وكالة الأمن القومي الأمريكية

وكالة الأمن القومي الأمريكية

وكالة الأمن القومي' (بالإنجليزية: National Security Agency، الاختصار NSA)‏ هي هيئة مخابرات تابعة لحكومة الولايات المتحدة، مسؤولة عن مراقبة وجمع ومعالجة المعلومات والبيانات لأغراض المخابرات والمخابرات المضادة وهو مجال معروف باسم مخابرات الإشارة. بالتوازي مع ذلك، تعد وكالة الأمن القومي مسؤولة عن حماية اتصالات حكومة الولايات المتحدة ونظم معلوماتها ضد الاختراق وحرب الشبكات. ومع أن الكثير من برامج وكالة الأمن القومي تعتمد على الجمع الإلكتروني السلبي، إلا أن الوكالة مخولة بالقيام بمهامها بواسطة وسائل سرية نشطة، من بينها إدخال وسائل مادية في النظم الإلكترونية ويُدَّعى أيضًا تورطها في التخريب بواسطة البرمجيات المخضعة. بالإضافة إلى ما سبق، تحتفظ وكالة الأمن القومي بحضور مادي في عدد كبير من البلدان حول العالم، حيث تُدخِل خدمة الجمع الخاصة أجهزة تنصت في أماكن يصعب الوصول إليها. وتتضمن أساليب خدمة الجمع الخاصة "المراقبة من قرب، والسرقة، والتنصت عبر الأسلاك، والاقتحام".

بعكس وكالة مخابرات الدفاع ووكالة المخابرات المركزية، والذين تتخصصا أساسًا في التجسس البشري، لا تقوم وكالة الأمن القومي على نحو أحادي بجمع المعلومات من مصادر بشرية، مع أنها تمثل على هذا النحو في الثقافة الشعبية، وبدلًا عن ذلك، تؤتمن وكالة الأمن القومي على مساعدة وتنسيق عناصر مخابرات الإشارة في أجهزة الحكومة الأخرى، والتي يمنعها القانون من القيام بهذه النشاطات من دون موافقة وكالة الأمن القومي عبر وزير الدفاع. وفي إطار مسؤولياتها، أتاحت الوكالة منظمة تحمل اسم خدمة الأمن المركزية، والتي أُنشأت لتسهيل التعاون بين وكالة الأمن القومي والأجهزة العسكرية الأمريكية الأخرى العاملة في مجال تحليل الشفرة. وعلاوة على ذلك، يشغل مدير وكالة الأمن القومي في نفس الوقت منصب قائد القيادة السيبرانية للولايات المتحدة ورئيس خدمة الأمن المركزية.

يعود أصل الوكالة إلى وحدة أنشأت لفك شفرات الاتصالات في الحرب العالمية الثانية، وفي عام 1952 اتخذت اسمها الحالي بعهد الرئيس هاري ترومان. ومنذ ذلك الحين، أصبحت الوكالة واحدة من أكبر هيئات المخابرات الأمريكية من حيث عدد الأفراد والميزانية، عاملة ضمن وزارة الدفاع وترفع تقاريرها إلى مدير المخابرات الوطنية.

كانت أعمال التجسس والمراقبة التي تجريها وكالة الأمن القومي مادة للجدل السياسي في العديد من المرات، مثل تجسسها على زعماء حركة معارضة حرب فيتنام أوالتجسس الاقتصادي، بداية من عام 2013، ولقد كشف المتقاعد السابق مع الوكالة إدوارد سنودن، حجم برامج المراقبة السرية للوكالة، ووفقًا للوثائق المسربة فإن وكالة الأمن القومي تعترض اتصالات مليار شخص حول العالم وتقوم بتتبع حركة مئات الملايين من الناس باستخدام الهواتف النقالة، وكذلك قامت الوكالة بإدخال عيوب تصاميم أمنية في البرمجيات ووسائل التشفير، جاعلة معظم الاتصالات عبر شبكة الإنترنت عرضة للهجمات السيبرانية من قبل الوكالة نفسها أو أطراف أخرى.

تاريخ

4 نوفمبر، 1952

الهيكل التنظيمي

ترأس وكالة الأمن القومي من قبل مدير وكالة الأمن القومي الذي يخدم إيضا كرئيس لجهاز خدمة الأمن المركزي و قائد القيادة الإلكترونية للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وهو المسؤول العسكري الأعلى رتبة لهذه المنظمات. ويساعده في ذلك نائب الرئيس وهو المسؤول المدني الأعلى رتبة ضمن وكالة الأمن القومي الأمريكية/خدمة الأمن المركزية.

وكالة الأمن القومي إيضا لديها المفتش العام وهو رئيس مكتب المفتش العام، ولديها المستشار العام الذي يرأس مكتب المستشار العام، و مدير الإلتزام الذي يرأس مكتب مدير الإلتزام.

على عكس المنظمات الاستخباراتية الأخرى، مثل وكالة المخابرات المركزية ووكالة استخبارات الدفاع ، فإن وكالة الأمن القومي لديها تحفظ ولا سيما فيما يتعلق بالهيكل التنظيمي الداخلي.

اعتبار من منتصف التسعينات, نظمت وكالة الأمن القومي إلى خمسة مديريات:

مديرية العمليات، وهي مسؤولة عن جمع المعلومات الإستخباراتية ومعالجة الإشارات.

مديرية التكنولوجيا والأنظمة، وهي مسؤولة عن تطوير تقنيات جديدة لجمع الإشارات الإستخباراتية ومعالجتها.

مديرية أمن نظم المعلومات، وهي مسؤولة عن اتصالات وكالة الأمن القومي ومهمات أمن المعلومات.

مديرية البرامج والسياسات والخطط، وهي مسؤولة توفير الدعم للموظفين والاتجاه العام للوكالة.

مديرية الخدمات المساندة، وهي مسؤولة عن توفير الدعم للأنشطة اللوجستية والإدارية.

كل من هذه المديريات تتألف من عدة مجموعات أو عناصر، بواسطة بريد إلكتروني معين، وإن لم يكن كلها معروفة علناً. يتم تقسيم المديريات في أقسام و

المنشآت والفروع

المقر الرئيسي

المقر الرئيسي لوكالة الأمن القومي يقع عند في فورت جورج ميد, ماريلاند رغم أنها منفصلة عن المجمعات و الوكالات أخرى الموجودة في نفس المنشأة العسكرية، مساحتها حوالي 20 ميل (32 كيلو متر) جنوب غربي بالتيمور،و 25 ميل (40 كيلو متر) شمالي شرقي واشنطن. وكالة الأمن القومي لديها مخارج خاصة بها في جنوب طريق ماريلاند 295, خاص للموظفين فقط. يمكن أستخدام هذه المخارج فقط للذين يحملون التصاريح المناسبة, و هناك السيارات الأمنية المتوقفة على طول الطريق لحراسة المخارج.

NSA

NSA

The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence. The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for foreign and domestic intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, specializing in a discipline known as signals intelligence (SIGINT). The NSA is also tasked with the protection of U.S. communications networks and information systems.[8][9] The NSA relies on a variety of measures to accomplish its mission, the majority of which are clandestine.[10]

Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in World War II, it was officially formed as the NSA by President Harry S. Truman in 1952. Since then, it has become the largest of the U.S. intelligence organizations in terms of personnel and budget.[6][11] The NSA currently conducts worldwide mass data collection and has been known to physically bug electronic systems as one method to this end.[12] The NSA is also alleged to have been behind such attack software as Stuxnet, which severely damaged Iran's nuclear program.[13][14] The NSA, alongside the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), maintains a physical presence in many countries across the globe; the CIA/NSA joint Special Collection Service (a highly classified intelligence team) inserts eavesdropping devices in high value targets (such as Presidential palaces or embassies). SCS collection tactics allegedly encompass "close surveillance, burglary, wiretapping, [and] breaking and entering".[15][16]

Unlike the CIA and the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), both of which specialize primarily in foreign human espionage, the NSA does not publicly conduct human-source intelligence gathering. The NSA is entrusted with providing assistance to, and the coordination of, SIGINT elements for other government organizations – which are prevented by law from engaging in such activities on their own.[17] As part of these responsibilities, the agency has a co-located organization called the Central Security Service (CSS), which facilitates cooperation between the NSA and other U.S. defense cryptanalysis components. To further ensure streamlined communication between the signals intelligence community divisions, the NSA Director simultaneously serves as the Commander of the United States Cyber Command and as Chief of the Central Security Service.

The NSA's actions have been a matter of political controversy on several occasions, including its spying on anti-Vietnam-war leaders and the agency's participation in economic espionage. In 2013, the NSA had many of its secret surveillance programs revealed to the public by Edward Snowden, a former NSA contractor. According to the leaked documents, the NSA intercepts and stores the communications of over a billion people worldwide, including United States citizens. The documents also revealed the NSA tracks hundreds of millions of people's movements using cellphones' metadata. Internationally, research has pointed to the NSA's ability to surveil the domestic Internet traffic of foreign countries through "boomerang routing"

Sanjeevani booti

Sanjeevani booti

In Hinduism, the word Sanjeevani can refer to a plant or to a mantra (a chant) or to a system/method. The description below describes Sanjeevani as a magical herb or plant. There is also a Sanjeevani chant in Hinduism which is believed to be able to bring a dead person back to life. To know more about this, read the story of Kachan and Devayani.

According to Hinduism Sanjeevani is a magical herb which has the power to cure serious nervous system problems. It was believed that medicines prepared from this herb could revive situations where death is almost certain. The herb is mentioned in the Ramayana when Ravana's son Indrajita (Meghnad) hurls a powerful weapon at Lakshmana. Lakshmana is badly wounded and is nearly killed by Indrajita. Hanuman was called upon to fetch this herb from the mount Dronagiri (Mahodaya) or Gandhamardan, far to the north of the Vindhyas on the slopes of the Himalayas. The mountain of herbs is identified as the Valley of Flowers near Badri in Uttarakhand on the slopes of the Himalayas. It is sometimes called Gandhamardan, and at other times Dronagiri. Upon reaching Dronagiri Parvata or Gandhamardan, Hanuman could not identify the herb and lifted the whole mountain and brought it to the battlefield.[1]

Several plants have been proposed as possible candidates for the Sanjeevani plant, including: Selaginella bryopteris, Dendrobium plicatile (synonym Desmotrichum fimbriatum), Cressa cretica, and others. A search of ancient texts at CSIR laboratories did not reveal any plant that can be definitively confirmed as Sanjeevani. In certain texts it is written that Sanjeevani glows in the dark.[2][3]

The herb, believed in Ayurvedic medicine to have medicinal properties, has been searched for unsuccessfully for centuries, up to modern times.[1] The Himalayan state of Uttarakhand in northern India committed an initial 250m rupees (£2.8m) of state money to search for Sanjeevani Bhooti starting in August 2016. The search was focused on the Dronagiri range of the Himalayas near the Chinese border. The Ramayana mentions a mountain believed to refer to the Dronagiri range, where the magical herb is supposed to grow. Uttarakhand established a Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (Ayush) in November 2014

Mouni Roy

Mouni Roy

Mouni Roy (born 28 September 1985) is an Indian film and television actress.[4] She is best known for playing Krishna Tulsi in Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi in 2007, Sati in Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev and Shivanya/Shivangi in Naagin in the 2 seasons in which she played the protagonist. She has also played the role of Meera in Junoon – Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq. She was a finalist on Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa in 2014. She is a trained Kathak dancer. In 2018, she made her film debut opposite Akshay Kumar with the sports biopic Gold. Roy starred alongside John Abraham in Robbie Grewal's espionage thriller Romeo Akbar Walter (2019). She portrayed Maha Naagrani Shivangi and Shivanya in the final episodes of Naagin season 3. Also in 2019, she was seen in Made in China alongside Rajkumar Rao.

She made her singing debut by the song "Bheegi Bheegi Raaton Mein" with Nakash Aziz. It is a recreated version of the song "Bheegi Bheegi Raaton Mein" from Ajnabee starring Zeenat Aman and Rajesh Khanna

Life and career

Early life and television debut (2007–2010)

Mouni Roy was born on 28 September 1985 in Cooch Behar to a Bengali family from West Bengal.[3] Her grandfather, Shekhar Chandra Roy was a well-known Jatra theatre artist. While her mother Mukti was a theatre artist, her father Anil Roy was an office superintendent of the Cooch Behar Zilla Parishad. She did her schooling till class 12th from Kendriya Vidyalaya in Baburhat, Cooch Behar and then went to Delhi. She took up mass communication at Jamia Milia Islamia at her parents' insistence, but left the course midway and went to Mumbai to try her luck in films. She finished her part 1 exams and did not return to Delhi after that.[6][better source needed] She appeared as a background dancer in the song Nahi Hona in 2004 film Run.

Mouni started her career in 2007 with the Ekta Kapoor drama Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi playing the role of Krishna Tulsi opposite Pulkit Samrat.[7] She then participated and won the first season of Zara Nachke Dikha along with Karishma Tanna and Jennifer Winget. Mouni then appeared as Shivani in the series Kasturi. In 2008, Roy participated in Pati Patni Aur Woh along with Gaurav Chopra then after in 2010, she played the role of Roop in Do Saheliyaan.

Breakthrough and success in television (2011–2017)

In 2011, Mouni starred in the Punjabi movie Hero Hitler in Love. Mouni made fame after playing the role as Sati in Life OK's mythological series Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev from 2011 to 2014.[8] During that time she played the lead as Meera opposite Aditya Redij in Life OK's Junoon – Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq in 2013.[9] In 2014, Mouni participated in the dance reality show on Colors Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa in its seventh season along with Punit Pathak.

In 2015, Mouni returned to television with Ekta Kapoor's supernatural series Naagin playing the role of Shivanya opposite Arjun Bijlani and Adaa Khan. The series topped the TRP charts since its begin and continued to so. She became one of the players of Arjun's team Mumbai Tigers in Box Cricket League. She also hosted the dance show So You Think You Can Dance along with Rithvik Dhanjani on &TV. Mouni also played a double role in Season 2 of Naagin. Her chemistry with Bijlani in season 1 and with Bohra in season 2 was highly appreciated by audience and established her as a leading actress in Indian Television Industry.[10][11] In 2016, Mouni voiced for the role of Sita in the animated film Mahayodha Rama. In the same year she also appeared in a song 'Ki Kariye Tu Nachna Aunda Ni' in Tum Bin 2.[12]

Bollywood debut and break from television (2018–present)

In 2018, Mouni made her Bollywood debut alongside Akshay Kumar in Gold directed by Reema Kagti.[13] She also made a special appearance in the film K.G.F: Chapter 1 in the song 'Gali Gali'. In May 2019, she made a cameo appearance in the final few episodes of Naagin 3 as Mahanaagrani Shivangi. In the 2019, she also starred in two films; RAW - Romeo Akbar Walter opposite John Abraham.[14] Made in China alongside Rajkumar Rao.[15]

As of 2020, she has two upcoming major projects; Mogul opposite Aamir Khan and the Indian superhero trilogy Brahmastra directed by Ayan Mukherjee and produced by Karan Johar, co-starring Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt and Amitabh Bachchan

راهول غاندي

راهول غاندي

راهول غاندي (بالهندية: राहुल गांधी)‏ (ولد في نيودلهي في 19 يونيو 1970 م) هو سياسي هندي، هو رئيس المؤتمر الوطني الهندي. هو ابن راجيف غاندي أصغر رئيس وزراء للهند ووالدته هي سونيا غاندي كما انه حفيد السياسية المخضرمة أنديرا غاندي أول امرأة تتولى رئاسة وزراء الهند، كان جده الأكبر جواهر لال نهرو والد أنديرا غاندي هو أول رئيس وزراء للهند وأيضًا رئيس وزراء الهند الذي خدم لفترة أطول من سبعة عشر عامًا. بذلك فهو ينحدر من سلسلة طويلة من السياسيين ، تعرف باسم عائلة نهرو غاندي ، التي احتلت مكانة بارزة في سياسة الهند منذ استقلال البلاد في عام 1947. ويخدم مناصب إضافية مثل رئيس مؤتمر الشباب الهندي والاتحاد الوطني للطلاب في الهند. عضو في البرلمان الهندي ، غاندي يمثل دائرة وياناد ، ولاية كيرالا في لوك سابها ال 17

مناصب

تولى منصب Member of the 14th Lok Sabha   (منذ 17 مايو 2004)

Member of the 16th Lok Sabha 

Member of the 15th Lok Sabha  .

التعليم

تعلم في كلية رولينز  ، وكلية الثالوث، كامبريدج، وجامعة هارفارد.

جوائز

حصل على جوائز منها:

جائزة هندي السنة من سي أن أن نيوز18  (200

Rahul Gandhi

Rahul Gandhi

Rahul Gandhi (About this soundpronunciation (help·info) [ˈraːɦʊl ˈɡaːnd̪ʱiː]) (born 19 June 1970) is an Indian politician who was the President of the Indian National Congress from 16 December 2017 to 3 July 2019. He hails from a long line of politicians, known as the Nehru-Gandhi family, which has occupied a prominent place in the politics of India ever since the country gained independence in 1947. His great-grandfather Jawaharlal Nehru, was the first prime minister of India and also the longest-serving Prime Minister of India having served for a total of seventeen years. Gandhi's grandmother, Indira, was the first female Prime Minister of India and his father, Rajiv, was the youngest prime minister of India to be sworn in to office. The son of Sonia and Rajiv, he is the chairperson of the Indian Youth Congress and the National Students Union of India.[1] A member of the Indian Parliament, Gandhi represents the constituency of Wayanad, Kerala in the 17th Lok Sabha.[2]

Rahul Gandhi stayed away from the public sphere for much of his childhood and early youth; he attained primary education in New Delhi and Dehradun but was later homeschooled because of security concerns. He later attended Rollins College under a pseudonym, his identity being known only to a select few individuals, which included certain university officials and security agencies. After obtaining degrees in International Relations and Development Studies at the universities of Rollins and Cambridge, Gandhi worked at the Monitor Group, a management consulting firm in London. He established the Mumbai-based technology outsourcing firm, Backops Services Private Ltd.

Rahul Gandhi entered politics in 2004 and successfully contested the general elections held that year from Amethi, a seat that was earlier held by his father; he won again from the constituency in 2009 and 2014. Amidst calls from Congress party veterans for his greater involvement in party politics and national government, Gandhi was elected Congress Vice-President in 2013, having served as the General Secretary previously. Rahul Gandhi led the INC's campaign in the 2014 Indian general elections; the party suffered its worst electoral result in its history, winning only 44 seats compared to 206 seats won previously in the 2009 general election.

Rahul Gandhi took over as the president of the Congress in December 2017. He is also a trustee of Rajiv Gandhi Foundation and Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust.

Rangoli Chandel

Rangoli Chandel

Rangoli Chandel is the sister of Bollywood actress Kangana Ranaut and an acid attack survivor.[1] She is Kangana's PR manager.[2]

Life

In 2006, Rangoli was engaged to be married to Vikram,[3] an officer of the Indian Air Force, when a friend of hers began stalking her and asked her to marry him. Upon her refusal, he first threatened to and then went on to throw acid on her.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

In February 2010, the court held Avinash and his friend Prem Singh guilty of throwing acid on Rangoli on 6th Octobr 2006, and sentenced them to five years of rigorous imprisonment.[11]

Her Twitter account was suspended in April 2020 for a divisive tweet against a community