الأربعاء، 11 سبتمبر 2019

Día del Maestro

El Día del maestro es una festividad en la que se conmemora a las personas que de forma vocacional promueven que sus alumnos aprendan y apliquen conocimientos y conceptos prácticos que se transfieran a la vida real, personal y profesional.

Durante el Congreso de Educadores (1915) se resolvió establecer como el Día del Maestro en vísperas del día del trabajador de la cultura, además se celebra por el nacimiento de San Juan Bautista de La salle patrono de los educadores. Se celebra en todas las escuelas y colegios del país.1​ Así se celebra en Paraguay.

La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), declaró en 1994 el día 5 de octubre como el Día Mundial de los Docentes.
El Día del Maestro se instituyó oficialmente en 1918, bajo la premisa de que el maestro había sido factor decisivo del progreso de la nación y dado que los maestros fueron de los primeros en unirse al movimiento de 1910.

Durante la Guerra Cristera, de 1926 a 1929, en la que el clero se opuso a la educación laica y en general al laicismo, muchos maestros fueron perseguidos por los cristeros, que en la década siguiente renovaron sus ataques.

El 15 de mayo de 1935, el presidente Lázaro Cárdenas presidió una ceremonia en honor de los educadores asesinados o desorejados por los cristeros, y dispuso que cada año, en esa fiesta cívica, se leyeran los nombres de 10 de esos mártires de la educación.

En esa época, los intentos de implantar la enseñanza socialista y los rudimentos de la educación sexual en las escuelas primarias motivaron reacciones violentas de grupos de fanáticos que destruían escuelas y libros de texto, asesinaban, mutilaban y ultrajaban a maestras y maestros rurales.

Con el tiempo, se ha ido perdiendo la memoria de los maestros sacrificados, mientras que los herederos ideológicos de los cristeros han llegado al poder y con los recursos del erario promueven el culto a los fanáticos de hace varias décadas.

El odio que profesa el gobierno derechista hacia la educación pública propicia también que se relegue la labor magisterial. Por ello, vale la pena recordar los nombres de algunos de esos maestros sacrificados por el fanatismo.

María Rodríguez Murillo

La madrugada del 26 de octubre de 1935, los cristeros le advirtieron a la maestra que se fuera del pueblo; como no lo hizo, la violaron, la golpearon, la amarraron con una soga de los pies y la arrastraron a galope de caballo por el camino terregoso que lleva a la salida de Huiscolco. Le cortaron los senos y los colgaron en arbustos localizados en la orilla del camino. Uno a la derecha, otro a la izquierda, como ejemplo, para que los demás maestros rurales desistieran de impartir educación socialista (véase David L Raby, Educación y revolución social en México, 1921 a 1940, SEP, México, 1974, p. 137; Salvador Frausto Crotte, “Maestra María R. Murillo. Víctima de fanatismo y rencor religioso”, El Universal, 17 de junio de 2001).

Así asesinaron a la maestra María Rodríguez Murillo, una profesora muy dedicada, que trabajaba en Huiscolco, municipio de Tabasco, Zacatecas. A la mañana siguiente del sangriento asesinato, el cura del lugar dijo misa y absolvió a los asesinos.

La señorita Murillo fue acusada de ser comunista y de apoyar el reparto de tierras, mientras que la gran mayoría del clero condenaba el agrarismo y amenazaba a los campesinos que recibieran tierras con los castigos eternos del infierno.

Murillo se había enfrentado con el cacique del lugar porque él no quería que sus trabajadores aprendieran a leer y escribir, mientras que el cura la tachaba de hereje.

Carlos Toledano

En la misma época, en la región de Tlapacoyan, cerca de Altotonga, Veracruz, los cristeros cometían en esa época desmanes similares. De acuerdo con Indalecio Sáyago, político mexicano que en esa época era maestro rural: “…Los terratenientes, los ‘guardias blancas’, los acaparadores de los productos del campo, los curas, organizaron la más feroz campaña en contra de los trabajadores de la educación: maestras violadas y mutiladas de los senos, profesores desorejados y asesinados. En esos días, un grupo de ‘guardias blancas’, en pleno día, rodeó la escuela donde estaba laborando el maestro Carlos Toledano. Lo ataron con alambre de púas de pies y manos. Con los muebles de la escuela, cuadernos y libros hicieron una hoguera y lo quemaron vivo frente a sus alumnos” (Miguel Baltazar Vázquez Altotonga, Un pueblo con historia, Altotonga, Veracruz, 2005, pp. 231-32).

Los mártires de Teziutlán

El 15 de noviembre de 1935, en Teziutlán, Puebla, fueron asesinados, en sus escuelas, en presencia de sus alumnos, tres maestros rurales: Carlos Sayago Hernández, en La Legua; Carlos Pastrana Jiménez, en Ixtipan, y Librado Labastida Navarrete, en San Juan Xiutetelco; a quienes apuñalaron al grito de ¡Viva cristo rey!

Todo indica que los cristeros se pusieron de acuerdo para matarlos al mismo tiempo y secuestrar a la profesora Nieves González, de 20 años, a quien se llevaron para ultrajarla. En uno de sus partes de guerra, los cristeros se jactaron de haber asesinado a esos profesores:

“(…) Debemos hacer resaltar el hecho de que (los cristeros de la zona) han castigado severa y definitivamente a varios pervertidores de la niñez, que al amparo de la tiranía venían desarrollando una labor incalificable. Los nombres de esos llamados ‘profesores’ son los siguientes: Librado Labastida, de la escuela de Santiago, municipio de Xiutetelco; Carlos Sayago, de la escuela La Legua, y Carlos Pastrana, que prestaba sus servicios en la escuela rural de Ixtipan. Todos han sido muertos y estampados aquí sus nombres, para ignominia de los mismos…” (Consuelo Reguer, Dios y mi derecho, Tomo 4, Jus, México, 1997, p. 532).

En Teziutlán, año con año, se lleva a cabo una ceremonia en honor de los maestros mártires, y en el centro del poblado, hay tres placas conmemorativas.

Micaela y Enriqueta Palacios

En el local de la Sección 47 del Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación, en Guadalajara, se exhibe el mural “En honor a los mártires de la educación”, del profesor David Carmona, colocado el 7 de diciembre de 2007, junto con una placa conmemorativa con los nombres de maestros y maestras asesinados o mutilados por los cristeros.

Desde hace décadas, el sector magisterial ha procurado rendir homenaje a los maestros mártires, y se tenía el proyecto de construir un monumento en Guadalajara en honor a ellos, mismo que fue abandonado en 1995 con la llegada del Partido Acción Nacional al poder.

En la placa conmemorativa se mencionan a las maestras Micaela y Enriqueta Palacios, agredidas el 19 de noviembre de 1935. La prensa de la época reportó los graves atropellos que las profesoras sufrieron de un grupo de sublevados que asaltó la escuela oficial de la ranchería de Camajapita (en los Altos de Jalisco).

“Relataron las víctimas que cerca de las 23 horas se presentó un grupo de alzados (…) Violentamente sujetaron al padre de las muchachas, atándolo con una soga al cuello, en tanto que las profesoras sufrían toda suerte de atropellos y vejaciones. Seguidamente los hombres de la partida les dijeron que iban a proceder a un gran escarmiento por impartir educación socialista, y sin escuchar los gritos y lamentos de las infelices mujeres ni las imprecaciones del padre, procedieron a cortar con un enorme cuchillo una oreja a cada una de las profesoras y al padre originándoles una fuerte hemorragia. Los asaltantes agregaron que si permanecían en la ranchería ellas, estaban dispuestos a regresar para matarlas. Antes de partir, quemaron gran cantidad de libros de texto y los títulos oficiales de las profesoras y destrozaron los muebles y las puertas.”

Vicente Escudero: héroe de la Prevocacional

El profesor Vicente Escudero, de apenas 16 años, fue uno de los alumnos de la Prevocacional número7, Rafael Dondé, que por su alto desempeño escolar fue propuesto para ocupar las plazas de maestro rural en 1934.

Ese mismo año se trasladó al poblado de Santa Mónica de viudas, en Valparaíso, Zacatecas, para desarrollar su labor, pero pronto fue víctima del odio de los cristeros, que lo acusaban de ser comunista y ateo.

El 5 de abril llegaron hasta su casa unos 70 de ellos, cuando el joven profesor se estaba vistiendo para ir a dar sus clases. Lo apresaron, lo arrastraron, le desollaron las plantas de los pies, le cortaron las rodillas con un cuchillo, y así, ensangrentado y con lágrimas en los ojos, lo apedrearon y luego lo colgaron de un árbol, pues los fanáticos lo consideraban un “anticristo” que ofendía a la Iglesia.

Referencia:

Edgar González Ruiz. Maestro en filosofía; especialista en estudios acerca de la derecha política en México
En Asia
Corea del Sur: 15 de mayo.
China: 10 de septiembre.
Malasia: 16 de mayo.
Turquía: 24 de noviembre.
Vietnam: 20 de noviembre.
India: 05 de septiembre.
Taiwan: 28 de septiembre.
Véase también
Día Mundial de los Docentes (5 de octubre).
Día del Estudiante
Día del Profesor
Enlaces externos
Para el Día del Maestro (Día del Maestro).
Educación.Idoneos.com (Día del Maestro).
¿Qué se celebra el 11 de septiembre?

جيدون سانشو

جادون سانشو (بالألمانية: Jadon Sancho) (مواليد 25 مارس 2000 في لندن بإنجلترا) هو لاعب كرة قدم إنجليزي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى بوروسيا دورتموند الألماني و لاعب منتخب إنجلترا منذ عام 2018 ويلعب في مركز الجناح الأيمن
حياته المبكرة
وُلد سانشو في كامبرويل، في لندن لوالدين من ترينيداد وتوباغو.

مسيرته مع النادي
المسيرة المبكرة
بوروسيا دورتموند
وقع سانشو مع نادي بوروسيا دورتموند الألماني في الدوري الألماني في 31 أغسطس 2017 مقابل رسوم أفادت بأنها في حدود 8 ملايين جنيه إسترليني وتم تضمينه على الفور في تشكيلة الفريق الأول. صرح لاحقًا أنه شعر بالثقة في الانتقال إلى الخارج بسبب خبرته السابقة في الانتقال إلى واتفورد ومانشستر سيتي. ظهر سانشو لأول مرة مع النادي ضد إينتراخت فرانكفورت في 21 أكتوبر، حيث تقدم كبديل في آخر ست دقائق من المباراة، ليصبح أول رجل إنجليزي يلعب مباراة في دوري الدرجة الأولى الألماني لدورتموند.
الألقاب والإنجازات
الدولية
إنجلترا تحت 17 سنة

كأس العالم تحت 17 سنة لكرة القدم:
اللقب (1): 2017
بطولة أوروبا تحت 17 سنة:
الوصيف: 2017
الفردية
بطولة أوروبا تحت 17 سنة - جائزة اللاعب الذهبي: 2017
بطولة أوروبا تحت 17 سنة - فريق الجولة: 2017
الدوري الألماني لكرة القدم - لاعب الشهر: أكتوبر 2018
غول.كوم NxGn: 2019
الدوري الألماني لكرة القدم - هدف الشهر: فبراير 2019 

Jadon Sancho

adon Malik Sancho (born 25 March 2000) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund and the England national team.

Previously a youth player with Watford and Manchester City, Sancho signed his first senior contract with Dortmund in 2017. In his second season, he established himself as a first-team regular and won the Bundesliga Player of the Month for October 2018 and was named in the 2018–19 Bundesliga Team of the Season.[5] Ahead of the 2019–20 season, Sancho scored in a 2–0 DFL-Supercup victory over Bayern Munich.[6]

Sancho was part of the England youth team that won the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup and made his debut for the senior team in 2018.
Early life
Sancho was born in Camberwell, London[7] to parents from Trinidad and Tobago.[8][9][10] He was raised in Kennington.[9][11][12] He became friends with fellow aspiring footballer Reiss Nelson, who lived nearby, after they played together in youth tournaments.[13]

Club career
Early career
Sancho joined Watford at the age of seven.[11] Due to issues with commuting across London to the club's academy, he moved into accommodation provided by Watford and began attending their partner school Harefield Academy as a boarder, aged 11.[9][11] At the age of 14, he moved to Manchester City in March 2015 for an initial fee of £66,000 under the EPPP, potentially rising to £500,000 with add ons.[14][15] Sancho continued to impress in the Manchester City academy and was one of a trio of players that the Manchester City chairman, Khaldoon Al Mubarak, said would be fast tracked into the senior set up in May 2017.[16][17] In July 2017, Sancho was omitted from Manchester City's pre-season tour squad due to a dispute over assurances of playing time in a new contract.[18][19][20] It was subsequently reported that Sancho was attempting to force a move away from the club.[21][22]

Borussia Dortmund
Sancho signed for German Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund on 31 August 2017 for a fee reported to be in the region of £8 million and was immediately included in the first-team squad.[23][24][25] He later stated that he felt confident in making the move abroad due to his previous experiences in relocating with Watford and Manchester City.[11][9] Sancho made his debut for the club against Eintracht Frankfurt on 21 October, coming on as a substitute with six minutes left of the match, becoming the first Englishman to play a Bundesliga match for Dortmund.[26] Sancho made his first league start for Dortmund on 14 January 2018, hitting the woodwork in a goalless draw with VfL Wolfsburg.[27] He scored his first professional goal on 21 April 2018. It was the first goal in a 4–0 victory against Bayer Leverkusen in the Bundesliga and he also assisted two other goals in the same match.[28]

Having signed a new contract keeping him at the club until 2022,[29] Sancho enjoyed a successful October 2018 by being named Bundesliga Player of the Month, registering three goals and an assist in just three league games.[30] Included among his goals for the month was a brace in a win over Hertha BSC which saw him become the first player born in the 2000s to score twice in a single Bundesliga match and the youngest ever by a Dortmund player.[31]

During a 3–3 draw with Hoffenheim on 9 February 2019, he became the youngest-ever player to score eight goals in a single Bundesliga season, breaking the record previously held by Christian Wück.[32] Later that month, upon scoring in a 3–2 win over Bayer Leverkusen, he broke Lukas Podolski's record to become the youngest player to score nine Bundesliga goals, aged 18 years and 336 days.[33] On 13 April, Sancho scored a brace in a 2–1 win over Mainz and in doing so became the youngest-ever Dortmund player to score at least 10 goals in a single Bundesliga campaign.[34] Following an impressive league campaign in which he scored 12 goals and provided 14 assists, Sancho was named in the 2018–19 Bundesliga Team of the Season.[5]

Success continued ahead of the 2019–20 season, with Sancho providing an assist and scoring in a 2–0 DFL-Supercup victory over Bayern Munich on 3 August 2019.[6] Later that month Sancho agreed a new contract with Dortmund.[35]

International career
Youth career
Sancho has been capped by England youth teams, at under-16, under-17 and under-19 levels.[citation needed]

In May 2017, Sancho was part of the England under-17 team that reached the final of the UEFA European Under-17 Championship, and was named player of the tournament for his performances.[36] In September 2017, Sancho was named in England's squad for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup but the player's new German club resisted the call up.[37] The two parties eventually reached an agreement where he would be available for the group stages of the competition, but his participation was not guaranteed if England progressed to the knock out rounds.[38] On 8 October 2017, he scored twice in England U17's first match, against Chile.[39] On 16 October, during England's round of 16 tie against Japan, he was withdrawn from the competition by Borussia Dortmund.[40][11][9]

On 2 November 2017, Sancho was called up to the England U19 squad for the first time, joining them for 2018 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification matches against the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Group 8's host-nation team Bulgaria.[41] He made his first start at U19 level in the 6–0 victory against the Faroes, lasting seventy minutes before being substituted for Ben Brereton;[42] He replaced Brereton in the 66th minute in the win over Iceland, which secured progression to the elite round.[43] He scored the only goal of the match against Bulgaria to help England top their group.[44] Coming on as a substitute for Brereton, Sancho scored the last of the goals in England's 4–1 win over Hungary in the first match of the elite round on 21 March 2018.[45]

Senior career
Following an impressive start to the 2018–19 season, Sancho was called up to the England senior squad for the first time on 4 October 2018 in preparation for UEFA Nations League fixtures against Croatia and Spain.[46] He made his debut as a 78th-minute substitute against Croatia on 12 October in a 0–0 away draw.[47][9] On 22 March 2019, Sancho started his first competitive match for England in their 5–0 win over the Czech Republic at Wembley Stadium for a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match.[48] During the September internationals, Sancho scored his debut goals for the senior team, a brace, in a 5-3 victory over Kosovo.
Borussia Dortmund

DFL-Supercup: 2019[6]
England U17

FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2017[53]
UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up: 2017[54]
England

UEFA Nations League third place: 2018–19[55]
Individual

UEFA European Under-17 Championship Golden Player: 2017[36]
UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2017[56]
Bundesliga Player of the Month: October 2018[30]
Bundesliga Goal of the Month: February 2019[57]
Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2018–19[5]
VDV Team of the Season: 2018–19[58]
Goal.com NxGn: 2019

Aaron Campbell

On 2 July 2018, six-year-old Scottish girl Alesha MacPhail (born 22 October 2011) was abducted from her bed and murdered by 16-year-old Aaron Campbell.

Alesha, from Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, was three days into a stay with her grandparents on the Isle of Bute when Campbell entered their unlocked home at approximately 2 am. The teenager had previously bought cannabis from Alesha's father Robert, who lived in the house, and initially went to obtain the drug. Upon finding the child asleep, Campbell picked her up, carried her to an abandoned hotel, then raped and killed her by applying pressure to her face and neck. Alesha was reported missing at 6:23 am, and her body was discovered by a member of the public two and a half hours later.

Police Scotland charged Campbell with abduction, rape and murder on 5 July 2018. The teenager denied any involvement, and pleaded "not guilty" when his trial began on 11 February 2019. He logged a "special defence of incrimination" by claiming that Robert MacPhail's girlfriend, Toni McLachlan, was responsible for murdering the child and framing him. Campbell was tied to the crime by CCTV footage, DNA, and trace evidence, and the jury returned a guilty verdict after three hours of deliberation. A ban on publicly naming Campbell was lifted following his conviction. On 21 March 2019, he was handed a life sentence with a minimum term of 27 years; subsequently reduced to 24 years on appeal. He confessed to the crime before his sentencing, adding that he was "quite satisfied with the murder."[1]

The case generated a large amount of media interest in the United Kingdom, with the presiding judge Lord Matthews stating that he "could not think of a crime in recent times that has attracted such revulsion".[2] The perceived safety of the Isle of Bute contributed to the public's shock, while the young age of the culprit prompted discussion and debate around the nature of underage murderers.
Background
Alesha MacPhail
Alesha Sarah MacPhail was born in Glasgow Royal Infirmary on 22 October 2011. She lived in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, with her mother Georgina Lochrane (aged 23 in 2018) and her younger sister Courtney (aged 4 in 2018).[3] She attended Chapelside School and had recently completed Primary Two at the time of her death.[4] She was described by her headteacher as a "smiley and happy young girl" who "loved being at school and enjoyed all aspects of literacy, in particular writing."[5] Her favourite activities included gymnastics and cake baking.[6]

Alesha's parents separated when she was three months old. Her father Robert (aged 26 in 2018) lived in Rothesay, the Isle of Bute, with his parents and his girlfriend Toni McLachlan (aged 17 in 2018). Alesha would visit her father and grandparents every other weekend. On 28 June 2018, at six years old, she joined her family in Rothesay for what was meant to be three weeks of the school summer break.[4]

Aaron Campbell
Aaron Thomas Campbell was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, on 7 May 2002. He moved to the Isle of Bute when he was four or five years old with his mother Janette, father Christopher, and younger sister.[7]

Campbell's upbringing was described as "less than ideal", and he often argued with his alcoholic mother. He was tested for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and had a history of self harming and depression.[7] He attended Rothesay Academy and was "well liked" by his group of friends, with whom he regularly drank alcohol and attended parties.[2][8] He was fit and active,[2] while also "addicted" to gaming; he wished to be a YouTube star and posted several videos to the website. When he was aged 15, Campbell began to consider "doing something excessive" such as rape.[7] In 2017, he sent a Facebook message saying that he "might kill 1 day for the lifetime experience".[9]

Campbell was acquainted with Toni McLachlan and Robert MacPhail, and claims to have had a casual sexual relationship with McLachlan in the winter of 2017.[7] He purchased cannabis from the couple on multiple occasions, but these interactions ceased in early 2018 following a disagreement and intervention from Campbell's mother.[10]

Abduction and murder
On 1 July 2018, three days into her summer visit, Alesha was put to bed in her room at her grandparents' seafront home with a Peppa Pig DVD playing. At around 11 pm, McLachlan checked on the child and noticed that she was asleep.[4] The key was left in the front door, as was common in Rothesay.[10]

The same evening, 16-year-old Campbell invited 15 friends to his house, where he became drunk. The party finished before midnight, but at 12:30 am on 2 July, a friend returned and found Campbell in bed and "suicidal".[7][9] Campbell claimed "I was quite upset as my mum had been arguing with me most of the night."[7] The friend was "quite worried for him" and offered to stay the night, but Campbell declined and said he was going to "get stoned".[9] Campbell sent messages to several people asking if they were available to sell him cannabis, including Robert MacPhail.[9] At 1:47 and 1:48 am he called Toni McLachlan but received no response.[11]

Intending to demand cannabis, Campbell left his house at 1:54 am armed with a kitchen knife.[12][13] He entered the MacPhail property, roughly a five-minute walk away, where Alesha's room was closest to the front door. When he found the sleeping girl, Campbell saw a "moment of opportunity", later claiming "All I thought about was killing her once I saw her."[7] He lifted a "drowsy" Alesha from her bed, left the house without anyone noticing, and walked with her along the ocean shore. The child awoke in his arms during this walk and asked who he was; Campbell replied that he knew her father and was taking her home. He carried Alesha to a secluded location then raped and murdered her. He returned to his house in the early hours of the morning, took a shower, then went back to the murder site to retrieve his phone and dump his clothes.[7][14]

Investigation
Search and discovery
At 6 am on 2 July, Calum MacPhail awoke for work to find that his granddaughter was not in her bed and determined that she was nowhere in the house. She had never run away before, and her bike remained in the garden. Alesha's grandmother, Angela King, notified the police at 6:23 am while the rest of the family began searching the local area and spreading word of her disappearance.[15] King also made a plea on Facebook, encouraging members of the public to help.[10] McLachlan noticed the missed calls from Campbell and tried phoning him. At 9:01 am Campbell responded "Sorry doesn't matter" with a laughing emoji. When asked to look out for Alesha, he wrote, "Oh damn. Am sure she's not went too far x".[11][16]

Police Scotland began a hunt for MacPhail, utilising a helicopter to help with the search.[11] A coastguard volunteer began searching the shoreline at 6:55 am, where he discovered the kitchen knife near the MacPhail home.[9] Many members of the public also joined. At 8:54 am, the police were notified by Jorge Williams, a local man who had seen King's Facebook appeal, that he had discovered Alesha's lifeless and naked body. She was found in a wooded area, within the grounds of a former hotel, a 15-minute walk from the MacPhail home.[11][15][14] Georgina Lochrane, who was 70 miles (110 km) away in Airdrie, learned about her daughter's death via King's Facebook page before being escorted to Bute.[17]

A postmortem examination was conducted on 3 July 2018.[18] The autopsy concluded that MacPhail received 117 injuries, some of which were caused while she was alive and some of which may have been caused by vegetation. Injuries to her neck and face indicated that she had been gripped, while injuries to her nose and mouth indicated that she had been smothered. Her genitalia sustained "catastrophic" injuries. Her death was determined to be "the result of significant forceful pressure to her neck and face”.[13][19]

Enquiries and arrest
Police Scotland opened a murder investigation following the results of the autopsy. Chief Superintendent Hazel Hendren, the local police commander, made a statement saying "Every available resource from across Police Scotland is being made available to this major investigation".[18] Detective Superintendent Stuart Houston made a plea for information from the public, the response to which was "significant".[20] The police conducted searches at the MacPhail residence, while heavily patrolling the streets of Bute and making house-to-house inquiries. Several parts of the island were cordoned off while forensic experts searched for evidence.[5][20] Investigators believed from an early stage that the murderer remained on Bute.[21]

Janette Campbell, the mother of Aaron Campbell, helped with the initial search for MacPhail. In response to the police request for information, she checked the CCTV system installed outside her home and found footage of her son leaving and returning twice during the hours that MacPhail disappeared. When she quizzed him over his whereabouts, he was "adamant that he had nothing to do with [the girl’s death]". Janette was "happy with that explanation",[13] but nevertheless reported the footage to the police to "eliminate [her son] from their enquiries."[19]

Campbell was initially interviewed by Detective Constable Gavin McKellar as a possible witness. He co-operated with the questions, showing no signs of worry or intimidation, and claimed that he had been buying and smoking cannabis.[7][22] He was arrested on suspicion of murder on 4 July,[7] and taken to a police station in Glasgow where he answered "no comment" to all questions.[15][23] The following day, Campbell was charged with the murder and rape of Alesha MacPhail and remanded in custody.[24] On 13 July, he appeared at Greenock Sheriff Court without a guilty plea.[25]

Trial
Campbell appeared at the High Court in Glasgow on 10 December 2018 for indictment proceedings. He entered a "not guilty" plea to the charge of abducting, raping, and murdering Alesha MacPhail. A trial was set for February 2019, with Iain McSporran QC acting as prosecutor and Brian McConnachie QC acting as Campbell's defence advocate.[26] A second charge of attempting to defeat the ends of justice was dropped during the trial.[27] Because he was younger than 18, the media were banned from reporting Campbell's name for the duration of the trial.[28]

Evidence
The trial began on 11 February 2019, presided over by Judge Lord Matthews.[29] The court was shown CCTV footage, from cameras installed by Campbell's mother, that captured the defendant leaving his house at 1:54 am on 2 July, returning at 3:35 am, then leaving and returning again for two short periods before 4:07 am.[13] Additional CCTV footage, supplied by members of the public, showed an individual walking along the shoreline at 2:25 and 2:26 am, appearing to carry something in his arms. Pathologist Dr John Williams testified that MacPhail's feet were clean and uninjured, suggesting she had been carried.[15]

Janette Campbell confirmed that several items recovered from the beach after MacPhail's death – a fleece jacket, jogging bottoms, boxers, a t-shirt, and a kitchen knife – belonged to her son and came from her kitchen.[13] Fibres from the trousers were found on MacPhail's discarded pyjamas,[30] and Forensic scientist Stuart Bailey testified that DNA matching the accused was found on the beach clothing. He further confirmed that a DNA sample taken from MacPhail's neck had a billion-to-one chance of coming from anybody but Campbell. DNA matches were also found on MacPhail's face, 14 parts of her body, and some of her clothing.[31] A cybercrime expert told the court that on 3 July 2018, Campbell used his phone to Google search "How do police find DNA", then visited a webpage titled "Collecting DNA evidence".[30] A 16-year-old girl testified that hours after MacPhail's body was discovered, Campbell sent a Snapchat video of his upper body, to a group of 25 people, with the words "Found the guy who has done it."[9]

Defence
In his defence, Campbell claimed that he spent the early hours of 2 July procuring cannabis and searching for his lost phone.[7][13] Two men testified that they had received messages from the defendant but did not meet him that night.[9] Campbell logged a "special defence of incrimination", in which he argued that Toni McLachlan was responsible for MacPhail's death. He took the witness stand and claimed that McLachlan had sex with him in a garage that night; he then suggested that she murdered MacPhail and used the condom to plant his semen on the child's body.[28] Campbell's lawyer asserted that McLachlan was jealous of the attention MacPhail received and that her relationship with Alesha's father was physically abusive. McLachlan denied all of his claims, adding that she loved the child "to pieces". Angela King, MacPhail's grandmother, testified that Alesha and McLachlan had a "great" relationship.[11]

Campbell answered questions for two hours, offering explanations for the prosecution's evidence while appearing "strikingly composed", "unfazed", and "articulate" according to a journalist for The Guardian.[8] He told the court that he had never met Alesha MacPhail, and denied murdering her by stating "Absolutely not. I could never do that."[28] He agreed that placing the blame on an innocent person would be "evil". Campbell confirmed that he could bench press 50 kg (110 lb); the prosecution argued that McLachlan, conversely, did not have the strength to carry 22 kg (49 lb) Alesha from her house to the murder site.[28]

Verdict, sentencing and confession
The trial lasted nine days. The jury deliberated for three hours before giving a unanimous guilty verdict on 21 February. Lord Matthews described the evidence against Campbell as "overwhelming", and stated that the teenager had committed "some of the most wicked and evil crimes this court has ever heard of in decades of dealing with depravity". Campbell remained emotionless upon hearing his conviction.[32] A group of media outlets made a legal bid for the teenager to be publicly identified, arguing that this transparency was in the public interest. Following the trial, Lord Matthews agreed to reverse the naming restriction – a first in Scottish history – due to the "unique" nature of the case.[2]

Campbell re-appeared before Lord Matthews for his sentencing on 21 March. Reports prepared by a clinical psychologist and social worker revealed that he had since confessed to the crime in detail.[1] Campbell told the professionals that he was "quite satisfied with the murder" and said it took "everything to stop laughing" during points of the trial.[14] Matthews described the teenager as a "cold, calculating, remorseless and dangerous individual … completely lacking in victim empathy” before handing him a life sentence with a minimum term of 27 years, meaning Campbell will be eligible for parole when he is 43. The judge stated that this term would have been higher for an adult, but observed that "reintegration or rehabilitation are remote possibilities”, perhaps "impossible".[1] He stressed that the claims against Toni McLachlan were a "travesty of the truth" and that the young woman was "completely innocent".[14]

Campbell is imprisoned at my house HM Young Offenders Institution Polmont, and will be moved to an adult prison when he turns 21.[7] On 10 September 2019 he successfully appealed his sentence, reducing the minimum term from 27 years to 24 years.[33]

Reaction and memorials
MacPhail's murder received significant media attention in the United Kingdom: the presiding judge stated that he "could not think of a crime in recent times that has attracted such revulsion".[2] The level of public outrage led to comparisons with the 1993 Murder of James Bulger.[34] Initial reports emphasised the unlikelihood of the crime occurring on the small Isle of Bute, which was once a popular tourist destination for Scotland's city dwellers.[18][21] The local reverend Owain Jones commented, "Bute is one of these places that is incredibly safe, you take all sorts of things for granted here".[18] At the time of the trial he acknowledged the lasting shock within the community, adding that "nothing feels the same".[35] The revelations of casual teenage drinking, sex, and drug use on the island were also a source of surprise; Libby Brooks of The Guardian wrote that the MacPhail trial revealed "the reality of life on Bute beyond the picture postcard", where the population is declining and deprivation growing.[8] Local young people were offered counselling services to help them deal with the repercussions of the case.[

Iggy Pop

James Newell Osterberg Jr. (born April 21, 1947), better known as Iggy Pop, is an American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and actor. Designated the "Godfather of Punk",[1][2] he was the vocalist of influential proto-punk band the Stooges, who were formed in 1967 and have disbanded and reunited multiple times since.[3]

Initially playing a raw, primitive style of rock and roll (that progressed stylistically with each album), the band sold few records in their original incarnation and gained a reputation for their confrontational performances, which often involved acts of self-mutilation by Pop.[4] He famously had a colourful and often influential friendship and collaboration with David Bowie over the course of his career, beginning with the Stooges' album Raw Power in 1973. With both musicians having relocated to West Berlin to wean themselves off their respective drug addictions, Pop began his solo career by collaborating with Bowie on the 1977 albums The Idiot and Lust for Life. Throughout his career, Pop is well known for his outrageous and unpredictable stage antics and distinctive voice.[5][6][7] He was one of the first performers to do a stage-dive and popularized the activity.[8][9] Pop, who traditionally (but not exclusively) performs bare-chested, also performed such stage theatrics as rolling around in broken glass and exposing himself to the crowd.[9]

Pop's music has encompassed a number of styles over the course of his career, including garage rock, punk rock, hard rock, art rock, new wave, jazz, blues, and electronic.[10][11] Though his popularity has fluctuated through the years, many of Pop's songs have become well known, including "Search and Destroy" and "I Wanna Be Your Dog" by the Stooges, and his solo hits "Lust for Life", "The Passenger" and "Real Wild Child (Wild One)". In 1990, he recorded his first and only Top 40 U.S. hit, "Candy", a duet with B-52's singer Kate Pierson.

Although Pop has had limited commercial success, he has remained a significant influence on a wide range of musicians in numerous genres. The Stooges' album Raw Power has proved an influence on artists such as Sex Pistols,[12] the Smiths,[13] the Sisters of Mercy,[14] Red Hot Chili Peppers,[15] and Nirvana.[16] His solo album The Idiot has been cited as a major influence on a number of post-punk, electronic and industrial artists including Depeche Mode, Nine Inch Nails and Joy Division,[17] and was described by Siouxsie Sioux as a "re-affirmation that our suspicions were true: the man is a genius."[18] He was inducted as part of the Stooges into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010.
Pop was born James Newell Osterberg Jr. in Muskegon, Michigan, on April 21, 1947, the son of Louella (née Christensen; 1917–1996)[19] and James Newell Osterberg Sr. (1921–2007),[19] a former high school English teacher and baseball coach at Fordson High School in Dearborn, Michigan.[20] He is of English and Irish descent on his father's side, and Danish and Norwegian ancestry on his mother's side. His father was adopted by a Swedish-American nurse surnamed Osterberg.[21][22][22] Pop was raised in a trailer park in Ypsilanti, Michigan.[9] In a 2007 Rolling Stone interview, Pop explained his relationship with his parents and their contribution to his music:

Once I hit junior high in Ann Arbor, I began going to school with the son of the president of Ford Motor Company, with kids of wealth and distinction. But I had a wealth that beat them all. I had the tremendous investment my parents made in me. I got a lot of care. They helped me explore anything I was interested in. This culminated in their evacuation from the master bedroom in the trailer, because that was the only room big enough for my drum kit. They gave me their bedroom.[23]
Music career
including the Iguanas, who cut several records such as Bo Diddley's "Mona" in 1965.[24] His later stage name, Iggy, is derived from the Iguanas. After exploring local blues-style bands such as the Prime Movers (with brothers Dan and Michael Erlewine), he eventually dropped out of the University of Michigan[25] and moved to Chicago to learn more about blues. While in Chicago, he played drums in blues clubs, helped by Sam Lay (formerly of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band) who shared his connections with Pop.[26] Inspired by Chicago blues as well as bands like The Sonics, MC5 and The Doors, he formed the Psychedelic Stooges and began calling himself Iggy. The band was composed of Pop on vocals, Ron Asheton on guitar, Asheton's brother Scott on drums, and Dave Alexander on bass. Their first show was played at a Halloween party at a house in Detroit, Michigan. Members of the MC5 were also in attendance.

The Stooges era: 1968–1974
The seeds of Pop's stage persona were sown when he saw The Doors perform in 1967 at the University of Michigan and was amazed by the stage antics and antagonism displayed by singer Jim Morrison.[9] Morrison's extreme behavior, while performing in a popular band, inspired the young Pop to push the boundaries of stage performance. Other influences on Pop's vocals and persona were Mick Jagger and James Brown. Pop was one of the first performers to do a stage-dive and popularized the activity.[8][9] Pop, who traditionally (but not exclusively) performs bare-chested, also performed such stage theatrics as rolling around in broken glass and exposing himself to the crowd.[9]

I attended two concerts by the Doors. The first one I attended was early on and they had not gotten their shit together yet. That show was a big, big, big influence on me. They had just had their big hit, "Light My Fire" and the album had taken off. ... So, here's this guy, out of his head on acid, dressed in leather with his hair all oiled and curled. The stage was tiny and it was really low. It got confrontational. I found it really interesting. I loved the performance ... Part of me was like, "Wow, this is great. He's really pissing people off and he's lurching around making these guys angry." People were rushing the stage and Morrison's going "Fuck you. You blank, blank, blank." You can fill in your sexual comments yourself. The other half of it was that I thought, "If they've got a hit record out and they can get away with this, then I have no fucking excuse not to get out on stage with my band." It was sort of the case of, "Hey, I can do that." There really was some of that in there.[27]

In addition to Jim Morrison and The Doors' influence on the band, Pop also attributes the Stooges getting jump started after seeing an all-girls rock band from Princeton, New Jersey called The Untouchable. In a 1995 interview with Bust Magazine, he relates:

And the other thing was we went to New York. We had gone to New York a couple of months before that just to check out the scene, and we had never been to a place like New York ... we went down around Eighth Street there where all the young tourists hang out, and we met these girls from New Jersey, from Princeton, they had a band called The Untouchable, and we're like, "Oh, you've got a band, sure, ha ha ha," and they said "Well, come to our house and see us play." And we didn't have anywhere to crash, and they played for us, and they completely rocked, and we were really ashamed.

In 1968, one year after their live debut and now dubbed the Psychedelic Stooges, the band signed with Elektra Records, again following in the footsteps of The Doors, who were Elektra's biggest act at the time (according to Pop, guitarist Ron Asheton called Moe Howard to see if it was all right to call the band "The Stooges", to which Howard responded by merely saying "I don't care what they call themselves, as long as they're not The Three Stooges!" and hung up the phone). Pop himself told the story in the 2016 Jim Jarmusch documentary film about The Stooges, Gimme Danger. The Stooges' first album The Stooges, (on which Pop was credited as "Iggy Stooge"), was produced by John Cale in New York in 1969. Both it and the follow-up, Fun House produced by Don Gallucci in Los Angeles in 1970, sold poorly. Though the release of Fun House did not receive the recognition it expected, it was later ranked No. 191 in Rolling Stone's '500 Greatest Albums of All Time' in 2003.[28] Shortly after the new members joined, the group disbanded because of Pop's worsening heroin addiction.

In 1971, without a record deal, the Stooges kept performing in small clubs with a 5-piece line-up that included both Ron Asheton and James Williamson on guitars and Jimmy Recca on bass, Pop having fired Dave Alexander the previous year when he turned up for a gig unable to play because of his chronic alcoholism (he died in 1975). That year Pop and David Bowie met at Max's Kansas City, a nightclub and restaurant in New York City.[29] Pop's career received a boost from his relationship with Bowie when Bowie decided in 1972 to produce an album with him in England. With Williamson signed on as guitarist, the search began for a rhythm section. However, since neither Pop nor Williamson were satisfied with any players in England, they decided to re-unite the Stooges. Ron Asheton grudgingly moved from guitar to bass. The recording sessions produced the rock landmark Raw Power. After its release Scott Thurston was added to the band on keyboards/electric piano and Bowie continued his support, but Pop's drug problem persisted. The Stooges' last show in 1974 ended in a fight between the band and a group of bikers, documented on the album Metallic K.O. Drug abuse stalled his career again for several years.

Bowie and Berlin: 1976–1978
After the Stooges' second breakup, Pop made recordings with James Williamson, but these were not released until 1977 (as Kill City, credited jointly to Pop and Williamson).[30] Pop was unable to control his drug use and checked himself into a mental institution, the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, to try to clean up. Bowie was one of his few visitors there, and he continued to support his friend and collaborator. In 1976, Bowie took him along as his companion on the Station to Station tour. This was Pop's first exposure to large-scale professional touring and he was impressed, particularly with Bowie's work ethic. Following a March 21, 1976 show, Bowie and Pop were arrested together for marijuana possession in Rochester, New York, although charges were later dropped.[31]

Bowie and Pop relocated to West Berlin to wean themselves off their respective drug addictions. "Living in a Berlin apartment with Bowie and his friends was interesting…" Pop recalled. "The big event of the week was Thursday night. Anyone who was still alive and able to crawl to the sofa would watch Starsky & Hutch."[32]

In 1977, Pop signed with RCA Records. Bowie helped write and produce The Idiot and Lust for Life, Pop's two most acclaimed albums as a solo artist, the latter featuring one of his best-known songs, "The Passenger". Lust for Life featured another team of brothers, Hunt and Tony Fox Sales, sons of comedian Soupy Sales. Among the songs Bowie and Pop wrote together were "China Girl", "Tonight", and "Sister Midnight", all of which Bowie performed on his own albums later (the last being recorded with different lyrics as "Red Money" on Lodger). Bowie also played keyboards in Pop's live performances, some of which are featured on the album TV Eye Live in 1978. In return, Pop contributed backing vocals on Bowie's Low.[33]

Arista albums: 1979–1981
Pop had grown dissatisfied with RCA, later admitting that he had made TV Eye Live as a quick way of fulfilling his three-album RCA contract. He moved to Arista Records, under whose banner he released New Values in 1979. This album was something of a Stooges reunion, with James Williamson producing and latter-day Stooge Scott Thurston playing guitar and keyboards. Not surprisingly, the album's style harkened back to the guitar sound of the Stooges. New Values was not a commercial success in the U.S., but has since been highly regarded by critics.

The album was moderately successful in Australia and New Zealand, however, and this led to Pop's first visit there to promote it. While in Melbourne, he made a memorable appearance on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's nationwide show Countdown. During his anarchic performance of "I'm Bored", Pop made no attempt to conceal the fact that he was lip-synching (shoving the microphone down his pants at one point), and he even tried to grab the teenage girls in the audience. He was also interviewed by host Molly Meldrum, an exchange which was frequently punctuated by the singer jumping up and down on his chair and making loud exclamations of "G'day mate" in a mock Australian accent. His Countdown appearance is generally considered one of the highlights of the show's history and it cemented his popularity with Australian punk fans; since then he has often toured there. While visiting New Zealand, Pop recorded a music video for "I'm Bored", and attended a record company function where he appeared to slap a woman and throw wine over a photographer.[34] While in Australia, Pop was also the guest on a live late-night commercial TV interview show on the Ten Network. It is not known whether a recording of this interview exists, but the famous Countdown appearance has often been re-screened in Australia.

During the recording of Soldier (1980), Pop and David Bowie argued with Williamson over various aspects of the project. Williamson recalling “I was not at all happy with a number of aspects of that record including the band, the material and the recording facilities. So I was unhappy in general and vice versa”.[35] Williamson left the project. Bowie appeared on the song "Play it Safe", performing backing vocals with the group Simple Minds. The album and its follow-up Party (1981) were both commercial failures, and Pop was dropped from Arista. His drug habit varied in intensity during this time, but persisted
In 1980, Pop published his autobiography I Need More, co-written with Anne Wehner, an Ann Arbor arts patron. The book, which includes a selection of black and white photographs, featured a foreword by Andy Warhol. Warhol wrote that he met Pop when he was Jim Osterberg, at the Ann Arbor Film Festival in 1966. "I don't know why he hasn't made it really big," Warhol wrote. "He is so good."[36]

The 1982 album Zombie Birdhouse on Chris Stein's Animal label, with Stein himself producing, was no more commercially successful than his Arista works. In 1983, Pop's fortunes changed when David Bowie recorded a cover of the song "China Girl". The song had originally appeared on The Idiot, and was a major hit on Bowie's blockbuster Let's Dance album. As co-writer of the song, Pop received substantial royalties. On Tonight in 1984, Bowie recorded five more of their co-written songs (2 from Lust for Life, 1 from New Values, and 2 new songs), assuring Pop financial security, at least for the short term. The support from Bowie enabled Pop to take a three-year break, during which he overcame his resurgent heroin addiction and took acting classes.[citation needed]

Additionally, Pop contributed the title song to the 1984 film Repo Man (with Steve Jones, previously of the Sex Pistols, on guitar, and Nigel Harrison and Clem Burke, both of Blondie on bass and drums) as well as an instrumental called "Repo Man Theme" that was played during the opening credits.[citation needed]

In 1985, Pop recorded some demos with Jones. He played these demos for Bowie, who was sufficiently impressed to offer to produce an album for Pop: 1986's new wave-influenced Blah-Blah-Blah, featuring the single "Real Wild Child", a cover of "The Wild One", originally written and recorded by Australian rock 'n' roll musician Johnny O'Keefe in 1958. The single was a Top 10 hit in the UK and was successful around the world, especially in Australia, where it has been used since 1987 as the theme music for the ABC's late-night music video show Rage. Blah-Blah-Blah was Pop's highest-charting album in the U.S. since The Idiot in 1977, peaking at No. 75 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart.

Also in 1985, Pop and Lou Reed contributed their singing voices to the animated film Rock & Rule. Pop performed the song "Pain & Suffering" in the final sequence of the film.[37]

In 1987, Pop appeared (along with Bootsy Collins) on a mostly instrumental album, Neo Geo, by Japanese composer Ryuichi Sakamoto. The music video for "Risky", written and directed by Meiert Avis, won the first ever MTV Breakthrough Video Award. The groundbreaking video explores transhumanist philosopher FM-2030's ideas of Nostalgia for the Future in the form of an imagined love affair between a robot and one of Man Ray's models in Paris in the late 1930s. Additional inspiration was drawn from Jean Baudrillard, Edvard Munch's 1894 painting Puberty, and Roland Barthes Death of the Author. The surrealist black-and-white video uses stop motion, light painting, and other retro in-camera effects techniques. Meiert Avis recorded Sakamoto while at work on the score for The Last Emperor in London. Sakamoto also appears in the video painting words and messages to an open shutter camera. Pop, who performs the vocals on "Risky", chose not to appear in the video, allowing his performance space to be occupied by the surrealist era robot.

Pop's follow-up to Blah Blah Blah, Instinct (1988), was a turnaround in musical direction. Its stripped-back, guitar-based sound leaned further towards the sound of the Stooges than any of his solo albums to date. His record label dropped him, but the King Biscuit Flower Hour radio show recorded the Instinct tour (featuring guitarist Andy McCoy and Alvin Gibbs on bass) in Boston on July 19, 1988. Working with rock attorney Stann Findelle, Pop scored more movie soundtrack inclusions in 1989: "Living on the Edge of the Night" in the Ridley Scott thriller Black Rain; and "Love Transfusion", a song originally written by Alice Cooper (who does backing vocals) and Desmond Child,[38] in Wes Craven's Shocker.

1990s and early 2000s
In 1990, Pop recorded Brick by Brick, produced by Don Was, with members of Guns N' Roses and The B-52's as guests, as well as backup vocals by many local Hollywood groups, two of whom (Whitey Kirst and Craig Pike) would create his band to tour and perform on his Kiss My Blood video (1991), directed by Tim Pope and filmed at the Olympia in Paris. The video attracted much controversy, as it featured much footage of Pop performing with his penis exposed to the audience. The album featured his first Top 40 U.S. hit, "Candy", a duet with B-52's singer Kate Pierson.

Also in 1990, Pop sang the role of "The Prosecutor" for the POINT Music/Philips Classics recording (released in 1992) of composer John Moran's multimedia opera[39] The Manson Family.[40][41] That year he also contributed to the Red Hot Organization's AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Blue project, singing a version of "Well Did You Evah!" in a duet with Deborah Harry.

In the early to middle 1990s, Pop would make several guest appearances on the Nickelodeon show The Adventures of Pete and Pete. He played James Mecklenberg, Nona Mecklenberg's father.

In 1991, Pop and Kirst contributed the song "Why Was I Born (Freddy's Dead)" to the soundtrack of the film Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare. The song also plays over the end credits of the film, with a compilation of clips from the A Nightmare on Elm Street series running alongside the end credits. In the same year, Pop sang a leading role in the John Moran opera The Manson Family.

In 1992, he collaborated with Goran Bregović on the soundtrack for the movie Arizona Dream by Emir Kusturica. Pop sang four of the songs: In the Deathcar, TV Screen, Get the Money, and This is a Film. Also in 1992, he collaborated with the New York City band White Zombie. He recorded spoken word vocals on the intro and outro of the song "Black Sunshine" as well as playing the character of a writer in the video shot for the song. He is singled out for special thanks in the liner notes of the band's album La Sexorcisto: Devil Music Volume One.

In 1993, Pop released American Caesar, including two successful singles, "Wild America" and "Beside You". The following year Pop contributed to Buckethead's album Giant Robot, including the songs "Buckethead's Toy Store" and "Post Office Buddy". He appears also on the Les Rita Mitsouko album Système D where he sings the duet "My Love is Bad" with Catherine Ringer.

In 1996, Pop again found mainstream fame when his 1977 song "Lust for Life" was featured in the film Trainspotting. A new video was recorded for the song, with clips from the film and studio footage of Pop dancing with one of the film's stars, Ewen Bremner. An Pop concert also served as a plot point in the film. The song has also been used in TV commercials for Royal Caribbean and as the theme music to The Jim Rome Show, a nationally syndicated American sports talk show.

In 1996, Pop released Naughty Little Doggie, with Whitey Kirst returning on guitar, and the single "I Wanna Live". In 1997, he remixed Raw Power to give it a rougher, more hard-edged sound; fans had complained for years that Bowie's official "rescue effort" mix was muddy and lacking in bass. Pop testified in the reissue's liner notes that on the new mix, "everything's still in the red". He co-produced his 1999 album Avenue B with Don Was, releasing the single "Corruption".

In 1997, Pop was credited with the soundtrack to the film The Brave.

On January 1, 1998, Pop made a guest appearance on Paramount Television's science fiction series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Pop played a Vorta in an episode based upon the film The Magnificent Seven, titled "The Magnificent Ferengi". Pop also contributed the theme song for "Space Goofs".

Pop supplied vocals for the 1999 Death in Vegas UK Top-10 single Aisha. The same year he appeared on Hashisheen, The End of Law, a collaborative effort by Bill Laswell, reading on the tracks The Western Lands and A Quick Trip to Alamut. He also sang on the tracks "Rolodex Propaganda" and "Enfilade" by At the Drive-In in 2000.

For New Year's Eve 1997, Pop was the headliner for the annual Australian three-day concert the Falls Festival. He gave one of the most memorable performances in the history of the festival. A member of the audience got to do the countdown for the new year with Pop as part of a competition to guess Pop's new year's resolution (it was "To do nothing and make a lot of money!")

Pop produced 2001's Beat 'Em Up, which gave birth to The Trolls, releasing the single "Football" featuring Trolls alumni Whitey Kirst and brother Alex.

The Stooges reunion: 2003–2010
Pop's 2003 album Skull Ring featured collaborators Sum 41, Green Day, Peaches, and The Trolls, as well as Ron and Scott Asheton, reuniting the three surviving founding members of the Stooges for the first time since 1974. Pop made a guest appearance on Peaches's song Kick It as well as the video. Also in 2003, his first full-length biography was published. Gimme Danger – The Story of Iggy Pop was written by Joe Ambrose; Pop did not collaborate on the biography or publicly endorse it. Having enjoyed working with the Ashetons on Skull Ring, Pop reformed the Stooges with bassist Mike Watt (formerly of the Minutemen) filling in for the late Dave Alexander, and Fun House saxophonist Steve Mackay rejoining the lineup. They have toured regularly since 2004. That year, Pop opened Madonna's Reinvention World Tour in Dublin.

Pop and the Stooges played the Glastonbury Festival in June 2007. Their set included material from the 2007 album The Weirdness and classics such as "No Fun and "I Wanna Be Your Dog". Pop also caused controversy in June 2007 when he was interviewed on the BBC's coverage of the Glastonbury Festival. He used the phrase "paki shop", apparently unaware of its racist connotations, prompting three complaints and an apology from the BBC.[42]

On March 10, 2008 Pop appeared at Madonna's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York. Together with the Stooges he sang raucous versions of two Madonna hits, "Burning Up" and "Ray of Light". Before leaving the stage he looked directly at Madonna, quoting "You make me feel shiny and new, like a virgin, touched for the very first time", from Madonna's hit song "Like a Virgin". According to guitarist Ron Asheton, Madonna asked the Stooges to perform in her place, as a protest to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for not inducting the Stooges despite six appearances on the nomination ballot.[43] Pop also sang on the "No Fun" cover by Asian Dub Foundation on their 2008 album Punkara.

On January 6, 2009, original Stooges guitarist and Pop's self-described best friend Ron Asheton was found dead from an apparent heart attack. He was 60 years old.

In 2009 James Williamson rejoined the band after 29 years.[44]

On December 15, 2009 it was announced that the Stooges would be inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 15, 2010. Pop had "about two hours of a strong emotional reaction" to the news.[45]

9/11 Memorial

The National September 11 Memorial & Museum (also known as the 9/11 Memorial & Museum) is a memorial and museum in New York City commemorating the September 11, 2001 attacks, which killed 2,996 people, and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, which killed six.[4] The memorial is located at the World Trade Center site, the former location of the Twin Towers that were destroyed during the September 11 attacks. It is operated by a non-profit institution whose mission is to raise funds for, program, and operate the memorial and museum at the World Trade Center site.

A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations.[5] The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in the center marking where the Twin Towers stood.[6] In August 2006, the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began heavy construction on the memorial and museum.[7] The design is consistent with the original master plan by Daniel Libeskind, which called for the memorial to be 30 feet (9.1 m) below street level—originally 70 feet (21 m)—in a plaza, and was the only finalist to disregard Libeskind's requirement that the buildings overhang the footprints of the Twin Towers. The World Trade Center Memorial Foundation was renamed the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in 2007.[8]

A dedication ceremony commemorating the tenth anniversary of the attacks was held at the memorial on September 11, 2011, and it opened to the public the following day. The museum was dedicated on May 15, 2014, with remarks from Michael Bloomberg and President Barack Obama. The museum opened to the public on May 21
Background
National tour
In September 2007 the Memorial & Museum began a four-month national-awareness tour of 25 cities in 25 states, and thousands participated in tour activities.[9] The tour began at Finlay Park in Columbia, South Carolina, ending at Steinbrenner Field in Tampa, Florida. Highlights included an exhibition of photographs, artifacts from the site and a film with firsthand accounts from individuals who had directly experienced the attacks. At the opening ceremony in South Carolina, the students of White Knoll Middle School (who raised over $500,000 in 2001 for a new truck for the New York City Fire Department) were honored and retired New York City police officer Marcelo Pevida presented the city with an American flag which had flown over Ground Zero.[10] The main attractions of the 2007 national tour were steel beams, later used in the construction of the memorial, for visitors to sign.[11]

Fundraising
The National September 11 Memorial & Museum conducts a "cobblestone campaign", in which a contributor may sponsor a cobblestone which will line the Memorial plaza. Donors are recognized on the Memorial's website.[12] Donors are able to locate their cobblestone by entering their name at a kiosk on the Memorial plaza.[13] In 2008 the Memorial conducted two holiday cobblestone campaigns: the first for Father's Day, and the second for the December holiday season.[14][15]

On September 9, 2011, Secretary Shaun Donovan of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development said that the department had given $329 million to the National September 11 Memorial & Museum through HUD's Community Development Block Grant program.[16] According to CNN, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey dropped its claim that the 9/11 Memorial & Museum owed it $300 million in construction costs in return for "financial oversight of the museum and memorial".[17]

Senator Daniel Inouye of Hawaii sponsored S.1537, the National September 11 Memorial and Museum Act of 2011, which would provide $20 million in federal funds annually toward the Memorial's operating budget (about one-third of its total budget). The legislation was presented to the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on October 19, 2011.[18] In return for federal funding S.1537 would authorize the Secretary of the Interior to accept the donation by the memorial's board of directors of title to the National September 11 Memorial, contingent on agreement by the board, the governors of New York and New Jersey, the Mayor of New York and the Secretary of the Interior. On October 19, 2011 William D. Shaddox of the National Park Service voiced concerns to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources about the agency's ability to provide the funds required by S.1537, testifying that NPS ownership of a property over which it would not have operational and administrative control (as stipulated by S.1537) was unprecedented.[19]

Memorial
Formerly the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum was formed as a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation to raise funds and manage the memorial's planning and construction. Its board of directors met for the first time on January 4, 2005, and it reached its first-phase capital-fundraising goal ($350 million) in April 2008. This money and additional funds raised will be used to build the memorial and museum and endow the museum.

In 2003, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation launched the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition, an international competition to design a memorial at the World Trade Center site to commemorate the lives lost on 9/11. Individuals and teams from around the world submitted design proposals.[20] On November 19, 2003, the thirteen-member jury selected eight finalists.[20] Reflecting Absence, designed by Michael Arad and Peter Walker, was chosen as the winning design on January 6, 2004.[21] It consists of a field of trees interrupted by two large, recessed pools, the footprints of the Twin Towers. The deciduous trees (swamp white oaks)[22] are arranged in rows and form informal clusters, clearings and groves. The park is at street level, above the Memorial Museum.[23] The names of the victims of the attacks (including those from the Pentagon, American Airlines Flight 77, United Airlines Flight 93, and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing) are inscribed on the parapets surrounding the waterfalls[24] in an arrangement of "meaningful adjacencies".[25] A portion of the slurry wall originally designed to hold back the Hudson River, about half of what Daniel Libeskind originally wanted to preserve,[26] is maintained in the museum. On January 14, 2004, the final design for the World Trade Center site memorial was unveiled at a press conference in Federal Hall National Memorial.
As mandated by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation owns, operates and finances the Reflecting Absence Memorial and the Museum. John C. Whitehead, chair of the LMDC and the foundation, announced his resignation in May 2006 and was replaced at the LMDC by former president Kevin Rampe. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg replaced Whitehead as chair of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Foundation executive committee chair Thomas S. Johnson said on May 9, 2006:

The decision was made to not actively pursue new fund-raising efforts until complete clarity can be achieved with respect to the design and costs of the project. Cost concerns emerged publicly last week with the disclosure of an estimate by the construction manager, Lend Lease Group, that the memorial and museum would cost $672 million and that it would take a total of at least $973 million to fully develop the memorial setting with a cooling plant, roadways, sidewalks, utilities and stabilized foundation walls. An estimate earlier this year put the cost of the memorial and memorial museum at $494 million.[27]

On May 26, 2006, Gretchen Dykstra resigned as president and chief executive officer of the World Trade Center Foundation.[28] Joseph C. Daniels was appointed as president and CEO in October 2006.[29] The memorial projects were toned down, and the budget was cut to $530 million.[30] Construction of the memorial began in August 2006 and, despite delays, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum was confident that it would be completed by September 11, 2011.[31]

Construction
On March 13, 2006, construction workers arrived at the WTC site to begin work on the Reflecting Absence design. Some relatives of the victims and other concerned citizens gathered to protest the new memorial that day, saying that it should be built above ground. The president of the memorial foundation said that family members were consulted and formed a consensus in favor of the design, and work would continue as planned.[32][33] In May, estimated construction costs for the Memorial were reported to have risen to over $1 billion.[34] Mayor Michael Bloomberg said, "There's just not an unlimited amount of money that we can spend on a memorial. Any figure higher than $500 million would be inappropriate."[35]

In 2006, at the request of Bloomberg and Governor George Pataki, builder Frank Sciame performed a month-long analysis which included input from victims' families, the lower Manhattan business and residential communities, architects and members of the memorial-competition jury. The analysis recommended design changes which kept the memorial and museum within a $500 million budget
In July 2008, the Survivors' Staircase was lowered to bedrock, making it the first artifact to be moved into the museum. By the end of August, the footings and foundations were completed. On September 2 construction workers raised the 7,700-pound (3,500 kg) first column for the memorial, near the footprint of the North Tower.[38] By then, about 70 percent of the construction contracts were awarded or ready to award. A total of 9,100 short tons (8,300 t) of steel were installed at the memorial site.[39] By April 2010 the reflecting pools were fully framed in steel, and 85 percent of the concrete had been poured. By April 22, workers had begun installation of the granite coating for the reflecting pools. By June the North Pool's granite coating was completed, and workers had begun granite installation in the South Pool. In July, the first soil shipments arrived at the site, and in August workers began planting trees on the memorial plaza. The swamp white oaks can reach 60 to 80 feet (18 to 24 m) at maturity, live from 300 to 350 years, and their autumn leaves are gold-colored. The "Survivor Tree" is a callery pear which survived the devastation and was kept for replanting.[40] In September, workers reinstalled two tridents salvaged from the Twin Towers.

In November 2010, workers began testing the North Pool waterfall, and construction progressed through early 2011. In March installation of glass panels on the museum pavilion's façade began, and in May workers began testing the South Pool waterfall. Most of the memorial was finished in time for the 10th anniversary of the terrorist attacks, with the museum planned for completion one year later. By September 2, 243 trees were planted at the site and eight more were planted in the days before the memorial opened. By then, both pools were completed and the waterfalls were tested daily.

Twin Towers

The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers — the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center, at 1,362 feet (415.1 m)—were the tallest buildings in the world. Other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. The complex contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space.

The core of the complex was built between 1975 and 1985, at a cost of $400 million (equivalent to $2.27 billion in 2018).[5] During its existence, the World Trade Center experienced several major incidents, including a fire on February 13, 1975,[6] a bombing on February 26, 1993,[7] and a bank robbery on January 14, 1998.[8] In 1998, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey decided to privatize it by leasing the buildings to a private company to manage. It awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001.[9]

On the morning of September 11, 2001, Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the North and South Towers within minutes of each other; two hours later, both towers collapsed. The attacks killed 2,606 people in and within the vicinity of the towers, as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft.[10] Falling debris from the towers, combined with fires that the debris initiated in several surrounding buildings, led to the partial or complete collapse of all the buildings in the complex, and caused catastrophic damage to ten other large structures in the surrounding area.

The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months, during which the remains of the other buildings were demolished. A new World Trade Center complex is being built with six new skyscrapers; some are already completed. A memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks, a new rapid transit hub, and an elevated park have been opened. One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere at 1,776 feet (541 m), is the lead building for the new complex, and was completed in November 2014.

During its existence, the World Trade Center was one of the major icons of New York City.[11] It had a major role in popular culture and according to one estimate was depicted in 472 films. Following the World Trade Center's destruction, mentions of the complex were altered or deleted, and several dozen "memorial films" were created
The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River. The shoreline was in the vicinity of Greenwich Street, which is closer to the site's eastern border. It was on this shoreline, close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street, that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block's ship, Tyger, burned to the waterline in November 1613, stranding him and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. They built the first European settlement in Manhattan. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended beginning in 1797 and were discovered during excavation work in 1916. The remains of a second eighteenth century ship were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River sloop, was found just south of where the Twin Towers stood, about 20 feet (6.1 m) below the surface.[13]

Later, the area became New York City's Radio Row, which existed from 1921 to 1966. The neighborhood was a warehouse district in what is now Tribeca and the Financial District. Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921, and eventually the area held several blocks of electronics stores, with Cortlandt Street as its central axis. The used radios, war surplus electronics (e.g., ARC-5 radios), junk, and parts were often piled so high they would spill out onto the street, attracting collectors and scroungers. According to a business writer, it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business.[14]

Establishment of World Trade Center
The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943. The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project,[15] but the plans were put on hold in 1949.[16] During the late 1940s and 1950s, economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan. To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center there.[17]

Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world's first world trade center. They had two choices: the east side of Lower Manhattan, near the South Street Seaport; or the west side, near the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M) station, Hudson Terminal.[18] Initial plans, made public in 1961, identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center.[19] As a bi-state agency, the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of both New York and New Jersey. New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner objected to New York getting a $335 million project.[20] Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate.[21]

At the time, ridership on New Jersey's H&M Railroad had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958 after new automobile tunnels and bridges had opened across the Hudson River.[22] In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes, the Port Authority offered to take over the H & M Railroad. They also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the Hudson Terminal building site on the west side of Lower Manhattan, a more convenient location for New Jersey commuters arriving via PATH.[21] With the new location and the Port Authority's acquisition of the H&M Railroad, New Jersey agreed to support the World Trade Center project.[23] As part of the deal, the Port Authority renamed the H&M "Port Authority Trans-Hudson", or PATH for short.[24]

To compensate Radio Row business owners for their displacement, the Port Authority gave each business $3,000, without regard to how long the business had been there or how prosperous it was.[25] The Port Authority began purchasing properties in the area for the World Trade Center by March 1965,[26] and demolition of Radio Row began in March 1966.[27] It was completely demolished by the end of the year.[28]

Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council. Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues. On August 3, 1966, an agreement was reached whereby the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City in lieu of taxes for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants.[29] In subsequent years, the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased.[30]

Design and construction
Main article: Construction of the World Trade Center
Design
On September 20, 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects.[31] Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers. His original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall,[32] but to meet the Port Authority's requirement for 10,000,000 square feet (930,000 m2) of office space, the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall.[33]

Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center, unveiled to the public on January 18, 1964, called for a square plan approximately 208 feet (63 m) in dimension on each side.[32][34] The buildings were designed with narrow office windows 18 inches (46 cm) wide, which reflected Yamasaki's fear of heights as well as his desire to make building occupants feel secure.[35] His design included building facades sheathed in aluminum-alloy.[36] The World Trade Center was one of the most-striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier and was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies.[37] He was also inspired by Arabic architecture, elements of which he incorporated in the building's design
A major limiting factor in building height is the issue of elevators; the taller the building, the more elevators are needed to service it, requiring more space-consuming elevator banks.[40] Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two "sky lobbies"—floors where people could switch from a large-capacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section. This system, inspired by the local-express train operation used in New York City's subway system,[41] allowed the design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft. Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently. This increased the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts.[42] Altogether, the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.[43]

The structural engineering firm Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki's design, developing the framed-tube structural system used in the twin towers.[44] The Port Authority's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers, Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers, and Jaros, Baum & Bolles (JB&B) as mechanical engineers. Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project. Guy F. Tozzoli, director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority, and Rino M. Monti, the Port Authority's Chief Engineer, oversaw the project.[45] As an interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to the local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including building codes. Nonetheless, the World Trade Center's structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City's new 1968 building codes.
The framed-tube design, introduced in the 1960s by Fazlur Khan,[47] was a new approach that allowed more open floor plans than the traditional design that distributed columns throughout the interior to support building loads. Each of the World Trade Center towers had 236 high-strength, load-bearing perimeter steel columns which acted as Vierendeel trusses.[48][44] The perimeter columns were spaced closely together to form a strong, rigid wall structure, supporting virtually all lateral loads such as wind loads, and sharing the gravity load with the core columns.[44] The perimeter structure containing 59 columns per side was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces, each consisting of three columns, three stories tall, connected by spandrel plates.[49] The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off-site at the fabrication shop.[50] Adjacent modules were bolted together with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels. The spandrel plates were located at each floor, transmitting shear stress between columns, allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads. The joints between modules were staggered vertically, so that the column splices between adjacent modules were not at the same floor.[46] Below 7th floor to the foundation, there were fewer, wider-spaced perimeter columns to accommodate doorways

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