السبت، 28 سبتمبر 2019

كاترين الثانية

إمبراطورة وبغاطرة كُل الروس كاترين الثانية ألكسيڤنا بنت كريستيان أغسطس أمير آنهالت (بالروسية: Екатери́на II Алексе́евна Вели́кая)، الشهيرة باسم كاترين الكبيرة أو كاترين العظيمة (بالروسية: Екатерина II Великая)، هي إحدى أبرز وأهم وأكبر حُكَّام روسيا عبر التاريخ، وأعظم شخصيَّة حكمت البلاد الروسيَّة في التاريخ الحديث، ومن أطول النساء الحاكمات عهدًا، إذ امتدَّ عصرُها من سنة 1762م حتَّى وفاتها سنة 1796م عن عُمرٍ يُناهز 67 سنة، كما أنَّها من بين أشهر النساء الحاكمات عبر التاريخ ومن أعظمهنَّ شأنًا وتأثيرًا. وُلدت في مدينة شتچين بِدُوقيَّة پوميرانيا في مملكة بروسيا، وكان اسمُها ولقبها عند الولادة صوفي فردريك أغسطس ڤون آنهالت زربست دورنبرگ (بالألمانية: Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg)، وخِلال فترةٍ لاحقةٍ من حياتها تزوَّجت الإمبراطور الروسي بُطرس الثالث، ومن ثُمَّ تربَّعت على عرش الإمبراطوريَّة بِنفسها بعد الانقلاب الذي جرى ضدَّ حُكم زوجها والذي أفضى إلى اغتياله. انتعشت روسيا انتعاشًا كبيرًا في ظل الحُكم الكاتريني، فتوسَّعت أراضي الإمبراطوريَّة على حساب جيرانها، وازدادت قُوَّتها العسكريَّة حتَّى اضطرَّت الدُول الأوروپيَّة الغربيَّة إلى الاعتراف بها كقُوَّةٍ عُظمى إلى جانبها في العالم.

اعتمدت كاترين الثانية على طبقة النُبلاء في إدارة شؤون بلادها، ودانت لِبعضهم بِفضل وُصولها إلى سُدَّة العرش، ومن أبرز هؤلاء گريگوري أورلوڤ وگريگوري پوتمكين، كما اعتمدت على ثُلَّةٍ من القادة العسكريين الكفوئين مثل إسكندر سوڤوروڤ وبُطرس روميانتسيڤ، وأُمراء البحار مثل تُيودور أوشاكوڤ، لِتوسيع حُدود إمبراطوريَّتها والسيطرة على المزيد من الأراضي المُجاورة، بِالطُرق العسكريَّة تارةً وبِالدبلوماسيَّة تارةً أُخرى. ففي الحُدود الجنوبيَّة لِلإمبراطوريَّة، تمكَّنت كاترين الثانية من سحق خانيَّة القرم المُسلمة المُوالية لِلدولة العُثمانيَّة بعد أن حاربت الجُيُوش الروسيَّة الجُيُوش العُثمانيَّة ردحًا طويلًا من الزمن في سلسلةٍ من الحُرُوب والمعارك اشتهرت باسم الحُرُوب الروسيَّة العُثمانيَّة، وتمكنت من هزمها، كما شجَّعت الحركات الثوريَّة في البلقان ضدَّ العُثمانيين ودعمت بعض الوُلاة العاصين في المشرق مثل علي بك الكبير والي مصر وظاهر العمر والي صيدا، حتَّى حصلت على مرادها من السلطنة، التي تنازلت لها عن جميع المناطق الشاسعة شمال البحرين الأسود وآزوڤ. وفي الغرب، تمكَّنت كاترين الثانية من تفتيت الاتحاد البولوني الليتواني الذي كان يحكمه عشيقها السابق الملك ستانيسواڤ أغسطس پونياتوڤسكي، وسيطرت على القسم الأكبر من بلاده. أمَّا في الشرق، فقد شرع الروس باستعمار واستيطان آلاسكا، مُؤسسين بِذلك إقليم «أمريكا الروسيَّة».

أعادت كاترين الثانية تنظيم إدارة الغوبرنيهات (الولايات) في طول الإمبراطوريَّة وعرضها، وأمرت بِإنشاء الكثير من المُدن والبلدات الجديدة وتوطين الناس فيها. ولمَّا كانت من أشد المُعجبين بِبُطرس الأكبر، فقد سارت على أثره وانتهجت نهجه في تحديث وتطوير الإمبراطوريَّة الروسيَّة على النسق الأوروپي الغربي، على أنَّ بعض جوانب الحياة استمرَّت مُختلفة أشد الاختلاف عن أوروپَّا، فالتجنيد العسكري وعجلة الاقتصاد استمرَّت تعتمدُ على القنانة، وقد أفضت مُتطلِّبات الدولة الاقتصاديَّة المُتزايدة ومُتطلبات كبار المُلَّاك والإقطاعيين التي تنامت مع نُمو واتساع حُدود الإمبراطوريَّة وارتفاع عدد سُكَّانها إلى ارتفاع نسبة الاعتماد على الأقنان. كانت قضيَّة القنانة هذه وما رافقها من اضطهاداتٍ ومآسٍ السبب الرئيسي وراء قيام الكثير من الثورات ضدَّ حُكم كاترين الثانية، ومن تلك الثورات «ثورة پوگاچف» واسعة النطاق التي تمرَّد فيها آلاف الفلَّاحين والقوزاق على الإمبراطورة.

يُعرفُ العصر الذي حكمت فيه كاترين الثانية الإمبراطوريَّة الروسيَّة بِالعصر الكاتريني، ويعُدُّه المُؤرخون العصر الذهبي لِلإمبراطوريَّة والنبالة الروسيَّة. ففي هذا العصر صادقت كاترين الثانية على «ميثاق حُريَّة النُبلاء» الذي أصدره زوجها الإمبراطور السابق بُطرس الثالث، وأعفى بمقتضاه النُبلاء الروس من الخدمة العسكريَّة والمدنيَّة لِلدولة، كما دعمت تشييد وبناء الكثير من الدور والقُصُور المُخصصة لِسُكنى هذه الفئة، بِالطراز الكلاسيكي، مما غيَّر وجه البلاد. ودعمت كاترين الثانية المُثُل التنويريَّة العُليا بِشغفٍ واضح، حتَّى عُرفت بأنها حاكمة مُطلقة مُستنيرة. وبِصفتها راعية لِلفُنون والثقافة، أقدمت على تأسيس معهد سمولني لِيكون أوَّل مُؤسسة دراسات عُليا مُخصصة لِتعليم النساء في أوروپَّا.
وُلدت صوفي فردريك أغسطس ڤون آنهالت زربست يوم 2 أيَّار (مايو) 1729م المُوافق فيه 21 نيسان (أبريل) من ذات السنة وفق التقويم اليولياني، في مدينة شتچين عاصمة دوقيَّة پوميرانيا في بروسيا. والدُها هو كريستيان أغسطس أمير آنهالت زربست يرجع بنسبه إلى عائلة آنهالت الملكيَّة الألمانيَّة القديمة، وكان قبل ولادة إبنته يعمل قائدًا عسكريًا في الجيش البروسي ويحمل رُتبة مُشير عام (بالألمانية: Generalfeldmarschall) تقديرًا لِخدماته وإنجازاته الجليلة لِصالح المملكة البروسيَّة خاصَّةً في حرب الخِلافة الإسپانيَّة، ثُمَّ عيَّنه الملك فردريك وليم الأوَّل حاكمًا على مدينة شتچين. أمَّا والدتها فهي حنَّة أليصابت الهولشتاينيَّة، وترجع بِنسبها إلى عائلة هولشتاين-گوتورپ الدنماركيَّة النبيلة، وهي أيضًا نسبية بُطرس الثالث الإمبراطور المُستقبلي لِروسيا، وسليلة كريستيان الأوَّل ملك الدنمارك والنرويج والسُويد (1426 - 1481م) ومُؤسس سُلالة أولدنبورگ.

أبرز أقاربها من المُلوك والأباطرة والأُمراء الأوروپيين خالها الأصغر أدولف فردريك (1710 - 1771م) ملك السُويد، وخالها الأكبر كارل أغسطس (1706 - 1727م) الذي خُطبت له أليصابت بنت كاترين الأولى وبُطرس الأكبر إمبراطور روسيا، ولم يُقدَّر له أن يتزوَّجها إذ توفي في ليلة الزفاف. كما كان لها نسيبان تولَّيا عرش السُويد أيضًا، هُما: گوستاڤ الثالث (1746 - 1792م) وكارل الثالث عشر (1748 - 1818م).

حياتها المُبكرة
تلقَّت صوفي فردريك أغسطس تعليمها المُبكر في دارة أهلها. وكما كانت العائدة الرائجة عند النُبلاء الألمان آنذاك، فقد تتلمذت على يد مُربِّيات ومُربين فرنسيين أُحضروا لها خصيصًا من فرنسا، فتعلَّمت اللُغات الفرنسيَّة والإنگليزيَّة والإيطاليَّة إلى جانب لُغتها الألمانيَّة الأُم، كما تعلَّمت أُصُول الرقص الصالوني الراقي، والعزف على الآلات الموسيقيَّة، وأُسس التاريخ، والجُغرافيا، والدين. عُرف عن الإمبراطورة المُستقبليَّة بأنها كانت جسورة في طفولتها، وأحبت إظهار قُوَّتها أمام الصبيان أبناء جيلها، وكثيرًا ما شاركتهم اللعب في شوارع المدينة. على أنَّ أبويها لم يكونا سعيدان بِتصرُفات إبنتهما الصبيانيَّة، فعهدا إلى شقيقها الأكبر فردريك أن يتولَّى تأديبها ويُبعدها عن الأجواء التي تعيشها.

أمَّا صوفي نفسها فوصت طفولتها بأنها كانت هادئة لِلغاية، حتَّى أنها أشارت في إحدى رسائلها إلى صديقها البارون گريم قائلةً: «لا أرى في حياتي ما يستحق الاهتمام». وعلى الرُغم من أُصولها النبيلة ومن مركزها الاجتماعي كأميرة، إلَّا أنَّ عائلتها لم تنعم بِالثراء الكبير، بل كانت أوضاعهم الاقتصاديَّة أقرب إلى أوضاع أُسرةٍ مُتوسطة الحال، وما كانت كاترين لِتصل إلى ما وصلته لاحقًا لولا علاقات والدتها وثيقة الصلة بِأفراد الأُسرة الحاكمة الأثرياء وأصحاب النُفوذ.

زواجها من بُطرس الثالث وليّ العهد الروسي
جاء اختيار الأميرة صوفي لِتكون زوجةً لِلقيصر الروسي المُرتقب بُطرس الهولشتايني بعد جُهودٍ دبلوماسيَّةٍ مُضنية شارك فيها الطبيب الفرنسي صاحب النُفوذ في البلاط الروسي الكونت لصتوق، وعمَّة بُطرس الإمبراطورة الروسيَّة أليصابت، وفردريك الثاني ملك بروسيا. فقد رغب الأخير والكونت لصتوق تقوية الروابط والعلاقات بين روسيا وبروسيا لِإضعاف النُفوذ النمساوي في البلاد الروسيَّة، ولِتدمير ثقة الإمبراطورة بِكبير مُستشاريها إسكندر بستوزيڤ الذي كان مسؤولًا عن إبرام عدَّة مُعاهدات مع دُولٍ أوروپيَّة هادفة إلى إضعاف بروسيا وغزوها واقتسامها، ومن أبرزها مملكة هابسبورگ النمساويَّة. كانت كاترين قد قابلت بُطرس لِلمرَّة الأولى عندما كانت تبلغ العاشرة من عُمرها، ووفقًا لِما كتبته في مُذكراتها، فإنَّها وجدت منظره مُقيتًا، إذ كان شاحب البشرة ويعشقُ الخمر عشقًا كبيرًا وما زال لم يتخطَّى فترة المُراهقة، كما كان ما يزال يُحب اللعب بِتماثيل الجُنُود الصغيرة. كتبت كاترين لاحقًا تقول أنَّ كُل هذا النُفُور من زوجها المُستقبلي جعلها تختار الجُلوس في طرف القصر المُقابل لِلطرف الذي يجلس هو فيه كي تبتعد عنه بِقدر الإمكان.

الجمعة، 27 سبتمبر 2019

Catherine the Great

Catherine II (Russian: Екатери́на Алексе́евна, romanized: Yekaterina Alekseyevna; 2 May [O.S. 21 April] 1729 – 17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796), also known as Catherine the Great (Екатери́на Вели́кая, Yekaterina Velikaya), born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, was Empress of Russia from 1762 until 1796, the country's longest-ruling female leader. She came to power following a coup d'état that she organised—resulting in her husband, Peter III, being overthrown. Under her reign, Russia was revitalised; it grew larger and stronger and was recognised as one of the great powers of Europe.

In her accession to power and her rule of the empire, Catherine often relied on her noble favourites, most notably count Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Alexander Suvorov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, and admirals such as Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy. In the south, the Crimean Khanate was crushed following victories over the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish wars, and Russia colonised the territories of Novorossiya along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. In the west, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruled by Catherine's former lover, King Stanisław August Poniatowski, was eventually partitioned, with the Russian Empire gaining the largest share. In the east, Russia started to colonise Alaska, establishing Russian America.

Catherine reformed the administration of Russian guberniyas, and many new cities and towns were founded on her orders. An admirer of Peter the Great, Catherine continued to modernize Russia along Western European lines. However, military conscription and the economy continued to depend on serfdom, and the increasing demands of the state and private landowners led to increased levels of reliance on serfs. This was one of the chief reasons behind several rebellions, including the large-scale Pugachev's Rebellion of cossacks and peasants. Catherine decided to have herself inoculated against smallpox by a Scottish doctor, Thomas Dimsdale. While this was considered a controversial method at the time, she succeeded. Her son Pavel was later inoculated as well. Catherine then sought to have inoculations throughout her empire stating: "My objective was, through my example, to save from death the multitude of my subjects who, not knowing the value of this technique, and frightened of it, were left in danger". By 1800, approximately 2 million inoculations were administered in the Russian Empire.

The period of Catherine the Great's rule, the Catherinian Era,[1] is considered the Golden Age of Russia.[2] The Manifesto on Freedom of the Nobility, issued during the short reign of Peter III and confirmed by Catherine, freed Russian nobles from compulsory military or state service. Construction of many mansions of the nobility, in the classical style endorsed by the Empress, changed the face of the country. She enthusiastically supported the ideals of the Enlightenment and is often regarded as an enlightened despot.[3] As a patron of the arts she presided over the age of the Russian Enlightenment, a period when the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens [ru], the first state-financed higher education institution for women in Europe, was established.
Early life
Catherine was born in Stettin, Pomerania, Kingdom of Prussia (now Szczecin, Poland) as Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg. Her father, Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, belonged to the ruling German family of Anhalt,[4] but held the rank of a Prussian general in his capacity as governor of the city of Stettin. Two of her first cousins became Kings of Sweden: Gustav III and Charles XIII.[5] In accordance with the custom then prevailing in the ruling dynasties of Germany, she received her education chiefly from a French governess and from tutors. Catherine was regarded as a tomboy and known by the nickname Fike.[6] Her childhood was quite uneventful. She once wrote to her correspondent Baron Grimm: "I see nothing of interest in it."[7] Although Catherine was born a princess, her family had very little money. Catherine's rise to power was supported by her mother's wealthy relatives who were both wealthy nobles and royal relations
The choice of Sophie as wife of her second cousin, the prospective tsar Peter of Holstein-Gottorp, resulted from some amount of diplomatic management in which Count Lestocq, Peter's aunt (and ruling Russian Empress) Elizabeth and Frederick II of Prussia took part. Lestocq and Frederick wanted to strengthen the friendship between Prussia and Russia to weaken Austria's influence and ruin the Russian chancellor Bestuzhev, on whom Empress Elizabeth relied, and who acted as a known partisan of Russo-Austrian co-operation. Catherine first met Peter III at the age of 10. Based on her writings, she found Peter detestable upon meeting him. She disliked his pale complexion and his fondness for alcohol at such a young age. Peter also still played with toy soldiers. Catherine later wrote that she stayed at one end of the castle, and Peter at the other.[10]

The diplomatic intrigue failed, largely due to the intervention of Sophie's mother, Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp. Historical accounts portray Johanna as a cold, abusive woman who loved gossip and court intrigues. Her hunger for fame centred on her daughter's prospects of becoming empress of Russia, but she infuriated Empress Elizabeth, who eventually banned her from the country for spying for King Frederick of Prussia. The Empress Elizabeth knew the family well: she had intended to marry Princess Johanna's brother Charles Augustus (Karl August von Holstein), who had died of smallpox in 1727 before the wedding could take place.[11] In spite of Johanna's interference, Empress Elizabeth took a strong liking to the daughter, who, on arrival in Russia in 1744, spared no effort to ingratiate herself not only with the Empress Elizabeth, but with her husband and with the Russian people. She applied herself to learning the Russian language with zeal, rising at night and walking about her bedroom barefoot, repeating her lessons (even though she mastered the language, she retained an accent). This practice led to a severe attack of pneumonia in March 1744. When she wrote her memoirs, she said she made up her mind when she came to Russia to do whatever was necessary, and to profess to believe whatever was required of her, to become qualified to wear the crown.
Catherine recalled in her memoirs that as soon as she arrived in Russia, she fell ill with a pleuritis that almost killed her. She credited her survival to frequent bloodletting; in a single day, she had four phlebotomies. Her mother, being opposed to this practice, fell into the Empress' disfavour. When her situation looked desperate, her mother wanted her confessed by a Lutheran priest. Awaking from her delirium, however, Catherine said: "I don't want any Lutheran; I want my orthodox father [clergyman]." This raised her in the Empress' esteem.

Princess Sophie's father, a devout German Lutheran, opposed his daughter's conversion to Eastern Orthodoxy. Despite his objection, on 28 June 1744 the Russian Orthodox Church received Princess Sophie as a member with the new name Catherine (Yekaterina or Ekaterina) and the (artificial) patronymic Алексеевна (Alekseyevna, daughter of Aleksey). On the following day, the formal betrothal took place. The long-planned dynastic marriage finally occurred on 21 August 1745 in Saint Petersburg. Sophia had turned 16; her father did not travel to Russia for the wedding. The bridegroom, known then as Peter von Holstein-Gottorp, had become Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (located in the north-west of present-day Germany near the border with Denmark) in 1739. The newlyweds settled in the palace of Oranienbaum, which remained the residence of the "young court" for many years to come.

Count Andrei Shuvalov, chamberlain to Catherine, knew the diarist James Boswell well, and Boswell reports that Shuvalov shared private information regarding the monarch's intimate affairs. Some of these rumours included that Peter took a mistress (Elizabeth Vorontsova),[12] while Catherine carried on liaisons with Sergei Saltykov,[13] Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov (1734–1783),[14][15] Alexander Vasilchikov,[16][17] Grigory Potemkin,[16][17][18][19]  Stanisław August Poniatowski,[20][21] and others. She became friends with Princess Ekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova, the sister of her husband's mistress, who introduced her to several powerful political groups that opposed her husband. Peter III's temperament became quite unbearable for those who resided in the palace. He would announce trying drills in the morning to male servants, who later joined Catherine in her room to sing and dance until late hours. Catherine became pregnant with her second child, Anna, who only lived to four months, in 1759. Due to various rumours of Catherine's promiscuity, Peter was led to believe he was not the child's biological father and is known to have proclaimed, "Go to the devil!" when Catherine angrily dismissed his accusation. She thus spent much of this time alone in her own private boudoir to hide away from Peter's abrasive personality.[22]

Catherine recalled in her memoirs her optimistic and resolute mood before her accession to the throne:

"I used to say to myself that happiness and misery depend on ourselves. If you feel unhappy, raise your self above unhappiness, and so act that your happiness may be independent of all eventualities."[23]
Reign of Peter III and the coup d'état of July 1762
In July 1762, barely six months after becoming emperor, Peter took a holiday with his Holstein-born courtiers and relatives to Oranienbaum, leaving his wife in Saint Petersburg. On the night of 8 July (OS: 27 June 1762),[24] Catherine the Great was given the news that one of her co-conspirators had been arrested by her estranged husband, and that all they had been planning must take place at once. The next day, she left the palace and departed for the Ismailovsky regiment, where she delivered a speech asking the soldiers to protect her from her husband. Catherine then left with the regiment to go to the Semenovsky Barracks, where the clergy were waiting to ordain her as the sole occupant of the Russian throne. She had her husband arrested, and forced him to sign a document of abdication, leaving no one to dispute her accession to the throne.[25][26] On 17 July 1762—eight days after the coup and just six months after his accession to the throne—Peter III died at Ropsha, at the hands of Alexei Orlov (younger brother to Grigory Orlov, then a court favourite and a participant in the coup). Historians find no evidence for Catherine's complicity in the supposed assassination.[27]

At the time of Peter III's overthrow, other potential rival claimants to the throne existed: Ivan VI (1740–1764), in close confinement at Schlüsselburg, in Lake Ladoga, from the age of six months; and Yelizaveta Alekseyevna Tarakanova (1753–1775). Ivan VI was assassinated during an attempt to free him as part of a failed coup against Catherine: Catherine, like Empress Elizabeth before her, had given strict instructions that he was to be killed in the event of any such attempt. Ivan was thought to be insane because of his years of solitary confinement, so he might have made a poor emperor, even as a figurehead.

Although Catherine did not descend from the Romanov dynasty, she descended from the Rurik dynasty, which preceded the Romanovs. She succeeded her husband as empress regnant, following the precedent established when Catherine I succeeded her husband Peter the Great in 1725. Historians debate Catherine's technical status, whether as a regent or as a usurper, tolerable only during the minority of her son, Grand Duke Paul. In the 1770s, a group of nobles connected with Paul (Nikita Panin and others) considered a new coup to depose Catherine and transfer the crown to Paul, whose power they envisaged restricting in a kind of constitutional monarchy.[28] Nothing came of this, however, and Catherine reigned until her death.

Reign (1762–96)

لائحة الذوق العام

الذوق العام في السعودية هو مجموعة الآداب السلوكية والاجتماعية التي تنطوي تحت إطار اللباقة التي يفرضها المكان والزمان وعامّيته، ومنبعها الثقافة الإنسانية والسلوكيات المتعارف عليها، وتحكمها لائحة تنظيمية بدأ تنفيذها في سبتمبر 2019 تمنع كل ما من شأنه المساس بالذوق العام والتقليل من احترام الثقافة والتقاليد السعودية أو الإساءة إليها، وتضم 19 مخالفة يعاقب مرتكبها بغرامات مالية، أقلها 50 ريالاً وأعلاها 3000 ريال.

قانون المحافظة على الذوق العام
هو قانون فُرض بعد إعداد لائحة تنظيمية وموافقة مجلس الوزراء عليها في أبريل 2019م، يُطبق على مرتادي الأماكن العامة، بتنسيق مشترك من وزارة الداخلية وهيئة السياحة في مباشرة المخالفات وتطبيق العقوبات وتحديد الغرامات. ويتضمن عقوبات لا تتجاوز 3 آلاف ريال لكل من ينتهك منظومة القيم والأخلاق في الأماكن العامة، ويتسبب في أذى وإضرار مرتادي هذه الأماكن.

أشكال الإضرار بالذوق العام في المملكة
يأخذ الإخلال بالذوق العام عدة أشكال وتحدد الجهات المعنية نوع العقوبة المفروضة وفقا للمخالفة المرتكبة، ومنها على سبيل المثال التلفظ بأي قول أو إصدار أي فعل في الأماكن العامة قد تؤدي للإضرار بالمتواجدين وإخافتهم أو تعرضهم للخطر، أو ارتداء اللباس غير اللائق في الأماكن العامة، ويشمل الملابس الداخلية وثياب النوم أو تلك التي تحمل عبارات أو صورًا أو أشكالاً تخدش الحياء أو ذات رمزية عنصرية، أو ما يُسهم في إثارة النعرات، أو يروج للإباحية وتعاطي الممنوعات، كذلك تحظر اللائحة الكتابة أو الرسم على الجدران ما لم يكن مرخصا لذلك، ووضع الملصقات وتوزيع المنشورات التجارية في الأماكن العامة دون ترخيص استخدام الإضاءات المؤذية كالليزر وما في حكمه، ومنها أيضا إشعال النار في الحدائق والأماكن العامة في غير الأماكن المسموح بها، وكذلك مخالفة وتخطي طوابير الانتظار بالأماكن العامة لغير الحالات المستثناة التي تحددها الجهة المعنية، إضافة إلى إشغال مقاعد ومرافق كبار السن وذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة، وتجاوز الحواجز للدخول إلى الأماكن العامة. وتصنف اللائحة تصوير الأشخاص بشكل مباشر دون استئذانهم، أو تصوير الحوادث الجنائية أو المرورية أو العرضية دون الحصول على إذن أطرافها بمخالفة من مخالفات الذوق العام تستوجب معاقبة مرتكبوها. كما تشمل لائحة المخالفات السلوكيات الخادشة للحياء التي تتضمن تصرفات ذات طبيعة جنسية، أو رفع صوت الموسيقى داخل الأحياء السكنية، وتشغيل الموسيقى في أوقات الأذان وإقامة الصلاة، وإلقاء النفايات في غير الأماكن المخصصة لها.

قنديل بلوش

قنديل البلوش (بالأردوية: قندیل بلوچ) اسم الشهرة لعارضة أزياء وممثلة وناشطة نسوية عبر مواقع الوسائل التواصل الاجتماعي واسمها الحقيقي فوزية احمد عظيم (بالأردوية: فوزیہ عظیم). كان أول ظهور لها في الإعلام عندما شاركة في برنامج باكستان أيدول لعام 2013 وأصبحت من مشاهير الإنترنت. وفي مساء يوم 15 يوليو 2016 لقيت مصرعها على يد شقيقها، فيما يبدو أنها "جريمة شرف" في إقليم البنجاب.

Imran khan

Imran Ahmed Khan Niazi HI PP (Urdu: عمران احمد خان نیازی‎; born 5 October 1952)[10] is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Pakistan and the chairman of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). Before entering politics, Khan was an international cricketer and captain of the Pakistan national cricket team, which he led to victory in the 1992 Cricket World Cup.[n 1]

Khan was born to a landowning Pashtun family of Mianwali in Lahore in 1952;[16] he was educated at Aitchison College in Lahore, then the Royal Grammar School Worcester in Worcester, and later at Keble College, Oxford. He started playing cricket at age 13, and made his debut for the Pakistan national cricket team at age 18, during a 1971 Test series against England. After graduating from Oxford, he made his home debut for Pakistan in 1976, and played until 1992. He also served as the team's captain intermittently between 1982 and 1992,[17] notably leading Pakistan to victory at the 1992 Cricket World Cup, Pakistan's first and only victory in the competition.[18]

Khan retired from cricket in 1992, as one of Pakistan's most successful players. In total he made 3,807 runs and took 362 wickets in Test cricket, and is one of eight world cricketers to have achieved an 'All-rounder's Triple' in Test matches.[19] After retiring, he faced scandal after admitting to tampering with the ball with a bottle top in his youth.[20] In 2003, he became a coach in Pakistan's domestic cricket circuit,[21] and in 2010, he was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.

In 1991, he launched a fundraising campaign to set up a cancer hospital in memory of his mother. He raised $25 million to set up a hospital in Lahore in 1994, and set up a second hospital in Peshawar in 2015.[22] Khan remains a prominent philanthropist and commentator, having expanded the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital to also include a research centre, and founded Namal College in 2008.[23][24] Khan also served as the chancellor of the University of Bradford between 2005 and 2014, and was the recipient of an honorary fellowship by the Royal College of Physicians in 2012.[25][26]

In April 1996, Khan founded the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (lit: Pakistan Movement for Justice), a centrist political party, and became the party's national leader.[27] Khan contested for a seat in the National Assembly in October 2002 and served as an opposition member from Mianwali until 2007. He was again elected to the parliament in the 2013 elections, when his party emerged as the second largest in the country by popular vote.[28][29] Khan served as the parliamentary leader of the party and led the third-largest block of parliamentarians in the National Assembly from 2013 to 2018. His party also led a coalition government in the north-western province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[30] In the 2018 general elections, his party won the largest number of seats and defeated the ruling PML-N, bringing Khan to premiership and the PTI into federal government for the first time.[31]

Khan remains a popular public figure and is the author of, among other publications, Pakistan: A Personal History
Khan was born in Lahore on 5 October 1952.[10] Some reports suggest he was born on 25 November 1952.[34][35][36][37] It was reported that 25 November was wrongly mentioned by Pakistan Cricket Board officials on his passport.[10] He is the only son of Ikramullah Khan Niazi, a civil engineer, and his wife Shaukat Khanum, and has four sisters.[38] Long settled in Mianwali in northwestern Punjab, his paternal family are of Pashtun ethnicity and belong to the Niazi tribe,[39][40] and one of his ancestors, Haibat Khan Niazi, in the 16th century, "was one of Sher Shah Suri's leading generals, as well as being the governor of Punjab."[41] Khan's mother hailed from the Pashtun tribe of Burki, which had produced several successful cricketers in Pakistan's history,[38] including his cousins Javed Burki and Majid Khan.[39] Maternally, Khan is also a descendant of the Sufi warrior-poet and inventor of the Pashto alphabet, Pir Roshan, who hailed from his maternal family's ancestral Kaniguram town located in South Waziristan in the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan.[42] His maternal family was based in Basti Danishmanda, Jalandhar, India for about 600 years.[43][44]

A quiet and shy boy in his youth, Khan grew up with his sisters in relatively affluent, upper middle-class circumstances[45] and received a privileged education. He was educated at the Aitchison College and Cathedral School in Lahore,[46][47] and then the Royal Grammar School Worcester in England, where he excelled at cricket. In 1972, he enrolled in Keble College, Oxford where he studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics, graduating in 1975.[48]

Cricket career
Khan made his first-class cricket debut at the age of 16 in Lahore. By the start of the 1970s, he was playing for his home teams of Lahore A (1969–70), Lahore B (1969–70), Lahore Greens (1970–71) and, eventually, Lahore (1970–71).[49] Khan was part of the University of Oxford's Blues Cricket team during the 1973–1975 seasons.[48] At Worcestershire, where he played county cricket from 1971 to 1976, he was regarded as only an average medium-pace bowler. During this decade, other teams represented by Khan included Dawood Industries (1975–1976) and Pakistan International Airlines (1975–1976 to 1980–1981). From 1983 to 1988, he played for Sussex.[19]

Khan made his Test cricket debut against England in June 1971 at Edgbaston.[50] Three years later, in August 1974, he debuted in the One Day International (ODI) match, once again playing against England at Trent Bridge for the Prudential Trophy.[50] After graduating from Oxford and finishing his tenure at Worcestershire, he returned to Pakistan in 1976 and secured a permanent place on his native national team starting from the 1976–1977 season, during which they faced New Zealand and Australia.[49] Following the Australian series, he toured the West Indies, where he met Tony Greig, who signed him up for Kerry Packer's World Series Cricket.[19] His credentials as one of the fastest bowlers in the world started to become established when he finished third at 139.7 km/h in a fast bowling contest at Perth in 1978, behind Jeff Thomson and Michael Holding, but ahead of Dennis Lillee, Garth Le Roux and Andy Roberts.[51] During the late 1970s, Khan was one of the pioneers of the reverse swing bowling technique. He imparted this trick to the bowling duo of Wasim Akram and Waqar Younis, who mastered and popularised this art in later years.[52]

As a fast bowler, Khan reached his peak in 1982. In 9 Tests, he took 62 wickets at 13.29 each, the lowest average of any bowler in Test history with at least 50 wickets in a calendar year.[53] In January 1983, playing against India, he attained a Test bowling rating of 922 points. Although calculated retrospectively (International Cricket Council (ICC) player ratings did not exist at the time), Khan's form and performance during this period ranks third in the ICC's All-Time Test Bowling Rankings.[54]

Khan achieved the all-rounder's triple (securing 3000 runs and 300 wickets) in 75 Tests, the second-fastest record behind Ian Botham's 72. He also has the second-highest all-time batting average of 61.86 for a Test batsman playing at position 6 in the batting order.[55] He played his last Test match for Pakistan in January 1992, against Sri Lanka at Faisalabad. Khan retired permanently from cricket six months after his last ODI, the historic 1992 World Cup final against England in Melbourne, Australia.[56] He ended his career with 88 Test matches, 126 innings and scored 3807 runs at an average of 37.69, including six centuries and 18 fifties. His highest score was 136. As a bowler, he took 362 wickets in Test cricket, which made him the first Pakistani and world's fourth bowler to do so.[19] In ODIs, he played 175 matches and scored 3709 runs at an average of 33.41. His highest score was 102 not out. His best ODI bowling was 6 wickets for 14 runs, a record for the best bowling figures by any bowler in an ODI innings in a losing cause.[57]

Captaincy
At the height of his career, in 1982, the thirty-year-old Khan took over the captaincy of the Pakistan cricket team from Javed Miandad.[58] As a captain, Khan played 48 Test matches, of which 14 were won by Pakistan, 8 lost and the remaining 26 were drawn. He also played 139 ODIs, winning 77, losing 57 and ending one in a tie.[19]

In the team's second match, Khan led them to their first Test win on English soil for 28 years at Lord's.[59] Khan's first year as captain was the peak of his legacy as a fast bowler as well as an all-rounder. He recorded the best Test bowling of his career while taking 8 wickets for 58 runs against Sri Lanka at Lahore in 1981–1982.[19] He also topped both the bowling and batting averages against England in three Test series in 1982, taking 21 wickets and averaging 56 with the bat. Later the same year, he put up a highly acknowledged performance in a home series against the formidable Indian team by taking 40 wickets in six Tests at an average of 13.95. By the end of this series in 1982–1983, Khan had taken 88 wickets in 13 Test matches over a period of one year as captain.[49] This same Test series against India, however, also resulted in a stress fracture in his shin that kept him out of cricket for more than two years. An experimental treatment funded by the Pakistani government helped him recover by the end of 1984 and he made a successful comeback to international cricket in the latter part of the 1984–1985 season.[19]

In India in 1987, Khan led Pakistan in its first-ever Test series win and this was followed by Pakistan's first series victory in England during the same year.[59] During the 1980s, his team also recorded three creditable draws against the West Indies. India and Pakistan co-hosted the 1987 Cricket World Cup, but neither ventured beyond the semi-finals. Khan retired from international cricket at the end of the World Cup. In 1988, he was asked to return to the captaincy by the President of Pakistan, General Zia-Ul-Haq, and on 18 January, he announced his decision to rejoin the team.[19] Soon after returning to the captaincy, Khan led Pakistan to another winning tour in the West Indies, which he has recounted as "the last time I really bowled well".[39] He was declared Man of the Series against West Indies in 1988 when he took 23 wickets in 3 Tests.[19] Khan's career-high as a captain and cricketer came when he led Pakistan to victory in the 1992 Cricket World Cup. Playing with a brittle batting line-up, Khan promoted himself as a batsman to play in the top order along with Javed Miandad, but his contribution as a bowler was minimal. At the age of 39, Khan took the winning last wicket himself.[49]

Post-retirement
In 1994, Khan had admitted that, during Test matches, he "occasionally scratched the side of the ball and lifted the seam." He had also added, "Only once did I use an object. When Sussex were playing Hampshire in 1981 the ball was not deviating at all. I got the 12th man to bring out a bottle top and it started to move around a lot."[60] In 1996, Khan successfully defended himself in a libel action brought forth by former English captain and all-rounder Ian Botham and batsman Allan Lamb over comments they alleged were made by Khan in two articles about the above-mentioned ball-tampering and another article published in an Indian magazine, India Today. They claimed that, in the latter publication, Khan had called the two cricketers "racist, ill-educated and lacking in class." Khan protested that he had been misquoted, saying that he was defending himself after having admitted that he tampered with a ball in a county match 18 years ago.[61] Khan won the libel case, which the judge labelled a "complete exercise in futility", with a 10–2 majority decision by the jury
Since retiring, Khan has written opinion pieces on cricket for various British and Asian newspapers, especially regarding the Pakistani national team. His contributions have been published in India's Outlook magazine,[62] the Guardian,[63] the Independent, and the Telegraph. Khan also sometimes appears as a cricket commentator on Asian and British sports networks, including BBC Urdu[64] and the Star TV network.[65] In 2004, when the Indian cricket team toured Pakistan after 14 years, he was a commentator on TEN Sports' special live show, Straight Drive,[66] while he was also a columnist for sify.com for the 2005 India-Pakistan Test series. He has provided analysis for every cricket World Cup since 1992, which includes providing match summaries for the BBC during the 1999 World Cup.[67] He holds as a captain the world record for taking most wickets, best bowling strike rate and best bowling average in Test,[68][69] and best bowling figures (8 wickets for 60 runs) in a Test innings,[70] and also most five-wicket hauls (6) in a Test innings in wins.[71]

On 23 November 2005, Khan was appointed as the chancellor of University of Bradford, succeeding Baroness Lockwood.[72] On 26 February 2014, University of Bradford Union floated a motion to remove Khan from the post over Khan's absence from every graduation ceremony since 2010.[73][74] Khan, however, announced that he will step down on 30 November 2014, citing his "increasing political commitments".[75] The university vice-chancellor Brian Cantor said Khan had been "a wonderful role model for our students".[76][77]

Philanthropy
During the 1990s, Khan also served as UNICEF's Special Representative for Sports[78] and promoted health and immunisation programmes in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand.[79] While in London, he also works with the Lord's Taverners, a cricket charity.[22] Khan focused his efforts solely on social work. By 1991, he had founded the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Trust, a charity organisation bearing the name of his mother, Mrs. Shaukat Khanum. As the Trust's maiden endeavour, Khan established Pakistan's first and only cancer hospital, constructed using donations and funds exceeding $25 million, raised by Khan from all over the world.[22][80]

On 27 April 2008, Khan established a technical college in the Mianwali District called Namal College. It was built by the Mianwali Development Trust (MDT), and is an associate college of the University of Bradford in December 2005.[81][82] Imran Khan Foundation is another welfare work, which aims to assist needy people all over Pakistan. It has provided help to flood victims in Pakistan. Buksh Foundation has partnered with the Imran Khan Foundation to light up villages in Dera Ghazi Khan, Mianwali and Dera Ismail Khan under the project 'Lighting a Million Lives'. The campaign will establish several Solar Charging Stations in the selected off-grid villages and will provide villagers with solar lanterns, which can be regularly charged at the solar-charging stations.[83][84]

Political ideology
Basing his wider paradigm on the poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal and the Iranian writer-sociologist Ali Shariati he came across in his youth,[85] Khan is generally described as a nationalist[86] and a populist.[87] Khan's proclaimed political platform and declarations include: Islamic values, to which he rededicated himself in the 1990s; liberal economics, with the promise of deregulating the economy and creating a welfare state; decreased bureaucracy and the implementation of anti-corruption laws, to create and ensure a clean government; the establishment of an independent judiciary; overhaul of the country's police system; and an anti-militant vision for a democratic Pakistan
Khan publicly demanded a Pakistani apology towards the Bangladeshi people for the atrocities committed in 1971,[91][92] He called the 1971 operation a "blunder"[93] and likened it to today's treatment of Pashtuns in the war on terror.[92] However, he repeatedly criticised the war crimes trials in Bangladesh in favour of the convicts.[94] Khan is often mocked as "Taliban Khan" because of his pacifist stance regarding the war in North-West Pakistan. He believes in negotiations with Taliban and the pull out of the Pakistan Army from Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). He is against US drone strikes and plans to disengage Pakistan from the US-led war on terror. Khan also opposes almost all military operations, including the Siege of Lal Masjid.[95][96]

In August 2012, the Pakistani Taliban issued death threats if he went ahead with his march to their tribal stronghold along the Afghan border to protest US drone attacks, because he calls himself a "liberal" – a term they associate with a lack of religious belief.[97] On 1 October 2012, prior to his plan to address a rally in South Waziristan, senior commanders of Pakistani Taliban said after a meeting headed by the Taliban leader Hakimullah Mehsud that they now offered Khan security assistance for the rally because of Khan's opposition to drone attacks in Pakistan, reversing their previous stance.[98]

In 2014, when Pakistani Taliban announced armed struggle against Ismaili Muslims (denouncing them as non-Muslims)[99] and the Kalash people, Khan released a statement describing "forced conversions as un-Islamic".[100] He has also condemned the incidents of forced conversion of Hindu girls in Sindh.[101] Khan views the Kashmir issue as a humanitarian issue, as opposed to a territorial dispute between two countries (India and Pakistan). He also proposed secret talks to settle the issue as he thinks the vested interests on both sides will try to subvert them. He ruled out a military solution to the conflict and denied the possibility of a fourth war between India and Pakistan over the disputed mountainous region.[102]

On 8 January 2015, Khan visited the embassies of Iran and Saudi Arabia in Islamabad and met their head of commissions to understand their stances about the conflict which engulfed both nations after the execution of Sheikh Nimr by Saudi Arabia. He urged the Government of Pakistan to play a positive role to resolve the matter between both countries.[103] In April 2015, after parliament passed a unanimous resolution keeping Pakistan out of the War in Yemen, the chairman of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) as part of opposition, took credit for the decision.[104] Khan might not be able to stick to his previous stance, as Saudi loans and investment are crucial amid the precarious state of Pakistan's economy.[105] In July 2018, the Saudi-based Islamic Development Bank activated its $4.5 billion oil financing facility for Pakistan.[106]

After the result of 2018 Pakistani general election, Imran Khan said he would try to remake Pakistan based on the ideology of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.[107]

Political career
Initial years
Khan was offered political position few times during his cricketing career. In 1987, then-President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq offered him a political position in Pakistan Muslim League (PML) which he declined.[108] He was also invited by Nawaz Sharif to join his political party.[108]

In late 1994, he joined a pressure group led by former Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) chief Hamid Gul and Muhammad Ali Durrani who was head of Pasban, a breakaway youth wing of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan. The same year, he also showed his interest in joining politics.[108]

On 25 April 1996, Khan founded a political party, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI).[39][109] He ran for the seat of National Assembly of Pakistan in 1997 Pakistani general election as a candidate of PTI from two constituencies – NA-53, Mianwali and NA-94, Lahore – but was unsuccessful and lost both the seats to candidates of PML (N).[110]

Khan supported General Pervez Musharraf's military coup in 1999,[111] believing Musharraf would "end corruption, clear out the political mafias".[112] According to Khan, he was Musharraf's choice for prime minister in 2002 but turned down the offer.[113] Khan participated in the October 2002 Pakistani general election that took place across 272 constituencies and was prepared to form a coalition if his party did not get a majority of the vote.[114] He was elected from Mianwali.[115] In the 2002 referendum, Khan supported military dictator General Musharraf, while all mainstream democratic parties declared that referendum as unconstitutional.[116] He has also served as a part of the Standing Committees on Kashmir and Public Accounts.[117] On 6 May 2005, Khan was mentioned in The New Yorker as being the "most directly responsible" for drawing attention in the Muslim world to the Newsweek story about the alleged desecration of the Qur'an in a US military prison at the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba.[118] In June 2007, Khan faced political opponents in and outside the parliament.[119]

On 2 October 2007, as part of the All Parties Democratic Movement, Khan joined 85 other MPs to resign from Parliament in protest of the presidential election scheduled for 6 October, which general Musharraf was contesting without resigning as army chief.[29] On 3 November 2007, Khan was put under house arrest, after president Musharraf declared a state of emergency in Pakistan. Later Khan escaped and went into hiding.[120] He eventually came out of hiding on 14 November to join a student protest at the University of the Punjab.[121] At the rally, Khan was captured by student activists from the Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba and roughly treated.[122] He was arrested during the protest and was sent to the Dera Ghazi Khan jail in the Punjab province where he spent a few days before being released.[123]

On 30 October 2011, Khan addressed more than 100,000 supporters in Lahore, challenging the policies of the government, calling that new change a "tsunami" against the ruling parties,[124] Another successful public gathering of hundreds of thousands of supporters was held in Karachi on 25 December 2011.[125] Since then Khan became a real threat to the ruling parties and a future political prospect in Pakistan. According to a International Republican Institute's survey, Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf tops the list of popular parties in Pakistan both at the national and provincial level
On 6 October 2012, Khan joined a vehicle caravan of protesters from Islamabad to the village of Kotai in Pakistan's South Waziristan region against US drone missile strikes.[128][129] On 23 March 2013, Khan introduced the Naya Pakistan Resolution (New Pakistan) at the start of his election campaign.[130] On 29 April The Observer termed Khan and his party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf as the main opposition to the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz.[131] Between 2011 and 2013, Khan and Nawaz Sharif began to engage each other in a bitter feud. The rivalry between the two leaders grew in late 2011 when Khan addressed his largest crowd at Minar-e-Pakistan in Lahore.[132] From 26 April 2013, in the run up to the elections, both the PML-N and the PTI started to criticise each other.[133]

2013 elections campaign
See also: Pervez Khattak administration and Pakistani general election, 2013

صن داونز

ماميلودي صن داونز (بالإنجليزية: Mamelodi Sundowns FC) هو نادي كرة قدم جنوب أفريقي من مدينة بريتوريا تم تأسيسه عام 1970 ويلعب في دوري جنوب أفريقيا الممتاز لكرة القدم ويعتبر النادي من أنجح الفرق بجنوب أفريقيا بجانب نادى أورلاندو بيراتس، كايزر تشيفز.  يملكه حالياً رجل الأعمال باتريس موتسيبيه أحد أهم رجال التعدين في جنوب أفريقيا وفي القارة السمراء وتتخطى ثروته 2.9 مليار دولار أمريكي ويعد من أغنى الشخصيات في بلاده.

منذ بداية دوري جنوب أفريقيا الممتاز لكرة القدم في عام 1996 استطاع صن داونز ان يفوز باللقب 7 مرات آخرها 2015 – 2016 ويعد صن داونز الأكثر فوزا بهذا اللقب وفاز بـكأس جنوب أفريقيا 4 مرات بينما على الصعيد الأفريقي أحرز الفريق لقب دوري أبطال أفريقيا مرة واحدة موسم 2016 علي حساب نادي الزمالك المصري  وأستطاع إيضا الوصول الي نهائي دوري أبطال أفريقيا 2001 ولكنه خسر اللقب على يد الأهلي المصري..

يلعب الفريق مبارياته الرسمية في ملعب لوفتوس فيرسفيلد الواقع في مدينة بريتوريا والذي اعيد افتتاحه في عام 2008 لأستقبال كأس القارات 2009، كأس العالم 2010 ويتسع الملعب لجلوس 51,762 متفرج
انجازات النادي
محلياً
دوري جنوب أفريقيا (7 مرات):
1997–98، 1998–99، 1999–00، 2005–06، 2006–07، 2013–14، 16-2015

كأس جنوب أفريقيا (4 مرات):
1986، 1998، 2008، 2015

كأس جنوب أفريقيا للثمانية الكبار MTN 8 (3 مرات):
1988، 1990، 2007

قارياً
دوري أبطال أفريقيا (مرة واحدة):
2016 2017 (مرة واحدة)

(وصيف) : 2001

Shakira


زياد علي

زياد علي محمد