, who contracted a degenerative illness that medical officials were unable to understand at the time, though now believed to be a form of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis.

In 1998 she starred as the Fairy Godmother in the ITV pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk,[15] alongside actors Neil Morrissey, Adrian Edmondson, Paul Merton, Denise van Outen and Julian Clary. From 1998 until 2000 she played Petula Gordeno in Victoria Wood's BBC sitcom dinnerladies.

In the late 1990's she featured in a series of adverts for Bisto gravy.

2000s
In 2001, Walters won a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance in Arthur Miller's All My Sons. She received her second Oscar nomination and won a BAFTA for her supporting role as the ballet teacher in Billy Elliot (2000). In 2002, she again won a BAFTA for her performance as Paul Reiser's mother in My Beautiful Son.[citation needed]

Walters played Molly Weasley in the Harry Potter film series. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the only film in the series not to have starred Walters.

In 2003, Walters starred as a widow (Annie Clark) determined to make some good come out of her husband's death from cancer in Calendar Girls, which starred Helen Mirren. In 2005, she again starred as an inspirational real-life figure, Marie Stubbs in the ITV1 drama Ahead of the Class.[citation needed] In 2006, she came fourth in ITV's poll of the public's 50 Greatest Stars, coming four places above frequent co-star Victoria Wood. Also in 2006, she starred in the film Driving Lessons alongside Rupert Grint (who played her son Ron in the Harry Potter series), and later had a leading role in the BBC's adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel The Ruby in the Smoke.[citation needed]

In the summer of 2006, Walters published her first novel, Maggie's Tree.[16] The novel, concerning a group of English actors in Manhattan and published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, was described as "a disturbing and thought-provoking novel about mental torment and the often blackly comic, mixed-up ways we view ourselves and misread each other.".[17] Another reviewer, Susan Jeffreys, in The Independent, described the novel as "the work of a writer who knows what she's doing. There's nothing tentative about the writing, and Walters brings her experiences as an actress to bear on the page. ... you do have the sensation of entering someone else's mind and of looking through someone else's eyes."[18] Walters starred in Asda's Christmas 2007 TV advertising campaign. She also appeared alongside Patrick Stewart in UK Nintendo DS Brain Training television advertisements, and in a public information film about smoke alarms. In summer 2008, Walters appeared in the film version of Mamma Mia!, playing Rosie Mulligan, marking her second high-profile musical, after Acorn Antiques: The Musical!. The same year, she released her autobiography, titled That's Another Story.[19]

Walters played Mary Whitehouse in the BBC Drama Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story, an adaptation of the real-life story of Mrs. Whitehouse who campaigned for "taste and decency on television". Walters commented, "I am very excited to be playing Mary Whitehouse, and to be looking at the time when she attacked the BBC and started to make her name."[20] Filth won Best Motion Picture Made for Television, and Walters was nominated for Best Actress in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made For Television, at the 2008 13th Annual Satellite Awards.[21]

In 2009, she received a star in the Birmingham Walk of Stars on Birmingham's Golden Mile, Broad Street. She said: "I am very honoured and happy that the people of Birmingham and the West Midlands want to include me in their Walk of Stars and I look forward to receiving my star. Birmingham and the West Midlands is where I'm from; these are my roots and in essence it has played a big part in making me the person I am today".[22] Her other awards include an International Emmy with for A Short Stay in Switzerland.[citation needed]

2010s
Walters played the late MP and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Mo Mowlam in a drama for Channel 4 broadcast in early 2010. She had misgivings about taking on the role because of the differences in their physical appearance,[23] but the result was highly praised by critics.[24][25]

In July 2012, Walters appeared in the BBC Two production The Hollow Crown as Mistress Quickly in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Parts I and II.[26] In the summer of 2012, she voiced the Witch in Pixar's Brave (2012). In 2012 she worked with LV= to promote one of their life insurance products targeted at people over 50. Walters was seen in television advertisements, at the lv.com website and in other marketing material helping to raise awareness for life insurance.[27]

Walters appeared in The Last of the Haussmans at the Royal National Theatre in June 2012. The production was broadcast to cinemas around the world through the National Theatre Live programme.[28] She played the part of Cynthia Coffin in the ten-part British drama serial Indian Summers aired on Channel 4 in 2015.
 In 2015, she appeared in the romantic drama film Brooklyn, a film that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Her performance in the film earned her a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Walters voiced the Lexi Decoder (LEXI) for Channel 4 during the 2016 Paralympic Games. The graphical system aims to aid the viewing experience of the games by debunking the often confusing classifications that govern Paralympic sport.[29]

Personal life
Walters' relationship with Grant Roffey, an Automobile Association patrol man, began after a whirlwind romance. The couple have a daughter, Maisie Mae Roffey (born 26 April 1988), but did not marry until 1997, when they went to New York City. The couple live on an organic farm run by Roffey near Plaistow, West Sussex.[30]

In August 2014, she featured in the first episode in the eleventh series of the BBC genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are? The programme revealed that her maternal ancestors played an active part in the 19th-century Irish Land Wars.[31] Although not included in the programme, Walters' paternal grandfather, Thomas Walters, was a veteran of the Second Boer War. He was killed in action in World War I in June 1915, serving with the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, and is commemorated at the Le Touret Memorial, France.[32]

Walters was diagnosed with stage 3 bowel cancer in 2018. Having had surgery and chemotherapy, she entered remission. Her recovery, however, meant she had to be cut from certain scenes in The Secret Garden. She also had to miss the premiere of Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again.

New £20 note

The Bank of England £20 note is a banknote of the pound sterling. It is the second highest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. The current polymer note, first issued in 2020, bears the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of painter J. M. W. Turner on the reverse. It will fully replace the cotton paper note featuring a portrait of naturalist Adam Smith, first issued in 2007, and has now been issued on 20 February 2020
Twenty pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1725. The earliest notes were handwritten, and were issued to individuals as needed. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date, and the signature of the issuing cashier. With the exception of the Restriction Period between 1797 and 1821 when the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars caused a bullion shortage, these notes could be exchanged in full, or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. If redeemed in part, the banknote would be signed to indicate the amount that had been redeemed. From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes, with the declaration "I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of twenty pounds" replacing the name of the payee. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes, though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward.[2]

The right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[2] The twenty pound note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943, and it was not until 1970 with the introduction of the series D notes that the denomination reappeared. The predominantly purple series D notes were two-sided, with an image of Queen Elizabeth II appearing on one side, accompanied by an image of Saint George and the Dragon (all subsequent Bank of England notes also feature an image of the Queen) and an image of William Shakespeare appearing on the other. This note also had a security feature in the form of a 'windowed' metal thread. The thread is woven into the paper so that it forms a dashed line, yet appears as a single line when held up to the light. Series D notes were phased out in favour of the newer series E notes beginning in 1991. These notes were multicoloured (predominantly mauve-purple) and featured an image of scientist Michael Faraday on the back. Series E notes were replaced by a variant design from 1999 onwards. These are broadly similar to the earlier series E notes but feature Edward Elgar on the reverse.[3]

The current £20 note was introduced in 2007. It features a portrait of Scottish economist Adam Smith on the back as well as an illustration of workers in a pin factory.[4] The note features a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread: these include raised print, a watermark, microlettering, a holographic strip, a see-through register, and a colourful pattern which only appears under ultraviolet light.[5] In September 2015 the Bank of England announced that the next £20 note will be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper.[6] This was followed by an announcement in April 2016 that Adam Smith will be replaced by artist J. M. W. Turner on the next £20 note, which entered circulation on 20 February 2020.[7][8] Images on the reverse of the Turner note will include a c.1799 self-portrait of Turner, a version of Turner's The Fighting Temeraire, the quote "Light is therefore colour" from an 1818 lecture by Turner, and a copy of Turner's signature as made on his will.[9]

Hookah lounge

A hookah lounge (also called a shisha bar or den, especially in Britain and parts of Canada, or a hookah bar) is an establishment where patrons share shisha (flavoured tobacco) from a communal hookah or from one placed at each table or a bar.
In Western countries, shisha parlors are often owned and operated by people from the Arab world or South Asia where use of the hookah is a centuries-old tradition. Many shisha parlors incorporate such elements as Islamic decor and Arabic music or Indian music and have traditional decor, but some are simply bars without the eastern cultural elements.
Characteristics
In the United States and Europe, shisha parlors are most popular in college towns and urban areas and are regarded by some as a novel and chic way to socialize. Certain parlors offer modern hookahs with fruit bowls or other kinds of improvements over smoking hookah at home.[2] Some people of Middle Eastern or South Asian extraction consider them a continuation of their own cultural traditions. However, shisha parlors nowadays often distance themselves from the eastern cultures by offering hookah and alcohol without the cultural elements. These bars differ from other bars only in the fact that they offer hookah
Usually a disposable mouthpiece is provided for each user for hygienic reasons. When alcohol is not sold, shisha parlors derive revenue from sales of coffee, tea, soft drinks and snack foods
Some shisha parlors have well-equipped kitchens and are more akin to bistros. In the broadest sense, any restaurant or nightclub can be considered a shisha parlor or club if it offers patrons hookahs, shisha and a comfortable place to smoke. Some offer Middle Eastern cuisine menu items.

In the United States, due to several state tobacco control laws, many shisha bars have made the transition from offering tobacco shisha to herbal shisha, which is tobacco-free and can legally be smoked indoors in areas that have restrictions on tobacco smoking. Although herbal shisha does not contain tobacco or nicotine, when burned it does produce harmful chemicals, including heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which can cause cancer and heart disease. These harmful chemicals are breathed in both by smokers and bystanders
History
The origins of hookah are controversial, even though most agree that it started either in the Middle East or the Indian subcontinent.[4] It soon traveled west to Iran, Turkey, and Egypt, where it gained mass popularity.

In Europe
Hookah smoking is common in many European[5] and other countries including:

Germany - Hookahs are available in many establishments in Germany, particularly in Berlin, Cologne and the Ruhr Area and areas, and it is not only popular amongst Turkish people.[citation needed] The German customs authority recorded a growing trade with illegal and untaxed shisha tobacco in 2017. While previously shisha was smuggled via ports in Rotterdam and Hamburg, a trend was noted where the tobacco was produced in hidden factories in Germany according to René Matschke, the chief of customs in Hamburg.[6]
Netherlands - Hookahs are now gaining popularity in the Netherlands, particularly in Rotterdam and Amsterdam.
United Kingdom - In the United Kingdom, hookahs are most commonly found in "shisha bars" run by Lebanese, Pakistani or Egyptian people. Since a 2007 British ban on smoking in public places, Shisha bars have risen from 179 in 2007 to 556 in 2012. Birmingham also has a large number of Shisha bars also such as Shabbi Shics in the Digbeth area of town.[7]
Spain - Hookah use has grown in popularity in Spain, especially among the young. As a result, many teterías (tea houses) have made hookahs available to patrons.
Russia - Due to heavy influence from Caucasus and Central Asia, hookahs have become a widespread recreational practice in large Russian cities, and are now offered in many cafes and restaurants.
Denmark - Shisha bars have gained popularity in the recent years. Shisha Parlors are present in Aarhus, Odense, and Copenhagen and other cities.
In the United States
In the United States, establishments akin to shisha parlors first opened decades ago
 in the immigrant quarters of New York City and Los Angeles, California as coffee and tea houses.

Many shisha parlors in the United States have modernistic elements such as glass tables, plasma televisions, and oxygen bars. Most bars in the U.S. require patrons to be at least 18 years of age to smoke shisha and 18 years of age to purchase (exceptions are Utah, Arizona, Alabama, and New Jersey: 19 years of age to smoke; New York and Vermont are 21 years of age). [2][8]

It is not uncommon now to find shisha bars within short distance of college campuses and in the surrounding towns.[citation needed] For private hookah smokers, many Middle Eastern and Mediterranean markets now offer hookah products for sale.

Smoking bans and exemptions
Hookah use has increased dramatically among American and European youth in recent years because of the social atmosphere it creates, and because many young adults know it as an alternative to cigarette smoking.

Many municipalities, especially in North America and Europe have enacted smoking bans in public places. Sometimes, however, businesses can obtain special permits allowing smoking within; these permits are typically available only for shisha bars, cigar bars, tobacconists, and similar establishments where smoking is the focus of activity. They are less frequently available for places in which alcohol or food is served.

In some cases, the ban is against tobacco smoking specifically. When this is the case, a shisha bar may remain in business by replacing traditional, tobacco-based shisha with a tobacco-free Mu‘assel.

In order to remain open, many shisha bars cannot sell food or beverages. Approximately 90% of the cities that have put a ban on smoking in public places have exemptions for shisha bars. The cities with these kinds of exemptions, typically, have more dense populations.[9]

Public health concerns
Because shisha bars are exempt from the smoking bans, many believe it is becoming a public health concern. Many hookah users do not understand the health risks that come along with it. Common beliefs include that shisha is not addictive, and the smoke contains less carcinogens. Hookah smoke contains the same chemicals found in cigarettes, it is not safer because it is smoked as often, it is addictive, and even if the tobacco is filtered with water, the carcinogens are not filtered out.[10] Traditional charcoal heated hookah delivers 9 to 10 times the carbon monoxide delivered by standard cigarette smoking.[11] There have been multiple published reports of acute carbon monoxide poisoning caused by narghile (waterpipe tobacco/hookah).[12] It has also been shown that waterpipe tobacco contains 27 known or suspected carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals) including significant quantities of tobacco-associated carcinogens; as well as significant concentrations of toxicants thought to cause dependence, heart disease and lung disease. [13][14][15] For this reason, many cities want to create tougher restrictions for shisha bars, and some want them shut down altogether.

Europa League

The UEFA Europa League (abbreviated as UEL) is an annual football club competition organised by UEFA since 1971 for eligible European football clubs. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues and cup competitions. It is the second-tier competition of European club football, ranking below the UEFA Champions League.[1]

Previously called the UEFA Cup, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League since the 2009–10 season,[2][3] following a change in format. For UEFA footballing records purposes, the UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League are considered the same competition, with the change of name being simply a rebranding.[4]

In 1999, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was abolished and merged with the UEFA Cup.[5] For the 2004–05 competition a group stage was added prior to the knockout phase. The 2009 re-branding included a merge with the UEFA Intertoto Cup, producing an enlarged competition format, with an expanded group stage and a change in qualifying criteria. The winner of the UEFA Europa League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup and, since the 2014–15 season, the following season's UEFA Champions League, entering at the group stage.

The title has been won by 28 clubs, 13 of which have won the title more than once. The most successful club in the competition is Sevilla, with five titles. The current champions are Chelsea, after defeating Arsenal 4–1 in the 2019 final to win their second title.
History
The UEFA Cup was preceded by the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which was a European football competition played between 1955 and 1971. The competition grew from 11 teams during the first cup (1955–58) to 64 teams by the last cup which was played in 1970–71. It had become so important on the European football scene that in the end it was taken over by UEFA and relaunched the following season as the UEFA Cup.

The UEFA Cup was first played in the 1971/72 season, with an all-English final of Wolverhampton Wanderers against Tottenham Hotspur, with Spurs taking the first honours. The title was retained by another English club, Liverpool, in 1973, who defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach in the final. Borussia would win the competition in 1975 and 1979, and reach the final again in 1980. Feyenoord won the cup in 1974 after defeating Tottenham Hotspur 4–2 on aggregate (2–2 in London, 2–0 in Rotterdam). Liverpool won the competition for the second time in 1976 after defeating Club Brugge in the final.

During the 1980s, IFK Göteborg (1982 and 1987) and Real Madrid (1985 and 1986) won the competition twice each, with Anderlecht reaching two consecutive finals, winning in 1983 and losing to Tottenham Hotspur in 1984. The year 1989 saw the commencement of the Italian clubs' domination, when Diego Maradona's Napoli defeated Stuttgart. The 1990s started with two all-Italian finals, and in 1992, Torino lost the final to Ajax on the away goals rule. Juventus won the competition for a third time in 1993 and Internazionale kept the cup in Italy the following year. The year 1995 saw a third all-Italian final, with Parma proving their consistency, after two consecutive Cup Winners' Cup finals. The only final with no Italians during that decade was in 1996. Internazionale reached the final the following two years, losing in 1997 to Schalke 04 on penalties, and winning yet another all-Italian final in 1998, taking home the cup for the third time in only eight years. Parma won the cup in 1999, which ended the Italian-domination era. By chance, it was, as of 2019, the last UEFA Cup/Europa League final appearance for any Italian club.
Liverpool won the competition for the third time in 2001. In 2002 Feyenoord Rotterdam won it for the 2nd time in the club history by defeating Borussia Dortmund during the final in their own stadium, De Kuip in Rotterdam with 3–2. Porto triumphed in the 2003 and 2011 tournaments, with the latter against Portuguese team Braga. In 2004, the cup returned to Spain with Valencia being victorious, and then Sevilla succeeded on two consecutive occasions in 2006 and 2007, the latter in a final against fellow Spaniards Espanyol. Either side of Sevilla's success, two Russian teams, CSKA Moscow in 2005 and Zenit Saint Petersburg in 2008, had their glory and yet another former Soviet club, Ukraine's Shakhtar Donetsk, won in 2009. Atlético Madrid would themselves win twice in three seasons, in 2010 and 2012, the latter in another all-Spanish final. In 2013, Chelsea would become the first Champions League holders to win the UEFA Cup/Europa League the following year. In 2014, Sevilla won their third cup in eight years after defeating Benfica on penalties. Just one year later, in 2015, Sevilla won their fourth UEFA Cup/Europa League and, in an unprecedented feat, they defended their title a third year in a row beating Liverpool FC in the 2016 final, making Sevilla FC the most successful team in the history of the competition with 5 titles.

Since the 2009–10 season, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League.[2][3] At the same time, the UEFA Intertoto Cup, UEFA's third-tier competition, was discontinued and merged into the new Europa League.

UEFA Europa Conference League
UEFA had reportedly considered adding a third-tier competition since at least 2015, believing that a bottom-level tournament could act as a means of giving clubs from lower-ranked UEFA member countries a chance of progressing to stages beyond those in which they would generally be eliminated in the Champions League and Europa League.[6] In mid 2018 talk of an announcement intensified, with news sources claiming an agreement had already been reached for the competition to be launched and that the 48-team Europa League group stage would be split into two, with the lower half forming the nucleus of what would be the new event.[7]

On 2 December 2018, UEFA announced that the competition – provisionally known as "Europa League 2" or just "UEL2", but later officially named as the "UEFA Europa Conference League" or "UECL" – was to be launched as part of the 2021–24 three-year competition cycle, with UEFA announcing that the new tournament would bring "more matches for more clubs and more associations".[8]

Trophy
The UEFA Cup, also known as the Coupe UEFA, is the trophy awarded annually by UEFA to the football club that wins the UEFA Europa League. Before the 2009–10 season, both the competition and the trophy were known as the 'UEFA Cup'.

Before the competition was renamed the UEFA Europa League in the 2009–10 season, the UEFA regulations stated that a club could keep the original trophy for a year before returning it to UEFA. After its return, the club could keep a four-fifths scale replica of the original trophy. Upon their third consecutive win or fifth win overall, a club could retain the trophy permanently.[9] However, under the new regulations, the trophy remains in UEFA's keeping at all times. A full-size replica trophy is awarded to each winner of the competition. Furthermore, a club that wins three consecutive times or five times overall will receive a multiple-winner badge.[10] As of 2016–17, only Sevilla has earned the honour to wear the multiple-winner badge, having achieved both prerequired feats in 2016.[11]

The trophy was designed and crafted by Bertoni for the 1972 UEFA Cup Final. It weighs 15 kg (33 lb) and is silver on a yellow marble plinth.[12]

Anthem
A musical theme for the competition, the Anthem, is played before every Europa League game at a stadium hosting such an event and also before every television broadcast of a Europa League game as a musical element of the competition's opening sequence.[13]

The competition's first anthem was composed by Yohann Zveig and recorded by the Paris Opera in early 2009. The theme for the re-branded UEFA Cup competition was first officially unveiled at the Grimaldi Forum on 28 August 2009 before the 2009–10 season group stage draw. A new anthem was composed by Michael Kadelbach and recorded in Berlin and was launched as part of the competition's rebranding at the start of the 2015–16 season.[14]

A new anthem created by MassiveMusic has been composed for the start of the 2018–19 season.[15]

Format
Qualification
Qualification for the competition is based on UEFA coefficients, with better entrance rounds being offered to the more successful nations. In practice, each association has a standard number of three berths, except:

Nations ranked 52 and 54 (Andorra and San Marino in the 2013–14 season), which have two berths
The nation ranked 55 (Gibraltar in the 2014–15 season) which has one berth.
Liechtenstein, which qualifies only the Cup winners
Usually, each country's places are awarded to teams who finish in various runners-up places in its top-flight league and the winner of the main cup competition. Typically the teams qualifying via the league are those in the highest places not eligible for the UEFA Champions League; however, the Belgian league awards one place via a playoff between First A and First B teams. A few countries have secondary cup competitions, but the only ones whose winners are currently granted a UEFA Europa League place are England's and France's.

A team may qualify for European competitions through more than one route. In all cases, if a club is eligible to enter the UEFA Champions League then the Champions League place takes precedence and the club does not enter the UEFA Europa League. The UEFA Europa League place is then granted to another club or vacated if the maximum limit of teams qualifying for European competitions is exceeded. If a team qualifies for European competition through both winning a cup and league placing, the "spare" UEFA Europa League place will go to the highest placed league team which has not already qualified for European competition, depending on the rules of the national association, or vacated, if the described limit is reached.

The top three ranked associations may qualify for the fourth berth if both the Champions League and Europa League champions are from that association and do not qualify for European competition through their domestic performance. In that case, the fourth-placed team in that association will join the Europa League instead of the Champions League, in addition to their other qualifying teams.

More recently, clubs that are knocked out of the qualifying round and the group stage of the Champions League can also join the UEFA Europa League, at different stages (see below). Formerly, the reigning champions qualified to defend their title, but since 2015 they qualify for the Champions League. From 1995 to 2015, three leagues gained one extra place via the UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking.

Background
UEFA coefficients were introduced in 1980 and, until 1999, they gave a greater number of berths in UEFA Cup to the more successful nations. Three nations had four places, five nations had three places, thirteen nations had two places, and eleven nations only one place. Since 1999, a similar system has been used for the UEFA Champions League. Before 1980, the entrance criteria of the last Fairs Cup was used.

Historical formats
The competition was traditionally a pure knockout tournament. All ties were two-legged, including the final. Starting with the 1997–98 season, the final became a one-off match, but all other ties remained two-legged.

Before the 2004–05 season, the tournament consisted of one qualifying round, followed by a series of knockout rounds. The sixteen non-qualifiers from the final qualifying round of the Champions League entered at the first round proper; later in the tournament, the survivors were joined by third-place finishers from the (first) group phase of the Champions League.

From the 2004–05 season, the competition started with two knockout qualifying rounds held in July and August. Participants from associations ranked 18 and lower entered the first qualifying round with those from associations ranked 9–18 joining them in the second qualifying round. In addition, three places in the first qualifying round were reserved for the UEFA Fair Play ranking winners (until 2015–16), and eleven places in the second qualifying round for the UEFA Intertoto Cup winners.

Winners of the qualifying rounds then joined teams from the associations ranked 1–13 in the first round proper. In addition, non-qualifiers in the third qualifying round of the Champions League also joined the competition at this point along with the current title-holders (unless they had qualified for the Champions League via their national league), for a total of 80 teams in the first round.

After the first knockout round, the 40 survivors entered a group phase, with the clubs being drawn into eight groups of five each. Unlike the Champions League group phase, the UEFA Cup group phase was played in a single round-robin format, with each club playing two home and two away games. The top three teams in each of the eight groups qualified for the main knockout round along with the eight third-placed teams in the Champions League group phase. From then on a series of two-legged knockout ties were played before a single-legged final, traditionally held on a Wednesday in May, exactly one week before the Champions League final.
In 2009–10 season, the competition was rebranded as the UEFA Europa League in a bid to increase the competition's profile.[2] An extra 8 teams now qualify for the group stage consisting of 12 groups with four teams each (in a double round-robin), with teams finishing on the top two places in each group progressing. The competition then progresses in much the same way as the previous format, with four rounds of two-legged knockout rounds and a one-off final held at a neutral ground that meets UEFA's Category Four stadium criteria. The final is played in May, on the Wednesday ten days before the Champions League final.

Qualification has changed significantly. Associations ranked 7–9 in the UEFA coefficients sent the cup winners and three (two since 2015–16 season) other teams to the UEFA Europa League qualification, all other nations sent a cup winner and two other teams, except Andorra and San Marino, who sent only a cup winner and a runner-up, and Liechtenstein, who sent only a cup winner. Since Gibraltar was accepted as a full UEFA member at the UEFA congress held in London on 24 May 2013, their cup winner also qualified for Europa League. Usually, the other teams will be the next highest ranked clubs in each domestic league after those qualifying for the UEFA Champions League, but France and England will continue to use one spot for their league cup winners. With the abolition of the Intertoto Cup, all participants of the Europa League are qualified through domestic routes. Generally, the higher an association is ranked in the UEFA coefficients, the later its clubs start in the qualification. However, every team except for the title-holder (up to 2014–15 season) and the highest ranked teams (usually the cup winner and/or the best Europa League qualified team) from the top (six in 2012–15 seasons, 12 since 2015–16 season) associations had to play at least one qualification round.

Apart from the teams mentioned, an additional 15 teams eliminated in the Champions League third qualifying round are transferred to the Europa League play-off round, and the 10 losing teams in the Champions League play-off round are transferred to the Europa League group stage. The 12 winners and the 12 runners-up in the group stage advanced to the knock out round, together with eight third-placed teams from the Champions League group stage.

In 2014, the distribution was changed to broaden the appeal of the competition, namely through giving the Europa League champions a Champions League qualification berth, which has been used since. More teams automatically qualify for the group stage. If cup winners had already qualified for European competition through league performance, their place through the league is vacated and goes to the best ranked teams not qualified for European competition. This means that the cup runner-up is no longer qualified through the cup berth.[16] These rules came into effect for the 2015–16 season.

فالنسيا

نادي فالنسيا لكرة القدم (بالإسبانية: Valencia Club de Fútbol) هو نادي كرة قدم من مدينة فالنسيا بإسبانيا. تأسس في 18 مارس 1919. يلعب في الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الأولى ويعد فالنسيا من أكبر وأنجح الفرق الأسبانية. فالنسيا فاز بالدوري الإسباني 6 مرات وفاز بكأس إسبانيا 8 مرات ودوري أوروبا بالمسمى القديم (كأس الأتحاد الأوروبي) مرة واحدة كأس الاتحاد الأوروبي للأندية أبطال الكؤوس مرة واحدة، وحقق كأس السوبر الأوروبي مرتين. وقد وصل الفريق إلى نهائي دوري أبطال أوروبا مرتان متتاليتان الأولى كانت أمام مواطنه الأسباني ريال مدريد والثانية كانت أمام الفريق الألماني بايرن ميونخ وخسر في النهائيين.

فالنسيا هو أحد أعضاء مجموعة جي-14 المتصدرة للاندية الأوروبية، فالنسيا وصل إلى 7 نهائيات في مشاركاته الأوربية فاز في 4 وخسر 3. يلعب الفريق مبارياته الرسيمة على ملعب الميستايا الشهير، والذي تأسس في عام 1923 ويتسع لأكثر من 55,000 متفرج. نادي ليفانتي هو المنافس التقليدي في مدينة فالنسيا للنادي فالنسيا وهناك ناديين أخرىن يقعان في منطقة بلنسية ذاتية الحكم هما فياريال ونادي إيركوليس.
التاريخ
اقسى خسارة في تاريخ فالنسيا كانت امام مانشستر سيتي الإنجليزي في دوري الأوروبي بنتيجة 6-1
ملعب ميستايا (بالإسبانية: Estadio de Mestalla) ويعرف سابقاً (في الفترة ما بين 1969–1994) باسم ملعب لويس كاسانوفا (بالإسبانية: Estadio Luis Casanova) هو ملعب كرة قدم يقع في مدينة بلنسية في إسبانيا، وهو ملعب الرئيسي لنادي الدرجة الأولى الأسباني نادي فالنسيا الإسباني، ويتسع الملعب الذي بُنِيَ وافتتح في عام 1923 لحضور 49,500 ألف متفرج. ويعد الميستايا تاسع أكبر ملعب في إسبانيا وأكبر ملعب بمنطقة بلنسية. وكان ملعب الميستايا احتضن ولأول مرة مباريات منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم في عام 1925. واحتضن الملعب كذلك العديد من البطولات القارية والدولية، ففي كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1982 احتضن الملعب مباريات المنتخب الإسباني. بينما في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1992، احتضن الملعب جميع مباريات المنتخب الإسباني طوال البطولة ولغاية المباراة النهائية، التي شهدت فوز منتخب الأرض والجمهور باللقب.

بعد مرور أربع سنوات من تأسيس النادي، افتتح الملعب في 20 مايو 1923،حيث شهدت مباراة الافتتاح فوز فالنسيا على نادي ليفانتي بنتيجة 1-0، سجلهاللاعب مونتي. ويشتهر الملعب بأجوائه التي تثير الرهبة في الخصوم. من المتوقع أن ينتقل الفريق إلى نيو ميستايا الملعب الجديد للفالنسيا الأسباني الذي يتسع للأكثر من 75,000 متفرج، لكن بسبب أزمة فالنسيا المادية لا يُعرف متى سوف يكتمل بناء الملعب الجديد.

شعار النادي
إقليم فالنسيا وجزر البليار كانتا محتلتان من قبل الملك خايمي الأول ملك أراغون خلال النصف الأول من القرن الثالث عشر, وطبقا للروايات القديمة أنه عندما أتى الملك خايمي ليدخل المدينة حط خفاش أسود (من خفافيش إقليم فالنسيا والتي تشتهر بكثرتها) على قمة علم الملك , ماتم اعتباره فألل خير عليهم في ذلك الوقت.

أرقام الفريق
أكبر انتصار في ملعب المستايا : 8-0 على سبورتينغ خيخون في (29\11\1953م).
أكبر هزيمة في ملعب المستايا : 0-5 أمام ريال مدريد (20-1-2013)
عدد المباريات التي لعبها النادي في الدوري (2284 مباراة) فاز بـ (1017 مباراة) وخسر بــ (738 مباراة) وتعادل بـ (529 مباراة).
سجل النادي خلال هذه المباريات (3810 اهداف) وقبلت شباكه (2973 هدف)
أكثر اللاعبين تمثيلا لـ النادي هم :
فيرناندو غوميز كولومر (553 مباراة)
آرياس (500 مباراة)
سانتياغو كانيزارس (416 مباراة)
ميغيل أنخيل أنغولو (411 مباراة).
أكثر اللاعبين تسجيلاً في تاريخ النادي هم :
إدموندو سواريز (238 هدف)
والدو (147 هدف)
ماريو كيمبيس (145 هدف)
فيرناندو (140 هدف)

جراد

الجراد (الاسم العلمي: Locusta) هي حشرات من رتبة مستقيمات الأجنحة، يوجد ما يزيد على 20,000 نوع من الجراد في العالم. ويعتبر الجراد نوعا من حشرات الجنادب التي تمتلك أرجلا خلفية قوية تساعدها على القفز، ويطلق على الاثنين معًقيقي. وهناك ما يقرب من 18,000 نوع من الجندب في العالم، وهي حشرات آكلة للنبات تستطيع القفز إلى 20 مرة أطول من جسمها.

وطول الجرادة الناضجة يتراوح بين 3 إلى 13 سم، يقسم جسمها إلى:

رأس
صدر
بطن (مقسم 11 قطعة)
ستة أرجل.
ويغطي جسم الجراد طبقة من الكيتين Chitin، وفي رأسه فم يحوي على أسنان حادة ويحمل قرنين قصيرين متميزين للاستشعار. ويصدر الجراد أصوات موسيقية يصدرها من خلال حك الأرجل الخلفية أو الأجنحة الأمامية مع الجسم. وتحفر أنثى الجراد لتضع بيضها عن طريق آلة وضع بيض سيفية تحت الأرض ، وتغطيه بسائل لتحميه من البرد، ليفقس عن مخلوق بطور انتقالي لفترة حوالي شهر يدخل بعدها هذا المخلوق طور النضوج.

وللجراد أعداء طبيعيين في الطبيعة تتمثل بالطيور والفئران والثعابين والخنافس والعناكب. ويعتبر الجراد أكلة مفضلة عند كثير من الشعوب في آسيا وبعض الدول العربية، فحشرة الجراد غنية بالبروتين الذي يمثل 62% ودهون 17% وعناصر غير عضوية تمثل الباقي مثل: الماغنسيوم، الكالسيوم، والبوتاسيوم، المنجنيز، الصوديوم، الحديد، الفوسفور، وغيرها. وتمر دورة حياة حشرات الجراد بثلاث مراحل أساسية هي البيضة، الحورية، الحشرة الكاملة وتختلف الفترة الزمنية لكل مرحلة تبعاً للظروف الجوية السائدة، ويختلف طول عمر الجراد المكتمل النمو الفردي، إذا يتراوح ما بين شهرين ونصف إلى خمسة أشهر وبصفة عامة تعتمد مدة الحياة على الوقت المستغرق لاكتمال النمو من الناحية الجنسية، فإذا اكتمل النمو سريعاً أصبح طول الحياة الكلي قصير.

الجراد يلتهم في الكيلومتر الواحد من السرب حوالي 100 ألف طن من النباتات الخضراء في اليوم، وهو ما يكفي لغذاء نصف مليون شخص لمدة سنة (الجرادة تأكل 1,5-4 جرام - والكيلومتر المربع منه يحتوي على 50 مليون جرادة على الأقل). وتتغذى الحشرات على الأوراق والأزهار والثمار والبذور وقشور النبات والبراعم وبصفة عامة يصعب تقدير الأضرار التي يسببها الجراد بسبب طبيعة الهجوم العالية، حيث تعتمد الأضرار على المدة التي سيبقى بها الجراد في المنطقة الواحدة وحجم الجراد ومرحلة المحصول· عملية المسح المستمر ضرورية جداً لمراقبة الأعداد الحالية للجراد حتى يمكن تحديد طرق المكافحة المناسبة ·
أنواع الجراد
الجراد الصحراوي (بالإنجليزية: Shistocerca Gregaria) ومن سماته أنه يستطيع السفر لمسافات طويلة، ويتناسل بكثرة حيث تضع الأنثى من 95 إلى 158 بيضة ولثلاث مرات على الأقل في حياتها، يتواجد في المناطق الصحراوية الجافة في أفريقيا وموريتانيا والمغرب والسودان وشبه الجزيرة العربية واليمن وعمان، وفي منطقة جنوب غرب آسيا الممطرة.
الجراد الأفريقي المهاجر
الجراد الشرقي المهاجر في جنوب شرق آسيا.
الجراد الأحمر في شرق أفريقيا.
الجراد البني في جنوب أفريقيا.
الجراد المصري Anacridium Aegyptium
الجراد الأسترالي في أستراليا.
جراد الأشجار في أفريقيا وحوض المتوسط.
الجراد المغربي (بالإنجليزية: Dociostaurus marcoccanus).
لكن في الحقيقة يوجد نوعان من الجراد هما الجراد الماكث والجراد المهاجر.

توالد الجراد
يتوالد الجراد الذي يغير علي مصر والدول المجاورة في الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا في ثلاث مناطق هي: الأولى: شرق السودان واريتريا والحبشة، والثانية: غرب السودان وشمال أفريقيا وبعض جهات الصحراء الليبية، والثالثة: بعض وديان اليمن والمملكة العربية السعودية.

ويبدأ تكاثر الجراد الذي يهاجر لمصر في أماكن توالده وهي شرق السودان واريتريا والحبشة أثناء فصل الأمطار في يوليو وأغسطس ويهاجر عادة في الخريف وأوائل الشتاء إلى ساحل البحر الأحمر القريب من أماكن توالده وهناك يتزاوج ويتناسل ثم تعود سلالته إلى أماكنها الأصلية أو يتكون منها أسراب البحر الأحمر في الربيع إلى اليمن والمملكة العربية السعودية وإيران وفي بعض السنين بدلًا من هجره أفراد الجراد من أماكن توالدها إلى ساحل البحر الأحمر تطير شمالًا إلى دول الشرق الأوسط ومصر حيث تتكاثر ثم تعود سلالتها جنوبًا بعد ذلك وهذه الأسراب الأتية من أماكن التوالد إما أن تكون بالغة أو على وشك البلوغ.

أثناء التوالد يتزاوج الجراد فيتم الإخصاب داخل الجهاز التناسلي للأنثى. تضع الأنثى بعد ذلك بيضًا ينفقس بعد بضعة أيام فتخرج منه يرقات. تنمو اليرقة بالزيادة في الكتلة والطول وتتحول تدريجيًا إلى بالغة بظهور الأجنحة والزبانات. غير أن النمو في الطول لا يحدث إلا خلال فترة الإنسلاخ نظرًا لوجود درع صلب يكسو جسم اليرقة ويحول دون نموها في الطول. تحدث عند الجراد عدة إنسلاخات وتفصل كل فترة إنسلاخية بين مرحلتين يزداد خلالها الجراد في الكتلة ويتوقف النمو في طول. وهكذا ينمو الجراد خلال عدة إنسلاخات بشكل غير متواصل يسمى هذا النوع من النمو بنمو غير متواصل (croissance discontinue) ونصادفه عند مفصليات الأرجل والعنكبوتيات والحشرات والقشريات.

مكافحة الجراد
رش المبيدات بواسطة الطائرات والمرشات المختلفة.
القضاء على الحشرات حديثة الفقس وحرقها في خنادق تحفر خصيصاً لذلك.
استخدام الطريقة البيولوجية وذلك باستخدام فطر الميتاريزيوم Metarhizium (على شكل زيوت ترش من الطائرات) تصيب الجدار الخارجي للحشرة، وتخترق تجويف جسم الحشرة فيتسبب الفطر في موت الجرادة خلال (2 - 12) أيام، ومن مميزات هذا الفطر أنه ينتقل من حشرة إلى أخرى سريعاً، ولا يؤذي النباتات والحيوانات والحشرات الأخرى في المنطقة كما تفعل الطرق الكيماوية.
تتركز تقنيات مكافحة الجراد حالياً على استخدام المبيدات بدلاً من الأساليب القديمة التي كانت تعتمد على أسلوب الإخافة أو الإحراق في الخنادق· إن المبيدات المستخدمة حالياً من الأنواع ذات التأثير القاتل بالملامسة، حيث تقتل الحشرة بمجرد ملامستها لقطرات المبيد بشكل مباشر أو عن طريق ملامسة النباتات المرشوشة أو بابتلاع أوراق النبات المرشوشة· هناك مبيد الميتاريزيم الذي حقق نجاحاً في المكافحة الفعالة للجراد أو النطاطات· من الضروري استخدام الرش الجوي في المناطق المصابة على نطاق واسع·

غرائب الشعوب مع الجراد
كان أهل جزيرة العرب القدماء إذا هجم عليهم الجراد قاموا بقتله لأكله وذلك بفصل الرأس والأجنحة والأرجل ثم يشمس حتى يجف وأخيرًا يتم بشره على حليب الأبقار أو الماعز للشربة، ولقد ذكر هيرودوت هذه القصة في كتابه التاريخ في الجزء الخامس المخصص بليبيا وقبائلها وعاداتها وتقاليدها.

ولقد ظل هذا الأمر حتى ثلاثينات القرن الماضي فلقد كان يقلى بدون زيت ولكن ليس كل نوع من الجراد بل الذي يصل طوله من (10 سنتيمتر) فما فوق.

في تشاد وعند بعض القبائل البدوية يعتبرون الجراد لعنة من الله ولهذا يختبئون بعيداً عن هجوم الجراد.