موت

موت

الموت هو حالة توقف الكائنات الحية نهائيا عن النمو والاستقلاب والنشاطات الوظيفية الحيوية (مثل التنفس والأكل والشرب والتفكير والحركة وجميع النشاطات الحيوية) ولا يمكن للأجساد الميتة أن ترجع لمزاولة النشاطات والوظائف الآنفة الذكر.

تتنوع الطقوس المرتبطة بالموت بحسب الثقافات المختلفة، فهناك ثقافات تعمل على التخلص من جثّة الميت إما بدفنها أو بحرقها، كما قامت الحضارات الفرعونية في مصر القديمة بتحنيط الجثث وذلك لاعتقادهم بأن الروح سترجع مرة أخرى، ومن يمس الجثة ستنزل عليه لعنة الفرعون.

يقوم أتباع بعض الديانات كالإسلام بغسل الميت وتكفينه والصلاة عليه ودفنه، باستثناء حالات معينة يدفن الميت دون غسل مثل حالة الشهيد بحسب المعتقد الإسلامي ولا يتم تكفينه بغير ثيابه التي استشهد فيها، وفي الثقافات الغربية عموما يتم تجهيز الميت ليكون بشكل مقبول نسبيا وذلك في إطار طقوس توديعه وإلقاء النظرة الأخيرة عليه.

أما في الهند بالنسبة للهندوس فهناك طقوس للميت حيث يجتمع أقاربه في المحرقة ثم يحضر خشب بوزن خاص ويوضع بشكل طولي بين أعمدة من الحديد مثبتة في الأرض خصيصا لهذا الغرض ويوضع هذا الخشب ثم يؤتى بالميت ويدهن وجهه بقليل من المواد المساعدة على الاحتراق ثم يوضع فوق الخشب المصفوف سابقا ثم يوضع فوقه بقية الخشب ثم يبدء بالحرق ويوضع بعض من روث البقر اعتقادًا منهم ببركتها للميت ثم يأتي الأقارب ويبدؤون برمي بعض الأشياء الصغيرة من روث وغيره وهذا بعد أن يحترق أغلب جسده ثم تأتي عائلته وتأخذ رماد جسده وتتجه به نحو النهر المقدس ثم ينثر هناك، والجدير بالذكر أنه في السابق كان الرجل الهندي الهندوسي عندما يموت ويحرق فإن زوجته تحرق معه، وبعد أن جاءت الدولة الهندية الحديثة منعت ذلك وأصبحت تعاقب من يفعل ذلك بشدة، ولكن الهندوس عقبوا بأن من تخلص لزوجها فإنها ولا شك ستحرق نفسها مع

مصادر

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA

MOT

MOT

The MOT test (Ministry of Transport, or simply MOT) is an annual test of vehicle safety, roadworthiness aspects and exhaust emissions required in the United Kingdom for most vehicles over three years old used on any way defined as a road in the Road Traffic Act 1988; it does not apply only to highways (or in Scotland a relevant road) but includes other places available for public use, which are not highways.  In Northern Ireland the equivalent requirement applies after four years  The requirement does not apply to vehicles used only on various small islands with no convenient connection "to a road in any part of Great Britain";  no similar exemption is listed at the beginning of 2014 for Northern Ireland, which has a single inhabited island, Rathlin.  The MOT test was first introduced in 1960 as a few basic tests of a vehicle and now covers 20 different parts or systems on or in the car. 

The name derives from the Ministry of Transport,  a defunct government department, which was one of several ancestors of the current Department for Transport, but is still officially used. The MOT test certificates are currently issued in Great Britain under the auspices of the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) (formed as a result of the merger between the Driving Standards Agency (DSA) and the Vehicle and Operator Services Agency (VOSA)), an executive agency of the Department for Transport, and before 1 April 2014 by VOSA. Certificates in Northern Ireland are issued by the Driver and Vehicle Agency (DVA). The test and the pass certificate are often referred to simply as the "MOT".

About 20,100  local car repair garages throughout Great Britain, employing about 53,000 testers,  are authorised to perform testing and to issue certificates. In principle, any individual in Great Britain can apply to run a MOT station, although in order to gain an authorisation from DVSA, both the individual wanting to run the station, as well as the premises, need to meet minimal criteria set out on the government's website within the so-called VT01 form. 

In Northern Ireland tests are performed exclusively at the DVA's own test centres, although currently there is an open project investigating bringing Northern Ireland into line with the rest of the United Kingdom.

The MOT test was first introduced in 1960 under the direction of the-then Minister of Transport, Ernest Marples,  under powers in the Road Traffic Act 1956. The test was originally a basic test including brakes, lights and steering check which was to be carried out after the vehicle was ten years old and every year thereafter. This became known as the "ten year test", or alternatively the "Ministry of Transport Test". A fee is applicable to the test and the amount involved for a car when testing was first introduced in 1960 was fourteen shillings (70 new (decimal) pence) plus one shilling (5 new pence) for the certificate. The high failure rate resulted in the age that vehicles became due for testing being reduced to seven years on 31 December 1961. In 1962, the first commercial vehicle exam was created and a valid certificate was required in order to receive a tax disc, and in April 1967, the testable age for an MOT was reduced to three years. On 1 January 1983, the testable age for ambulances, taxis and vehicles with more than eight passenger seats; excluding the driver's, was reduced to one year.

The list of items tested has been continually expanded over the years, including:

1968 – a tyre check

1977 – checks of windscreen wipers and washers, indicators, brake lights, horns, exhaust system and condition of the body structure and chassis

1991 – checks of the emissions test for petrol engine vehicles, together with checks on the anti-lock braking system, rear wheel bearings, rear wheel steering (where appropriate) and rear seat belts

1992 – a stricter tyre tread depth requirement for most vehicles

1994 – a check of emissions for diesel engine vehicles

2005 – introduction of a computerised administration system for issuing non-secure test certificates, and the creation of the 'Automated Test Bay' which differed from traditional testing by installing equipment in the bay to obviate the need for a tester's assistant during the test

2012 – checks of secondary restraint systems, battery and wiring, electronic stability control (ESC), speedometers and steering locks.

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOT_test

Alan Bennett

Alan Bennett

Alan Bennett (born 9 May 1934) is an English actor, author, playwright, and screenwriter. He was born in Leeds and attended Oxford University, where he studied history and performed with the Oxford Revue. He stayed to teach and research medieval history at the university for several years. His collaboration as writer and performer with Dudley Moore, Jonathan Miller and Peter Cook in the satirical revue Beyond the Fringe at the 1960 Edinburgh Festival brought him instant fame. He gave up academia, and turned to writing full-time, his first stage play, Forty Years On, being produced in 1968.

His work includes The Madness of George III and its film adaptation, the series of monologues Talking Heads, the play and subsequent film of The History Boys, and audio books, including his readings of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Winnie-the-Pooh.

Bennett was born in Armley in Leeds.  The youngest son of a co-op butcher, Walter, and his wife Lilian Mary (née Peel), Bennett attended Christ Church, Upper Armley, Church of England School (in the same class as Barbara Taylor Bradford), and then Leeds Modern School (now Lawnswood School).

He learned Russian at the Joint Services School for Linguists during his national service before applying for a scholarship at Oxford University. He was accepted by Exeter College, Oxford, from which he graduated with a first-class degree in history. While at Oxford he performed comedy with a number of eventually successful actors in the Oxford Revue. He remained at the university for several years, where he served as a junior lecturer of Medieval History at Magdalen College,  before deciding, in 1960, that he was not suited to being an academic

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bennett

Keir Starmer

Keir Starmer

Sir Keir Rodney Starmer KCB QC MP (born 2 September 1962) is a British politician who has served as Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition since 2020. He has been Member of Parliament for Holborn and St Pancras since 2015. Ideologically, he identifies as a socialist and has been described as being on the soft left within the Labour Party.

After qualifying for the bar, he acted exclusively as a defence lawyer specialising in human rights issues, before being appointed as a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 2002. In 2008, he became Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) and Head of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), holding these roles until 2013. For his role as Director of Public Prosecutions, Starmer was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 2014 New Year Honours.

Elected to the House of Commons in the 2015 general election, Starmer was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet in October 2016 as Shadow Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, after the vote to leave the European Union. Starmer was a vocal advocate for a second referendum, stating he would have voted to remain. After Labour's defeat in the 2019 general election, Starmer was elected to succeed Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party in April 2020.

Keir Rodney Starmer was born in Southwark, London, on 2 September 1962 and grew up in the small town of Oxted in Surrey.  He was born second of the four children of Josephine (née Baker), a nurse, and Rodney Starmer, a toolmaker.  His mother had Still's disease.  His parents were Labour Party supporters, and named him after the party's first parliamentary leader, Keir Hardie.  He passed the 11-plus examination and gained entry to Reigate Grammar School,  then a voluntary aided state school, although it converted to an independent fee-paying grammar school in 1976 while he was there.  In his teenage years Starmer was active in Labour politics, and was a member of the East Surrey Young Socialists.  He was a junior exhibitioner at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama until the age of 18, and played the flute, piano, recorder and violin.  He studied law at the University of Leeds, graduating with a first class Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree in 1985.  He undertook postgraduate studies at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, graduating from the University of Oxford as a Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) in 1986

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_Starmer

مارشا جونسون

مارشا جونسون

مارشا بي جونسون (بالإنجليزية: Marsha P. Johnson)‏ هي ناشطة حقوق مثليين أمريكية وملكة جَرّ (ممثل بلباس امرأة). جونسون كانت من الأشخاص البارزين الذين شهدوا وشاركوا في أحداث ستونوول (stonewall uprising) عام 1969 والتي كانت عاملا كبيرا ساهم في تحريك وبدء حركة حقوق المثليين والمجتمع الميمي LGBT في أمريكا، إحدى المؤسسين لجبهة التحرير المثلية ( Gay Liberation Front). جونسون كانت شخصية بارزة ومشهورة في الساحة المثلية والفنية في مدينة نيويورك, شاركت في عروض جر دراج مع فرقة عرض الدراج Hot Peach. وعرفت بتواجدها المحمود في شوارع قرية جرينويتش (Greenwich Village), وكانت مارشا ناشطة لحقوق مرضى الأيدز بمشاركتها مع ACT UP.

ولدت جونسون باسم مالكوم مايكلز جونيور في الرابع والعشرين من أغسطس عام 1945 في إليزابيث نيوجيرسي مع ستة أشقاء وأب اسمه مالكوم مايكلز، الذي كان عامل خط تجميع في شركة جينيرال موتورز. كانت والدة جونسون، ألبيرتا كلايبورن، ربة منزل. ارتادت جونسون الكنيسة الأسقفية الأفريقية الميتودية عندما كانت طفلة، وكانت متدينة بشكل مكرس طيلة حياتها، واهتمت في الغالب بالكاثوليكية لكنها قدمت القرابين للقديسين بطريقة شخصية وأبقت مذبحها الخاص في المنزل. بدأت جونسون بارتداء الفساتين في سن الخامسة لكنها توقفت مؤقتًا بسبب تحرش الصبيان الذين سكنوا بالقرب من منزلها. وفي مقابلة عام 1992، تحدثت جونسون عن كونها ضحية شابة للاعتداء الجنسي من قبل شاب مراهق. بعد ذلك، وصفت فكرة كونها مثلية الجنس بأنه ضرب من الأحلام أكثر من كونه شيئًا ممكنًا، وهكذا اختارت ألا تقوم بنشاط جنسي حتى ذهابها إلى مدينة نيويورك في سن السابعة عشرة. ذكرت التقارير قول أم جونسون بأن المثلي جنسيًا هو «في مرتبة أدنى من الكلب»، لكن جونسون قالت إن والدتها لم تكن على دراية بمجتمع الميم. تخرجت جونسون من ثانوية إديسون السابقة (تعرف الآن باسم الأكاديمية المهنية والتقنية لتوماس أي إديسون) في إليزابيث عام 1963، وبعد ذلك غادرت إلى مدينة نيويورك وبحوزتها حقيبة ملابس و15 دولارًا. عملت نادلة بعد أن انتقلت إلى قرية غرينتش في عام 1966. التقت جونسون المثليين جنسيًا في المدينة، وفي آخر المطاف، شعرت أنه بمقدورها أن تكون مثلية الجنس وتمكنت من الاعتراف بذلك.

مراجع

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86

Marsha P. Johnson

Marsha P. Johnson

Marsha P. Johnson (August 24, 1945 – July 6, 1992) was an American gay liberation  activist and self-identified drag queen.   Known as an outspoken advocate for gay rights, Johnson was one of the prominent figures in the Stonewall uprising of 1969.  A founding member of the Gay Liberation Front, Johnson co-founded the radical activist group Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (S.T.A.R.), alongside close friend Sylvia Rivera. A popular figure in New York City's gay and art scene, Johnson modeled for Andy Warhol, and performed onstage with the drag performance troupe Hot Peaches.[6] Known for decades as a welcoming presence in the streets of Greenwich Village, Johnson was known as the "mayor of Christopher Street".  From 1987 through 1992, Johnson was an AIDS activist with ACT UP.

Johnson was born Malcolm Michaels Jr. on August 24, 1945, in Elizabeth, New Jersey, with six siblings and a father, Malcolm Michaels Sr., who was an assembly line worker at General Motors. Johnson's mother, Alberta Claiborne, was a housekeeper. Johnson attended an African Methodist Episcopal Church as a child and remained devoutly religious in later life, often taking an interest in Catholicism, but also making offerings to the saints in a personal manner, keeping a private altar at home.  Johnson first began wearing dresses at the age of five but stopped temporarily due to harassment by boys who lived nearby. In a 1992 interview, Johnson described being the young victim of sexual assault by an adolescent boy.  After this, Johnson described the idea of being gay as "some sort of dream", rather than something that seemed possible, and so chose to remain asexual until leaving for New York City at 17.  Johnson's mother reportedly said that being homosexual is like being "lower than a dog",  but Johnson said that Alberta was unaware of the LGBT community. After graduating from the former Edison High School (now the Thomas A. Edison Career and Technical Academy) in Elizabeth in 1963, Johnson left home for New York City with $15 and a bag of clothes.  Johnson waited on tables after moving to Greenwich Village in 1966.  After meeting gay people in the city, Johnson finally felt it was possible to be gay and was able to come out

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_P._Johnson

صالح جمعة

صالح جمعة

صالح جمعة (مواليد 1 أغسطس 1993) هو لاعب كرة قدم مصري يجيد اللعب في مركز الوسط مع منتخب مصر و النادي الأهلي المصري ، وهو شقيق اللاعب عبد الله جمعة. يعتبر أحد أبرز المواهب الواعدة في مصر، وقد انضم للأهلي في موسم 2015–16 قادمًا من إنبي، بعد أن خاض تجربة احتراف قصيرة في صفوف نادي ناسيونال ماديرا البرتغالي. ونال رقم القميص 22 خلفًا للاعب الأهلي محمد أبو تريكة، ويتميز صالح بدقة التمريرات، ويعد من أبرز اللاعبين في مركزه.

أعاره النادي الأهلي إلى نادي الفيصلي مطلع عام 2018 .

مراجع

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9