October

October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and the sixth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old calendar of Romulus c. 750 bc, October retained its name (from the Latin and Greek ôctō meaning "eight") after January and February were inserted into the calendar that had originally been created by the Romans. In Ancient Rome, one of three Mundus patet would take place on October 5, Meditrinalia October 11, Augustalia on October 12, October Horse on October 15, and Armilustrium on October 19. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Among the Anglo-Saxons, it was known as Ƿinterfylleþ, because at this full moon (fylleþ) winter was supposed to begin.[1]

October is commonly associated with the season of autumn in the Northern hemisphere and with spring in the Southern hemisphere.
October symbols
October's birthstones are the tourmaline and opal.[2]
Its birth flower is the calendula.[3]
The zodiac signs for this month are Libra (until October 22) and Scorpio (from October 23).
October observances
This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.

Non-Gregorian observances: 2019 dates
(All Baha'i, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.)

List of observances set by the Bahá'í calendar
List of observances set by the Chinese calendar
List of observances set by the Hebrew calendar
List of observances set by the Islamic calendar
List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar
Month-long observances
In Catholic Church tradition, October is the Month of the Holy Rosary.[4]
Breast Cancer Awareness Month
Health Literacy Month[5]
International Walk to School Month
Medical Ultrasound Awareness Month[6]
Rett Syndrome Awareness Month[7]
World Blindness Awareness Month[8]
Vegetarian Awareness Month[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
United States
The last two to three weeks in October (and, occasionally, the first week of November) are the only time of the year during which all of the "Big Four" major North American professional sports leagues schedule games; the National Basketball Association begins its preseason and about two weeks later starts the regular season, the National Hockey League is about one month into its regular season, the National Football League is about halfway through its regular season, and Major League Baseball is in its postseason with the League Championship Series and World Series. There have been 19 occasions in which all four leagues have played games on the same day (an occurrence popularly termed a "sports equinox"), with the most recent of these taking place on October 28, 2018.[16] Additionally, the Canadian Football League is typically nearing the end of its regular season during this period, while Major League Soccer is beginning the MLS Cup Playoffs.

American Archives Month[17]
National Adopt a Shelter Dog Month [18]
National Arts & Humanities Month
National Bullying Prevention Month
National Cyber Security Awareness Month[19]
National Domestic Violence Awareness Month
Filipino American History Month
Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month
LGBT History Month
Polish American Heritage Month
National Work and Family Month
United States, Health-related
American Pharmacist Month[20]
Dwarfism/Little People Awareness Month [21]
Eczema Awareness Month [22]
National Dental Hygiene Month[23]
National Healthy Lung Month[24]
National Infertility Awareness Month[25]
Liver Awareness Month[26]
National Lupus Erythematosus Awareness Month[27]
National Physical Therapy Month[28]
National Spina Bifida Awareness Month[29]
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Awareness Month [30] (United States)
United States, Culinary
National Pizza Month[31]
National Popcorn Poppin’ Month[32]
National Pork Month[33]
National Seafood Month[34]
Movable observances, 2019 dates
Oktoberfest celebrations (varies globally based on area)
Asexual Awareness Week
Earth Science Week:
World Ballet Day:
International Walk to School Day: October 2[35]
World College Radio Day: October 4[36]
Astronomy Day: October 5
World Cerebral Palsy Day: October 6 [37]
White Cane Awareness Day(USA) [38]
Get Smart About Credit Day: October 17[39]
See also Movable Western Christian observances
See also Movable Eastern Christian observances
First Tuesday: October 1
National Night Out (Florida and Texas, United States)
First Wednesday: October 2
Children's Day (Chile)
First Thursday: October 3
National Poetry Day (UK, Ireland)
First Friday: October 4
Children's Day (Singapore)
Lee National Denim Day (United States)
World Smile Day
First Full Week: October 6–12
Customer Service Week (Kenya, United States)
Mental Illness Awareness Week (United States)
Week of October 9: October 6–12
Fire Prevention Week (Canada, United States)
Fire Service Recognition Day (Canada), last day of Fire Prevention Week: October 12
Week of October 10: October 6–12
Fiji Week (Fiji)
First Sunday: October 6
Daylight saving time begins (Australia)
Father's Day (Luxembourg)
Grandparents Day (Queensland, Australia, United Kingdom)
Teachers' Day (Belarus, Latvia, Ukraine)
First Monday: October 7
Child Health Day (United States)
Children's Day (Chile, Singapore)
Labour Day (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland, Australia)
Peat Cutting Monday (Falkland Islands)
Thanksgiving (Saint Lucia)
World Architecture Day
World Habitat Day
Second Tuesday: October 8
Ada Lovelace Day
Second Wednesday: October 9
Policy Statement of Belgian Parliament (Belgium)
Second Thursday: October 10
World Sight Day
Second Friday: October 11
Arbor Day (Namibia)
World Egg Day
Second Saturday: October 12
International Migratory Bird Day (Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean)
Home Movie Day (International observance)
National Tree Planting Day (Mongolia)
Second Sunday: October 13
National Grandparents Day (Germany, Hong Kong)
Second Monday: October 14
Columbus Day (United States)
Indigenous Peoples' Day (Parts of the United States)
Native American Day (South Dakota, United States)
Fraternal Day (Alabama, United States)
Health and Sports Day (Japan)
Mother's Day (Malawi)
Norfolk Island Agricultural Show Day (Norfolk Island)
Thanksgiving (Canada)
National Day (Republic of China)
Wednesday of second full week in October: October 16
National Fossil Day (United States)
Third Thursday: October 17
International Credit Union Day
Spirit Day (International observance)
Third Saturday: October 19
Sweetest Day (United States)
Week of Fourth Wednesday: October 20–26
Children's Week (Australia)
Third Sunday: October 20
Teacher's Day (Brazil)
Mother's Day (Argentina)
Third Monday: October 21
Heroes' Day (Jamaica)
Mother's Day (Argentina)
Nanomonestotse (Native American communities)
Boss's Day (United States, Canada, Lithuania and Romania)
Fourth Wednesday: October 22
Children's Day (Australia)
Last Friday: October 25
National Bandanna Day (Australia)
Nevada Day (Nevada, United States)
Teacher's Day (Australia) (If the last Friday is on October 31, this holiday is moved to November 7)
Fourth Saturday: October 26
Children's Day (Malaysia)
Make a Difference Day (United States)
Last Sunday: October 27
European Summer Time ends
Grandparents Day (New South Wales, Australia)
Fourth Monday: October 28
Labour Day (New Zealand)
Last Monday: October 28
October Holiday (Ireland)
Fixed observances
October 1
Armed Forces Day (South Korea)
Children's Day (El Salvador, Guatemala, Sri Lanka)
Day of Prosecutors (Azerbaijan)
Continuance of German-American Heritage Months, which runs from September 15 – October 15 [40] (United States)
Continuance of National Hispanic Heritage Month which runs from September 15 – October 15 (United States),
Ground Forces Day (Russia)
Independence Day (Cyprus)
Independence Day (Nigeria)
Independence Day (Palau)
Independence Day (Tuvalu)
International Coffee Day
International Day of Older Persons
International Music Day
Lincolnshire Day (United Kingdom)
National Day of the People's Republic of China (People's Republic of China)
Pancasila Sanctity Day (Indonesia)
Teacher's Day (Uzbekistan)
Unification Day (Cameroon)
World Vegetarian Day
October 2
Batik Day (Indonesia)
Feast of the Guardian Angels
National Grandparents Day (Italy)
Gandhi's birthday-related observances:
Gandhi Jayanti (India)
International Day of Non-Violence
World Day for Farmed Animals
Independence Day (Guinea)
October 3
Gaecheonjeol (South Korea)
German Unity Day (Germany)
National Day (Iraq)
Morazán Day (Honduras)
October 4
Cinnamon Roll Day (Sweden)
Day of Peace and Reconciliation (Mozambique)
Independence Day (Lesotho)
World Animal Day
The beginning of World Space Week (October 4–10)
October 5
Armed Forces Day (Indonesia)
Constitution Day (Vanuatu)
Engineer's Day (Bolivia)
International Day of No Prostitution
Republic Day (Portugal)
Teachers' Day (Pakistan)
Teachers' Day (Russia)
World Teachers' Day
October 6
Day of Commemoration and National Mourning (Turkmenistan)
Dukla Pass Victims Day (Slovakia)
German-American Day (United States)
Memorial Day for the Martyrs of Arad (Hungary)
National Noodle Day (United States)
Teachers' Day (Sri Lanka)
Yom Kippur War commemorations:
Armed Forces Day (Egypt)
Tishreen Liberation Day (Syria)
October 7
Our Lady of the Rosary
International Trigeminal Neuralgia Awareness Day
Teachers' Day (Laos)
October 8
Air Force Day (India)
Arbor Day (Namibia)
National Independence Day (Croatia)
Navy Day (Peru)
October 9
Hangul Day (South Korea)
Independence Day (Uganda)
Independence of Guayaquil (Ecuador)
Leif Erikson Day (United States, Iceland and Norway)
National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust (Romania)
Takayama Autumn Festival (Takayama, Japan)
World Post Day
Valencian Community Day (Spain)
October 10
Arbor Day (Poland)
Capital Liberation Day (Vietnam)
Double Ten Day (Taiwan)
Fiji Day (Fiji)
Finnish Literature Day (Finland)
Independence Day (Cuba)
Party Foundation Day (North Korea)
World Mental Health Day
October 11
General Pulaski Memorial Day (United States)
International Day of the Girl Child (International)
National Coming Out Day (multinational, including United States, United Kingdom and Switzerland among others)
Old Michaelmas Day (Celtic)
Revolution Day (Republic of Macedonia)
October 12
Freethought Day
October 13
October 14
World Standards Day
October 15
Breast Health Day (Europe)
Evacuation Day (Tunisia)
Global Handwashing Day
King Father's Commemoration Day (Cambodia)
National Latino AIDS Awareness Day (United States)
Pregnancy and Infant Loss Remembrance Day (United States and Canada)
Spirit Day (International observance)
Teachers' Day (Brazil)
White Cane Safety Day (United States)
October 16
World Food Day
October 17
October 18
Alaska Day (Alaska, United States)
Independence Day (Azerbaijan)
Necktie Day (Croatia)
Persons Day (Canada)
World Menopause Day
October 19
Constitution Day (Niue)
Mother Teresa Day (Albania)
October 20
Arbor Day (Czech Republic)
Heroes' Day (Kenya)
Revolution Day (Guatemala)
Vietnamese Women's Day (Vietnam)
World Osteoporosis Day
World Statistics Day
October 21
Apple Day (United Kingdom)
Armed Forces Day (Honduras)
Egyptian Naval Day (Egypt)
Indian Police Commemoration Day (India)
International Day of the Nacho
National Nurses' Day (Thailand)
Ndadaye Day (Burundi)
Overseas Chinese Day (Republic of China)
Trafalgar Day (the British Empire in the 19th and early 20th century)
October 22
Fechner Day (International observance)
International Caps Lock Day
International Stuttering Awareness Day
Jidai Matsuri (Kyoto, Japan)
Wombat Day (Australia)
October 23
Aviator's Day (Brazil)
Chulalongkorn Day (Thailand)
Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle (Republic of Macedonia)
Liberation Day (Libya)
Mole Day (International observance)
National Day (Hungary)
Paris Peace Agreement Day (Cambodia)
October 24
Azad Kashmir Day (Pakistan)
Day of Special Forces of the Armed Forces (Russia)
Food Day (United States)
Independence Day (Zambia)
Suez Day (Egypt)
United Nations Day (International observance)
World Development Information Day
World Polio Day
October 25
Armed Forces Day (Romania)
Constitution Day (Lithuania)
Customs Officer's Day (Russia)
Day of the Basque Country (Basque Country)
Retrocession Day (Taiwan)
Sovereignty Day (Slovenia)
Thanksgiving Day (Grenada)
The Hallowing of Nestorius (Nestorian Christianity)
October 26
Accession Day (Jammu and Kashmir)
Angam Day (Nauru)
Armed Forces Day (Benin)
Intersex Awareness Day (United States)
National Day (Austria)
October 27
Black Cat Appreciation Day (United Kingdom)
Černová Tragedy Day (Slovakia)
Flag Day (Greece)
Independence Day (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
Independence Day (Turkmenistan)
Navy Day (United States) (unofficial, official date is October 13)
World Day for Audiovisual Heritage
October 28
Day of the Establishment of an Independent Czecho-Slovak State (Czech Republic and Slovakia)
International Animation Day
Ohi Day (Greece, Cyprus)
Prefectural Earthquake Disaster Prevention Day (Gifu Prefecture, Japan)
Youth Pledge Day (Indonesia)
October 29
Coronation Day (Cambodia)
Cyrus the Great Day (Iran)
National Cat Day (United States)
Republic Day (Turkey)
World Stroke Day
October 30
Anniversary of the Declaration of the Slovak Nation (Slovakia)
Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions (former Soviet republics, except Ukraine)
Indonesian Banknote Day (Indonesia)
International Orthopaedic Nurses Day
Mischief Night (United States and Canada)
Beggars Night (certain regions of the United States)
Devil's Night (Michigan, United States)
Thevar Jayanthi (Thevar community, India)
October 31
Start of Allhallowtide October 31 – November 6
The first day of the Day of the Dead, celebrated until November 2 (Mexico)
Día de la Canción Criolla (Peru)
Eve of Winter, the eve of the first day of winter in the Northern hemisphere:
Allantide (Cornwall, United Kingdom)
Halloween (English-speaking countries, also in other locations)
Hop-tu-Naa (Isle of Man, United Kingdom)
Samhain in the Northern Hemisphere, Beltane in the Southern Hemisphere; begins on sunset of October 31 (Gaels, Welsh people and Neopagan Wheel of the Year)
Girl Scouts Founders Day (United States)
King Father's Birthday (Cambodia)
National Unity Day (India)
Reformation Day (Slovenia, parts of Germany, Chile, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Evangelical Churches and Lutheran Churches)
Saci day (Brazil)
World Savings Day
Miscellaneous
Eric Whitacre composed a piece based on this month, titled October.
Neil Gaiman wrote a story personifying the month, titled "October in the Chair", for his 2006 collection Fragile Things.
Ray Bradbury published a collection of short stories titled The October Country in 1955.

National Living Wage

The National Living Wage is an obligatory minimum wage payable to workers in the United Kingdom aged 25 and over which came into effect on 1 April 2016. As of April 2019 it is £8.21 per hour for those aged 25 and over, £7.70 for those aged 21–24, £6.15 for ages 18-20. Minimum wage for 16-17 is currently £4.35. [1] It was implemented at a significantly higher rate than the preceding national minimum wage rate, and was expected (in 2015) to rise to at least £9 per hour by 2020.[2] The consultation document issued by the Low Pay Commission in 2019 indicated that this target would not be met, instead proposing a figure of £8.67 per hour for the over 25 rate
History
The Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne announced what he termed the "National Living Wage" at the end of his budget speech on 8 July 2015, a new national minimum wage rate only for people over the age of 25. The National Living Wage is implemented via an amendment to National Minimum Wage Act 1998.[4]

The National Living Wage is being phased in between April 2016 and April 2020, with the aim of reaching 60% of median UK earnings by 2020. For over-25 year old employees, the wage began at £7.20 per hour in April 2016 and was projected to rise to at least £9 per hour by April 2020.[2] Smaller employers have had their employer National Insurance discounts increased to mitigate the higher costs of the National Living Wage.[5][6] In September 2015 the proposed penalties for employer non-compliance were announced. They are double those previously payable for non-compliance with the National Minimum Wage Act 1998 (increased from 100% of arrears owed to 200%), although this is halved if paid within 14 days. The maximum penalty remains at £20,000 per worker. An additional penalty of disqualification from being a company director for up to 15 years will also be available to the courts. The enforcement budget is due to double, and the creation of a dedicated HM Revenue and Customs non-compliance team to pursue criminal prosecutions was announced.[7]

HM Treasury initially projected that 2.7 million workers would benefit directly.[8] Research published by the Resolution Foundation in March 2016 indicated that the introduction of the measure would immediately raise the incomes of those on minimum wage by 10.8%. The number of workers affected is expected to be about 4.5 million, forming between 3% and 30% of the workforce in a given area depending on the location. The total of workers affected is expected to rise to 6 million in 2020 if a £9-an-hour minimum is established by then.[5][9]

Reaction
A survey conducted in November 2015 by the Resolution Foundation and the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development revealed that the policy is expected to have its greatest impact in the retail, hospitality and healthcare sectors. The policy has received criticism from some large employers, particularly supermarkets and the food and drink sector, where profits may be reduced by up to 10%. Some large employers have said that they may pass on the additional cost to consumers in the form of higher prices and some intend to improve productivity.[10] The supermarket chain Lidl has said it will implement a “living wage” without increasing any of its prices.[8] A report by Moody's Investors Service stated supermarkets may employ a higher proportion of under-25 year olds to reduce employee costs. The Office for Budget Responsibility estimates the policy will result in 60,000 fewer jobs, equivalent to a 0.2% increase in the unemployment rate.[6][11]

The announcement of the National Living Wage was seen as a political coup for the Conservative government because the opposition Labour Party had proposed that the national minimum wage rise only to £8 per hour.[5] Opponents have objected to the government's use of the term "living wage" on the grounds that the National Living Wage is calculated from median UK earnings rather than the cost of living. Although the policy is called a "living wage", it does not meet with internationally agreed definitions of a living wage.[12] An independently-calculated living wage for the UK, sometimes called a "real living wage" to distinguish it from the National Living Wage, is published annually by the Living Wage Foundation

كارا ديليفين

كارا ديليڤين (بالإنجليزية: Cara Delevingne) (ولدت في 12 أغسطس 1992) هي عارضة أزياء بريطانية وممثلة، ومغنية، وناشطة إجتماعية. في عام 2015 ظهرت في فيديو كليب لأغنية "دم فاسد" مع الفنانة تايلور سويفت. وقعت مع "عاصفة العارضات للإدارة" بعد ترك المدرسة في عام 2009. وحازت على لقب" ايقونة العام" في حفل توزيع جوائز الموضة البريطانية في عام 2012 و 2014 وظهرت في عروض للمنازل بما في ذلك بربري، التوت، دولتشي آند غابانا ، وجايسون وو. وقالت إنها بدأت مشوارها الفني مع دور ثانوي في فيلم التكيف 2012 ل آنا كارنينا.
السيرة الذاتية
ولدت ديليفين في لندن، وبدأت دراستها الإبتدائية في هامبشاير. لها أختين أكبر منها وكانت عرابتها جوان كولينس

Cara Delevingne

Cara Jocelyn Delevingne (/ˈkɑːrə ˌdɛləˈviːn/ KAH-rə DEL-ə-VEEN;[5] born 12 August 1992) is an English model, singer, and actress.[6] She signed with Storm Management after leaving school in 2009.[7] Delevingne won Model of the Year at the British Fashion Awards in 2012 and 2014.[8]

Delevingne started her acting career with a minor role in the 2012 film adaptation of Anna Karenina. Her most notable roles include Margo Roth Spiegelman in the romantic mystery film Paper Towns (2015), the Enchantress in the comic book film Suicide Squad (2016), and Laureline in Luc Besson's Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017)
Cara Jocelyn Delevingne was born on 12 August 1992,[17] in Hammersmith, London, the daughter of Pandora Anne (née Stevens) and property developer Charles Hamar Delevingne. She grew up in Belgravia, London.[18][19] She has two older sisters, Chloe and model Poppy Delevingne. She also has a paternal half-brother, Alex Jaffe.[20] Delevingne attended Francis Holland School for Girls in central London until she was 16,[7] then moved to Bedales School in Steep, Hampshire. She has dyspraxia and found school challenging.[21] In June 2015, in an interview with Vogue, Delevingne talked about her battle with depression when she was 15: "I was hit with a massive wave of depression and anxiety and self-hatred, where the feelings were so painful that I would slam my head against a tree to try to knock myself out."[19] At 16, after completing her GCSEs, she moved to Bedales School in Hampshire, to focus on drama and music. After one year, she dropped out and followed the career path of Poppy into modelling.[7]

Delevingne's godfather is Condé Nast executive Nicholas Coleridge,[22][23] and her godmother is actress Joan Collins.[24] Her maternal grandfather was publishing executive and English Heritage chairman Sir Jocelyn Stevens,[18][22] the nephew of magazine publisher Sir Edward George Warris Hulton and the grandson of newspaper proprietor Sir Edward Hulton, 1st Baronet.[25][26] Her paternal great-grandfather was the Canadian-born British politician Hamar Greenwood, 1st Viscount Greenwood,[27][18] and her maternal grandmother Janie Sheffield was lady-in-waiting to Princess Margaret.[18][28] Through one of her maternal great-great-grandfathers, Sir Lionel Lawson Faudel-Phillips, 3rd Baronet, Delevingne descends from the Anglo-Jewish Faudel-Phillips baronets; two of her ancestors on that line served as Lord Mayor of London.[29][30][31]

Career
Modelling career
Delevingne had her first modelling job at age ten in an editorial shot by Bruce Weber for Vogue Italia alongside model Lady Eloise Anson.[32] She signed with Storm Management in 2009. She worked in the industry for a year before booking a paying job and went through two seasons of castings before landing her first runway show.[19]

Delevingne was scouted by Burberry's Christopher Bailey in 2012 while working part-time in the office of a fashion website.[33] Bailey cast her in the company's spring/summer 2011 campaign.[7]

2011–2013: Career beginnings, breakthrough, and widespread recognition
Delevingne's first catwalk appearance was at the February 2011 London Fashion Week, walking for the Burberry Prorsum A/W collection.[34] Later that year, she opened and closed the Burberry Prorsum S/S 2012 collection.[35]

She commenced the early 2012 season by walking in the Chanel Haute-Couture spring show at the Grand Palais.[36]

New York Fashion Week was the first of the "big four" fashion weeks, where Delevingne walked in nine shows for fashion houses including Jason Wu, Rag & Bone, Thakoon, Donna Karan, Tory Burch, Oscar de la Renta and Carolina Herrera.[37] During London Fashion Week, she exclusively walked for the Burberry Prorsum Womenswear A/W 2012 show. She walked in six shows during the Milan Fashion Week, and walked for Fendi, Trussardi, Moschino, Blumarine, DSquared2 and Dolce & Gabbana.

Paris Fashion Week was the final week of Fashion Month, in which she walked in seven shows for Nina Ricci, Sonia Rykiel, Cacharel, Stella McCartney, Paul & Joe, Kenzo and Chanel. This was the beginning of what would turn out to be a longlasting professional relationship with Chanel's head designer and creative director, Karl Lagerfeld. In an interview with Elle after the show, Lagerfeld said, "Cara is different. She's full of life, full of pep. I like girls to be wild but at the same time beautifully brought up and very funny."[38]

Over the course of Fashion Month, she had walked in more than 20 shows and gained media recognition. Vogue described her as their 'crush of the season' and The Daily Telegraph picked up very early, while in New York, on her becoming 'THE' girl of the season after walking in the Jason Wu and Rag & Bone shows.[7]

The international Fashion Month began again in September 2012, to showcase spring/summer collections for 2013. During New York Fashion Week, she walked for designers including Marc Jacobs, Oscar de la Renta and Marchesa.

She walked exclusively for Burberry in London.[39] She followed this appearance by walking in shows for Sass & Bide, Issa, Preen, Topshop, Mary Katrantzou, Giles, and Matthew Williamson.

For Milan Fashion Week, she walked for Moschino, Emilio Pucci, Ermanno Scervino, Ports 1961, Anteprima, Iceberg, Gabriele Colangelo, Anthony Vaccarello, and Just Cavalli.

For Paris Fashion Week, she walked for designers such as Cacharel, Louis Vuitton, and Costume National.[40][41]

Over this season she had walked in over 50 shows.[7] Delevingne then went on to appear in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show on 7 November 2012. She featured in the 'Pink is US' section and walked during Justin Bieber's performance of 'Beauty And A Beat'. The show aired on 4 December 2012.

She took part in the Chanel pre-fall 2013 show in Scotland with the runway around the courtyard of Linlithgow Palace. The collection, designed by Karl Lagerfeld, was called "Paris-Edimbourg" and inspired by Scottish style using tartan fabrics. The show renewed media interest in the possibility of restoring the roof of the palace.[42][43][44]

Delevingne walked in the Chanel Haute-Couture spring show and followed this up with an appearance in the Valentino Haute Couture show before flying to New York to take part in New York Fashion Week, the first fashion week of the year. Her first appearance in New York was for Jason Wu. She subsequently walked for Rag & Bone, Tommy Hilfiger, Diane von Furstenberg, Marc by Marc Jacobs, Rodarte, Derek Lam, DKNY, Carolina Herrera, Tory Burch, Jeremy Scott, Oscar de la Renta, Michael Kors, Anna Sui and finally Marc Jacobs' rearranged show, due to a delay in transportation of goods for the show due to the February 2013 nor'easter.[7]

During London Fashion Week she walked for Sister by Sibling, Issa, Topshop, Mulberry, Matthew Williamson, Peter Pilotto, Burberry and Giles. After this Delevingne walked in another seven shows at the Milan Fashion Week for Fendi, Ports 1961, DSquared2, Etro, Versace, Iceberg and Pucci.

In Paris, Delevingne walked in eleven shows for Katie Grand's collaboration with Tod's Hogan brand, H&M, Lanvin, Vanessa Bruno, Jean Paul Gaultier, John Galliano, Stella McCartney, Yves Saint Laurent, Chanel, Hakaan and Louis Vuitton. Delevingne's association with Katie Grand's collection went further than a catwalk show appearance as Delevingne sung 'I Want Candy' in the mini film called 'Gang', which is the title of the Katie Grand Loves Hogan 2013 collection and the name of the large-format magazine created to celebrate the collaboration.

In between the two international catwalk seasons, Delevingne was featured in Chanel's Cruise show which took place in Singapore. It was the first time Chanel had held this event in Asia and was held at the Loewen Cluster at Dempsey Hill, a British army barracks turned Singapore Armed Forces manpower base.[45]

The international fashion weeks began again in September 2013, to showcase spring/summer collections for 2014. In the first week, New York, she walked in only one show for Marc Jacobs in a show to which Style.com commented that, "...took us on a trip to the 1890s. The set looked like a bombed-out beach, with cigarette butts, Big Gulp cups, a tumbled-over Frozen Treats case, and destroyed fashion magazines strewn in the black sand."[46]

In London, she walked in five shows. She opened for Mulberry and closed for Burberry and Topshop as well as walking Peter Pilotto and Giles. In Milan, Delevingne only walked for Fendi; she walked in just three shows in Paris for Stella McCartney, Chanel and Valentino. She rounded off the year by again appearing in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.

2015–present: Hiatus from runway modelling
It was noted by many that Delevingne had started to become more selective with the shows she appeared in. This was the beginning of the decrease in volume of catwalk roles, the cause of which at the time was put down to her expanding acting career.[47] However, in a Time essay published in 2016, Delevingne explained the real cause for the decrease of show appearances:

It's taken time, but now I realize that work isn't everything and success comes in many forms. I've opened my mind, and now I embrace new things with a childlike curiosity. I'm spending more time doing the stuff I love. And I've been able to do better work because of it.[1]

In January 2014, Delevingne opened and closed the Chanel Haute Couture Spring 2014 show.[48] In the A/W 2014 collection showcases she went on to close Burberry's show in the London Fashion Week and appear in fellow British designer Giles' collection.[49]

In Milan, she opened Fendi's F/W 2014 collection for Karl Lagerfeld, before modelling for Stella McCartney in Paris. Her absence in New York was noticed due to Delevingne going from walking in 'just about every single show out there' to only walking in the Marc Jacobs show in 2013. News outlets wrote headlines such as, "Will Cara Delevingne Walk in New York Fashion Week?" in the run up to the fashion week.[50]

Delevingne appeared in a Burberry fragrance advertisement alongside British supermodel Kate Moss.[51]

In the second international fashion month, she opened and closed Topshop's 'Unique S/S 15' collection in London, before going to Milan where she also opened the Fendi S/S 15 show. In Paris, she walked in four shows for Givenchy, Yves Saint Laurent, Chanel and Stella McCartney. She finished 2014 with the Metiers d'Art Pre-Fall 2015/2016 collection showcase. The event was held at the Hotel Schloss Leopoldskron in Salzburg, Austria.[52]

On 10 March, Delevingne closed the showcase of Chanel's Paris-Salzberg collection and closed a reshow of the collection in New York on 31 March.[53]

In 2015, Delevingne appeared in advertisements for YSL Beauté, co-starring French model Cindy Bruna.[54] She also appeared in advertisements for DKNY (including a menswear campaign),[55][56] Tag Heuer,[57] Penshoppe,[58] Pepe Jeans,[59] Burberry, Alexander Wang,[60] and Mango reuniting with Kate Moss.[61]

Delevigne appeared on a solo cover of American Vogue,[19] as well as WSJ,[62] and Love alongside Kendall Jenner, among others.[63]

In 2016, Delevingne became the face of Rimmel alongside Kate Moss and Georgia May Jagger.[64]

She continued appearing in ads for Burberry, Tag Heuer, Chanel, Marc Jacobs, YSL, and Puma.

In 2017, Delevingne appeared on the cover of the online magazine The Edit by luxury fashion retailer Net-a-Porter.[65] She also appeared on the cover of Glamour,[66] V,[67] British GQ,[68] Vogue Paris,[69] Elle UK,[70] Elle Australia, and Glamour Germany. She began appearing in Dior Beauty advertisements.[71]

Acting career
Delevingne played her first film role in the 2012 film adaptation of Anna Karenina, as Princess Sorokina, the marriage interest of Count Vronsky, alongside Keira Knightley.[24] In August 2013, Delevingne voiced a DJ of a pop radio station in the video game Grand Theft Auto V, which once released became the fastest-selling entertainment product in history.[72][73][74]

In June 2014, Delevingne made her TV debut in the final episode of Playhouse Presents. This was a series of self-contained TV plays, made by British broadcaster Sky Arts. Delevingne featured as Chloe, opposite veteran British actress Sylvia Syms.
Delevingne went on to play the part of Melanie in the British psychological thriller film The Face of an Angel, accompanied by Daniel Brühl and Kate Beckinsale.[77] The film received mixed reviews, but many critics commended Delevingne's performance. One such example is The Metro which commented that, "In her first major film role, she proves she can act with a sweet and playful on-screen presence. She brings a sense of vitality that is desperately missing from the rest of the film."[78]

On 24 October 2014, she starred in a sketch for an annual 90-minute comedy TV event called The Feeling Nuts Comedy Night, which aired on Channel 4 and was designed to raise awareness of testicular cancer.[79] A month later, she featured in South African group Die Antwoord's music video for their song Ugly Boy.[80] Then in December 2014, Delevingne starred in Reincarnation, a short film by Karl Lagerfeld for Chanel alongside Pharrell Williams and Geraldine Chaplin.[81]

In February 2015, Delevingne appeared in ASAP Ferg's music video for his song Dope Walk.[82] Later in May 2015, she was also in Taylor Swift's star studded Bad Blood music video which went on to break Vevo's 24-hour viewing record, with 20.1 million views in its day of release.[83][84]

Delevingne co-starred in the adaptation of John Green's novel, Paper Towns (2015), as Margo Roth Spiegelman.[85][86] The film brought in $12,650,140 on the opening weekend in the US, which placed it 6th at the box office.[87] Rotten Tomatoes' critical consensus reads, "Paper Towns isn't as deep or moving as it wants to be, yet it's still earnest, well-acted, and thoughtful enough to earn a place in the hearts of teen filmgoers of all ages."[88] Of Delevingne's performance, Justin Chang of Variety called her "the real find of the film", suggesting that "on the evidence of her work here, this striking actress is here to stay".[89]

She played a mermaid in the 2015 fantasy film Pan.[90] In 2016, Delevingne co-starred as Enchantress, a villainess with magical abilities, in Suicide Squad, an action film based on the DC comic book series of the same name.[91][92] The film was released to generally negative reviews, although it was a box office success. Delevingne's performance received mixed reviews from critics.

The film Kids in Love, a British coming of age drama, was released in 2016. The cast includes many up and coming young actors, with Will Poulter and Alma Jodorowsky as lead roles alongside Sebastian de Souza and Delevingne who plays the role of Viola.

Delevingne starred with Dane DeHaan and Rihanna[93] in the Luc Besson film Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets, an adaptation of the comic book series Valérian and Laureline. The film began shooting in December 2015, and was released in July 2017.[94]

Delevingne plays Annetje in the period romance film Tulip Fever.[95] She also plays the role of Kath Talent in the film London Fields, based on the 1989 novel of the same name by Martin Amis.[75][96][97]

Music
Delevingne sings, plays the drums and the guitar.[76][98] Over 2011 and 2012, Delevingne wrote and recorded two albums of music under artist manager Simon Fuller and was subsequently offered a record deal. However, she turned the deal down due to the fact that her name would be changed.[99] In 2013, she recorded an acoustic duet cover version of Sonnentanz with British soul and jazz singer-songwriter Will Heard.[100][101] She also covered the song "I Want Candy" in the mini film called Gang, which was the title of the 2013 A/W Katie Grand Loves Hogan collection and the name of the large-format magazine created to celebrate the collaboration.[102] Delevingne also teamed up with Pharrell Williams to make the song "CC the World", which was used for the short Chanel film Reincarnation in which both Pharrell and Delevingne star. This was released to the public on 1 December 2014.[103] The duo performed the song before a live audience for the Chanel show at the Park Avenue Armory in New York City in March 2015. On 28 July 2017, Delevingne released the music video for her song "I Feel Everything" from Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets.[104] Delevingne's background vocals are featured on the song "Pills" from the 2017 studio album, Masseduction, by American musician St. Vincent, whom Delevingne previously dated from 2014 to 2016.[105]

Design
Delevingne has designed two fashion collections for DKNY and Mulberry. Her DKNY capsule collection featured a variety of sporty street style items ranging from beanie hats to leather jackets. DKNY described the collection as "mostly unisex".[106] The collection took approximately two years from the first announcement to when it was released on 15 October 2014.[107]

Delevingne has also designed four collections for Mulberry featuring rucksacks and handbags. The collection also consisted of purses, iPad sleeves, phone covers, zipped pouches, and passport holders. The fourth and latest collection was released 3 June 2015.[108]

Writing
In October 2017, Delevingne made her debut as a novelist of young adult fiction with her new book Mirror, Mirror, which contains an LGBT theme,[109] co-written with British writer Rowan Coleman. According to Delevingne, she wanted to "tell a story that gives the reader a realistic picture of the turbulent roller-coaster teenage years."[110]

Media rankings
Delevingne was named by the Evening Standard as one of "London's 1,000 Most Influential of 2011", in the category of "Most Invited".[111]
In 2013, Delevingne was the most Googled fashion figure and the most re-blogged model on Tumblr.[112]
In March 2014, she was included in The Sunday Times Magazine "100 Makers of the 21st Century" list of influential British people.[113][114]
In 2014, Delevingne was ranked 6th on the "World's Highest-Paid Models" models list by Forbes, earning an estimated $3.5 million (£2.7 million).[115] In 2015, Delevingne moved up to 2nd on this list, earning $9 million (£7 million).[116]
Delevingne was ranked 13th in the 'Most Desirable Women' category run by AskMen.[117]
Delevingne was ranked 20th in Evening Standard's 'Power 1000' list (2013), "because of her domination of the catwalks at London Fashion Week and her huge social media following."[118]
Personal life
Delevingne is openly bisexual.[119][19] In June 2015, she confirmed she was in a relationship with American musician St. Vincent.[19] They separated in September 2016.[120] In May 2018, Delevingne came out as genderfluid.[121] In June 2019, she confirmed she had been dating the actress and model Ashley Benson for over a year.[122][123]

Delevingne is a self-described animal lover. Following the killing of Cecil the lion in 2015, she auctioned off her personal TAG Heuer watch in aid of wildlife conservation, raising £18,600 for WildCRU.[124]

At the Women in the World summit in October 2015, Delevingne spoke about her battle with depression which started when she was 15,[125] when she discovered her mother's drug addiction. The following year, she left school for six months and agreed to go on medication, which she said may have saved her life.[126] In 2017, on This Morning, she revealed that she also has ADHD.[127]

In October 2017, Delevingne alleged that circa 2016, producer Harvey Weinstein sexually harassed her, attempted to kiss her without consent, and propositioned her for a threesome in a hotel room in exchange for a role.[128] She made the film but says she regretted it as his actions terrified her.[129] She also alleges that circa 2014, he told her she would never work as an actress in Hollywood because of her sexuality.[130]

Delevingne has multiple tattoos. Her first tattoo was a lion on her finger, representing her zodiac sign of Leo.[131] She has a tattoo of her lucky number, the Roman numeral XII, on her side under her right arm, and "MADE IN ENGLAND" on the sole of her left foot.[132] She has said that her most important tattoo is the elephant on her right arm, in memory of her late grandmother.[133] Her initials "CJD" are on her hand.[134] She also has a diamond on her ear and a Southern cross around her ear; a white dove on her finger; "silence" on her wrist; a sak yant on her back; a snake on her hand; a pair of eyes on her neck; a coat of arms on her ribcage; her mother's name on her biceps muscle; "breathe deep" on her other biceps; "bacon..." under her foot; a DD monogram on her hip, symbolizing her friendship with fellow model Jourdan Dunn; a wasp on her finger; "don't worry be happy" on her sternum; a heart on her finger;[135] and a smiley face on her toe

كوستا كوفي

كوستا كوفي (بالإنجليزية: Costa Coffee) شركة مقاهي متعددة الجنسيات مقرها الرئيس في دونستبل، المملكة المتحدة. وهي أكبر سلسلة مقاهي في المملكة المتحدة وثاني أكبر سلسلة مقاهي في العالم (بعد ستاربكس). في 31 أغسطس 2018 ، أعلنت كوكاكولا انه تعتزم شراء السلسلة مقابل 3.9 مليار جنيه استرليني ، ومن المتوقع أن تكتمل هذه الصفقة في النصف الأول من عام 2019 .



تأسست كوستا كوفي في لندن عام 1971 من قبل الاخوين الإيطاليين سيرجيو وبرونو كوستا،ومنذ عام 1995، نمت السلسلة إلى أكثر من 1700 متجر في 28 دولة
لمحة تاريخية
أسست في لامبيث في إنكلترا عام 1971 من خلال الأخوين الإيطاليين سيرجيو وبرونو كوستا.مع معاونت اخيهم الاصغر جينت كارلوو تم افتتاح أكبر محمصة كوستا جوفي في عام 2017 و اسم المتذوق الرسمي الذي يختار القهوة المناسبة إلى مجموعة كوستا كوفي هو السيد جينارو بيليشيا الذي تم تأمين لسانه ب10 مليون باوند

التشغيل والعمليات
تنتشر فروع المقهى في كثير من دول العالم منها: بريطانيا: 760 مقهى، بلغاريا، الصين، كرواتيا، قبرص، التشيك، اليونان، الهند، أيرلندا، بولندا، باكستان، رومانيا، روسيا، صربيا، إسبانيا، الجبل الأسود، تركيا.

أما الدول العربية، فمقاهي كوستا واسعة الانتشار، الدول التي تتواجد فيها كوستا كافيه في العالم العربي: السعودية، الكويت، الإمارات، البحرين، قطر، سلطنة عمان، الأردن، لبنان، سوريا، مصر.

Dr. Herbert Kleber

A Google Doodle is a special, temporary alteration of the logo on Google's homepages intended to commemorate holidays, events, achievements, and notable historical figures. The first Google Doodle honored the 1998 edition of the long-running annual Burning Man event in Black Rock City, Nevada, and was designed by co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed.[1][2] Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor until 2000, when Page and Brin asked public relations officer Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day. Since then, a team of employees called "Doodlers" have organized and published the Doodles.[3]

Initially, Doodles were neither animated nor hyperlinked—they were simply images with hover text describing the subject or expressing a holiday greeting. Doodles increased in both frequency and complexity by the beginning of the 2010s. In January 2010 the first animated Doodle honored Sir Isaac Newton.[4] The first interactive Doodle appeared shortly thereafter celebrating Pac-Man,[5] and hyperlinks also began to be added to Doodles, usually linking to a search results page for the subject of the Doodle. By 2014, Google had published over 2,000 regional and international Doodles throughout its homepages,[6] often featuring guest artists, musicians, and personalities.
es are limited to Google's country-specific home pages while others appear globally.[10]

Doodlers
The illustrators, engineers, and artists who design Google Doodles are called "Doodlers." These doodlers have included artists like Ekua Holmes, Jennifer Hom, Sophia Foster-Dimino, Ranganath Krishnamani, and Dennis Hwang.[11][12][13][14]

Interactive and video doodles
In May 2010, on the 30th anniversary of the 1980 arcade game Pac-Man, Google unveiled worldwide their first interactive logo, created in association with Namco.[15] Anyone who visited Google could play Pac-Man on the logo, which featured the letters of the word "Google" on the Pac-Man maze. The logo also mimicked the sounds the original arcade game made. The "I'm Feeling Lucky" button was replaced with an "Insert Coin" button. Pressing this once enabled you to play the Pac-Man logo. Pressing it once more added a second player, Ms. Pac-Man, enabling two players to play at once, controlled using the W, A, S, D keys, instead of the arrows as used by Player 1. Pressing it for a third time performed an "I'm Feeling Lucky" search. It was then removed on May 23, 2010, initially replacing Pac-Man with the normal logo. Later on that day, Google released[16] a permanent site to play Google Pac-Man (accessed by clicking on top icon), due to the popular user demand for the playable logo.[16] Pac-Man Doodle drew an estimated 1 billion players worldwide.[17]

Since that time, Google has continued to post occasional interactive and video doodles:

On October 8, 2010, Google ran its first video doodle, a short animation set to the music of "Imagine" to mark John Lennon's 70th birthday.[18] Similarly, Freddie Mercury's 65th birthday was celebrated on September 5, 2011, with an animated clip set to "Don't Stop Me Now".[19]
On April 15, 2011, Google sported the first live-action video doodle, commemorating Charlie Chaplin's 122nd birthday.[20] This doodle was a black and white YouTube video that, when clicked upon, started playing before redirecting to the usual Google search featuring the doodle's special occasion. All parts in this short film were played by the Google Doodle team, and special behind-the-scenes footage was to be found on the Google blog.
Google displayed an interactive electric guitar doodle starting June 9, 2011, to celebrate the 96th birthday of Les Paul. Apart from being able to hover the cursor over the doodle to strum the strings just like one of Les Paul's Gibson guitars, there was also a keyboard button, which when enabled allowed interaction with the doodle via the keyboard. The doodle still maintained some resemblance to the Google logo. In the U.S, the doodle also allowed the user to record a 30-second clip, after which a URL is created and can be sent to others. The doodle remained on the site an extra day due to popularity in the U.S. It now has its own page linked to the Google Doodles archives.[21]
On June 23, 2012, in commemoration of Alan Turing's 100th birthday, Google's logo became an interactive Turing Machine.[22]
On August 8, 2012, Google Displayed an interactive Basketball Game for the 2012 Summer Olympics.
On November 23, 2013, Google's logo changed to a playable simplistic Doctor Who game in honor of the show's 50th anniversary.[23]
On May 19, 2014, for the 40th anniversary of the Rubik's Cube, Google made an interactive virtual Rubik's Cube that people could try to solve.
On April 14, 2015, for the 155th anniversary of the Pony Express, Google made a playable 2D side-scrolling doodle game in which the player collects mail, avoids obstacles, and delivers up to 100 letters from California to Missouri.[24]
On December 17, 2015, a Google Doodle was featured honoring the 245th anniversary of Beethoven's baptism.[25] It features an interactive game to match the musical writing in correct order as it featured 4 levels.
On August 5, 2016, for the 2016 Summer Olympics, the Google app received an update for Android and iOS devices to include 7 mini games called "Doodle Fruit Games" featuring Strawberry, Blueberry, Coconut, Pineapple, and more. It lasted until August 21, with a new mini game every day. The game was accessible on the Google app by clicking on a play button.
On October 30, 2016, for Halloween, Google added a game called Magic Cat Academy, featuring a cat named Momo fighting ghosts. To play, users had to click on a play button, and users have to "draw" to kill the ghosts.
On February 11, 12, 13, and 14, 2017, for Valentine's Day, Google added a game featuring the endangered pangolin, an African and Asian mammal, that goes through four levels (one released each day), while collecting objects, and avoiding obstacles.
On June 22, 2017, to celebrate the 117th birthday of Oskar Fischinger, a musician, Google released an interactive fullscreen Doodle that let users create their own musical songs by tapping on the screen. The user could then choose to share it to social media. The game was accessible by tapping on 2 play buttons.[26]
On August 11, 2017, the 44th anniversary of DJ Kool Herc's pioneering use of the hip-hop break, the Google Doodle allowed users use a double turntable to act as a hip-hop DJ.[27]
On September 4, 2017, to celebrate the 83rd birthday of Russian baritone singer Eduard Khil, Google added a video doodle that featured an animated Eduard Khil singing "I am very glad, as I'm finally returning back home", known globally as the "Trololo" song.
On December 4, 2017, Google celebrated 50 years of kids' coding languages with an Interactive Doodle.[28][29]
On May 3, 2018, Google celebrated the work of Georges Méliès by making a doodle that encompassed his famous work such as A Trip to the Moon and The Impossible Voyage. The doodle is also the first google doodle that was shown in 360-degrees format, with the viewer being able to rotate the video to give them different points of view.[30]
On June 10, 2018, Google celebrated the history of garden gnomes, Google released an interactive Doodle where you can use your catapult to launch your clay gnomes into the farthest reach of your garden.
On October 30, 2018, for Halloween, Google added a multiplayer game (up to eight players) called Great Ghoul Duel, featuring two teams of ghosts racing to collect spirits and steal them from the other team.
On November 6, 2018, for the United States elections, Google changed their logo to "Go Vote."[31]
On March 21, 2019, Google celebrated German composer and musician Johann Sebastian Bach by creating the first Doodle that uses artificial intelligence to make music. When a button is pressed, the Doodle uses machine learning to harmonize a user-created melody into Bach's signature music style (or alternatively into a Bach 80's rock style hybrid if an amp on the right side is clicked).[32]
Common themes

Since Google first celebrated the Thanksgiving holiday with a Doodle in 1998, many Doodles for holidays, events, and other celebrations have recurred on an annual basis, including the following:

Gregorian New Year (2000–present)

Martin Luther King, Jr. Day (2003; 2006–present)

Lunar New Year (2001; 2003–present)

Valentine's Day (2000–present; partial exception during certain Olympic years)

International Women's Day (2005; 2009–present)

Saint Patrick's Day (2000–2002; 2004–present)

Earth Day (2001–present)

Mother's Day (2000–present)

Father's Day (2000–present)

U.S. Independence Day (2000–present)

Bastille Day (2000–present)

Olympic Games (2000–present; partial exception in 2014)[33]

Holi (2001–present; intermittently)

Halloween (1999–present)

U.S. Thanksgiving Day (1998–present)

Christmas Day (1999–present)[a]

New Year's Eve (2011–present)

"Doodle 4 Google" competitions

Google holds competitions for school students to create their own Google doodles, referred to as "Doodle 4 Google".[36] Winning doodles go onto the Doodle 4 Google website, where the public can vote for the winner, who wins a trip to the Googleplex and the hosting of the winning doodle for 24 hours on the Google website.

The competition originated in the United Kingdom, and has since expanded to the United States and other countries. The competition was also held in Ireland in 2008.[37] Google announced a Doodle 4 Google competition for India in 2009[38] and the winning doodle was displayed on the Google India homepage on November 14. A similar competition held in Singapore based on the theme "Our Singapore" was launched in January 2010 and the winning entry was chosen from over 30,000 entries received. The winning design was shown on Singapore's National Day on Google Singapore's homepage.[39] It was held again in 2015 in Singapore and was themed 'Singapore: The next 50 years'.

Controversy and criticism

See also: Criticism of Google

Gender

In 2014, a report published by SPARK Movement, an activist organization, stated that there was a large gender and race imbalance in the number of Doodles shown by Google, and that most Doodles were honoring white males.[40] The report was widely reported in the media, and Google made a commitment to increase the proportion of women and racial minorities.[41][42]

Religious holidays

Google typically abstains from referencing or celebrating religious holidays specifically in Doodles, or in cases when they do, religious themes and iconography are avoided. Google has acknowledged this as an official policy, stating in April 2018 that they "don't have Doodles for religious holidays", according to "current Doodle guidelines." Google further explained that Doodles may appear for some "non-religious celebrations that have grown out of religious holidays", citing Valentine's Day (Christianity), Holi (Hinduism), and Tu B'Av (Judaism) as examples, but that the company does not include "religious imagery or symbolism" as part of those Doodles.[43]

Google has been criticized for what has been perceived as its inconsistency regarding the implementation of its religious holiday policy, notably its lack of Doodles for major Christian holidays. Critics have pointed to its yearly recognition of the Jewish and Hindu festivals of Tu B'av and Holi, while Easter only received an official Doodle once in 2000 (and a themed homepage in 2019).[44][45] Christmas is not specifically celebrated by name,[a] although a Doodle with a seasonally festive and/or winter theme has always been present on December 25 since 1999. Since the mid-2010s, Google has also repeated their December 25 doodle on January 7, which is the date for Christmas in the Eastern Orthodox Church, but the word "Christmas" has never explicitly been used; the terminology "holidays" and "Eastern Europe" are used instead of "Christmas" or "Eastern Orthodox Church".[46][47]

Easter

Google first created a Doodle for Easter in 2000, and did not acknowledge the holiday on its homepage again until 2019. In March 2013, Google was notably criticized for celebrating American activist Cesar Chavez on Easter Sunday with a Doodle instead of Easter.[48]

In 2019, after an 18-year hiatus, Google presented an atypical "Doodle" for Easter, for the desktop version of their homepage only. Unlike what is seen in virtually all other Doodles, the Google logo itself was unaltered in the presentation of the Doodle, and users had to click on the "I'm Feeling Lucky" button where "Lucky" is replaced with an anthropomorphic Easter egg,[45] which triggered a falling array of Easter-themed items such as eggs, bunnies, and hot cross buns. Some of these items were hyperlinked, leading to a detailed page about Easter customs. Google's official Doodle archive page originally contained an unlisted entry for the 2019 Easter Doodle, which has since been removed.[citation needed] Notably, the 2019 Easter-themed homepage was not visible from mobile devices unless the "Desktop mode" option was triggered on the mobile browser, leading to the majority of users not ever seeing the "Doodle". Danny Sullivan, technologist with Google involved with the Easter-themed homepage, responded to an inquiry about its absence on mobile by saying it was "hard to do the interactivity dependably [on mobile]".[49]

Other

On September 13, 2007, Google posted a doodle honoring author Roald Dahl on the anniversary of his birth. This date also happened to coincide with the first day of the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah, and Google was immediately criticized by some groups for this decision due to the fact that Dahl was anti-Israel. Google removed the Doodle by 2:00 p.m. that day, and there remains no evidence of its existence in Google's official Doodle archive to this date.[50][51] Google was also criticized for not featuring versions of the Google logo for American patriotic holidays such as Memorial Day and Veterans Day.[52] That year, Google featured a logo commemorating Veterans Day.[53]

In 2014, Google received some criticism for failing to honor the 70th anniversary of the D-Day invasion with a Doodle and instead honoring Japanese Go player Honinbo Shusaku.[54] In response to the criticism, Google removed the logo from their homepage and added a series of links to images of the invasion of Normandy.[54]

On May 19, 2016, Google honored Yuri Kochiyama, an Asian American activist and member of the Maoist-based black nationalist group Revolutionary Action Movement, with a Doodle on its main U.S. homepage.[55][56][57] This choice was criticized due to some of Kochiyama's controversial opinions, such as an admiration for Osama bin Laden and Mao Zedong.[55][56][58] U.S. Senator Pat Toomey called for a public apology from Google.[59] Google did not respond to any criticism, nor did it alter the presentation of the Doodle on its homepage or on the Doodle's dedicated page

اكتوبر

تشرين الأول - أكتوبر هو الشهر العاشر في السنة حسب التقويم الغريغوري وأحد الأشهر السبعة التي يصل عدد أيامها لواحد وثلاثين يوما. ويسمى تشرين الأول في بلاد الشام والجنوب، وذلك حسب اللغة والتقويم السرياني القديم. اسم شهر أكتوبر تأتي من اللاتينية "أُكْتُو octo" أي ثمانية بالعربية، إذ كان الرومان القدماء يعدّون شهور السنة ابتداء من شهر مارس قبل إضافة شهري يناير وفبراير للتقويم الغريغوري .