Independence Day India

Independence Day is celebrated annually on 15 August as a national holiday in India commemorating the nation's independence from the United Kingdom on 15 August 1947, the day when the provisions of the Indian Independence Act 1947, which transferred legislative sovereignty to the Indian Constituent Assembly, came into effect. India retained King George VI as head of state until its transition to a full republic, and the Constitution of India 1950 replaced the dominion prefix, Dominion of India, with the enactment of the sovereign law Constitution of India. India attained independence following the Independence Movement noted for largely non-violent resistance and civil disobedience.

Independence coincided with the partition of India, in which British India was divided along religious lines into the Dominions of India and Pakistan; the partition was accompanied by violent riots and mass casualties, and the displacement of nearly 15 million people due to religious violence. On 15 August 1947, the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru raised the Indian national flag above the Lahori Gate of the Red Fort in Delhi. On each subsequent Independence Day, the incumbent Prime Minister customarily raises the flag and gives an address to the nation.  The entire event is broadcast by Doordarshan, India's national broadcaster, and usually begins with the shehnai music of Ustad Bismillah Khan.

Independence Day is observed throughout India with flag-hoisting ceremonies, parades and cultural events. It is a national holiday

European traders had established outposts in the Indian subcontinent by the 17th century. Through overwhelming military strength, the British East India company subdued local kingdoms and established themselves as the dominant force by the 18th century. Following the First War of Independence of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led the British Crown to assume direct control of India. In the decades following, civic society gradually emerged across India, most notably the Indian National Congress Party, formed in 1885. :123 The period after World War I was marked by British reforms such as the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms, but it also witnessed the enactment of the repressive Rowlatt Act and calls for self-rule by Indian activists. The discontent of this period crystallised into nationwide non-violent movements of non-cooperation and civil disobedience, led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. :167

During the 1930s, the reform was gradually legislated by the British; Congress won victories in the resulting elections. :195–197 The next decade was beset with political turmoil: Indian participation in World War II, the Congress' final push for non-cooperation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism led by the All-India Muslim League. The escalating political tension was capped by Independence in 1947. The jubilation was tempered by the bloody partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)

 مهاتما غاندي

موهانداس كرمشاند غاندي (بالكجراتية: મોહનદાસ ગાંધી)‏؛ (2 أكتوبر 1869 - 30 يناير 1948) كان السياسي البارز والزعيم الروحي للهند خلال حركة استقلال الهند. كان رائداً للساتياغراها وهي مقاومة الاستبداد من خلال العصيان المدني الشامل، التي تأسست بقوة عقب أهمسا أو اللاعنف الكامل، والتي أدت إلى استقلال الهند وألهمت الكثير من حركات الحقوق المدنية والحرية في جميع أنحاء العالم. غاندي معروف في جميع أنحاء العالم باسم المهاتما غاندي (بالسنسكريتية: महात्मा) المهاتما أي 'الروح العظيمة'، وهو تشريف تم تطبيقه عليه من قبل رابندراناث طاغور،  وأيضاً في الهند باسم بابو (بالغوجاراتية : બાપુ بابو أي "الأب"). تم تشريفه رسمياً في الهند باعتباره أبو الأمة؛ حيث أن عيد ميلاده، 2 أكتوبر، يتم الاحتفال به هناك كـغاندي جايانتي، وهو عطلة وطنية، وعالمياً هو اليوم الدولي للاعنف.

قام غاندي باستعمال العصيان المدني اللاعنفي حينما كان محامياً مغترباً في جنوب أفريقيا، في الفترة التي كان خلالها المجتمع الهندي يناضل من أجل الحقوق المدنية. بعد عودته إلى الهند في عام 1915، قام بتنظيم احتجاجات من قبل الفلاحين والمزارعين والعمال في المناطق الحضرية ضد ضرائب الأراضي المفرطة والتمييز في المعاملة. بعد توليه قيادة المؤتمر الوطني الهندي في عام 1921، قاد غاندي حملات وطنية لتخفيف حدة الفقر، وزيادة حقوق المرأة، وبناء وئام ديني ووطني، ووضع حد للنبذ، وزيادة الاعتماد على الذات اقتصادياً. قبل كل شيء، كان يهدف إلى تحقيق سواراج أو استقلال الهند من السيطرة الأجنبية. قاد غاندي أيضاً أتباعه في حركة عدم التعاون التي احتجت على فرض بريطانيا ضريبة على الملح في مسيرة ملح داندي عام 1930، والتي كانت مسافتها 400 كيلومتر. تظاهر ضد بريطانيا لاحقاً للخروج من الهند. قضى غاندي عدة سنوات في السجن في كل من جنوب أفريقيا والهند.

وكممارس للأهمسا، أقسم أن يتكلم الحقيقة، ودعا إلى أن يفعل الآخرون الشيء ذاته. عاش غاندي متواضعاً في مجتمع يعيش على الاكتفاء الذاتي، وارتدى الدوتي والشال الهنديين التقليديين، والذين نسجهما يدوياً بالغزل على الشاركا. كان يأكل أكلاً نباتياً بسيطاً، وقام بالصيام فترات طويلة كوسيلة لكل من التنقية الذاتية والاحتجاج الاجتماعي.

ولد غاندي في بوربندر بولاية غوجارات الهندية من عائلة محافظة لها باع طويل في العمل السياسي، حيث شغل جده ومن بعده والده منصب رئيس وزراء إمارة بوربندر، كما كان للعائلة مشاريعها التجارية المشهورة. وقضى طفولة عادية ثم تزوج وهو في الثالثة عشرة من عمره بحسب التقاليد الهندية المحلية ورزق من زواجه هذا بأربعة أولاد.

وفي لندن حيث درس القانون، أصبح غاندي نباتياً. كما أنه اكتشف المسيحية، وقرأ الإنجيل بتمعن شديد مستلهماً منه دروساً ومواعظ كثيرة في الأخلاق وفي السياسة. وعن الفترة التي أمضاها غاندى في جنوب أفريقيا يقول حفيده راجموهان :عاش جدي في أفريقيا الجنوبية عشرين عاماً ومنذ وصوله إلى هناك، وجد نفسه مجبراً على مواجهة العنصرية، وثمة حادث لا يزال ماثلاً في ذاكرة الهنود؛ حدث ذلك في القطار يوم 21 مايو 1893 وكان غاندي في الرابعة والعشرين من عمره آنذاك، وكان من ركاب الدرجة الأولى، غير عارف بأن القوانين العنصرية تحرّم عليه ذلك؛ وقد قام أحد الركاب البيض بالتبليغ عنه. وبالرغم من أن غاندي كان قد دفع ثمن تذكرته، وكان يرتدي بدلة ثمينة، فإنه طرد بالقوة من عربة الدرجة الأولى. الشعور بالإذلال والمهانة الذي انتابه جراء ذلك الحادث هو الذي دفعه إلى النضال من أجل حقوق الهنود الذين كانوا كثيرين في جنوب أفريقيا في ذلك الوقت. ولكن كيف يتخلص من الاحتلال؟ البعض نصحوه بضرورة اللجوء إلى الكفاح المسلح. غير أنه رفض ذلك رفضاً قاطعاً. ولعل قراءته لأعمال الروائي الروسي العظيم تولستوي هي التي "أنقذته من داء العنف" كما سيذكر ذلك فيما بعد. لذا دعا إلى النضال بالطرق السلمية، وأسس حزباً، وأصدر جريدة حملت اسم"رأي الهند" وشيئا فشيئاً أصبح مناضلا سياسياً معروفاً، ومحاميا ناجحاً!". ولكن لماذا اختار غاندى النضال السلمي؟ عن هذا السؤال يجيب راجموهان غاندي قائلاً: "لقد تأثر جدي كثيراً بأفكار الكاتب الأمريكي دافيد تورو، صاحب فكرة "العصيان المدني". ومثله، كان يعتقد أن المواطنين لهم الحق والواجب في عصيان القوانين اللاأخلاقية. وفي النهاية كان غاندي يرى أن النضال السلمي هو التكتيك النضالي الوحيد المحتمل ضد الإمبراطورية. فقد كان يعلم أن كل حركة مسلحة في مواجهة القوة العسكرية البريطانية مآلها الفشل.

مراجع

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A

 Independence Day videos

Independence Day is a combat flight simulator video game based on the 1996 film of the same name. The game was developed by Radical Entertainment and published by Fox Interactive for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation and Sega Saturn.

Independence Day is a 3D combat flight simulator comprising 13 missions with time limits; failure to complete a mission in the allotted time results in failure. Once the main objective is completed, the timer drops down to 45 seconds to take out the primary weapon. If the timer goes to 0, the primary weapon destroys the level. The game also features portals that transport the player to another area by flying through them; these sub-levels have their own separate objectives that must be completed before the player can return to the main level. 

At the start of each level the player has the ability to choose which aircraft they wish to fly (the player also has Steve Hiller acting as a wingman that will fly the same type of plane as him). The player starts the game with the F/A-18 Hornet, and additional planes are unlocked mid-level by flying through an icon representing them. These planes are then available to fly the next time the player starts a level.

The first 10 levels have at least one plane each, or two if that level has a sublevel as every one also has one plane. Unlockable planes include the A-10 Warthog, Eurofighter Typhoon, F-15 Eagle, F/A-22 Raptor, Northrop YF-23, F-117 Nighthawk, Grumman X-29, and the Sukhoi Su-27. Each plane has its own unique characteristics as measured by speed, agility, durability, and stealth; the last determines how much enemy fire the player attracts. If the player is shot down, whichever plane they were flying is lost and no longer available. If the player runs out of planes, the game is over. 

The game also features multiplayer capabilities, either playing head-to-head on the same console in a split screen mode or with two televisions and two PlayStation by utilizing the PlayStation Link Cable.  The Windows version also has an online option.

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(video_game)

 IndianArmy

The Indian Army is the land-based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Army,  and its professional head is the Chief of Army Staff (COAS), who is a four-star general. Two officers have been conferred with the rank of field marshal, a five-star rank, which is a ceremonial position of great honour. The Indian Army originated from the armies of the East India Company, which eventually became the British Indian Army, and the armies of the princely states, which were merged into the national army after independence. The units and regiments of the Indian Army have diverse histories and have participated in a number of battles and campaigns around the world, earning many battle and theatre honours before and after Independence. 

The primary mission of the Indian Army is to ensure national security and national unity, to defend the nation from external aggression and internal threats, and to maintain peace and security within its borders. It conducts humanitarian rescue operations during natural calamities and other disturbances, such as Operation Surya Hope, and can also be requisitioned by the government to cope with internal threats. It is a major component of national power, alongside the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force. The army has been involved in four wars with neighbouring Pakistan and one with China. Other major operations undertaken by the army include Operation Vijay, Operation Meghdoot, and Operation Cactus. The army has conducted large peace time exercises such as Operation Brasstacks and Exercise Shoorveer, and it has also been an active participant in numerous United Nations peacekeeping missions, including those in Cyprus, Lebanon, Congo, Angola, Cambodia, Vietnam, Namibia, El Salvador, Liberia, Mozambique, South Sudan, and Somalia.

The Indian Army is operationally and geographically divided into seven commands, with the basic field formation being a division. Below the division level are permanent regiments that are responsible for their own recruiting and training. The army is an all-volunteer force and comprises more than 80% of the country's active defence personnel. It is the largest standing army in the world, with 1,237,117  active troops and 960,000 reserve troops.  The army has embarked on an infantry modernisation program known as Futuristic Infantry Soldier As a System (F-INSAS), and is also upgrading and acquiring new assets for its armoured, artillery, and aviation branches

Immediately after independence, tensions between India and Pakistan erupted into the first of three full-scale wars between the two nations over the then princely state of Kashmir. The Maharaja of Kashmir wanted to have a standstill position. Since Kashmir was a Muslim majority state, Pakistan wanted to make Kashmir a Pakistani territory. As a result, Pakistan invaded Kashmir on 22 October 1947, causing Maharaja Hari Singh to look to India, specifically to Lord Mountbatten of Burma, the governor general, for help. He signed the Instrument of Accession to India on 26 October 1947. Indian troops were airlifted to Srinagar from 27 October dawn onwards.  This contingent included General Thimayya who distinguished himself in the operation and in the years that followed became a Chief of the Indian Army. An intense war was waged across the state and former comrades found themselves fighting each other. Pakistan suffered significant losses. Its forces were stopped on the line formed which is now called the Line of Control (LOC). 

An uneasy peace, sponsored by the UN, returned by the end of 1948, with Indian and Pakistani soldiers facing each other across the Line of Control, which has since divided Indian-held Kashmir from that part held by Pakistan. A number of UN Security Council resolutions were passed, with Resolution 47 calling for a plebiscite to be held in Kashmir to determine accession to India or Pakistan, only after Pakistan withdrew its army from Kashmir.  A precondition to the resolution was for Pakistan and India to return to a state of "as was" prior to the conflict. Pakistan would withdraw all tribesmen and Pakistani nationals brought in to fight in Kashmir. Pakistan refused to pull ba

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army

 Bhagat singh

1907[a] – 23 March 1931) was an Indian socialist revolutionary whose two acts of dramatic violence against the British in India and execution at age 23 made him a folk hero of the Indian independence movement.

In December 1928, Bhagat Singh and an associate, Shivaram Rajguru, fatally shot a 21-year-old British police officer, John Saunders, in Lahore, British India, mistaking Saunders, who was still on probation, for the British police superintendent, James Scott, whom they had intended to assassinate.  They believed Scott was responsible for the death of popular Indian nationalist leader Lala Lajpat Rai, by having ordered a lathi charge in which Rai was injured, and, two weeks after which, died of a heart attack. Saunders was felled by a single shot from Rajguru, a marksman. He was then shot several times by Singh, the postmortem report showing eight bullet wounds. Another associate of Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, shot dead an Indian police constable, Chanan Singh, who attempted to pursue Singh and Rajguru as they fled. 

After escaping, Singh and his associates, using pseudonyms, publicly owned to avenging Lajpat Rai's death, putting up prepared posters, which, however, they had altered to show Saunders as their intended target.[5] Singh was thereafter on the run for many months, and no convictions resulted at the time. Surfacing again in April 1929, he and another associate, Batukeshwar Dutt, exploded two improvised bombs inside the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. They showered leaflets from the gallery on the legislators below, shouted slogans, and then allowed the authorities to arrest them.  The arrest, and the resulting publicity, had the effect of bringing to light Singh's complicity in the John Saunders case. Awaiting trial, Singh gained much public sympathy after he joined fellow defendant Jatin Das in a hunger strike, demanding better prison conditions for Indian prisoners, and ending in Das's death from starvation in September 1929. Singh was convicted and hanged in March 1931, aged 23.

Bhagat Singh became a popular folk hero after his death. Jawaharlal Nehru wrote about him, "Bhagat Singh did not become popular because of his act of terrorism but because he seemed to vindicate, for the moment, the honour of Lala Lajpat Rai, and through him of the nation. He became a symbol; the act was forgotten, the symbol remained, and within a few months each town and village of the Punjab, and to a lesser extent in the rest of northern India, resounded with his name."  In still later years, Singh, an atheist and socialist in life, won admirers in India from among a political spectrum that included both Communists and right-wing nationalists. Although many of Singh's associates, as well as many Indian anti-colonial revolutionaries, were also involved in daring acts and were either executed or died violent deaths, few came to be lionised in popular art and literature to the same extent as Singh.

Bhagat Singh, a Sandhu Jat  was born in 1907 to Kishan Singh and Vidyavati at Chak No. 105 GB, Banga village, Jaranwala Tehsil in the Lyallpur district of the Punjab Province of British India present day Pakistan. His birth coincided with the release of his father and two uncles, Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh, from jail.  His family members were Hindus and Sikhs; some had been active in Indian Independence movements, others had served in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army. His ancestral village was Khatkar Kalan, near the town of Banga, India in Nawanshahr district (now renamed Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar) of the Punjab. 

His family was politically active.  His grandfather, Arjun Singh followed Swami Dayananda Saraswati's Hindu reformist movement, Arya Samaj, which had a considerable influence on Bhagat.  His father and uncles were members of the Ghadar Party, led by Kartar Singh Sarabha and Har Dayal. Ajit Singh was forced into exile due to pending court cases against him while Swaran Singh died at home in Lahore in 1910 following his release from jail. 

Unlike many Sikhs of his age, Singh did not attend the Khalsa High School in Lahore. His grandfather did not approve of the school officials' loyalty to the British government.  He was enrolled instead in the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic High School, an Arya Samaji institution. The Arya Samaj philosophy greatly influenced him throughout his life 

In 1919, when he was 12 years old, Singh visited the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre hours after thousands of unarmed people gathered at a public meeting had been killed. When he was 14 years old, he was among those in his village who welcomed protesters against the killing of a large number of unarmed people at Gurudwara Nankana Sahib on 20 February 1921.  Singh became disillusioned with Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence after he called off the non-co-operation movement. Gandhi's decision followed the violent murders of policemen by villagers who were reacting to the police killing three villagers in the 1922 Chauri Chaura incident. Singh joined the Young Revolutionary Movement and began to advocate for the violent overthrow of the British Government in India

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh

 Miley Cyrus

Miley Ray Cyrus (born Destiny Hope Cyrus; November 23, 1992) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, and record producer. Her music spans a range of styles, from pop and country pop to hip hop. Cyrus' personal life, public image, and performances have often sparked controversy and received widespread media coverage.

Cyrus, the daughter of country music singer Billy Ray Cyrus, became a teen idol while portraying the title character of the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana (2006–2011). As Hannah Montana, she attained two number-one and three top-ten soundtracks on the US Billboard 200, including the US Billboard Hot 100 top-ten single "He Could Be the One". Cyrus' own discography includes the US number-one albums Meet Miley Cyrus (2007), Breakout (2008), and Bangerz (2013); the top-five releases Can't Be Tamed (2010), Younger Now (2017), and She Is Coming (2019); and the free SoundCloud streaming-exclusive album Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz (2015). Her singles include the US top ten-charting "See You Again", "7 Things", "The Climb", "Party in the U.S.A.", "Can't Be Tamed", "We Can't Stop", "Malibu"; and the chart-topping "Wrecking Ball". Cyrus' career accolades include entries on the Time 100 list in 2008 and 2014, MTV's Best Artist of 2013 Award, and placement on Billboard's Greatest of All Time Artists Chart in 2019. She is often cited as an example of a successful child actor-turned-singer. 

As an actress, Cyrus has made appearances in the animated film Bolt (2008) and the feature films Hannah Montana: The Movie (2009) and The Last Song (2010). On television, Cyrus served as a coach on the singing competition series The Voice across two seasons and starred in an episode of the Netflix series Black Mirror (2019). Cyrus is an animal rights advocate and adopted a vegan lifestyle in 2014; she founded the non-profit Happy Hippie Foundation in 2014, which focuses on youth homelessness and the LGBT community.

Destiny Hope Cyrus was born November 23, 1992, in Franklin, Tennessee,  to Leticia "Tish" Jean Finley and country singer Billy Ray Cyrus. Her parents married the year following her birth.  Cyrus was born with supraventricular tachycardia, a condition causing an abnormal resting heart rate.  Her birth name, Destiny Hope, expressed her parents' belief that she would accomplish great things. Her parents nicknamed her "Smiley", which they later shortened to "Miley", because she often smiled as an infant.  In 2008, she legally changed her name to Miley Ray Cyrus; her middle name honors her grandfather, Democratic politician Ronald Ray Cyrus from Kentucky.  Cyrus's godmother is entertainer Dolly Parton. 

Against the advice of her father's record company,  Cyrus' parents secretly married on December 28, 1993, a year after her birth.  They had two more children together, son Braison and daughter Noah.  From previous relationships, her mother has two other children, Brandi and Trace.  Her father's first child, Christopher Cody, was born in April 1992 and grew up with his mother, Kristin Luckey, in South Carolina. 

All of Cyrus' maternal siblings are established entertainers. Trace is a vocalist and guitarist for the electronic pop band Metro Station. Noah is an actress and, along with Braison, models, singers, and songwriters.  Brandi was formerly a musician for the indie rock band Frank + Derol  and is a professional DJ. The Cyrus farmhouse is located on 500 acres of land outside Nashville, Tennessee. 

Cyrus attended Heritage Elementary School in Williamson County, when her family lived in Thompson's Station, Tennessee.  When she was cast in Hannah Montana, the family moved to Los Angeles, where she attended Options for Youth Charter Schools  and studied with a private tutor on set.  Raised Christian, she was baptized in a Southern Baptist church before moving to Hollywood in 2005.  She attended church regularly while growing up and wore a purity ring.  In 2001, when Cyrus was eight, she and her family moved to Toronto, Canada while her father filmed the television series Doc.  After Billy Ray took her to see a 2001 Mirvish production of Mamma Mia! at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Cyrus grabbed his arm and told him, "This is what I want to do, daddy. I want to be an actress."  She began singing and acting lessons at the Armstrong Acting Studio in Toronto. 

Cyrus' debut acting role was portraying a girl named Kylie in her father's television series Doc.  In 2003, Cyrus received credit under her birth name for her role as "Young Ruthie" in Tim Burton's Big Fish. During this period, she auditioned with Taylor Lautner for the feature film The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D. Although she was one of two finalists for the role, she chose to appear in Hannah Montana instead. 

Her mother took on the role of Miley's manager and worked to acquire a team to build her daughter's career.  Cyrus signed with Mitchell Gossett, director of the youth division at Cunningham Escott Slevin Doherty.  Gossett is often credited with "discovering" Cyrus and played a key role in her auditioning for Hannah Montana. She later signed with Jason Morey of Morey Management Group to handle her music career, having been directed to him by Dolly Parton.  She hired her father's finance manager as part of her team. 

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miley_Cyrus

 Gymshark

Gymshark is a British fitness clothing and accessories brand

Gymshark was set up in 2012 by Ben Francis when he was 19 years old.  When Gymshark’s revenue reached £250,000  Francis dropped out of college to focus on Gymshark. The company was named the UK's fastest growing company in 2016  in The Sunday Times Fast Track 100.

In August 2020, US private equity firm General Atlantic purchased a 21% stake in the company, taking the valuation of the company in excess of £1 billion. Following this, the company announced that it would be pushing forward with global expansion plans

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymshark