Manchester

Manchester

Manchester (/ˈmæntʃɪstər, -tʃɛs-/) is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England. It has a population of 547,627 as of 2018 (making it the fifth-most populous English district).  It lies within the United Kingdom's second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.5 million  and third-most populous metropolitan area, with a population of 3.3 million.  It is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation.  The local authority for the city is Manchester City Council.

The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium or Mancunium, which was established in about AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell. Although historically and traditionally a part of Lancashire, areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated into Manchester in the 20th century. The first to be included, Wythenshawe, was added to the city in 1931. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township, but began to expand "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution,  and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city  Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and directly linking the city to the Irish Sea, 36 miles (58 km) to the west. Its fortune declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation, but the IRA bombing in 1996 led to extensive investment and regeneration.  Following successful redevelopment after the IRA bombing, Manchester was the host city for the 2002 Commonwealth Games.

In 2019, Manchester surpassed Edinburgh to become the second most visited city in the UK after London  The city is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections.

Manchester is a city of notable firsts. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the world's first inter-city passenger railway station and the oldest remaining railway station. The city has also excelled in scientific and engineering advancement, as it was at The University of Manchester, in 1917, that scientist Ernest Rutherford first split the atom. The university's further achievements include Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill who developed and built the world's first stored-program computer in 1948; and, in 2004, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov successfully isolated and characterised the first graphene. While in 1904 Rolls-Royce motor car company was founded in Manchester by Henry Royce and Charles Rolls.

The name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunio and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians (/mænˈkjuːniən/). These names are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name. The generally accepted etymology of this name is that it comes from Brittonic *mamm- ("breast", in reference to a "breast-like hill").  However, more recent work suggests that it could come from *mamma ("mother", in reference to a local river goddess). Both usages are preserved in Insular Celtic languages, such as mam meaning "breast" in Irish and "mother" in Welsh.  The suffix -chester is from Old English ceaster ("Roman fortification", itself a loanword from Latin castra, "fort; fortified town")

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester

Drayton Manor

Drayton Manor

Drayton Manor is a theme park and zoo in the grounds of the former Drayton Manor, in Drayton Bassett, Staffordshire, England, UK.

The park covers 280 acres of which about 113 acres are in use and hosts about 1.5 million people each year. The park's maximum daily capacity is 15,000 guests, which is set with guest experience and traffic congestion in mind. It is the fourth largest amusement park in the UK by land area at 280 acres.

The park is also home to Thomas Land and Drayton Manor Zoo, home to over 100 animals, including Red pandas, Eurasian lynx, Sumatran tigers and variety of monkeys and gibbons.

As of 03 August 2020 Drayton Manor Park has been sold to Looping Group.

The land on which the theme park was built on once belonged to the Peel family. Drayton Manor mansion, built for Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet in 1835, had been reduced to ruins by 1926. The British Army requisitioned it as a training post during World War II. After the war, entrepreneurs George and Vera Bryan borrowed £6,000 and bought the land (and the 17 huts that the army had constructed during their stay). In 1950, they opened a small amusement park with just a handful of children's rides. In 1954, Mrs Molly Badham, who later opened the nearby Twycross Zoo, joined forces with the Bryans and opened a small zoo to complement the amusement park. The amusement park grew slowly in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, but in the late 1980s, the park began to install bigger and more thrilling rides to attract customers from all over the United Kingdom. Drayton Manor Theme Park is today the fifth most popular theme park in the UK and is still managed by Colin Bryan, though his two sons do the majority of his job now, as Colin suffers from Dementia.

In 2019, a website was created named "Drayton Talk", where people can talk about the park's rides, zoo and hotels 

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drayton_Manor_Theme_Park

Raksha Bandhan

Raksha Bandhan

Raksha Bandhan, also Raksha Bandhanam (Sanskrit: रक्षाबन्धनम्, romanized: Rakṣābandhanam),  is a Hindu, annual ceremony celebrated in India, Nepal and other parts of the Indian subcontinent, and among people around the world influenced by Hindu and Indian culture. On this day, sisters of all ages tie a talisman, or amulet, called the rakhi or raksha, around the wrists of their brothers, symbolically protecting them, receiving a gift in return, and traditionally investing the brothers with a share of the responsibility of their potential care 

Raksha Bandhan is observed on the last day of the Hindu lunar calendar month of Shraavana, which typically falls in August. The expression "Raksha Bandhan," Sanskrit, literally, "the bond of protection, obligation, or care," is now principally applied to this ritual. Until the mid-20th-century, the expression was more commonly applied to a similar ritual, also held on the same day, with precedence in ancient Hindu texts, in which a domestic priest ties amulets, charms, or threads on the wrists of his patrons, or changes their sacred thread, and receives gifts of money; in some places, this is still the case.  In contrast, the sister-brother festival, with origins in folk culture, had names which varied with location, with some rendered as Saluno Silono,  and Rakri A ritual associated with Saluno included the sisters placing shoots of barley behind the ears of their brothers. 

Of special significance to married women, Raksha Bandhan is rooted in the practice of territorial or village exogamy, in which a bride marries out of her natal village or town, and her parents, by custom, do not visit her in her married home.  In rural north India, where village exogamy is strongly prevalent, large numbers of married Hindu women travel back to their parents' homes every year for the ceremony. Their brothers, who typically live with the parents or nearby, sometimes travel to their sisters' married home to escort them back. Many younger married women arrive a few weeks earlier at their natal homes and stay until the ceremony.  The brothers serve as lifelong intermediaries between their sisters' married and parental homes,  as well as potential stewards of their security.

In urban India, where families are increasingly nuclear, the festival has become more symbolic, but continues to be highly popular. The rituals associated with this festival have spread beyond their traditional regions and have been transformed through technology and migration,  the movies,  social interaction,  and promotion by politicized Hinduism,  as well as by the nation state. 

Among women and men who are not blood relatives, there is also a transformed tradition of voluntary kin relations, achieved through the tying of rakhi amulets, which have cut across caste and class lines, and Hindu and Muslim divisions.  In some communities or contexts, other figures, such as a matriarch, or a person in authority, can be included in the ceremony in ritual acknowledgement of their benefaction. 

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan

جون هيوم

جون هيوم

جون هيوم (1937 - 2020)، هو سياسي أيرلندي سابق من ديري، أيرلندا الشمالية. وهو عضو مؤسس في حزب الاشتراكية الاجتماعية والعمال. تقاسم هيوم جائزة نوبل للسلام مع ديفيد تريمبل في عام 1998.

تقلد هيوم منصب القائد الثاني لحزب العمال في أيرلندا في عام 1979، واحتفظ به حتى عام 2001. وشغل كذلك مقعدًا في البرلمان الأوروبي، وبرلمان المملكة المتحدة، وجمعية أيرلندا الشمالية.

يُعد هيوم أحد أهم الشخصيات المؤثرة في تاريخ أيرلندا السياسي الحديث، ويُنسب إليه الفضل في عملية السلام في أيرلندا الشمالية. فاز هيوم بجائزة غاندي للسلام وجائزة مارتن لوثر كينغ، وبذلك أصبح الفائز الوحيد بجوائز السلام الثلاثة. وفي عام 2010 لُقب بأعظم شخصية في أيرلندا وفقًا لاستطلاع الرأي الذي أجراه راديو وتلفزيون أيرلندا. وفي عام 2012 كرمه البابا بندكت السادس عشر بلقب قائد فارس ومنحه وسام القديس غريغوري العظيم.

بداياته

وُلد جون هيوم في ديري لعائلة أيرلندية كاثوليكية. هاجر جده الذي كان يتبع الكنيسة المشيخية من اسكتلندا إلى مقاطعة دونيجال. كان هيوم طالبًا في كلية القديس كولومب وكلية القديس باتريك في ماينوث التي تُعد أهم معهد لاهوت كاثوليكي في أيرلندا وكلية مُعترف بها في جامعة أيرلندا الوطنية التي كان يرغب هيوم في الالتحاق بها حتى يحصل على درجة الكهنوت. ومن بين معلميه توماس أوفي رئيس الأساقفة في أيرلندا.

لم يكمل هيوم دراساته اللاهوتية، ولكنه نال درجة ماجستير الآداب من نفس الجامعة ثم عاد إلى بلدته الأصلية وصار مُعلمًا. كان هيوم عضوًا مؤسسًا في حركة الاتحاد الائتماني وعضوًا في اللجنة التي تطالب بإقامة جامعة في مدينة ديري في عام 1965.

أضحى هيوم شخصية بارزة في حركة الحقوق المدنية في أواخر ستينيات القرن العشرين بجانب عدة رموز أخرى مثل هيو لوغ. قاد هيوم الحركة المنادية بإنشاء جامعة ثانية في مدينة ديري في منتصف الستينيات ولكنها باءت بالفشل. وعقب تلك الحملة واصل هيوم جهوده حتى صار شخصية بارزة في لجنة مواطني ديري. أُنشئت تلك اللجنة عقب مسيرة 5 أكتوبر في ديري التي جذبت الكثير من الاهتمام بشأن الأوضاع في أيرلندا الشمالية. حاولت لجنة مواطني ديري أن تستغل الدعاية التي أحاطت بالأحداث المستجدة في أيرلندا لتسليط الضوء على شكاوي الناس في ديري التي نجحت الحكومة النقابية في إخمادها لأعوام. وبخلاف اتحاد الحقوق المدنية في أيرلندا الشمالية، استهدفت لجنة مواطني ديري الحكومة المحلية على وجه التحديد بهدف تحسين الأوضاع في ديري للجميع مع حفظ السلم. تعاونت تلك اللجنة كذلك مع اتحاد ستيواردز في منع جميع أشكال العنف من الحدوث خلال المسيرات والاعتصامات الإضرابية.

مراجع

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85

John Hume

John Hume

John Hume KCSG (18 January 1937 – 3 August 2020) was an Irish politician who served as Leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) from 1979 to 2001. He was a founding member of the SDLP, and was co-recipient of the 1998 Nobel Peace Prize, with David Trimble.

Hume was a native of Derry, Northern Ireland. He was the second leader of the SDLP, a position he held from 1979 until 2001. He served as a Member of the European Parliament and a Member of the UK Parliament, as well as a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly.

He was regarded as one of the most important figures in the recent political history of Ireland and one of the architects of the Northern Ireland peace process. He was also a recipient of the Gandhi Peace Prize and the Martin Luther King Award, the only recipient of the three major peace awards. In 2010 he was named "Ireland's Greatest" in a public poll by Irish national broadcaster RTÉ to find the greatest person in Ireland's history.  In 2012, Pope Benedict XVI made Hume a Knight Commander of the Papal Order of St. Gregory the Great. 

John Hume was born in Derry with an Irish Catholic background. His great-grandfather was a Presbyterian immigrant into County Donegal from Scotland.  Hume was a student at St. Columb's College and at St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, the leading Catholic seminary in Ireland and a recognised college of the National University of Ireland, where he intended to study for the priesthood. Among his teachers was the future Tomás Cardinal Ó Fiaich, a future Primate of All Ireland. 

He did not complete his clerical studies but did obtain an M.A degree from the college, and then returned home to his native city and became a teacher. He was a founding member of the Credit Union movement in the city and was chair of the University for Derry Committee in 1965. 

Hume became a leading figure in the civil rights movement in the late 1960s along with people such as Hugh Logue.  Hume was prominent in the unsuccessful fight to have Northern Ireland's second university established in Derry in the mid-sixties. After this campaign, John Hume went on to be a prominent figure in the Derry Citizens' Action Committee. The DCAC was set up in the wake of 5 October march through Derry which had caused so much attention to be drawn towards the situation in Northern Ireland. The purpose of the DCAC was to make use of the publicity surrounding recent events to bring to light grievances in Derry that had been suppressed by the Unionist Government for years. The DCAC, unlike Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA), however, was aimed specifically at a local campaign, improving the situation in Derry for all, and maintaining a peaceful stance.  The committee also had a Stewards Association that was there to prevent any violence at marches or sit-downs.

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hume

فصام

فصام

وأيضا الشيزوفرينيا هو اضطراب نفسي يتسم بسلوك اجتماعي غير طبيعي وفشل في تمييز الواقع. تشمل الأعراض الشائعة الوهام واضطراب الفكر والهلوسة السمعية بالإضافة إلى انخفاض المشاركة الاجتماعية والتعبير العاطفي وانعدام الإرادة. غالبًا ما يكون لدى المصابين بالفصام مشاكل نفسية أُخرى مثل اضطراب القلق والاضطراب الاكتئابي واضطراب تعاطي المخدرات. عادة ما تظهر الأعراض تدريجيا، حيث تبدأ في مرحلة البلوغ، وتستمر لفترة طويلة.

تتضمن مسببات الفصام عوامل بيئية وجينية. العوامل البيئية المُحتملة تتضمن النشأة في المُدن وتعاطي القنب وبعض الأمراض المعدية وعمر الوالدين وسوء التغذية خلال الحمل. وتتضمن العوامل الجينية مجموعة متنوعة من المتغيرات الجينية الشائعة والنادرة على حدٍ سواء. يعتمد التشخيص على ملاحظة سلوك المريض وتجارب التي أفاد بها. خلال عملية التشخيص يجب أخذ ثقافة الفرد بعين الاعتبار. اعتبارا من 2013 لا يوجد أي اختبار موضوعي للفحص. الفصام أو السكيتسوفرينيا لا تدل على "انقسام الشخصية" أو اضطراب انفصال الهوية — وهي حالة نفسية غالبا ما تَختلط على معظم عامة الناس.

تُمثل الأدوية المضادة للذهان الركيزة الأساسية في علاج الفصام بالإضافة إلى العلاج النفسي وإعادة التأهيل المهني والاجتماعي. من غير الواضح إذا ما كانت مضادات النمطية أم غير النمطية أفضل في العلاج. في الحالات التي لا تتحسن باستخدام مضادات الذهان، قد يتم استخدام الكلوزابين. في بعض الحالات الأكثر خطورة — التي تشكل خطرا على سلامة المريض أو الآخرين — قد يَلزم الإيداع الإجباري بالمستشفى بالرغم من أن مدة الإقامة بالمستشفى أقصر وأقل تكراراً مما كانت عليه سابقًا.

يصاب حوالي 0.3-0.7% من الناس بالفصام خلال فترة ما خلال حياتهم. في عام 2013، قُدر بأن هناك حوالي 23.6 مليون حالة حول العالم. والذكور أكثر عرضة للإصابة بالمرض من الإناث. حوالي 20% من المصابين يبلون بلاء حسنًا وعدد أقل يُشفى تمامًا من المرض. من الشائع أن يعاني المريض من مشاكل اجتماعية مثل البطالة لفترة طويلة والفقر وانعدام المأوى. متوسط العمر المتوقع للأشخاص الذين يعانون من الاضطراب أقل بحوالي 10 إلى 25 سنة من المتوسط المتوقع للأفراد الطبيعيين، وهو ما ينتج عن تزايد المشاكل الصحية الجسمانية وارتفاع معدل الانتحار (حوالي 5%). في 2013، قُدر بأن هناك 16,000 حالة وفاة ناتجة عن سلوكيات ذات علاقة أو ناجمة عن الفُصام.

قد يعاني الشخص الذي تم تشخيص حالته بالفُصام من هلوسة (أغلبها سماع أصوات) ووُهام (يتصف غالباً بالغرابة أو ذو طبيعة اضطهادية) وكلام وتفكير مضطرب. يمكن أن يتراوح الأخير من فقدان تتابع الأفكار إلى ضعف ترابط الجمل من حيث المعنى وإلى كلام غير مفهوم في الحالات الخطيرة. من الأعراض الشائعة عند الإصابة بالفُصام؛ الانسحاب الاجتماعي وعدم الاهتمام بالملبس أو النظافة الشخصية والافتقار إلى الحافز والقدرة على تقدير الأمور. غالباً ما يلاحظ نمط من الأزمات الانفعالية، مثل ضعف الاستجابة. كما يرتبط قصور الإدراك الاجتماعي بالإصابة بالفُصام، وكأحد أعراض جنون الارتياب؛ عادةً ما تحدث عزلة اجتماعية. كما توجد عادةً صعوبات في عملية والذاكرة طويلة المدى والانتباه والأداء التنفيذي وسرعة معالجة المعلومات. يمكن أن يظل الشخص المصاب بأحد الأنواع الفرعية غير الشائعة صامتاً لفترات طويلة أو يبقى دون حركة في وضعيات غريبة أو يصاب باهتياج عشوائي؛ وجميعها من علامات الإصابة بالجامود.

يكون لدى المصابين بالفُصام نسبة أعلى للإصابة بمتلازمة القولون المتهيج ولكنهم غالبا لا يذكرون الأمر إلا إذا تم سؤالهم على وجه التحديد.

المصادر

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis.  Major symptoms include hallucinations (often hearing voices), delusions (having beliefs not shared by others), and disorganized thinking. Other symptoms include social withdrawal, decreased emotional expression, and lack of motivation.  Symptoms typically come on gradually, begin in young adulthood, and in many cases never resolve.  There is no objective diagnostic test; diagnosis is based on observed behavior, a history that includes the person's reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person.  To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, symptoms and functional impairment need to be present for six months, (DSM-5), or one month, (ICD-11).  Many people with schizophrenia have other mental disorders that often includes an anxiety disorder such as panic disorder, an obsessive–compulsive disorder, or a substance use disorder. 

About 0.3% to 0.7% of people are affected by schizophrenia during their lifetime. In 2017, there were an estimated 1.1 million new cases and in 2019 a total of 20 million cases globally.  Males are more often affected and on average have an earlier onset. The causes of schizophrenia include genetic and environmental factors.  Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare genetic variants.  Possible environmental factors include being raised in a city, cannabis use during adolescence, infections, the ages of a person's mother or father, and poor nutrition during pregnancy 

About half of those diagnosed with schizophrenia will have a significant improvement over the long term with no further relapses, and a small proportion of these will recover completely.  The other half will have a lifelong impairment,  and severe cases may be repeatedly admitted to hospital.  Social problems such as long-term unemployment, poverty, homelessness, exploitation, and victimization are common consequences of schizophrenia.  Compared to the general population, people with schizophrenia have a higher suicide rate (about 5% overall) and more physical health problems,  leading to an average decreased life expectancy of 20 years.  In 2015, an estimated 17,000 deaths were caused by schizophrenia. 

The mainstay of treatment is an antipsychotic medication, along with counselling, job training, and social rehabilitation  Up to a third of people do not respond to initial antipsychotics, in which case the antipsychotic clozapine may be used.  In situations where there is a risk of harm to self or others, a short involuntary hospitalization may be necessary.  Long-term hospitalization may be needed for a small number of people with severe schizophrenia.  In countries where supportive services are limited or unavailable, long-term hospital stays are more typical 

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by significant alterations in perception, thoughts, mood, and behavior. Symptoms are described in terms of positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms.  The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the same for any psychosis and are sometimes referred to as psychotic symptoms. These may be present in any of the different psychoses, and are often transient making early diagnosis of schizophrenia problematic. Psychosis noted for the first time in a person who is later diagnosed with schizophrenia is referred to as a first-episode psychosis (FEP). 

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia