Ilicic

Josip Iličić (Croatian pronunciation: [jǒsip ǐlitʃitɕ];  born 29 January 1988) is a Slovenian professional footballer who plays as a Forward for Serie A club Atalanta and the Slovenia national team.

He began his professional career with Slovenian club Bonifika, later also playing for Interblock and Maribor in his home country, before moving to Italy in 2010 to join Palermo. In 2013, he signed for Fiorentina, and subsequently for Atalanta in 2017. He enjoyed his best time as a professional footballer with Atalanta scoring 11 or more goals in each of his first 3 years at the club and was awarded a spot in the 2018–19 Serie A Team of the Year. He is also the first player to ever score 4 away goals in a Champions League knockout match and is also the oldest player to score 4 goals in a Champions League match.

At international level, Iličić made his senior debut for Slovenia in 2010.

Born in Prijedor, Iličić started his career playing in the youth teams of Triglav Kranj and later Britof from Kranj.  At the age of 19, he moved to SC Bonifika, where he played for a season in Slovenian second division, 2. SNL. It was there when his talent was spotted by Interblock, where he stayed for two seasons playing in Slovenian top league, 1. SNL. At the end of the 2009–10 season, Interblock was relegated into 2. SNL after two qualifications matches against Triglav. Despite being one of the best players of his club and one of the top prospects of Slovenian football Iličić finished the season as a reserve. 

Aged 21, Iličić contemplated an idea of finishing his playing career altogether, however, a few weeks later he received a phone call from Zlatko Zahovič, Director of Football at Maribor, who proposed he should sign for the club.  In a life changing decision, Iličić took the offer immediately and moved to Slovenia's second largest city where he made a big impact from the start as he scored twice in the UEFA Europa League match against the Scottish Premier League club Hibernian in July 2010.  He then scored again, in the return leg of the UEFA Europa League playoff round against Sicilian Palermo, which ended in a 3–2 win for the Slovenian side. On the very next day, it was confirmed that Palermo had acquired Iličić and teammate Armin Bačinović from Maribor for a permanent move.  The transfer fee paid by Palermo was undisclosed, but it was reported to be around €2.3 million. 

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Ili%C4%8Di%C4%87

Hays Travel

Hays Travel Limited is an independent travel agent chain headquartered in Sunderland, England. It is the largest independent travel agent in the United Kingdom. As an independent agent, Hays Travel uses other tour operators in the United Kingdom to provide package holidays to customers.

Hays Travel was founded in 1980 by John Hays in Seaham, Durham, where he opened a small retail store behind his mother's clothing store.  Hays Travel reached sales of over £1 billion in May 2018.  The company's turnover increased by £42 million over 2017, and pre tax profit was up slightly to £10.1 million. At the time, the company had about 1,500 employees. 

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_Travel

Kombucha

Kombucha (also tea mushroom, tea fungus, or Manchurian mushroom when referring to the culture; Latin name Medusomyces gisevii ) is a fermented, lightly effervescent, sweetened black or green tea drink commonly consumed for its supposed health benefits. Sometimes the beverage is called kombucha tea to distinguish it from the culture of bacteria and yeast.  Juice, spices, fruit or other flavorings are often added to enhance the taste of the beverage.

Kombucha is thought to have originated in Manchuria, China where the drink is traditionally consumed, or in Russia and Eastern Europe.  Kombucha is now homebrewed globally, and also bottled and sold commercially by various companies. 

Kombucha is produced by fermenting sugared tea using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) commonly called a "mother" or "mushroom". The microbial populations in a SCOBY vary; the yeast component generally includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae, along with other species; the bacterial component almost always includes Gluconacetobacter xylinus to oxidize yeast-produced alcohols to acetic acid (and other acids). Although the SCOBY is commonly called "tea fungus" or "mushroom", it is actually "a symbiotic growth of acetic acid bacteria and osmophilic yeast species in a zoogleal mat  ".  The living bacteria are said to be probiotic, one of the reasons for the popularity of the drink. 

Numerous implausible health benefits have been attributed to drinking kombucha.  These include claims for treating AIDS, aging, anorexia, arthritis, atherosclerosis, cancer, constipation, and diabetes, but there is no evidence to support any of these claims.  Moreover, the beverage has caused rare cases of serious adverse effects, including fatalities, possibly arising from contamination during home preparation.  Therefore, it is not recommended for therapeutic purposes. 

The exact origins of kombucha are not known, although Manchuria is the likely place of origin.  It may have originated as recently as 200 years ago or as early as 2,000 years ago.  The drink is reported to have been consumed in east Russia at least as early as 1900 and from there entered Europe.  Its consumption increased in the United States during the early 21st century.   Having an alcohol content of less than 0.5%, kombucha is not a federally regulated beverage in the United States.

Prior to 2015, some commercially available kombucha brands were found to contain alcohol content exceeding this threshold, sparking the development of new testing methods.  With rising popularity in developed countries in the early 21st century, kombucha sales increased after it was marketed by   as an alternative to beer and other alcoholic drinks in restaurants and pubs. 

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombucha

Willian

Willian Borges da Silva (born 9 August 1988), commonly known as Willian (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈwiliã]), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a winger or as an attacking midfielder for Premier League club Arsenal and the Brazil national team.

Willian started his career at Corinthians, before joining Shakhtar Donetsk in August 2007 for a fee of €14 million. In his six years at the club, he won honours including five Ukrainian Premier League titles and the UEFA Cup in 2009. In 2013, he briefly signed for Anzhi Makhachkala before joining Chelsea for £30 million, winning the Premier League and League Cup in his second season in England.

Willian made his debut for Brazil in 2011 and has since represented his country at the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cups, as well as the 2015 Copa América, the Copa América Centenario, and the 2019 Copa América, a tournament Brazil won on home soil.

In 2007, after coming through their youth system, Willian started playing for the Corinthians first team, where he wore the number 10. He made five league appearances during his first season with the senior side as Corinthians finished mid-table. He made his breakthrough with Corinthians in the following campaign, featuring in 11 league matches, scoring twice, and made 29 appearances in all competitions for the club. Although they were 13th when Willian was sold , they ended up finishing 17th in the Série A and were relegated for the first time in club history

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willian_(footballer,_born_1988)

Will Young

William Robert Young (born 20 January 1979) is a British singer-songwriter and actor from Wokingham, England  who came to prominence after winning the 2002 inaugural series of the ITV talent contest Pop Idol, making him the first winner of the worldwide Idol franchise. His double A-sided debut single "Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen" was released two weeks after the show's finale and became the fastest-selling debut single in the UK. Young also came in fifth place in World Idol performing the single "Light My Fire" written by the band The Doors.

As a teenager, Young studied politics at the University of Exeter before moving to London, where he studied musical theatre at Arts Educational School. Young put his studies on hold in late 2001 to become a contestant on Pop Idol. After winning the competition the following year, he released his debut album From Now On (2002) which went straight to number one. Friday's Child (2003) followed and enjoyed greater success, eventually going platinum five times in the UK and spawning three top five singles. His following albums Keep On (2005), Let It Go (2008) and Echoes (2011) also went multi-platinum and his most recent release 85% Proof (2015) became his fourth UK number-one album. His albums have spawned many songs that have achieved top ten positions in the UK, four of which went to the number one spot. Young has also undertaken numerous concert tours, and has accumulated multiple honours, including two Brit Awards from 12 nominations, and the estimated worldwide sale of over eight million albums.  Young's net worth was estimated at £13.5 million in April 2012. 

Alongside his music career, Young has acted in film, on stage and in television. For his performance in the 2013 London revival of the musical Cabaret, he was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical. He has also participated in philanthropy and released books Anything is Possible (2002),[4] On Camera, Off Duty (2004) and his autobiography Funny Peculiar (2012).

Young was born on 20 January 1979 in Wokingham, Berkshire, and is the second-oldest child of Robin Young, a company director of an engineering firm, and Annabel Young (née Griffith), a plant nursery gardener. Born six weeks prematurely, he was ten minutes older than his twin brother, Rupert (20 January 1979 – 3 August 2020).  He also has an older sister Emma. 

Young was born into an affluent, middle-class family, whose paternal ancestry has strong ties to the British government and military services. His grandfather, Digby Aretas Young (d. 1966) served in the Royal Air Force, and his great-great-great-great grandfather was Colonel Sir Aretas William Young, who, in 1795 at seventeen years old, joined the British Army and served in Ireland and Egypt before fighting in the Peninsular War. Aretas was later stationed in Trinidad and eventually took charge of the Trinidadian government, before moving to Demerara where he was appointed Protector of Slaves. Aretas became the sixth Governor of Prince Edward Island in 1831, and three years later was knighted by King William IV. One of Aretas's sons was Sir Henry Young, fifth Governor of South Australia, later first Governor of Tasmania.

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Young

حق الفيتو

حق النقض أو الفيتو (بالإنجليزية: Veto)‏ وهي كلمة لاتينية تعني "أنا أمنع". هو حق (يستخدمه مسؤولٍ ما في الدولة على سبيل المثال) من أجل إيقاف عمل رسمي من طرفٍ واحد. يمكن أن يكون حق الفيتو (النقض) مطلقًا، على سبيل المثال في مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة، الذي يمكن لأعضائه الدائمين (الصين وفرنسا وروسيا والمملكة المتحدة والولايات المتحدة) أن يحجبوا أي قرار، أو يمكن أن يكون محدودًا، كما هو الحال في عملية تشريعية في الولايات المتحدة، حيث تصويت الثلثين في كل من مجلس النواب ومجلس الشيوخ قد يتجاوز الفيتو الرئاسي للتشريعات. قد يمنح حق النقض السلطة فقط لوقف التغييرات (وبالتالي السماح لحاملها بحماية الوضع الراهن)، مثل الفيتو التشريعي الأمريكي المذكور من قبل، أو اعتمادها أيضًا ("حق النقض التعديلي")، كـ الفيتو التشريعي للرئيس الهندي على سبيل المثال. والذي يسمح له باقتراح تعديلات على مشاريع القوانين التي يتم إرجاعها إلى البرلمان لإعادة النظر فيها.

نشأ مفهوم هيئة حق الفيتو (النقض) مع القناصل والمدراس الرومانية. يمكن لأي قنصل الذي يشغل منصبه في سنة معينة أن يُعوِق أي قرار عسكري أو مدني من قبل الطرف الآخر؛ أي أنه من المحظيات أن يكون لديه السلطة لعرقلة التشريعات التي أقرها مجلس الشيوخ الروماني من جانب واحد "جانبه".

في مجلس الأمن بالأمم المتحدة، والدول الخمس الدائمة العضوية (الولايات المتحدة، وروسياالاتحادية، وجمهورية الصين الشعبية، وفرنسا والمملكة المتحدة) تتمتع بحق النقض في المسائل الموضوعية، ولكن ليس في مسائل إجرائية. إذا كان أي من هذه البلدان صوتا ضد الاقتراح، فهو مرفوض، حتى لو كان كل من البلدان الأخرى الأعضاء في التصويت لصالحه. هذا الحكم تم تصميمه لضمان أن المجلس لا يمكن أن تستخدم للتفويض بعمل عسكري دون موافقة جميع الدول الخمس، القوى العظمى اليوم؛ كانت هناك مخاوف واضحة إلى أن عدم الحصول على موافقة من هذا القبيل من شأنه أن يسمح للسلطات للإساءة لمجلس السلطة لتأذن باتخاذ إجراءات شرطيّة على حساب آخر. المبدأ يتضح من الحرب الكورية، التي مقاطعته للمجلس من قبل الاتحاد السوفياتي يسمح قرار مجلس الأمن رقم 82 لتمرير وبدأت الحرب أن تكون مخالفة لذلك من مصلحة السلطة.

مراجع

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88

الدستور

الدستور هو القانون الأعلى الذي يحدد القواعد الأساسية لشكل الدولة (بسيطة أم مركبة) ونظام الحكم (ملكي أم جمهوري) وشكل الحكومة (رئاسية أم برلمانية) وينظم السلطات العامة فيها من حيث التكوين والاختصاص والعلاقات بين السلطات وحدود كل سلطة والواجبات والحقوق الأساسية للأفراد والجماعات ويضع الضمانات لها تجاه السلطة.

ويشمل اختصاصات السلطات الثلاث (السلطة التشريعية والسلطة القضائية والسلطة التنفيذية) وتلتزم به كل القوانين الأدنى مرتبة في الهرم التشريعي فالقانون يجب أن يكون متوخيا للقواعد الدستورية وكذلك اللوائح يجب أن تلتزم بالقانون الأعلى منها مرتبة إذا ما كان القانون نفسه متوخيا القواعد الدستورية. وفي عبارة واحدة تكون القوانين واللوائح غير شرعية إذا خالفت قاعدة دستورية واردة في الوثيقة الدستورية.

الدُستور (من دَستور الفارسية المركبة: دست بمعنى القاعدة ووَر أي صاحب) المادة التي منها تستوحي الأنظمة والقوانين التي تسير عليها الدولة لحل القضايا بأنواعها.

كلمة الدستور ليست عربية الأصل ولم تذكر القواميس العربية القديمة هذه الكلمة ولهذا فإن البعض يرجح أنها كلمة فارسية الأصل دخلت اللغة العربية عن طريق اللغة التركية، ويقصد بها التأسيس أو التكوين أو النظام.

وفي المبادئ العامة للقانون الدستوري يعرف الدستور على أنه مجموعة المبادئ الأساسية المنظمة لسلطات الدولة والمبينة لحقوق كل من الحكام والمحكومين فيها بدون التدخل في المعتقدات الدينية أو الفكرية، ولبناء الوطن على العالمية وهي الواضعة للأصول الرئيسية التي تنظم العلاقات بين مختلف سلطاتها العامة، أو هو موجز الإطارات التي تعمل الدولة بمقتضاها في مختلف الأمور المرتبطة بالشؤون الداخلية والخارجية.

مراجع

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1