Lord Sumption

Lord Sumption

Jonathan Philip Chadwick Sumption, Lord Sumption, OBE, PC, FSA, FRHistS (born 9 December 1948), is a British author, medieval historian and former senior judge.

Sworn in as a Justice of the Supreme Court on 11 January 2012, succeeding The Lord Collins of Mapesbury,[1] exceptionally, Sumption was raised to the Supreme Court bench directly from the practising at the Bar, rather than the more usual route of having been full-time judge. He retired from the Supreme Court on 9 December 2018 upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70.

Sumption is well known for his role as a barrister in many legal cases. They include appearances in the Hutton Inquiry on the UK Government's behalf,[2] in the Three Rivers case,[3] his representation of former Cabinet Minister Stephen Byers and the UK Department for Transport in the Railtrack private shareholders' action against the British Government in 2005,[4] for defending HM Government in an appeal hearing brought by Binyam Mohamed,[5] and for successfully defending Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich in a private lawsuit brought by Russian oligarch Boris Berezovsky.[6]

A former academic, Sumption was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1998 and is also known for writing a substantial narrative history of the Hundred Years' War, so far in four volumes. Sumption has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS) and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA).

Early life and education

Sumption was the elder son of Anthony Sumption,[7] a decorated naval officer and barrister, and Hilda Hedigan; their marriage was dissolved in 1979.[8] He was educated at Eton College and Magdalen College, Oxford, graduating in 1970 with a first in History.[9][10] He was elected a fellow of Magdalen College, teaching and writing books on medieval history before leaving to pursue a career in law.[9] Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1975, he then pursued a successful legal practice in commercial law.

In the 1970s, Sumption served as an adviser to the Conservative MP and Cabinet Minister Sir Keith Joseph,[11][12] He wrote parts of Joseph's controversial 1974 Edgbaston speech, which was generally thought to have doomed Joseph's chances of becoming Leader of the Conservative Party.[11][13] Sumption and Joseph also co-wrote a 1979 book, Equality, in which they argued that no convincing arguments for an equal society have ever been advanced and that no such society has ever been successfully created.[12] In the late 1970s Sumption was a regular contributor to The Sunday Telegraph.

Legal career

Sumption was appointed Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1986 at the relatively young age of 38, and elected a Bencher of the Inner Temple in 1991. He has served as a Deputy High Court Judge in the Chancery Division, and a Judge of the Court of Appeal of Jersey[14] and the Guernsey Court of Appeal.

A member of the Judicial Appointments Commission, until his appointment to the Supreme Court, Sumption was joint head of Brick Court Chambers.[4]

On 30 November 2007, when a practising barrister, Sumption successfully represented himself before Lord Justice Collins in a judicial review application in the Administrative Court concerning development near his home at Greenwich.[15]

Earnings as a barrister

The Guardian once described him as being a member of the "million-a-year club", the elite group of barristers earning over a million pounds a year.[16][9] In a letter to The Guardian in 2001, he compared his "puny £1.6 million a year" to the vastly larger amounts that comparable individuals in business, sports and entertainment are paid.[16]

For a four-week trial (and all the preparatory work) in the UK in 2005 he charged £800,000 to represent HM Government in the largest class action in the UK, brought by 49,500 private shareholders of the collapsed national railway infrastructure company Railtrack.[17] The Government had money and reputation at stake, the case examining some of the actions of HMG, especially of former Transport Secretary Stephen Byers. Byers became the only former Cabinet Minister to be cross-examined in the High Court in relation to his actions in modern times: the UK Government won the case.

Judicial career

On 4 May 2011 Sumption's appointment as a Justice of the Supreme Court was announced.[18] Upon his subsequent swearing-in on 11 January 2012,[1] he assumed the title of Lord Sumption pursuant to a Royal Warrant (by which all members of the Supreme Court, even if they do not hold a peerage title, are accorded the style of "Lord" for life).[19][20] Sumption was sworn of the Privy Council on 14 December 2011 in advance of his joining the Court, whose Justices double as members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.[21] He retired from the Supreme Court on 9 December 2018.[22]

Sumption is the first lawyer appointed to the Supreme Court without previously serving as a full-time judge since its inception in 2009. There were only five such appointments as Law Lords to the Court's predecessor, the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords.[23] Two were Scots lawyers: Lord Macmillan in 1930 and Lord Reid in 1948; the others were: Lord Macnaghten (1887), Lord Carson (1921) and Lord Radcliffe (1949).

After his retirement, Sumption was appointed as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal on 18 December 2019.[24] He had previously appeared as counsel in the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal in a number of cases.[25]

Historian

The Hundred Years' War

Sumption's narrative history of the Hundred Years' War between England and France (of which four volumes have so far been published, between 1990 and 2015) has been widely praised as "earning a place alongside Sir Steven Runciman's A History of the Crusades" according to Frederic Raphael, and as a work that "deploys an enormous variety of documentary material ... and interprets it with imaginative and intelligent sympathy" and is "elegantly written" (Rosamond McKitterick, Evening Standard); for Allan Massie it is "An enterprise on a truly Victorian scale ... What is most impressive about this work, apart from the author's mastery of his material and his deployment of it, is his political intelligence".[26]

Five volumes are planned.[9] Volume I (covering the years from the funeral of Charles IV of France in 1329 to the Surrender of Calais in 1347) was first published in 1990. Volume II (covering the years from 1347 to 1369) was published in 1999. Volume III (covering the years from 1369 to 1399) appeared in 2009. Volume IV (covering the years from 1399 to 1422) appeared in 2015, the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Agincourt.

Sumption has been praised for a clipped and polished prose style, which he credits to his unwillingness to employ cliché. He admires Gibbon but points out "if anybody wrote like him today they’d be dismissed as a pompous fart".[27]

Political views

Sumption said that an attempt rapidly to achieve gender equality in the Supreme Court through quotas or positive discrimination could end up discouraging male applicants and so "have appalling consequences for justice".[28][29]

He has criticised the historical curriculum in English schools as "appallingly narrow", warning that by forcing English schoolchildren to study 1918–45 in isolation they "are being taught about Germany and Europe during its most aberrant period".[27]

On The World at One on 30 March 2020, he strongly criticised the British government's response to the coronavirus pandemic: "So, yes, this is serious. And, yes, it's understandable that people cry out to the government. But the real question is: is this serious enough to warrant putting most of our population into house imprisonment, wrecking our economy for an indefinite period, destroying businesses that honest and hard-working people have taken years to build up, saddling future generations with debt? Depression, stress, heart attacks, suicides, and unbelievable distress inflicted on millions of people who are not especially vulnerable and will suffer only mild symptoms or none at all, like the Health Secretary and the Prime Minister."[30]

Pastimes

Sumption speaks French and Italian fluently, and reads Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese, Catalan and Latin.[9] He "rarely learned them using guides, instead I preferred to muddle on through a text with a dictionary by my side", he is oft-quoted as saying.[27]

An opera lover, he serves as a Director of the English National Opera and as a Governor of the Royal Academy of Music.[31]

Full style

The Rt Hon Lord Sumption, OBE, FRHistS, FSA.

Publications

Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religion (1975) ISBN 0-571-10339-1, re-issued in 2003 as The Age of Pilgrimage: The Medieval Journey to God ISBN 1-58768-025-4

The Albigensian Crusade (1978) ISBN 0-571-11064-9

Equality (1979, with Sir Keith Joseph) ISBN 0-7195-3651-0

The Hundred Years War I: Trial by Battle (1990) ISBN 0-571-13895-0; paperback (1999) ISBN 978-0-571-20095-5

The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire (1999) ISBN 0-571-13896-9; paperback (2001) ISBN 0-571-20737-5

The Hundred Years War III: Divided Houses (2009) ISBN 0-571-13897-7

The Hundred Years War IV: Cursed Kings (2015) ISBN 0-571-27454-4

Trials of the State: Law and the Decline of Politics (2019) ISBN 1-788-16372-9

Articles

Sumption, Jonathan (4 October 2008). "The pragmatic approach". The Spectator. 308 (9397): 38. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2008. Review of Patten, Chris (2008). What next? Surviving the Twenty-First Century. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9856-6.

Lectures

The Limits of Law (2013). Lord Sumption gives the 27th Sultan Azlan Shah Lecture, Kuala. Lumpur. "The Limits of Law" (PDF). UK Supreme Court. Retrieved 7 August 2015.

Law and the Decline of Politics (2019). Lord Sumption gives the 2019 BBC Reith Lectures "Law and the Decline of Politics". BBC. Retrieved 7 August 2019.

Notable cases

As counsel

Lonrho Ltd v Shell Petroleum Co Ltd (No 1) [1980] QB 358 (subsidiary companies)

Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1987] 1 WLR 987

R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers Ex parte Datafin Plc [1987] QB 815

Powdrill v Watson [1995] 2 AC 394

Re Goldcorp Exchange Ltd [1995] 1 AC 74

Target Holdings Ltd v Redferns [1996] AC 421

Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington LBC [1996] AC 669

Smith New Court Securities Ltd v Citibank NA [1997] AC 254 (fraud, misrepresentation)

South Australia Asset Management Corp v York Montague Ltd [1997] AC 191

Bristol & West Building Society v Mothew [1998] Ch 1

Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 WLR 896

Equitable Life Assurance v Hyman [2000] 2 All ER 331

Philip Morris Products Inc v Rothmans International Enterprises Ltd [2000] UKCLR 912 (company groups, voting rights)

Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge (No 2) [2001] UKHL 44

Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Salaam [2002] UKHL 48

HIH Casualty & General Insurance Ltd v Chase Manhattan Bank [2003] UKHL 6

Marcic v Thames Water Utilities Ltd [2003] UKHL 66

Wilson v First County Trust [2003] UKHL 40

Three Rivers District Council v Bank of England [2004] 3 WLR 1274 (about the collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International)

Office of Fair Trading v Abbey National plc [2009] UKSC 6, won, representing the Barclays Bank plc.

Stone & Rolls v Moore Stephens [2009] UKHL 39, won, representing the accountants

As judge

Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34

Coventry v Lawrence [2014] UKSC 13

Jetivia SA v Bilta (UK) Limited (in liquidation) [2015] UKSC 23

Andrew Cuomo

Andrew Cuomo

Andrew Mark Cuomo (/ˈkwoʊmoʊ/ KWOH-moh; born December 6, 1957) is an American politician, author, and lawyer serving as the 56th governor of New York since 2011. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected to the same position his late father, Mario Cuomo, held for three terms.

Born in New York City, Cuomo is a graduate of Fordham University and Albany Law School of Union University, New York. He began his career working as the campaign manager for his father, then as an assistant district attorney in New York City before entering private law practice. He founded Housing Enterprise for the Less Privileged (HELP USA) and was appointed chair of the New York City Homeless Commission, a position he held from 1990 to 1993.

In 1993, Cuomo joined the Clinton Administration as Assistant Secretary for Community Planning and Development in the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. From 1997 to 2001, he served as the U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.

In 2006, Cuomo was elected Attorney General of New York. He won the election as Governor of New York in 2010 and has been reelected twice after winning primaries against liberal challengers Zephyr Teachout (2014) and Cynthia Nixon (2018). During his governorship, Cuomo oversaw the passage of a law legalizing same-sex marriage in New York; creation of the United States Climate Alliance, a group of states committed to fighting climate change by following the terms of the Paris Climate Accords; passage of the strictest gun control law in the U.S.; Medicaid expansion; a new tax code that raised taxes for the wealthy and lowered taxes for the middle class; paid family leave; an increase in the minimum wage; wage equality; and legislation legalizing medical marijuana.

Early life and education

Cuomo was born in the Queens borough of New York City,[1] the elder son of five children born to lawyer and later governor of New York, Mario Cuomo and Matilda (née Raffa).[2] His parents were both of Italian descent; his paternal grandparents were from Nocera Inferiore and Tramonti in southern Italy, while his maternal grandparents were from Sicily (his grandfather from Messina).[2][3] His younger brother, Chris Cuomo, is a CNN journalist. His elder sister is noted radiologist Margaret Cuomo.[4]

He graduated from St. Gerard Majella's School in 1971[5] and Archbishop Molloy High School in 1975.[1] He received a B.A. from Fordham University in 1979, and a J.D. from Albany Law School in 1982.[1]

Early career

During his father's 1982 campaign for Governor, Cuomo was campaign manager, and then joined the governor's staff as one of his father's policy advisors and sometime Albany roommate,[6] earning $1 a year.[7]

From 1984 to 1985, Cuomo was a New York assistant district attorney, and briefly worked at the law firm of Blutrich, Falcone & Miller. He founded Housing Enterprise for the Less Privileged (HELP) in 1986 and left his law firm to run HELP full-time in 1988.[7] From 1990 to 1993, during the administration of New York City mayor, David Dinkins, Cuomo was chair of the New York City Homeless Commission, which was charged with developing policies to address the homeless issue in the city and developing more housing options

باكستريت بويز

باكستريت بويز

باك ستريت بويز (بالإنجليزية: Backstreet Boys) ( أحياناً يتم منادتهم بي اس بي) فرقة بوب موسيقية أمريكية، تأسست في مدينة أورلاندو، فلوريدا سنة 1993. تتكون الفرقة من أي جي مكلين، هاوي دورو، نيك كارتر، كيفن ريتشاردسون، براين ليتريل.

تَمتّعتْ الفرقة بنجاحِ هائلِ في النصف الأخير من التسعينياتِ وبداية الألفينات، وحازت 12 من أغانيها على المرتبة الأولى في الولايات المتّحدةَ ولمدة تفوق 40 أسبوعا ،و في المملكة المتحدة حصلت 16 من أغانيهم على المركز الأول في سباق ترتيب الأغاني، كما أن الفرقة حازت على جوائز عديدة من أبرزها جائزة غرامي، وباعت أكثر من 120 مليون نسخة ألبومِ حول العالم، مما جعل الفريق صاحب الألبومات الأعلى مبيعات على مدى التاريخ. كما أن ألبوم "Millenium" الذي أطلقته الفرقة سنة 1999 هو حامل لقب ثاني ألبومات البوب الأكثر مبيعا عبر التاريخ.

صعدت الفرقة للشهرة بطرح أول ألبوم عالمي، بعنوان Backstreet Boys عام (1996). وفي السنة التالية قامت بإصدار ثاني ألبوم عالمي بعنوان Backstreet's Back، و إصدار أول البوم في الولايات المتحدة الذي كان استمراراً لنجاح الفرقة عالمياً. صعدودهم للنجومية كان بثالث ألبوم لهم بعنوان Millennium في (1999) و تبعه ألبوم Black & Blue عام (2000).

بعد انقطاع دام سنتين، اجتمعت الفرقة مرة اخرى و قامت بإصدار ألبوم عودتها بعنوان Never Gone في (2005). بعد الانتهاء من جولة الألبوم في 2006، ترك كيفن الفرقة بسبب اهتمامات أخرى. وبعدها أصدرت الفرقة ألبومين كرباعي: Unbreakable عام (2007) و This Is Us عام (2009).

وفي 2012، أعلنت الفرقة عن عودة كيفن بشكل دائم. في السنة التالية إحتفلت الفرقة بالذكرى ال20 و بإصدار أول ألبوم مستقل، In a World Like This عام (2013). وقامت الفرقة أيضاً بإصدار أول فلم وثائقي لها بعنوان Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of في يناير 2015.

باعت الفرقة أكثر من 130 مليون نسخة ألبومِ حول العالم، مما جعلها الفرقة الأفضل مبيعاً في التاريخ، و من أفضل المطربين مبيعاً في العالم. وهي الفرقة الاولى منذ فرقة سيد التي تصل أول تسعة ألبومات لها إلى أفضل 10 في قائمة بيلبورد 200، وهي الفرقة الشبابية الأولى والأخيرة التي تحقق ذلك. و نالت الفرقة أيضا نجمة في ممر الشهرة في هوليوود في 22 أبريل 2013.

منذ عودتها إلى الساحة الغنائية بعد كساد فني دام لثلات سنوات عادت الفرقة سنة 2005 لتغير نمطها الموسيقي، وذلك بشكل مباشر عبر دمج موسيقى الروك والإلكترو في أغانيها. كما أنه في يونيو/حزيران 2006 صدر عن الفريق بيان بخصوص نية "كيفين ريتشاردسون" ترك الفريق لأسباب بررها وهي بنيته الإِهتمام بشؤون أخرى ومن أبزها الاهتمام بزوجته وأبناءه، وقد ترك كيفن الفريق لمدة تفوق الست سنوات، وفي 29 أبريل 2012 اعلنت الفرقة من خلال الحفلة الشهيرة لهم في لندن ضمن جولتهم NKTOBSB بأن هناك مفاجئة وهي عودة القائد للفريق كيفن ريتشاردسون إلى الفرقة وكانت آنذاك مفاجئة ضخمة للجمهور الحاضر بلندن.

المسيرة الفنية

باك ستريت بويز هي المجموعة الغنائية الأكثر نجاحاً والأكثر مبيعاً في العالم بالنسبة لفرقة بوب, أصدرت أول ألبوم لها "Backstreet Boys International" عام 1996 والذي انتشر في أوروبا وباع أكثر من 11 مليون نسخة.

ثم عادت إلى وطنهاالأم أمريكا عام 1997 لتصدر ألبوم بنفس اسم الفريق "Backstreet Boys" والذي يعتبر الأكثر مبيعا بالنسبة إلى أول البوم يصدره فنان في مسيرة حياته محققا مبيعات تخطت 34 مليون نسخة ونجحت كل أغانيه ومن أبرزها "We've Got It Goin' On"، "Anywhere for You"، "I'll Never Break Your Heart"، "Quit Playin' Games "و "Get Down" <br"/> بالإضافة إلى الأغاني التي لم تصور على طريقة الفيديو كليب وذلك في مختلف الاذاعات العالمية.

في نفس السنة أطلق الفريق ألبوم "Backstreet's Back" محققا نجاحا منقطع النظير وحققت أبرز اغانيه "Everybody" و"All I Have to Give" نجاحا كبيرا.

وفي عام 1999 أطلقت الفرقة ألبوم ميلينيوم وهو الأكثر رواجاً في أسبوعه الأول حيث باع أكثر من 5 ملايين نسخة في أسبوعه الأول والذي يعتبر من أشهر ألبوماتهم والأكثر مبيعا ببيعه أكثر من 40 مليون نسخة.

و تعتبر أغنية "I Want It That Way" فيه من أشهر أغانيهم إلى الآن وهي الأغنية صاحبة لقب أغنية فرق الأولاد (البويز باند) الأكثر نجاحاً لكل الازمان في استفتاء اجرته قناة إم تي في، هذا ألالبوم بيع منه أكثر من 3 مليون ألبوم ليصبح الألبوم الأكثر رواجا لفرقة بويز باند وألبوم البوب الثاني الأكثر مبيعا في التاريخ بعد ألبوم ملك البوب مايكل جاكسون الأسطوري ثريلر.

وفي عام 2000 اصدرت الفرقة ألبوم "Black And Blue"الذي باع أكثر من 25 مليون نسخة، وحققت أغنيته الرئيسية "The call" نجاحا كبيرا

بعد ذلك مر الفريق بفترة كساد فني ففي عام 2005 أصدر ألبوم "Never Gone" الذي بيعت منه 10 مليون نسخة

و لكن ألبومهم "Unbreakable" الذي يحتوي على مزيج من فريد من موسيقى متجددة وأسلوب الفرقة الذي اشتهرت به بشكل متقن والذي صدر في أواخر سنة 2007 لقى ألبومهم نجاحا كبيرا حول العالم مذكرا بالنجاح الأسطوري الذي حققته الفرقة خلال فترتها الذهبية.

و في يوم 6 أكتوبر 2009 صدر البومهم " This Is Us " واعتبر من أفضل الألبومات في تلك السنة، حيث احتوي على أغاني من نوع البوب الذي اشتهرت به الفرقة، ونوع ال[ار ان بي] المفضل لدزالجيل الحالي من محبي الموسيقى الغربية.

و في برنامج "قود مورنينج أمريكا" أعلن الفريق انه يُجهز للألبوم القادم الذي سيكون في بداية عام 2013، كما أن الفريق يقوم بالعمل في بعض المنتجين في أوروبا.

كما اختيرت الفرقة ضمن قائمه الفنانين العشرة الأكثر تأثيرا في الموسيقى في العالم محرزة المركز السادس.

باعت الفرقة أكثر من 130 مليون اسطوانة في جميع أنحاء العالم

الشراكات والمشاريع الأخرى

الأعضاء

أي جي مكلين (1993–الآن) - باريتون

هاوي دورو (1993–الآن) - كاونترتينور

نيك كارتر (1993–الآن) - باريتون

براين ليتريل (1993–الآن) - باريتون

كيفن ريتشاردسون (1993–2006; 2012–الآن) - باس

أرقام قياسية

في كتاب جينيس عام 2001 ذكر أن ألبوم بلاك آند بلو الألبوم الأكثر مبيعاً في أسبوعه الأول مع أكثر من 5 ملايين نسخة

في كتاب جينيس عام 2001 ذكر أن باك ستريت بويز فرقة الذكور (بويز باند) الأكثر مبيعاً حول العالم مع أكثر من 75 مليون ألبوم.

يعتبر "باك ستريت بويز" الآن أفضل فريق أولاد "بويز باند" والانجح في العالم منذ ظهورهم عام 1996،

الجولات الغنائية العالمية

We Wanna Be with You Tour: 1995–1996

The Space Show: 1996–1996

Backstreet Boys: Live In Concert Tour: 1996–1997

Backstreet's Back Tour: 1997–1998

Into the Millennium Tour: 1999–2000

Black & Blue Tour: 2000–2001

Up Close & Personal: Tour 2005

Never Gone Tour: 2005–2006

Unbreakable Tour: 2008–2009

This Is Us Tour: 2009–2011

NKOTBSB Tour: 2011–2012

In a World Like This Tour: 2013–2015

Larger Than Life Tour : 2017

Backstreet Boys

Backstreet Boys

Backstreet Boys (often abbreviated as BSB)[3] is an American vocal group, formed in Orlando, Florida in 1993. The group consists of AJ McLean, Howie Dorough, Nick Carter, Kevin Richardson, and Brian Littrell.

The group rose to fame with their debut international album, Backstreet Boys (1996). In the following year, they released their second international album Backstreet's Back (1997) along with their self-titled U.S. debut album, which continued the group's success worldwide. They rose to superstardom with their third studio album Millennium (1999) and its follow-up album, Black & Blue (2000). After a two-year hiatus, they regrouped and released a comeback album Never Gone (2005). After the conclusion of the Never Gone Tour in 2006, Richardson left the group to pursue other interests.[4] The group then released two albums as a quartet: Unbreakable (2007) and This Is Us (2009).

In 2012, the group announced that Richardson had rejoined them permanently.[5] In the following year, they celebrated their 20th anniversary and released their first independent album, In a World Like This (2013). The Backstreet Boys are one of the few boy bands to have continued success long after their peak. Their 2019 album DNA debuted at number one, more than two decades after the group formed. In doing so they have achieved numerous milestones, including the third longest gap between number one albums on the Billboard 200 chart, at over 19 years, surpassed by Paul McCartney's 36-year gap and Santana's 28-year gap, and being the first boy band to top the U.S. charts in three different decades.[6]

The Backstreet Boys have sold over 100 million records worldwide,[7] making them the best-selling boy band of all time, and one of the world's best-selling music artists. They are the first group since Led Zeppelin to have their first ten albums reach the top 10 on the Billboard 200,[6] and the only boy band to do so. The group received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 22, 2013.[8] The group also released their first documentary movie, titled Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of in January 2015.[9]

History

1993–95: Formation and early years

Howie Dorough and AJ McLean were natives of Orlando, Florida, who met each other and later discovered Nick Carter through auditions.[10] The three, realizing that they could harmonize together, decided to form a trio.[10] Cousins Kevin Richardson and Brian Littrell, both from Lexington, Kentucky, sang in local church choirs and festivals when they were children.[10] Richardson moved to Orlando in 1990, where he worked at Walt Disney World and concentrated on music at night. Eventually, he met Dorough, Carter, and McLean through a co-worker, and the four decided to form a group.[10]

In 1992 Lou Pearlman placed an ad in the Orlando Sentinel to compose a vocal group.[11] McLean, who was the first to audition for Pearlman in his living room, became the group's first member.[11] Between late 1992 and March 1993, Pearlman held open casting calls and hundreds of young performers auditioned at his blimp hangar in Kissimmee.[12][11] During late 1992 and March 1993, Carter, Dorough, and Richardson were ultimately selected after meeting Pearlman's expectations.[13] Littrell flew from Kentucky to Orlando to formally join the group on April 20, 1993, a day after receiving a phone call from Richardson about it. Thus, April 20 became their anniversary date.[14] Pearlman decided to call them Backstreet Boys, after Orlando's Backstreet Market, an outdoor flea market near International Drive which was also a teen hangout.[11][15]

The Backstreet Boys had their first performance at SeaWorld Orlando on May 8, 1993.[16] The group then continued to perform in various venues during summer 1993, from shopping malls, restaurants, to a high-profile charity gala in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.[17] With a change in management in the fall, they began to tour schools across the U.S. (including Littrell's former school, Tates Creek High School), building a fan base while trying to get a record deal. Mercury Records nearly signed them in 1993, but the deal fell through at the last minute because longtime Mercury recording artist John Mellencamp threatened to leave the label if they got into the boy band business.[18] However, in February 1994, Jeff Fenster (then senior VP A&R Zomba/JIVE Records) and David Renzer (then senior VP/GM of Zomba Music Publishing) saw the group performing at a high school in Cleveland, and signed them to their first record deal.[19]

At the end of December 1994, the group flew to Sweden to record some songs with Max Martin and Denniz PoP, including "We've Got It Goin' On", which ended up being their very first single and completed their work in January 1995.[20] "We've Got It Goin' On" was sent to radio in August 1995 and released as a physical single on September 5, 1995. In North America, Mix 96 in Montreal broke the group after the programmers heard it on the radio in Europe.[21] The song was a minor success in the U.S., peaking at only No. 69 by December 1995,[22] but it entered the top 5 in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France, and the Netherlands.[23][24] European success sent them there on a summer tour and shifted their promotion being mostly done in Europe.

1996–97: Debut, worldwide success, and Backstreet's Back

The group finished recording their first album Backstreet Boys in the spring of 1996, and it was released internationally on May 6, 1996,[25] excluding U.S. and Canada; however, it was later released in Canada in October 1996.[26]

Their popularity grew in Europe. "I'll Never Break Your Heart" reached a Gold status in Germany for selling 250,000 copies[27] and they were voted the No. 1 international group there in 1996. They also earned their first platinum record in Germany in 1996 for selling 500,000 copies of their debut album and shortly thereafter they began touring Asia and Canada.[27] They also became one of the most successful debut artists in the world, collecting awards such as Durchstarter (Best Newcomers) in Germany's Viva Comet Awards in 1996.[28]

"Anywhere for You" was released as the last single from their international debut album on February 17, 1997.[29] "Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)", originally released in Europe as their fourth single in October 1996, was released in the U.S. in May 1997 for their upcoming self-titled U.S. debut album. It managed to climb as high as No. 2 on Billboard Hot 100, eventually earning them a platinum-award for selling over one million copies.[30][31]

The group began working on their second album, Backstreet's Back, in October 1996. They also recorded the song "If You Stay" for the Booty Call soundtrack in the same year, which was released in February 1997. Backstreet's Back was released internationally (except in the U.S.) on August 11, 1997. Their self-titled U.S. debut album, which consisted of songs from their 1996 international debut album and Backstreet's Back, was released in the U.S. a day later, August 12, 1997.[32] The U.S. self-titled debut peaked at No. 4 on the U.S. album chart and eventually sold 14 million copies.[33] Meanwhile, the second international release, Backstreet's Back, peaked at No. 1 in Germany, Norway, Switzerland, Finland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Austria,[34][35] selling well over five million copies in Europe alone.[36] The most successful singles from Backstreet's Back and the U.S. debut album were "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" and "As Long As You Love Me". The two self-titled albums, the international debut and the U.S. debut, sold more than 28 million copies worldwide.[37]

In November 1997, doctors discovered that a congenital hole in Littrell's heart had enlarged to dangerous proportions.[38] Littrell postponed the open-heart surgery twice to meet touring obligations, and he finally underwent the surgery on May 8, 1998, in the middle of the Backstreet's Back Tour. The group postponed the tour until July 1998 to give Littrell time to recover.[38]

1998–99: Millennium and superstardom

Littrell brought in a lawsuit against Lou Pearlman and Trans Continental in 1998, claiming that Pearlman had not been truthful about the earnings made by the group.[39] From 1993 to 1997, Pearlman and his company took about $10 million in revenue while the band only got $300,000.[40] In the following year, McLean, Richardson, and Dorough joined the lawsuit which eventually resulted in a number of settlements.[41]

On Valentine's Day 1998 the group debuted in Latin America at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile. Later that year, on October 7, 1998, the group received the keys to the city from the mayor of Orlando in honor of the tornado relief concert the group headlined in March that raised over $250,000. The day was also declared as Backstreet Boys Day in Orlando.[42] They also began recording their third studio album, Millennium, at the beginning of that month while in the middle of a lawsuit.[43] The worldwide hit single "I Want It That Way" which topped the single-charts in over 25 countries made anticipation for Millennium high.[22][23][44][45] Millennium was released on May 18, 1999, on which day the Backstreet Boys made a heavily publicized appearance on MTV's Total Request Live.[46]

The album entered the Billboard 200 at No. 1, and managed to sell 1,134,000 copies in its first week of release.[47][48] Four singles were released from Millennium: "I Want It That Way", "Larger than Life", "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely", and "The One". Millennium became the best-selling album of 1999 in the U.S., selling 9,445,732 copies.[49][50] It also holds the record for most shipments in one year, with 11 million shipment.[51] Millennium remained on the Billboard chart for 93 weeks, eventually selling over 12 million copies in the United States and being certified 13 times platinum.[52][53] As of January 2013, the album stands as the fourth best selling album in the U.S. of the SoundScan era.[54]

On June 2, 1999, the Backstreet Boys embarked on the Into the Millennium Tour, which comprised 115 sold-out shows in 84 cities, with some additional dates put due to high demand.[55] The second leg, which was sponsored by Sears, was sold out on August 14 on its sale date and broke sales records.[56][57] The concert at Georgia Dome, Atlanta, was the 5th most attended concert in American history and the most attended concert by a pop artist.[58]

By October 1999, the Backstreet Boys faced new problems declaring their current JIVE contract null and void, soon striking one of the largest record deals ever valued at $60 million with JIVE.[59]

2000–01: Black and Blue and The Hits – Chapter One

A trip to the Bahamas was made by the group members in May 2000 to write songs for their fourth album.[60] They began recording the album on July 1, 2000 in Stockholm, Sweden, and wrapped up the recording sessions in September.[61][62][63] A song completed during the July recording sessions, "It's True", was released on August 28, 2000 in a compilation album sold exclusively at Burger King restaurants, titled For the Fans.[64]

The album, Black & Blue, was released on November 21, 2000.[65] To promote its release, they traveled around the world in 100 hours, visiting Stockholm, Tokyo, Sydney, Cape Town, Rio de Janeiro, and New York City. 55 of the hours were spent traveling and 45 were spent making public appearances.[66] A DVD of the short tour, as well as a board game, was released in 2001, titled Around the World. The album itself recorded the best international sales in a week for an album in history by selling over 5 million copies in its first week of sales.[67][68] In the United States, it sold 1.6 million discs in the first week making them the first artist since The Beatles to achieve back-to-back million plus first week sales.[69] Three singles were released from Black & Blue: "Shape of My Heart", "The Call", and "More than That".

On January 28, 2001, the Backstreet Boys performed the American national anthem at the Super Bowl XXXV in Tampa, Florida.[70] A week earlier, the group began the "Black & Blue Tour", which featured shows in five continents. The tour was put on hold in July when it was reported that McLean had entered rehab to battle alcoholism and depression after Richardson held an intervention for him at a Boston hotel.[71] The tour resumed in August and concluded in November.

Shortly after returning to the Black and Blue Tour, the group faced a harrowing loss with the occurrence of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks. On the night of September 10, the band had completed a sold-out show in Boston, Massachusetts and the following morning Littrell's wife Leighanne had planned on catching a flight back to Los Angeles aboard American Airlines Flight 11, along with set carpenter Daniel Lee, who was returning home to Los Angeles to see his wife, who was due to give birth to their second child. That night, however, Leighanne cancelled her flight after deciding to spend more time with her husband. Tragically, Lee was among 92 people killed when the hijacked plane was crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center.[72] The next day, during a concert on the next leg of their tour in Toronto, Littrell gave a brief speech on Lee and led the audience in a brief moment of silence for Lee and all the victims of the attacks.[73]

The Hits – Chapter One, their first compilation album, was released on October 23, 2001.[74] It also included a previously unreleased song, "Drowning".[75] The album entered the top 5 in the U.S.,[47] UK,[76] Germany,[34] and Canada,[77] and the top 10 in Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, and New Zealand.[78] In the U.S., The Hits: Chapter One was certified platinum for selling over one million copies.[79] It was also certified platinum by IFPI for selling over one million copies in Europe.[80] "Drowning" reached top 10 in many countries and as of 2002, the album had sold almost six million worldwide.[81]

2002–04: Hiatus

In 2002, the group expressed a strong desire to leave their management company, The Firm.[81] However, Carter chose to remain with The Firm to manage his solo career. Shortly afterwards, the rest of the group began recording their next album without him.[81] The relationship with JIVE Records worsened when the Backstreet Boys filed a $75–100 million lawsuit against Zomba Music Group (JIVE's parent company), claiming breach of contract.[82] They claimed that the label promoted Carter's solo album Now or Never at the expense of the group.

In November 2003, McLean appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show to talk about his addiction to alcohol and drugs, and his struggles rising to fame for the first time in public.[83] The rest of the group surprised him by appearing in person to give him support, marking the first time the Backstreet Boys had appeared together in public in almost two years.[83] The group began to reform and reconcile their differences, planning to start recording a comeback album at the beginning of the following year.[84]

2004–06: Never Gone and Richardson's departure

The Backstreet Boys entered the studios in January 2004 to start recording the new album.[85] They also started performing together to promote their return to the music scene. In September, they kicked-off a small Asian tour, visiting Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo, and Manila, performing some new material. Based on the success of this tour, they announced a Mexican tour, visiting Mexico City and Monterrey.

The album's first single, "Incomplete", was released to radio stations on March 28, 2005. Following the release of the single, they embarked on their Up Close & Personal Tour in March which served as a pre-album release tour. "Incomplete" peaked at number 13 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and charted within the top 10 in 13 countries. It debuted at number one in Australia, becoming their first number-one hit in the country.

After spending more than a year recording, the Backstreet Boys finally released their comeback album Never Gone on June 14, 2005. The album debuted at No. 3 on the U.S. chart with first week sales of 291,000 copies. However, the drastic style change drew negative criticism from Rolling Stone.[86][87] Never Gone was certified platinum in the U.S. and four singles were released from the album. The second single, "Just Want You to Know", hit the top 10 in the UK. The third singles were "Crawling Back to You" for the U.S. and "I Still..." for the rest of the world. Never Gone has sold approximately 3 million copies worldwide.[88][89]

The Backstreet Boys began the first leg of their Never Gone Tour on July 22, 2005 in West Palm Beach, Florida. The first leg ran until November 2005 in Europe and in January 2006 the second leg started in Tokyo, Japan. The tour concluded on February 2, 2006 in Melbourne, Australia.

On June 23, 2006, it was announced that Richardson had left the Backstreet Boys to pursue other interests.[90] Both Richardson and the rest of the group issued a statement on their official site, stating that he departed amicably and the door was always open for him to return.[91] Following Richardson's departure, the group was suggested to change their name to Backstreet, but they decided against it.[92] They also turned down an offer to star in a reality show to find a new member[92] and musicians who had expressed interest in replacing Richardson, such as Sam Licata[93][94] and former NSYNC members Lance Bass and Joey Fatone,[95] stating that they were not planning to replace him.

2006–11: Unbreakable and This Is Us

Two days after Richardson's departure announcement, the Backstreet Boys entered the studio to record their sixth album. The album, titled Unbreakable, was released on October 30, 2007. It received positive reviews, and opened at number seven on the Billboard 200, selling 81,000 copies in its first week of release.[96] It performed well in Japan, debuting at No. 1 on the Japanese Oricon weekly album charts and staying there for another week. They released two singles from the album, "Inconsolable" and "Helpless When She Smiles".

The group went on a world tour to promote Unbreakable, starting in Tokyo, Japan on February 16, 2008. The tour included shows in Australia, Japan, Mexico, UK, Europe, Asia, Canada, and United States. The show in London's The O2 Arena was filmed and is available to watch online on MSN website.[97] Richardson rejoined the rest of the group on stage at the Palladium in Hollywood, Los Angeles on November 23, 2008 for the last North American stop of the tour.[98]

On October 6, 2009, the group released their next album, This Is Us.[99] On this album, their sound went back to their original dance-pop beats and contains a more R&B sound.[100] The album debuted at No. 9 on the Billboard 200, selling 42,000 copies in its first week of release.[101] It peaked at No. 2 in Japan and was certified Platinum for shipments of 250,000 copies.[102] Two singles were released from this album: "Straight Through My Heart" and "Bigger".

A few days after promoting the new album and filming the music video for "Bigger" in Japan, Littrell contracted swine flu, causing the group to cancel a signing at Hard Rock Café in New York for the NYC Pinktober event on October 5, 2009.[103] The rest of the group were prescribed Tamiflu by a doctor, even though they weren't showing any symptom of the flu.[104] The group subsequently canceled a scheduled CBS Early Show performance the next day on October 6, 2009, which was also the release day of their new album, This Is Us.[105] In late October 2009, the group embarked on the This Is Us Tour, which lasted over a year and consisted of 123 shows.

The Backstreet Boys, including Richardson, filmed a segment for The Oprah Winfrey Show on October 22, 2010. Richardson also performed with the group in the show's studio later that day, making it the second time he had performed with the group since his departure.[106]

2011–12: NKOTBSB and Richardson's return

In May 2011, the group announced that they had left their longtime label JIVE Records.[107] In the same month, they embarked on a joint tour with New Kids on the Block as NKOTBSB.[108] Prior to the tour, they released a compilation album of their biggest hits, also titled NKOTBSB, which also includes a mash-up and two new songs.[109] At the conclusion of 2011, the tour placed 17th on Billboard's annual "Top 25 Tours", earning over $40 million with 51 shows.[110] The tour lasted until June 2012, comprising 80 shows in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. During the show in Staples Center, LA, in July 2011, Richardson once again joined the group on stage.[111]

As he had announced before on On Air with Ryan Seacrest in October 2011, Richardson hosted a beach party, part of the group's second annual cruise, in the Bahamas on December 3, 2011, where he performed with them. On Seacrest's radio show, he also stated that he would love to perform with the group again on a more regular basis.[112] The statement, along with his appearance at the cruise event, prompted speculations that he might rejoin the group for good,[113] but both he and the group remained quiet on the matter.

The Backstreet Boys finally announced that Richardson had rejoined them permanently during a show in London on April 29, 2012.[115] A few days later, McLean and Littrell revealed on separate occasions that Richardson had returned since 2010, before NKOTBSB Tour started. He had been in talks to join the tour but ultimately decided not to. They supported his decision and kept his return a secret until the tour was over.[114][116] The group spoke positively about Richardson's return, stating that they couldn't be happier to have him back. Richardson himself was thrilled to be back with his old bandmates, saying that they have a chemistry and a bond.[117][118]

The Backstreet Boys moved into a house together all by themselves in July 2012 as they started working on their new album with producer Martin Terefe in London.[119] On August 31, 2012, they closed out Good Morning America's Summer Concert Series in Central Park, in New York. It was their first performance as a fivesome since Richardson rejoined the group. During the show, they announced that they were going to have their third cruise in October 2013. It was the first cruise to feature all five members.[120]

The first single featuring Richardson's vocals in six years, a Christmas song titled "It's Christmas Time Again", was premiered on AOL Music on November 5, 2012,[121] and officially released a day later.[122] The song reached No. 1 on Billboard's Holiday Digital Songs chart.[123]

2013–15: 20th anniversary, In a World Like This, and documentary film

The Backstreet Boys celebrated their 20th anniversary, which was on April 20, 2013, with a fan celebration event in Hollywood that day.[124][125] They received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame two days later, and had the day, April 22, 2013, declared as Backstreet Boys Day in Hollywood.[8] In May 2013, the group embarked on their 20th anniversary tour, officially titled as In a World Like This Tour.[126] The tour lasted over two years, comprising over 170 shows in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australasia, and Middle East. The tour was the 44th highest grossing worldwide tour in 2014 with total gross of $32.8 million and ticket sales of 607,407,[127] not including its 2013 and 2015 dates.

"In a World Like This", the lead single from their eighth studio album, also titled In a World Like This, was released digitally on June 25, 2013 and to the radio on July 22, 2013. The album itself was released in the US on July 30, 2013 and in other countries some time later. It was the group's first independent album, released under their own label, K-BAHN. It reached the top 5 in the US, Canada, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Taiwan, and Japan,[6][128][129] and had sold 800,000 copies as of January 2015.[130][131][132][133] They released a second single from the album, "Show 'Em (What You're Made Of)" in November 2013.[134]

The group made a cameo in the 2013 movie This Is the End as fictional version of themselves, performing their song "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)",[135] which earned them an award for "Best Musical Moment" at 2014 MTV Movie Awards.[136] In December 2013, the Backstreet Boys performed their two original Christmas songs as marquee performers in the annual "Christmas in Washington" TV special which was also attended by the President of the United States Barack Obama and his family.[137]

The Backstreet Boys members were due in court on March 24, 2014 over a claim they filed against their former manager Lou Pearlman. The group alleged that Pearlman still owed them $3,451,456.04 and they are also asking for $87,728.58 in legal fees for having to fight him in court for years.[138] But earlier that month the group stated that they have a scheduling conflict and discussed postponing the hearing by 90 days.[139] On October 21, 2014, the group received a settlement of $99,000 in cash, 34 audio tape reels, 26 CDs, seven studio mastering audio tapes, six sealed posters, three audio cassettes, and one VHS tape. The recordings include some unreleased mixes, demos, and original materials.[140]

Their documentary movie, titled Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of, was released in theaters and online on January 30, 2015 in the U.S., on February 26, 2015 in UK and Europe, and on March 28 worldwide.[9][141] The movie chronicles their entire career journey up to the making of their 2013 album In A World Like This.[9]

On April 10, 2015, band members Richardson and Littrell were inducted into Kentucky Music Hall of Fame.[142]

2015–present: Dead 7 film, Las Vegas residency, and DNA

In August 2015, band members Carter, Dorough, and McLean filmed a movie that Carter wrote entitled Dead 7. The film centers around a ragtag band of gunslingers operating during a post-apocalyptic zombie plague.[143] The movie premiered on April 1, 2016 on Syfy channel. A free copy of the theme song "In the End" was released on March 28, performed by band members Nick Carter, AJ McLean and Howie D.; Joey Fatone and Chris Kirkpatrick from NSYNC; Jeff Timmons from 98 Degrees; and Erik-Michael Estrada from O-Town.[144] The official physical DVD was released on June 7, 2016.[145]

In October 2015, McLean revealed that the group were working on their ninth studio album. McLean said the band are working with producer Jacob Kasher, who has worked with Maroon 5 and Britney Spears. The band hoped to have the album done before the next Backstreet Boys cruise in May 2016.[146]

On January 29, 2016, the Backstreet Boys were the musical guests in the series finale of NBC comedy series Undateable. Following that, Carter and McLean supported Gigi Hadid on Lip Sync Battle.[147]

On April 1, 2016, Carter told Entertainment Tonight the group signed a deal with Live Nation for a nine-show "test residency" in Las Vegas.[148] McLean confirmed the deal, telling Us Magazine that the residency would begin in January 2017.[149] In July 2016, the group appeared and performed on ABC's Greatest Hits.[150] On August 19, 2016, the group released "God, Your Mama, and Me", with country duo Florida Georgia Line, which was taken from their third studio album Dig Your Roots.[151] The song entered the Hot 100 at No. 92 for the chart dated March 18, 2017, which was the group's first return to the chart since 2007.[152]

On September 15, 2016, McLean and Carter confirmed that the band would be done with the album the following year, along with a new headlining tour.[153] On September 23, the Backstreet Boys confirmed their Vegas residency show happening in 2017, titled Backstreet Boys: Larger Than Life.[154][155] The residency played 80 shows between March 1, 2017 and April 27, 2019.

On May 14, 2018, the Backstreet Boys announced their new single, "Don't Go Breaking My Heart", released on May 17, as their lead single for their new album.[156] The album is co-produced under the group's own, K-BAHN label and RCA Records, and distributed by RCA's parent company, Sony Music. On November 9, the Backstreet Boys released the single "Chances" and announced the title of their ninth studio album, DNA, which was released on January 25, 2019. On January 4, 2019, DNA's third single, "No Place," was released. The Backstreet Boys embarked on the DNA World Tour in support of the album on May 11, 2019.[157]

On April 8, 2019, the band released their exhibit at the Grammy Museum before it was opened to the public two days later, showcasing tour outfits and memorabilia from their childhoods.[158][159] That same month, the group announced that they would be releasing their first holiday album.[160] At their Las Vegas residency, they received keys to the Vegas strip as the mayor declared the 10th Backstreet Boys Day, and during the 20th anniversary of "I Want It That Way",[161] the group participated in a handprint ceremony to commemorate the ending of their two-year residency at Planet Hollywood and were also presented with a check donation to the Boys & Girls Club of Southern Nevada.[162] On February 9, 2020, the band announced the second North America leg of the DNA World Tour on social media and Good Morning America.[163]

BSB Cruises

Cruise 2010 (December)

Cruise 2011 (2nd-5th December) Nassau, Bahamas

Cruise 2013 (25th-28th October) Anniversary Cruise

Cruise 2014 (24th-27th October) Miami to Half Moon Cay

Cruise 2016 (10th-14th May) European Cruise: Barcelona, Italy and Cannes

Cruise 2018 (3rd-7th May) Miami to Grand Turk

Artistry

The Backstreet Boys have always prided themselves as a vocal harmony group and not a boy band.[164] In order to fight the boy band stereotype and the backlash from New Kids on the Block's lip-sync scandal in the beginning, they would sing a cappella every chance they could get.[165] The ad they answered in 1993 was for a singing group with "New Kids on the Block look with a Boyz II Men sound", and they aimed to have a white version of Boyz II Men.[166] "We were fans of New Kids, but were we really modeled after them? No. We looked at ourselves as Shai, Jodeci, Boyz II Men, the true vocal groups. That's who we listened to and who we really wanted to be like," Littrell stated in 2011.[167] The Backstreet Boys often employ polyphonic harmony, which sets them apart from many other singing groups. In choruses, Littrell, Carter, and McLean usually sing the melody with Dorough harmonizing above the melody and Richardson covering the bass parts.[168][169] During Richardson's absence, McLean and Carter together covered his part in choruses[170] while Dorough took his solo parts, although McLean sang Richardson's verse in "Drowning".[171]

The Backstreet Boys' musical style has evolved over the years. On their debut and second album, they sang a hybrid of R&B and dance club pop mixed with new jack balladry and hip-hop.[172][173] With Millennium and Black & Blue, they started to abandon R&B and shift more toward pop and pop rock, as demonstrated on songs like "I Want It That Way", "Shape of My Heart", "Larger than Life", and "Not For Me". The group drastically changed their style in 2005 with their comeback album Never Gone, which is an adult contemporary record featuring only live instruments, a departure from their previous pop sound that features a lot of synthesizers.[174][175] Compared to their previous albums, Never Gone is "more organic, more stripped-down, less harmonies, more instrumentation".[176] Their first album without Richardson, Unbreakable, is similar to Never Gone. It leans toward adult contemporary and contemporary pop music and features interwoven choral harmonies, piano, strings, guitar, and drums,[177] with a little bit of hip-hop and reggae elements on some tracks, such as "One in A Million".[178][unreliable source?] With their seventh studio album, This Is Us, they went back to their original dance-pop beats combined with electropop. It also contains a more R&B sound compared to Unbreakable.[100] The group's first independent album, In A World Like This, which is also their first album back with Richardson, is a mixture of modern pop, adult contemporary, and dance music, with a hint of singer-songwriter genre as demonstrated on "Try", "Madeleine", and "Trust Me".[179]

Partnerships and other ventures

The second leg of Into the Millennium Tour, which was also the first North American leg, was sponsored by Sears and was officially titled "Sears Presents Backstreet Boys Into The Millennium". The sponsorship was a part of Sears' new integrated marketing campaign that exclusively featured the Backstreet Boys. The campaign included a 30-second advertisement, featuring the group, which was aired from August 1 to 15, 1999. The advertising promoted a back-to-school sweepstakes which gave each of five fans the chance to win a $2,000 Sears shopping spree with their favorite Backstreet Boys member, and a trip for four to the group's concert on December 1, 1999 in Tampa, Florida.[180]

Carter, who was a comic fan, met comic book writer Stan Lee through his manager from The Firm in February 2000. Carter subsequently told Lee about his original concept of a six-issue series of comic books featuring members of the Backstreet Boys as superheroes called "Cyber Crusaders". Lee was interested in the concept; however, they ultimately decided to make it into only one issue.[181] The comic book, titled Backstreet Project, was released in 2000 and was available for purchase at their concerts and online stores in 2000–2001. In addition to the book, a series of flash-based webisodes were also published in 2000.[182]

In January 2000, the Backstreet Boys signed a deal with Burger King. The deal included an exclusive compilation set that was only available for sale at Burger King restaurants.[64] The compilation consisted of three CDs featuring a new song called "It's True" and live songs from the group's previous tours, and a VHS tape featuring backstage footage and interviews.[183] In August 2000, it was announced that the deal would also include three TV commercials featuring the Backstreet Boys, and a promotion, which was the inclusion of an exclusive Backstreet Project Cyber Crusader toy in each Burger King Big Kids Meal and Kids Meal.[184]

In August 2012, it was revealed that the Backstreet Boys would be starring in an Old Navy commercial.[185] The commercial featuring the group started airing on September 19, 2012. "It was a great way to show people that we're back," Richardson said regarding the commercial. The group also performed at an Old Navy event "Fit For Fall Fashion Show for All" in Bryant Park, New York on September 14, 2012.[186]

On March 12, 2014, the group filmed a series of commercials for Swedish warehouse company NetOnNet in Sweden while the group was on tour in Europe. The commercials started airing in May 2014.[187] For the purpose of these commercials, the group recorded a song called "Lager Than Life", which is a remake of their song "Larger Than Life" with different instrumentation.[188] The song was also released as a single on iTunes by the company in several countries

Peter Hitchens

Peter Hitchens

Peter Jonathan Hitchens (born 28 October 1951) is an English conservative journalist and author. Hitchens writes for The Mail on Sunday and is a former foreign correspondent in Moscow and Washington. He has published eight books, including The Abolition of Britain, The Rage Against God, and The War We Never Fought.

Early life and family

Peter Hitchens was born in the Crown Colony of Malta, where his father, Eric Ernest Hitchens (1909–1987), a career naval officer,[1] was stationed as part of the then Mediterranean Fleet of the Royal Navy. Hitchens had hoped to become a naval officer himself, but an eye defect prevented him from doing so.[2] His mother, Yvonne Jean Hitchens (née Hickman; 1921–1973), committed suicide in Athens[3] in a pact with her lover, a defrocked clergyman named Timothy Bryan.[4] The pair overdosed on sleeping pills in adjoining hotel rooms, and Bryan slashed his wrists in the bathtub.

Hitchens attended Mount House School, Tavistock, the Leys School, and the City of Oxford College[5] before being accepted at the University of York, where he studied Philosophy and Politics and was a member of Alcuin College, graduating in 1973.[6]

He married Eve Ross, the daughter of journalist David Ross, in 1983.[7] They have a daughter and two sons.[6] Their elder son, Dan, is Deputy Editor of the Catholic Herald, a London-based Roman Catholic magazine.[8]

Relationship with his brother

Peter's only sibling was the journalist and author Christopher Hitchens, who was two years older. Christopher said in 2005 the main difference between the two is belief in the existence of God.[9]

Peter was a member of the International Socialists (forerunners of the modern Socialist Workers' Party)[10] from 1968 to 1975 (beginning at age 17) after Christopher introduced him to them.

The brothers fell out after Peter wrote a 2001 article in The Spectator which allegedly characterised Christopher as a Stalinist.[11][9] After the birth of Peter's third child, the two brothers reconciled.[12]

Peter's review of God Is Not Great led to a public argument between the brothers but no renewed estrangement.[13] In the review, Peter claimed his brother's book made a number of incorrect assertions.

In 2007, the brothers appeared as panelists on BBC TV's Question Time, where they clashed on a number of issues.[14] In 2008, in the US, they debated the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the existence of God.[15] In 2010 at the Pew Forum, the pair debated the nature of God in civilization.[16]

Christopher Hitchens died in 2011; at a memorial service held for him in New York, Peter Hitchens read a passage from St Paul's Epistle to the Philippians which Christopher himself had read at their father's funeral.[17]

Journalism

He joined the Labour Party in 1977 but left shortly after campaigning for Ken Livingstone in 1979, thinking it wrong to carry a party card when directly reporting politics,[18] and coinciding with a culmination of growing personal disillusionment with the Labour movement.[19]

Hitchens began his journalistic career on the local press in Swindon and then at the Coventry Evening Telegraph.[20] He then worked for the Daily Express between 1977 and 2000, initially as a reporter specialising in education and industrial and labour affairs, then as a political reporter, and subsequently as deputy political editor.[18] Leaving parliamentary journalism to cover defence and diplomatic affairs, he reported on the decline and collapse of communist regimes in several Warsaw Pact countries, which culminated in a stint as Moscow correspondent and reporting on life there[21] during the final months of the Soviet Union and the early years of the Russian Federation in 1990–92. He took part in reporting the UK 1992 general election, closely following Neil Kinnock.[22] He then became the Daily Express Washington correspondent.[23] Returning to Britain in 1995, he became a commentator and columnist.

In 2000, Hitchens left the Daily Express after its acquisition by Richard Desmond,[24] stated that working for him would have represented a moral conflict of interest.[25] Hitchens joined The Mail on Sunday, where he has a weekly column and weblog in which he debates directly with readers. Hitchens has also written for The Spectator and The American Conservative magazines, and occasionally for The Guardian, Prospect, and the New Statesman.

After being shortlisted in 2007[26] and 2009,[27] Hitchens won the Orwell Prize in political journalism in 2010.[28] Peter Kellner, one of the Orwell Prize judges, described Hitchens's writing as being "as firm, polished and potentially lethal as a Guardsman's boot."[29]

A regular on British radio and television, Hitchens has been on Question Time,[30] Any Questions?, This Week,[31] The Daily Politics and The Big Questions.[32] He has authored and presented several documentaries on Channel 4, including critical examinations of Nelson Mandela[33] and David Cameron.[34] In the late 1990s, Hitchens co-presented a programme on Talk Radio UK with Derek Draper and Austin Mitchell.[35]

In 2010, Hitchens was described by Edward Lucas in The Economist as "a forceful, tenacious, eloquent and brave journalist. He lambasts woolly thinking and crooked behaviour at home and abroad."[36] In 2009, Anthony Howard wrote of Hitchens, "the old revolutionary socialist has lost nothing of his passion and indignation as the years have passed us all by. It is merely the convictions that have changed, not the fervour and fanaticism with which they continue to be held."[37]

Foreign reporting

Hitchens first worked as a foreign reporter in the 1980s, mainly reporting from the Eastern Bloc, with his first such assignment to Poland during the Solidarity crisis in November 1980. He travelled to Japan and Germany during his time as an industrial reporter and reported from several other countries, including the USA, Japan, and South Korea as part of the group of reporters accompanying Margaret Thatcher. After witnessing the Velvet Revolution and the Romanian Revolution, he became the Daily Express resident Moscow Correspondent in June 1990. He left Moscow (via the Bering Strait) in October 1992, and was briefly based in London during which time he reported from South Africa during the last days of apartheid, and from Somalia[38] at the time of the United Nations intervention in the Somali Civil War.

In September 1993 he became the Daily Express resident Washington correspondent and, during the next two years, he reported from many of the 50 states, as well as from Canada, Haiti and Cuba. He continued his foreign reporting after joining The Mail on Sunday, for which he has written reports from all over the globe, including Russia, Ukraine (described by Edward Lucas as a "dismaying lapse"[36]), Turkey, Gaza, a visit to Iraq in the wake of the 2003 invasion, an undercover report from Iran (described by Iain Dale as "quite brilliant"[39]), China, and North Korea.

Views

He is a critic of political correctness and describes himself as an Anglican Christian and Burkean conservative,[40] as well as a social democrat[41] and is opposed to the privatisation of railways.[40] In 2010, Michael Gove, writing in The Times, asserted that, for Hitchens, what is more important than the split between the Left and the Right is "the deeper gulf between the restless progressive and the Christian pessimist."[42]

Hitchens is an outspoken opponent of British Summer Time and describes the practice as "fanatical and dictatorial" and says the system amounts to "lying about the time".[43][44] He has proposed the abolition of BST entirely, favouring GMT all year round.

Peter Hitchens is a critic of Wikipedia, especially his own entry.[45][46]

Political views

Hitchens joined the Conservative Party in 1997 and left in 2003. He challenged Michael Portillo for the Conservative nomination in the Kensington and Chelsea seat in 1999.[47] Hitchens advocates a society governed by conscience and the rule of law, which he sees as the best guarantee of liberty. He believes that capital punishment is an element of a strong justice system,[48][49] and he was the only British journalist to attend and write about the execution of British-born Nicholas Ingram in America in 1995.[50]

While commenting on the Channel 4 show Queer as Folk, he objected to the depiction of homosexual behaviour. He described the show as being "some form of cultural propaganda, designed to make us think that something that isn't true, is, that is, that homosexuality is normal behaviour."[51]

Hitchens advocates harsher penalties properly enforced for possession and illegal use of cannabis,[52] stating that "cannabis has been mis-sold as a soft and harmless substance when in fact it's potentially extremely dangerous."[52] He is opposed to the decriminalisation of recreational drugs in general. In 2012, Hitchens gave evidence to the Parliamentary Home Affairs Select Committee as part of its inquiry into drugs policy, and called for the British government to introduce a more hardline policy on drugs

Hitchens has been a prominent member of the campaign to clear the name of the late Bishop of Chichester, George Bell from allegations of child sexual abuse.[54] He has demanded justice for Bell.[55] Hitchens has said that the Church of England convicted him in what he described as a kangaroo court,[56] and stated his wish that allegations are not treated as proven facts.[57]

Hitchens opposed the Kosovo and 2003 Iraq War, on the grounds that neither was in the interests of either Britain or the United States,[58] and opposes the war in Afghanistan.[59]

Hitchens has been consistently dismissive of the modern Conservative Party, and expressed support for a more socially conservative alternative to the Conservatives to occur post-Brexit.[60] Despite this, he did not vote to leave in the Brexit referendum, which he deplored.[61] He has also described Brexit as a "constitutional crisis" due to the pro-EU makeup of Parliament and has stated that he believes it would take ten years for Britain to leave the European Union completely. He has endorsed the Flexcit model proposed by Richard North and Christopher Booker as the most sensible and moderate way to leave the EU while remaining in the European Economic Area to preserve the economic benefits of EU membership.[61] Hitchens was also critical of the New Labour government, viewing a number of policies proposed by that government as attacks on liberty and as facets of a constitutional revolution.[62]

Religious views

While Peter Hitchens used to be an atheist,[63] he became a Christian later in his life. He became a member of the Church of England. He argues that social liberalism has systematically undermined Christianity. "The left's real interests are moral, cultural, sexual and social. They lead to a powerful state. This is not because they actively set out to achieve one," Hitchens wrote.[64] He also believes that the First World War and the devolution of marriage is the cause of the demise of Christianity in Europe.[65][66]

Publications

Hitchens is the author of The Abolition of Britain (1999) and A Brief History of Crime (2003), both critical of changes in British society since the 1960s. A compendium of his Daily Express columns was published as Monday Morning Blues in 2000. A Brief History of Crime was reissued as The Abolition of Liberty in April 2004, with an additional chapter on identity cards ("Your papers, please"), and with two chapters – on gun control ("Out of the barrel of a gun") and capital punishment ("Cruel and unusual") – removed.

The Broken Compass: How British Politics Lost its Way was published in May 2009, and The Rage Against God was published in Britain in March 2010, and in the US in May.

Hitchens's book The War We Never Fought: The British Establishment's Surrender to Drugs, about what he sees as the non-existence of the war on drugs, was published by Bloomsbury in the autumn of 2012.[67]

In June 2014, Hitchens published his first e-book, Short Breaks in Mordor, a compendium of foreign reports.[68]

The Phoney Victory: The World War II Illusion was published in August 2018 by I.B. Tauris.[69] It addresses what Hitchens views as the national myth of the Second World War, which he believes did long-term damage to Britain and its position in the world. It was negatively reviewed by the historian Richard Evans in the New Statesman, who described the book as "riddled with errors".[70]

ديفيد روكاستلي

ديفيد روكاستلي

ديفيد روكاستلي (بالإنجليزية: David Rocastle)؛ (مواليد 2 مايو 1967 - الوفاة 31 مارس 2001) كان لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي كان يلعب كلاعب وسط.

مرحلة الشباب

أندية لعب لها

نادي آرسنال

المسيرة الاحترافية

أندية لعب لها

نادي آرسنال

ليدز يونايتد

مانشستر سيتي

تشيلسي

نورويتش سيتي

هال سيتي

David Rocastle

David Rocastle

David Carlyle Rocastle (2 May 1967 – 31 March 2001) was an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder in the roles of a playmaker and a winger.[2][3]

He spent the majority of his career at Arsenal where he was nicknamed "Rocky". Rocastle then went on to feature in the Premier League for Leeds United, Manchester City and Chelsea, before later playing in the Football League for Norwich City and Hull City and finishing his career in Malaysia with Sabah FA. Rocastle also played for the England national football team, in all earning 14 international caps for the Three Lions.[2]

Arsène Wenger, who became Arsenal manager four years after Rocastle left the club, has described him as a "a modern player, because the revolution of the game has gone on to more technique, and more skill" and as having an "exceptional dimension as a footballer". Rocastle is seen as a universally popular, iconic and legendary figure by many fans of the Gunners. The David Rocastle indoor centre at Arsenal's academy is named after him and his name is displayed at the Emirates Stadium.

Playing career

Rocastle was born in Lewisham on 2 May 1967 to Caribbean immigrants Leslie and Linda Rocastle, who moved to London during the 1950s.[6] His father died aged 29 in 1972 from pneumonia[7] when Rocastle was five years old, and his mother Linda subsequently remarried and had two more children. Rocastle attended the Turnham Primary School and the Roger Manwood secondary school in his teenage years.[8]

Arsenal

After being rejected by Millwall, Rocastle joined Arsenal's Academy under Terry Neill in May 1982 and was given a professional contract in December 1984 by Neill's successor Don Howe.[9][10] In his early career he faced problems with his eyesight, and contact lenses had to be used. According to his teammate Martin Keown "They couldn't work out why Rocastle was running around dribbling with his head down. So they took him to the halfway line and said: 'Can you see the goal?' and he couldn't. His eyesight was terrible. They sorted him out with contact lenses and his career took off."[11]

He made his debut against Newcastle United in 1985 and made 26 league appearances in the 1984–85 season, scoring once as Arsenal finished seventh in the league. He remained a regular player in the first team following the departure of Don Howe and the appointment of George Graham as manager at the end of the 1985–86 season.[12]

In January 1987, Arsenal were away to Manchester United at Old Trafford. During the match Rocastle was sent off for retaliating to a tackle by United midfielder Norman Whiteside, a move which caused a huge scuffle between several of the opposing players. This scenario has been illustrated by many as the start of the fierce rivalry which now exists between the two clubs, especially as the two clubs being actively involved in competition for major honours almost every season since.[13][14]

Rocastle went on to score the winning goal in the 1987–88 League Cup semi-final which was won by a margin of 2 goals to 1 against Tottenham Hotspur at Highbury. As so, just before his 20th birthday on 5 April 1987, he won a 1986–87 League Cup winners medal as Arsenal beat Liverpool 2–1 in the cup final at Wembley.[15] Due to his feats during this season, Rocastle was bestowed with the honour of being named in 1987's PFA Team of the Year and as well won the 1987 Barclays Young Eagle award.[16] In the following season, he was again an influential member of the Arsenal side which reached the 1987–88 League Cup final against Luton Town the following year. In the game Arsenal surrendered a 2–1 lead with only seven minutes of the final left to play, and ended up losing 3–2 to a last minute Luton goal.[17] He was also ever present for the Gunners in the 1987–88 season, helping Arsenal win the Football League Centenary Trophy in a 2–1 win over Manchester United.[18]

Rocastle's first league championship with Arsenal came in 1989, when he played in every game that season. Arsenal's success was sealed when they beat Liverpool 2–0 in the final game of the season at Anfield, snatching the title from the hosts on goals scored. As so Rocastle won the Barclays Young Eagle award, being once again bestowed with the honour in 1989. Arsenal were however unable to compete in the 1989–90 European Cup because the ban on English clubs in European competition after the 1985 Heysel tragedy still had one year to run, but Rocastle would have the chance of playing in Europe's premier club competition twice over the next few seasons. Arsenal went on to finish fourth in the 1989–90 league season, missing out on a return to Europe as only the runners-up were entitled to a UEFA Cup place.[9][8][19]

In 1990–91, Rocastle was limited to just 18 league appearances due to a knee injury but he still played more than enough games to win another league title medal with Arsenal, who lost only one game that season. The following season, he played 39 league games for the Gunners and scored four league goals, also tasting European football for the first time as Arsenal reached the second round of the European Cup.

Rocastle scored 34 goals and played 228 times in seven years for Arsenal, collecting two league title medals and a winner's medal in the League Cup.[20]

Leeds United

On 23 July 1992, Rocastle's decade at Arsenal came to an end when he was sold to reigning league champions Leeds United, in a deal that several Arsenal fans, teammates and football writers saw as doltish, cold and woeful. This view stemmed from the way in which the midfielder was dealt with by manager George Graham, given his fine performances and return to fitness during 1991–92, his general popularity and the player's stated opposition to the deal.[21][22][23]

The player's arrival at Leeds United made him, up to that point, the club's' most expensive signing at up to £2 million. Manager Howard Wilkinson saw Rocastle as an eventual replacement for the veteran midfielder Gordon Strachan. However, Strachan would go on to spend nearly three more years at Elland Road and remained a regular first team player for two more seasons, by which time Rocastle had left the West Yorkshire club.

With Leeds, a 25-year-old Rocastle entered the first-ever Premier League by winning the 1992 FA Charity Shield at Wembley.[2] He went on to make his debut for the club in a European Cup tie away to Bundesliga side VFB Stuttgart. Rocastle soon became a club favourite with him often being stylish and skillful upon the field of play. Rocastle as well scored in a 4–1 league victory over club rivals Chelsea in November 1993, although he missed a large number of games due to injury problems. He went on to play a total of 34 games for Leeds, scoring two goals.[24][25]

Manchester City

He was at the club until December 1993, when he moved to Maine Road for £2 million as replacement for David White, who in turn had joined Leeds earlier that month.

In going to Manchester City Rocastle scored two goals from 21 Premier League games as City finished 16th – their lowest finish since winning promotion to the top flight in 1989. At the end of the season, manager Brian Horton signed the Swindon Town winger Nicky Summerbee, putting Rocastle's future at Maine Road in doubt.

Chelsea

Just before the start of the 1994–95 season, Rocastle returned to London when he signed for Chelsea in a £1.25 million deal. Rocastle would go on to play 37 times for Chelsea and scored two goals in his time there.[26][27][28][29] One of these came in a League Cup win over Bournemouth with the other being netted in a 1995 European Cup Winners Cup's first-round game against FK Viktoria Žižkov. With the influential Rocastle in tow and playing regularly, Chelsea reached the semi finals of the European Cup, going out to eventual winners Real Zaragoza by a single goal on aggregate.[30][31][32]

Injury problems returned to haunt Rocastle in 1995–96, and he played just one game all season. This would be the last game that Rocastle played for Chelsea, although he remained with the club for nearly three more years.[33]

In 1996–97, Rocastle was loaned out to Norwich City in Division One, and also had trials with clubs including Aberdeen and Southampton shortly afterwards..

In October 1997, Rocastle was loaned out to Hull City in Division Three, and scored on his debut for the Tigers against Scarborough.[34]

Sabah FA

Rocastle eventually left Chelsea in the summer of 1998 to join up with Malaysian team Sabah on a free transfer. He quickly became a highly influential and popular player at the club. Rocastle then saw Sabah upon a memorable run to the 1998 Malaysian FA Cup final where he earned a runners up medal. He eventually brought his playing days to an end in December 1999 due to injury.[4][8]

International career

After making two appearances for the England 'B' side, Rocastle was capped 14 times at under-21 level for England during the second half of the 1980s, scoring twice. Whilst playing for the Young Lions, he earned a runners up medal in the 1988 Toulon Tournament and got to the UEFA European Under-21 Championship semi finals of the same year.[35][36]

At the age of 21, he was capped at senior level for the first time against Denmark on 14 September 1988. Rocastle never found himself on the losing side as England won seven of the internationals that he appeared in and drew the other seven. He was not selected in the England squads for the World Cup of 1990 or 1992 Euros. His final appearance for England came just after his 25th birthday upon 17 May 1992 against Brazil. Rocastle won a total of 14 full caps for England, but did not score.[37][38][39]

Illness and death

In February 2001, Rocastle announced that he was suffering from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, an aggressive form of cancer which attacks the immune system, and had been diagnosed the previous October. He underwent a course of chemotherapy and was hopeful of a recovery. He died in the early hours of 31 March 2001, aged 33. Rocastle was survived by his wife and children. Many years later, it was revealed that Rocastle's cancer had been declared terminal from the time of his diagnosis in October 2000.[40]

Six weeks after Rocastle's death his nine-year-old son Ryan was Arsenal's mascot in their FA Cup final match against Liverpool, a match in which they took the lead but ultimately lost 2–1, after late goals by Michael Owen.

Five years and a day after his passing, 1 April 2006 was designated "David Rocastle Day", as part of the themed celebrations of Arsenal's final season at their stadium of Highbury. Upon the day a league game was played which saw a brace from Thierry Henry in an eventual 5–0 win for Arsenal over Aston Villa.[41] Fans paid tribute to Rocastle before the start of the match with a minute's applause.[42]

Arsenal also has a training facility at the club's academy located at Hale End in Walthamstow, London that was named after Rocastle. The David Rocastle indoor centre, of which was opened up in August 2006, thus serves as another tribute to the player's contributions to the club.[4][43] Rocastle is also one of 32 Arsenal legends honoured by having their images illustrated on the side of the new Emirates Stadium. On 30 March 2013, Arsenal played a game which marked the 12-year anniversary of Rocastle's death. The fans sang his name throughout the first ten minutes, and his famous quote of "Remember who you are, what you are, and who you represent!" was shown on the screen. Just after this, Arsenal scored the first goal in a 4–1 victory in the match against Reading.[42] Hull City paid tribute to Rocastle by erecting a sign in his honour at the KC Stadium for their league match against Arsenal in May 2015.[44] On 2 April 2016 Arsenal's fans paid another similar tribute to him at the Emirates during Arsenal's match against Watford which marked the 15th anniversary of Rocastle's loss.[42]

Personal life

Rocastle had three children with his wife Janet – son Ryan and daughters Melissa and Monique.[45]

He is the cousin of another professional footballer, Craig Rocastle, and his brother Stephen played for Norwich City and was on the books of Derry City as well.

The David Rocastle Trust

The David Rocastle Trust is a charity based in London, UK founded in memory of Rocastle. The charity, which was chosen by Arsenal as their club charity for the 2005–06 season, supports Rocastle's family as well as community projects and other registered charities.[46]

Honours

England

Toulon Tournament: Runner-up-1988[35]

UEFA European Under-21 Championship: Semifinalist-1988.[36]

Arsenal

[2][8] Winner:

First Division: 1988–89, 1990–91

Football League Cup: 1986–87

FA Charity Shield: 1991 (shared)[17]

Football League Centenary Trophy: 1988[47]

Zenith Data Systems Challenge Trophy: 1989[48]

Leeds United

[2] Winner:

FA Charity Shield: 1992

Runner-up:

Makita Tournament: 1992[49]

Chelsea

UEFA Cup Winners Cup: Semifinalist-1994–95[30]

Sabah

Piala FA: Runners Up Medal-1998[8]

Individual

Arsenal Player of the Year: 1986.[50]

Barclays Young Eagle: 1987[16] & 1989[19]

PFA Team of the Year: 1987[51]