1917 (فيلم 2019)

1917 هو فيلم حرب أمريكي بريطاني من إخراج سام مينديز وشارك في تأليفه مينديز وكريستي ويلسون-كيرنز . من بطولة جورج ماكاي ، دين تشارلز شابمان ، مارك سترونج ، أندرو سكوت ، ريتشارد مادن ، كلير دوبورك ، مع كولين فيرث ، وبينديكت كومبرباتش .

يستند الفيلم جزئياً إلى رواية قيلت لمندس من قبل جده الأب ، الفريد مينديز ،  ومن المقرر أن تصدر في 25 ديسمبر 2019 من قبل يونيفرسال بيكتشرز .
القصة
في ذروة الحرب العالمية الأولى خلال ربيع عام 1917 في شمال فرنسا ، يتم إعطاء جنديين بريطانيين شابين ، شوفيلد ( جورج ماكاي ) وبليك ( دين تشارلز تشابمان ) مهمة مستحيلة على ما يبدو لإيصال رسالة تحذر من الكمين خلال واحدة من المناوشات بعد فترة وجيزة من التراجع الألماني إلى خط هيندنبيرغ خلال عملية البيرش .  يتسابق المجندين مع الزمن ، لعبور أراضي العدو لإيصال التحذير والحفاظ على كتيبة بريطانية من 1600 رجل ، بما في ذلك شقيق بليك ، من الوقوع في فخ قاتل.  يجب على الرجلين بذل قصارى جهدهما لإنجاز مهمتهما من خلال البقاء على قيد الحياة من الحرب لإنهاء كل الحروب.

الإصدار
من المقرر أن يتم الإصدار المحدود في 25 ديسمبر 2019 والإصدار العلني في 10 يناير 2020

Gavin & Stacey

Gavin & Stacey is a British sitcom, written by James Corden and Ruth Jones, that follows the coming together of two quirky families – one from Essex and one from Wales – after a young couple fall in love. Mathew Horne and Joanna Page play the titular characters, while the writers also star as Gavin and Stacey's friends, Smithy and Nessa. Other prominent cast members include Alison Steadman and Larry Lamb, who play Gavin's parents, Pam and Mick, and Melanie Walters and Rob Brydon, who portray Stacey's mother, Gwen, and her uncle, Bryn.

The show was produced by Baby Cow Productions for BBC Wales. It initially ran for a total of 20 episodes across three series, broadcast from 13 May 2007 to 1 January 2010. Initially, the series was shown on BBC Three, but a growing following meant that it was subsequently moved to BBC Two, and finally BBC One. The last episodes of the final series formed a significant part of the prime time BBC seasonal programming, and were broadcast on Christmas Day 2009 and New Year's Day 2010. In May 2019, Corden announced that he and Jones had written a Christmas special that will air on BBC One on Christmas Day.[1]

Gavin & Stacey was acclaimed as a hit breakthrough show for BBC Three, becoming the most nominated show in the 2007 British Comedy Awards. It won several awards, including the British Academy Television Awards (BAFTAs) Audience Award, and the British Comedy Awards Best TV Comedy Award, both in 2008. The programme has also been well received in several other countries in which it has aired. In 2019, Gavin & Stacey was named the 17th greatest British sitcom in a poll by Radio Times.[2]

A US remake titled Us & Them was scheduled to air on Fox in the 2013–14 US TV season, but was shut down mid-production and no episodes were broadcast by Fox
Scenario
The show follows the romance between Gavin, from Billericay in Essex, and Stacey, from Barry in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. Initially, Gavin lives with his parents, Pam and Mick, and spends most of his time with his best friend, Smithy. Stacey lives with her widowed mother, Gwen, and is frequently visited by her uncle, Bryn, who lives across the road, and by her best friend Nessa. The series follows the key moments in their relationship: their first meeting, meeting each other's families, getting engaged, marrying, looking for a flat, briefly splitting up, looking for new jobs and trying for children.

The characters of Gavin and Stacey provide the emotional core of the story. The show focuses on the situations that arise when their relationship brings their two differing families together. As a result, episodes often focus on the key events in life that bring wider families and close friends together such as weddings, christenings, birthday parties and Christmases. However, the show also presents the families interacting in deliberately non-dramatic situations, such as a visit to the beach and nights out.

A significant second storyline follows the contrasting relationship between Smithy and Nessa. Despite their dislike for each other, they have several one-night stands, leading to Nessa becoming pregnant and having their baby. Whilst Gavin and Stacey are the clear main characters, towards the end of the show's run, the dramatic emphasis switches slightly from them, as they resolve their distance issues, to Smithy and Nessa, as Nessa becomes engaged to another man.

Other storylines that run throughout the course of the three series include Pam's fake vegetarianism, Bryn and his nephew Jason's struggle to keep the events of their disastrous fishing trip a secret (with the outcome never actually being revealed), and the ridiculously rocky marriage of Pam's friends Pete and Dawn.

Characters and cast
Main characters
Gavin Shipman (Mathew Horne) – nicknamed "Gavlar", or "Gavalar", the funny and enthusiastic level-headed protagonist from Billericay, Essex.
Stacey Shipman (née West) (Joanna Page) – bubbly protagonist from Barry.
Neil "Smithy" Smith (James Corden) – Gavin's oldest and closest friend, who also lives in Billericay, Essex. Smithy often gets jealous of Gavin and Stacey’s relationship, and has a complicated relationship with Nessa, later fathering a child with her.
Vanessa Shanessa "Nessa" Jenkins (Ruth Jones) – Stacey's oldest and closest friend, who is also from Barry. Nessa has several celebrity connections, such as MP John Prescott, and later begins a relationship with Dave “Coaches” Lloyd Gooch. She also has a baby with Smithy in series 2, Neil Noel Edmund Smith.
Michael "Mick" Shipman (Larry Lamb) – Gavin's down-to-earth father. He is humble and caring, and often gets confused with his wife’s eccentricities.
Pamela Andrea "Pam" Shipman (née Gryglaszewska) (Alison Steadman) – Gavin's house-proud and over-protective mother. She can be eccentric in her focuses, and often rambles and forgets what she is saying.
Brynfor "Bryn" West (Rob Brydon) – known as "Uncle Bryn"; Stacey's protective, yet naïve and eccentric uncle, and Gwen's brother-in-law. Bryn’s brother, Trevor, Stacey’s father, died prior to the time depicted in the series, which Bryn helped the family cope with. He has a difficult relationship with his nephew, Jason, due to something happening on a ‘fishing trip’ they went on together. It is occasionally implied that he is attracted to men.
Gwen West (Melanie Walters) – Stacey's caring, widowed mother. She also has an elder son, Jason, who lives in Spain. She constantly is making omelettes.
Supporting roles
Jason West (Robert Wilfort) – Stacey's gay elder brother, who lives in Spain.
Dawn Sutcliffe (Julia Davis) – a close friend of Pam and Mick, who frequently has public arguments with husband Pete.
Peter "Pete" Sutcliffe (Adrian Scarborough) – a close friend of Pam and Mick, husband to Dawn, with whom he frequently has public arguments.
David “Coaches" Lloyd Gooch (Steffan Rhodri) – local coach driver, later fiancé to Nessa. He appeared in the first episode when Stacey went to London to meet Gavin.
Doris O'Neill (Margaret John) – elderly but lively neighbour of Gwen, and close friend of the West family.
Ruth "Rudi" Smith (Sheridan Smith) – Smithy's immature, but loving, younger sister who also likes to be called 'Smithy'. Works at a fast food restaurant in Billericay.
Catherina "Cath" Smith (Pam Ferris) – Smithy's single mother, suffers from 'a mild form of narcolepsy' (which Pam thinks is a cover for a drinking problem).
Dirtbox (Andrew Knott) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy.
Deano (Mathew Baynton) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy, who works with Smithy as a builder and appears to be very dim-witted.
Budgie (Russell Tovey) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy.
Chinese Alan (Dominic Gaskell) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy, he has this nickname despite not being Chinese but it appears to be connected with his catchphrase; 'Did someone order a Chinese?'.
Craig "Fingers" (Samuel Anderson) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy, who has an on/off relationship with Stacey's friend Louise, after they meet at the wedding and have sex in a back room.
Jesus (Daniel Curtis) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy.
Gary (Jason Gregg) and Simon – friends of Gavin and Smithy, who are never just Gary or Simon.
Swede (John Grisley) – a friend of Gavin and Smithy.
Louise (Ffion Williams) – a friend of Stacey and Nessa, who has an on/off relationship with Gavin and Smithy's friend Fingers, after they meet at the wedding and have sex in a back room.
Anje (Beth Granville) – a friend of Stacey and Nessa.
Neil Jenkins (Huw Dafydd) – Nessa's father, rarely seen in Barry, but attended Neil the baby's christening.
Owain Hughes (Steve Meo) – Website Manager in Gavin's new job in Cardiff. He has the cocky but confusing catchphrase: 'Owain Hughes, and before you ask, no I don't'.
Dick Powell (Gwynfor Roberts) – the only fully Welsh-speaking inhabitant of Barry (aside from the Welsh nationalists in the caravan park), he works on the black market selling meat.
Neil "the Baby" Noel Edmond Smith (Ewan Kennedy, Oscar Hartland, Rocco Romanello) – Smithy and Nessa's son. He is named after Smithy and Nessa's father(who are both called Neil), Nessa's mate from Hear'Say (Noel Sullivan), and Smithy's grandfather Edmond "Papa Ed". In the episode of the christening, Gavin humorously says that Neil is named after Noel Edmonds, which Smithy gets annoyed over.
Character names
The use of the surnames of known English serial killers for some of the main characters – Shipman, West and Sutcliffe – was deliberate.[5] Ruth Jones commented in 2009: "I suppose we were hoping that people wouldn't realise and then when it does come to light, it's even more delicious..."[6][7]

Guest appearances
Although the production team received requests, the show declined to use celebrity guests for cameo roles in the 2008 Christmas special; however, both Noel Sullivan and John Prescott made brief cameo appearances at the end of the final series.[8][9] Both figures had formed the basis of long-running jokes throughout the series. Nessa occasionally refers to Sullivan as her housemate; a member of the band she initially lives with. Nessa had also claimed to have had an affair with Prescott.

Plot
Series 1
The initial series begins with the lives of the title characters, Gavin Shipman (Mathew Horne) and Stacey West (Joanna Page). Gavin is 28 and lives at home in Billericay, Essex, with his parents, Mick (Larry Lamb) and Pam (Alison Steadman). He and Stacey, along with their respective best friends Neil "Smithy" Smith (James Corden) and Nessa Jenkins (Ruth Jones), go out on a double date. The night ends with Gavin and Stacey returning to a hotel room and sleeping together, as do Smithy and Nessa. Gavin and Stacey become infatuated with each other, but Smithy and Nessa are happy to forget their drunken one-night stand and make little contact with one another afterwards. In the rest of the series, Gavin and Stacey continue their long-distance relationship before becoming engaged and getting married on 6 April 2007. The series ends with Nessa going to inform Smithy that she is pregnant with his child but changes her mind at the last minute.

Series 2
The second series begins with the newlyweds arriving from a honeymoon in Greece. The in-laws meet again at the Shipmans' house in Essex, where Nessa has some shocking revelations – especially for Smithy, who learns that she is pregnant with his baby, and although he makes it clear he thoroughly dislikes the woman, he is generally civil and supportive towards her about their child. Meanwhile, Gavin and Stacey, living at Pam and Mick's house, run into trouble when Stacey struggles to find a job and becomes home-sick for Barry and her family. The couple try to overcome their problem by looking for an apartment or house in Essex, but Stacey is still dissatisfied and is considering moving back to South Wales to be with her family. In the final episode of the series, Stacey takes off her wedding ring, much to the upset of Gavin, but this is interrupted by the news of Nessa unexpectedly going into labour a month early. Pam, Mick and Stacey hurry across to Wales, whilst Gavin rushes to find Smithy with Smithy's sister, Rudi (Sheridan Smith), eventually finding him in the pub watching football. They arrive to find that Nessa has given birth to a boy, Neil. Gavin and Stacey decide to put their differences aside and are together once again.

Christmas Special (2008)
An extended Christmas special involves Stacey's family, along with Nessa and her partner, Dave Coaches (Steffan Rhodri), spending Christmas with Gavin's parents. Gavin reveals that he has found a job in Cardiff, which at first causes upset for Pam and Smithy, but they both learn to accept it. Gavin later admits to Smithy that he is moving to Barry with Stacey in order to save his marriage. Smithy also gets upset when he feels that Dave, who lives with the baby, Neil, is replacing him as a father. Smithy is furthermore unhappy after Dave proposes to Nessa (with the ring enclosed in a cigarette packet), and she accepts.

Series 3
Gavin begins on his new job in Wales and his parents and Smithy travel to Wales for Neil's christening. In the next episode Gavin and Stacey, and Nessa and her child Neil, spend the weekend at Pam and Mick's, and after a drunken night, it is believed that Nessa and Smithy may have once again had sex after waking up in bed together the next morning. Gavin and Stacey begin trying for a baby and Stacey is upset and disappointed when she learns that they may not be able to have children. Gavin becomes depressed and preoccupied with this issue, and in an attempt to cheer him up, Pam, Mick and Smithy arrange a surprise trip to Barry beach on a sunny bank holiday. Nessa and Dave also run into trouble after Dave learns about her alleged sexual intercourse with Smithy, but the two decide to go ahead with the wedding. In the final episode, Stacey discovers she is pregnant after all, and the couple are overjoyed and excited. Smithy shows up at Nessa and Dave's wedding ceremony with Neil, pleading for her not to marry him, and accusing her of not loving Dave. Dave, much to everyone's surprise, agrees with Smithy that Nessa does not love him, and the ceremony is called off. The series ends showing the four (Gavin, Stacey, Nessa and Smithy) six months later on Barry beachfront, with a visibly pregnant Stacey.

Christmas Special (2019)
In May 2019, Corden announced that he and Jones have written a Christmas special that will air on BBC One on Christmas Day. Stars and writers Ruth Jones and James Corden are back almost 10 years after the original ending of the show for a new Christmas special.

Episodes
Main article: List of Gavin & Stacey episodes
The series consists of twenty episodes, broadcast over three series, and a Christmas Eve special. The first series comprised six half-hour episodes and first aired in 2007, from 13 May to 10 June 2007. The show was extended to seven episodes for the second series, which first ran in 2008, from 16 March to 20 April. The 2008 Christmas Eve special was an hour long. The third series reverted to six episodes and began on 26 November 2009, with the last two episodes of the series and show being aired on Christmas Day 2009 and New Year's Day 2010.

The BBC has also broadcast several documentaries alongside the show, examining the making of the show and showcasing a selection of 'out-takes' from the filming.

Production
The idea for the show occurred to actor James Corden during a wedding reception, and he then developed the idea with co-writer Ruth Jones, whom he had met during the filming of ITV drama Fat Friends. Corden claims to have been inspired by the story of his own real life best friend Gavin, who met his wife over the phone at work, and arranged to meet. They presented it to the BBC as a one-off play, but the BBC instead asked for a full series.[10]

The roles of Gavin and Stacey were cast through an auditioning process, but were almost immediately given to Mathew Horne and Joanna Page on the strength of their chemistry together. The roles of Nessa and Smithy were written by Corden and Jones for themselves. Some roles were written with certain actors in mind; Uncle Bryn was written specifically for Rob Brydon, who had been to school with Jones, whilst Pam was written specifically for Alison Steadman, who had also worked on Fat Friends. Jones had worked with Julia Davis in her sitcom Nighty Night, and the role of Dawn was written with her in mind. Additionally, Corden had appeared with Adrian Scarborough in the Alan Bennett-penned play and film, The History Boys, which led to him being cast in the role of Pete. An audition process was used to cast the roles of Mick and Gwen, whilst the roles of Gavin's friends were given to Corden's co-stars in The History Boys.

Although the programme is set in Billericay, Essex, and Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, the three series were shot largely in Cardiff (which acted as the city itself but also as parts of Billericay), and also in Barry itself and the surrounding area, including Dinas Powys, Sully and Penarth. The show's popularity has been credited with boosting the tourist trade to Barry and its popular seafront of Barry Island, through visitors wishing to visit the various filming locations. Gavin's house was set in Billericay but was actually filmed on location in Laburnum Way, Dinas Powys in Wales. The opening episode features location shooting in Leicester Square in London which was filmed in 2006. [9][11][12]

After the debut of the show on BBC Three, a second series was soon commissioned. Speaking about the second series, Corden said "It's the show that we wanted to make. If people like it, they like it: if they don't, they don't. That's a nice feeling, that's quite freeing... There's more of a journey and more of a story. We hope the viewers will feel like they've been taken on a little trip by it", while Jones said "Series one had a very specific storyline to it, boy meets girl and it ends in a wedding. We don't have the same type of storyline in the second series. It's now girl lives with boy's parents in Essex and the joys that might entail."[13]

There was initially uncertainty over whether a third series would be produced. In an April 2008 interview, Jones said "We never intended to write a second series let alone a third. We don't want it to become predictable. We will see how the Christmas special goes and take it from there." Corden added: "We will write one if we can make it better. We have to be true to ourselves."[14] Corden and Jones completed the final draft of the Christmas Special by September 2008, although they ruled out writing the third series at the time due to pressures of other work, and repeating the wish not to produce a sub-standard script.[8] After the 2008 Christmas special premiere, BBC Three aired a making-of documentary about the special, titled 12 Days of Christmas.[15]

Corden and Jones eventually announced there would be a third series produced, on 21 December 2008 just before the 2008 Christmas special aired, as Jones performed her final BBC Radio Wales Sunday Brunch radio show to a live audience on Barry Island.

تينا ترنر

تينا ترنر (Tina Turner؛ ولدت في 26 نوفمبر من سنة1939 في تينيسي) هي مغنية وممثلة أمريكية.حصلت على العديد من الجوائز الموسيقية، وتلقب بملكة الروك إن رول (The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll). كما قامت بالتمثيل بدور البطولة في عدة أفلام معروفة. تعد من أنجح المغنيين في العالم من حيث المبيعات، فقد استطاعت بيع ما يقارب 200 مليون نسخة من تسجيلاتها الموسيقية. كما باعت أكبر عدد من تذاكر الدخول للحفلات أكثر من أي مغنٍ فردي [1]. تغني تينا ترنر غالباً وحدها، ولكن في فترة من الفترات كانت تنتج أعمال موسيقية مع زوجها السابق إيك ترنر. بدأت بالغناء منذ عام 1958 إلى الآن. ربحت تينا ترنر ثمان جوائز جرامي. ترنر مشهورة بوجودها النشيط على المسرح، صوتها القوي وإستمرارية مهنتها.

ولدت آنا في نوتبوش بولاية تينيسي. بدأت مسيرتها الفنية عام 1958 كمغنية مع ملك الايقاع ايك ترنر، أول اغنية لها كانت يإسم "آن الصغيرة". وكان أول تقديم لها للساحة عام 1960 بإسم تينا ترنر كعضو في الثنائي ايك وترنر مع الأغنية المنفردة"مجنون في الحب". وعقب ذلك نجاحات بازة تعود للثنائي منها " مجنون في الحب" (1960) "نهر عميق جبل عال" (1966) "فخر ماري" (1971) "حدود مدينة نوتبوش" (1973).

كشفت في سيرتها الذاتية "أنا تينا: قصة حياتي" (1986)، أنها تعرضت للعنف الأسري من قبل إيك ترنر وذلك قبيل انفصالهم في 1976 وطلاقهم في 1978، ومع أنها تربت تربية مسيحية معمدانية، فلقد أتبعت التعاليم البوذية لنشرين، اعتمدت على الأنشودة الروحية البوذية "نام ميوهو رينيجي كيو" وساعدتها على التحمل خلال الأوقات الصعبة التي مرت بها. بعد طلاقها وانفصالها المهني من إيك ترنر، أعادت بناء مهنتها من خلال العروض المباشرة.

في الثمانينات، عادت ترنر بقوة كمغنية منفردة. اغنية "لنبقى معاً" التي أصدرت في 1983 تبعها إصدار ألبومها المنفرد الخامس "Private Dancer" في 1984، الذي حقق نجاحا عالمياً. أحتوى الألبوم على أغنية "ما علاقة الحب بالأمر"، أصبحت الأغنية الأكثر نجاحاً لترنر وفازت بأربع جوائز غرامي، بما في ذلك جائزة "تسجيل العام". أستمر نجاح ترنر الفردي خلال الثمانينات والتسعينات مع عدة جوائز "الألبوم البلاتيني" والكثير من الأغاني الناجحة. في 1993، تم اصدار الفيلم المستوحى من سيرة ترنر الذاتية "ما علاقة الحب بالأمر"، وتم اصدار ألبوم موسيقى التصويرية مصاحباً له. في 2008، عادت ترنر من فترة شبه تقاعد حتى للشروع في جولتها الغنائية "تينا: جولة الذكرى ال 50". أصبحت الجولة واحدة من أغلى وأكثر العروض مبيعاً للتذاكر. وحصدت ترنر بعضاً من شهرتها من التمثيل مثل في الأفلام مثل الروك الغنائي "تومي" في 1957، وفيلم الحركة "ماد ماكس: بيوند ثاندردوم" 1985، وفيلم "لاست أكشن هيرو" سنة 1993.

لقد فازت ترنر ب 12 جائزة جرامي، تلك الجوائز تشمل 8 جوائز تنافسية، 3 جوائز جرامي لممر المشاهير، وجائزة جرامي لإنجاز العمر. أعطت مجلة "رولينج ستونز" ترنر المركز ال 63 في قائمة أفضل فنانين على الأطلاق وأعطتها المركز ال 17 في قائمة أفضل المغنيين على الأطلاق. لدى ترنر نجومها الخاصة في ممر هوليوود للمشاهير وفي ممشى ساينت لويز للمشاهير. في 1991، أُدخلت ترنر في الصالة الفخرية للروك اند رول مع إيك ترنر. في 2005 حصلت ترنر على جائزة مركز كينيدي الثقافي السنوية.

Tina Turner

Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock, November 26, 1939) is an American-Swiss singer and actress. Originally from the United States, she became a Swiss citizen in 2013. Turner rose to prominence as a duo with her then-husband Ike Turner before reinventing herself as a solo performer. One of the best-selling recording artists of all time, she has been referred to as The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll and has sold more than 200 million records worldwide.[2][3] Turner is noted for her energetic stage presence, powerful vocals, career longevity, and trademark legs.

She began her career in 1958 as a featured singer with Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm, recording under the name "Little Ann" on "Boxtop." Her introduction to the public as Tina Turner began in 1960 as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue with the hit single "A Fool In Love."[4] Success followed with a string of notable hits, including "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" (1961), "River Deep – Mountain High" (1966), the Grammy-winning "Proud Mary" (1971), and "Nutbush City Limits" (1973). In her autobiography, I, Tina: My Life Story (1986), Turner revealed that she had subjected to domestic violence prior to their 1976 split and subsequent 1978 divorce.[5] Raised a Baptist, she became an adherent of Nichiren Buddhism in 1973, crediting the spiritual chant of Nam Myoho Renge Kyo with helping her to endure during difficult times. After her separation from Ike Turner, she rebuilt her career through live performances.

In the 1980s, Turner launched a major comeback as a solo artist. The 1983 single "Let's Stay Together" was followed by the 1984 release of her fifth solo album, Private Dancer, which became a worldwide success. The album contained the song "What's Love Got to Do with It"; becoming Turner's biggest hit and winning four Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year.[6] Turner's solo success continued throughout the 1980s and 1990s with multi-platinum albums and hit singles. In 1993, What's Love Got to Do with It, a biographical film adapted from Turner's autobiography, was released along with an accompanying soundtrack album. In 2008, Turner returned from semi-retirement to embark on her Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour; the tour became one of the highest-selling ticketed shows of all time. Turner has also garnered success acting in films such as the 1975 rock musical Tommy, the 1985 action film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome, and the 1993 film Last Action Hero.

Turner has won 12 Grammy Awards; those awards include eight competitive awards, three Grammy Hall of Fame awards, and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Rolling Stone ranked Turner 63rd on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time and 17th on its list of the 100 greatest singers of all time.[7][8] Turner has her own stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Ike Turner in 1991.[9] Turner is a 2005 recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors
Early life
Tina Turner was born Anna Mae Bullock on November 26, 1939, in Nutbush, Tennessee,[11] the youngest daughter of Zelma Priscilla (née Currie) and Floyd Richard Bullock.[5][12] She was born at Poindexter Farm on Highway 180, where her father worked as an overseer of the sharecroppers; Bullock later recalled picking cotton with her family at an early age.[13][14] Turner participated in the PBS documentary African American Lives 2 with Dr. Henry Louis Gates, who shared her DNA estimates of predominantly African-American descent, with approximately 33% European and 1% Native American ancestry.[15][16] (However, DNA cannot reliably indicate Native American ancestry, and no DNA test can indicate tribal origin.[17][18][19][20][21])

Bullock had two older sisters, Evelyn Juanita Currie and Ruby Alline Bullock. As young children, the three sisters were separated when their parents relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, to work at a defense facility during World War II.[14] Bullock went to stay with her strict, religious paternal grandparents, Alex and Roxanna Bullock, who were deacon and deaconess at the Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church.[22][14] After the war, the sisters reunited with their parents and moved with them to Knoxville.[14] Two years later, the family returned to Nutbush to live in the Flagg Grove community, where Bullock attended Flagg Grove Elementary School from first through eighth grade.[23][24]

As a young girl, Bullock sang in the church choir at Nutbush's Spring Hill Baptist Church.[25][26] When she was 11, her mother Zelma ran off without warning, seeking freedom from her abusive relationship with Floyd by relocating to St. Louis in 1950.[27] Two years after her mother left the family, her father married another woman and moved to Detroit in 1952. Bullock and her sisters were sent to live with their grandmother Georgeanna Currie in Brownsville, Tennessee.[27] Turner stated in her autobiography I, Tina that she felt her mother had not loved her, that she "wasn't wanted," and that her mother had planned to leave her father when pregnant with her.[28] "She was a very young woman who didn't want another kid," Turner wrote.[28][29]

As a teenager, Bullock worked as a domestic worker for the Henderson family. She was at the Henderson house when she was notified that her half-sister Evelyn died in a car crash alongside her cousins Margaret and Vela Evans.[30] A self-professed tomboy, Bullock joined both the cheerleading squad and the female basketball team at Carver High School in Brownsville, and "socialized every chance she got".[13][27] When Bullock was 16, her grandmother died, so she went to live with her mother in St. Louis. She graduated from Sumner High School in 1958.[31] After her graduation, Bullock worked as a nurse's aide at Barnes-Jewish Hospital.[32]

Ike & Tina Turner
Origins: 1957–1960

Bullock and her sister began to frequent nightclubs in St. Louis and East St. Louis.[27] She first saw Ike Turner perform with his band the Kings of Rhythm at Club Manhattan in the East St. Louis.[27] Bullock was impressed by his talent, recalling that she "almost went into a trance" watching him play.[5] She felt the urge to sing with Turner's band despite the fact that few women had ever sung with him.[26] One night in 1957, she was given a microphone by Kings of Rhythm drummer Eugene Washington during an intermission and she sang the B.B. King blues ballad, "You Know I Love You".[33][34] Upon hearing Bullock sing, Turner asked her if she knew more songs, and she sang the rest of the night; becoming a featured vocalist with the Kings of Rhythm.[35][36][37] During this period, he taught her the finer points of vocal control and performance.[35] Bullock's first studio recording was in 1958 under the name "Little Ann" on the single "Boxtop." She is credited as a vocalist on the record alongside Ike and fellow Kings of Rhythm singer Carlson Oliver.[38]

In 1960, Turner wrote "A Fool in Love" for singer Art Lassiter. Bullock was to sing background with Lassiter's background vocalists, the Artettes. However, Lassiter failed to show up for the recording session. Turner already paid for the studio time so Bullock suggested to sing the song.[39][38] He decided to use her to record a demo with the intention of erasing her vocals and adding Lassiter's at a later date.[38][35][40] Local St. Louis disc jockey Dave Dixon convinced Ike to send the tape to Juggy Murray, president of R&B label Sue Records.[38][41] Upon hearing the song, Murray was impressed with Bullock's vocals, later stating that "Tina sounded like screaming dirt. It was a funky sound."[42] Murray bought the track and paid Turner a $25,000 advance for the recording and publishing rights.[41][43][44] Murray also convinced Turner to make Bullock "the star of the show".[44] Turner responded by giving Bullock the name "Tina" because it rhymed with Sheena.[41][45] He was inspired by Sheena, Queen of the Jungle and Nyoka the Jungle Girl to create her stage persona.[38][30] Turner added his last name and trademarked the name as a form of protection, so that if she left him like his previous singers had, he could replace her with another "Tina Turner."[38]

Early success: 1960–1965

"A Fool In Love" was released in July 1960 and became an immediate hit, peaking at #2 on the Hot R&B Sides chart and #27 on the Billboard Hot 100. Journalist Kurt Loder described the track as "the blackest record to ever creep into the white pop charts since Ray Charles's gospel-styled 'What'd I Say' that previous summer."[42][46] Another hit by the duo, "It's Gonna Work Out Fine," reached #14 on the Hot 100 and #2 on the R&B chart in 1961. It and earned them a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock and Roll Performance.[6] Notable singles released between 1960 and 1962 included the R&B hits "I Idolize You," "Poor Fool," and "Tra La La La La."

After the release of "A Fool In Love," Ike created the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which included the Kings of Rhythm and a girl group called the Ikettes backing Tina. He remained in the background as the bandleader. Ike put the entire revue through a rigorous touring schedule across the United States, performing 90 days straight in venues around the country.[47] During the days of the Chitlin' Circuit, the Ike & Tina Turner Revue built a reputation as "one of the most hottest, most durable, and potentially most explosive of all R&B ensembles," with its show rivaling that of the James Brown Revue in terms of musical spectacle.[48] The shows provided them financial success. Due to their profitable performances, they were able to perform in front of desegregated audiences in southern clubs and hotels.[49]

Between 1963 and 1965, the band toured constantly and produced moderately successful R&B singles. Tina's first credited single as a solo artist, "Too Many Ties That Bind"/"We Need An Understanding" was released from Ike's label Sonja Records in 1964.[50][51] Another single by Ike and Tina, "You Can't Miss Nothing That You Never Had," reached #29 on the Billboard R&B chart. After their tenure at Sue Records, the duo signed with more than ten labels during the remainder of the decade, including Kent, Cenco, Tangerine, Pompeii, A&M, and Minit.[38][52] In 1964, they signed with Loma Records, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Records which was run by Bob Krasnow. Krasnow became their manager shortly after they left Sue Records. On the Warner Bros. label they achieved their first charting album with Live! The Ike & Tina Turner Show, peaking at #8 on the Billboard Hot R&B LP's chart in February 1965.[53] Their singles "Tell Her I'm Not Home" released on Loma and "Good Bye, So Long" released on Modern Records were top 40 R&B hits in 1965.[54]

Tina's own profile was raised after several solo appearances on shows such as American Bandstand and Shindig!, while the entire revue appeared on Hollywood A Go-Go. In 1965, Phil Spector attended an Ike and Tina show at a club on the Sunset Strip, and he invited them to appear in the concert film The Big T.N.T. Show.[55]

Mainstream success: 1966–1975

Impressed by the duo's performance on The Big T.N.T. Show, Phil Spector was eager to produce Tina. Working out a deal, Spector offered Ike a $20,000 advance for creative control over the sessions to which Ike agreed.[38][56] Tina recorded the song "River Deep – Mountain High" which was released in 1966 on Spector's Philles label. Spector considered that record, with Tina's maximum energy over the "Wall of Sound," to be his best work.[57] It was successful overseas, particularly in the United Kingdom, where it eventually reached #3 on the singles chart, but it failed to go any higher than #88 on the Billboard Hot 100.[58] The impact of the record gave Ike and Tina an opening spot on The Rolling Stones UK tour in the fall of 1966.[5]

The duo signed with Blue Thumb Records in 1968, releasing the album Outta Season in 1969. The album produced their charted cover of Otis Redding's "I've Been Loving You Too Long." Later that year they released The Hunter. The title track, Albert King's "The Hunter" earned Tina a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance.[6] The success of the albums led to the revue headlining in Las Vegas where their shows were attended by a variety of celebrities including David Bowie, Sly Stone, Janis Joplin, Cher, James Brown, Ray Charles, Elton John, and Elvis Presley.

In the fall of 1969, Ike and Tina's profile in their home country was raised after opening for the Rolling Stones on their US tour.[60] They gained more exposure from performances on The Ed Sullivan Show, Playboy After Dark, and The Andy Williams Show[61][62][63] The duo released two albums in 1970, Come Together and Workin' Together.[38] Their cover of "I Want to Take You Higher" peaked at #34 on the Hot 100 whereas the original by Sly and the Family Stone peaked four numbers below that position.[54] The Come Together and Workin' Together albums marked a turning point in their careers in which they switched from their usual R&B repertoire to incorporate more rock tunes such as "Come Together," "Honky Tonk Woman" and "Get Back".[60]

In early 1971, their cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Proud Mary" became their biggest hit. The single reached #4 on the Hot 100 and sold over a million copies, winning them a Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group.[64][65][66] Later in 1971, their live album, What You Hear Is What You Get, taken from a performance at Carnegie Hall, was their first album to be certified gold. In 1972, Ike opened the Bolic Sound studio near their home in Inglewood.[67] After Liberty was absorbed into United Artists Records, the duo was assigned to that label.[68] Around this time, Tina began writing more songs. She wrote nine out of the ten tracks on the 1972 album Feel Good.[69] Ike and Tina released moderately successful singles in 1972 and 1973 with "I'm Yours (Use Me Anyway You Wanna)," "Up In Heah," and "Early One Morning."[54] Their hit single "Nutbush City Limits," penned by Tina, was released in 1973. It peaked at #22 on the Hot 100, #11 on the R&B chart, and #4 in the UK. Follow up R&B hits include "Sweet Rhode Island Red" and "Sexy Ida."[54]

In 1974, Ike and Tina released two Grammy nominated albums. Tina's first solo album, Tina Turns the Country On!, earned her a nomination for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female.[70] The Gospel According to Ike & Tina was nominated for Best Soul Gospel Performance.[6] Ike also had a solo nomination for his single "Father Alone" from the album.[71] That year, Tina traveled to London to participate in the filming of the rock musical, Tommy, in which she played The Acid Queen, a drug-addicted prostitute; her performance was critically acclaimed. Shortly after filming wrapped, Tina appeared on Ann-Margret's TV special.[72] Following the release of Tommy, another Tina solo album, Acid Queen, was released in 1975.[73] The album reached 39 on the Billboard R&B chart. It produced charting singles "Baby, Get It On" and the Led Zeppelin cover "Whole Lotta Love."[74]

Demise of the duo: 1976

By the mid-1970s, Ike was heavily addicted to cocaine which hindered his relationship with Tina.[75] In 1976, Ike made plans to leave United Artists Records for a five-year, $150,000 deal with Cream Records. The deal was to be signed on July 6. On July 1, Ike and Tina flew from Los Angeles to Dallas where the revue had a gig at the Dallas Statler Hilton. They got into a physical altercation en route to the hotel. Shortly after arriving to the hotel, Tina fled from Ike and later hid at a friend's house.[76] On July 27, Tina filed for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences.[77][78][79] After their separation, two more studio albums were released on United Artists credited to the duo, Delilah's Power (1977) and Airwaves (1978).[38][5] Their divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978. Tina assumed responsibility for the debts incurred from canceled concerts as well as a significant IRS lien.[80]

Solo career

Early solo career: 1977–1983

In 1977, with finances given to her by United Artists executive Michael Stewart, Turner returned onstage, giving a round of shows in Las Vegas in a cabaret setting, influenced by the cabaret shows she witnessed while a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. She took her cabaret act to smaller venues in the United States. Turner earned further income by appearing on shows such as The Hollywood Squares, Donny and Marie, The Sonny & Cher Show and The Brady Bunch Hour.[81] Later in 1977, Turner headlined her first solo concert tour, throughout Australia. In 1978, United Artists released her third solo album, Rough, with distribution both in North America and Europe with EMI. That album, along with its 1979 follow-up, Love Explosion, which included a brief diversion to disco rhythms, failed to chart.[82] The albums completed her United Artists/EMI contracts, and Turner left the labels. Continuing her performing career with her second headlining tour, Wild Lady of Rock 'n' Roll, she continued to be a successful live act even without the premise of a hit record.[83]

Manager Roger Davies agreed to manage Turner's career in February 1980. A recorded cover of The Temptations' "Ball of Confusion" for the UK production team BEF, featuring Robert Cray, became a hit in European dance clubs in 1982.[84] Following performances and tours with Rod Stewart, the Rolling Stones, and Chuck Berry, Turner filmed a music video that later aired on then-fledgling music video channel MTV; this made her one of the first African American artists to gain airtime on the channel.[85]

Career resurgence and superstardom: 1983–2000

During her stint at The Ritz in 1983 Turner signed with Capitol Records.[5] In November 1983, she released her cover of Al Green's "Let's Stay Together" on Capitol. The record became a hit, reaching several European charts, including a top 10 placement in the United Kingdom. The song peaked at #26 on the Billboard Hot 100, and reached the top 10 of the Hot Dance Club Songs and Hot Black Singles charts.[86][87][88]

Recorded in two months in London, the Private Dancer album was released in June 1984. That same month, Capitol issued the album's second single, "What's Love Got to Do with It", earlier recorded by the rock group Bucks Fizz in 1984. It reached the top 10 within a month and in September had reached #1 on the Hot 100 in the U.S. The following singles "Better Be Good to Me" and "Private Dancer" were also successful. The album peaked at #3 on the Billboard 200, selling over ten million copies worldwide; becoming her most successful album.[89][90][91] Turner's comeback culminated in early 1985 when she won four Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year for "What's Love Got to Do with It."[6] In February of that year, she embarked on her second world tour supporting the Private Dancer album, where she toured to huge crowds. One show, filmed at Birmingham, England's NEC Arena, was later released on home video. During this time, she also contributed vocals to the USA for Africa benefit song "We Are the World."[30]

Turner's success continued when she traveled to Australia to star opposite Mel Gibson in the 1985 post-apocalyptic film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome. The movie provided her with her first acting role in ten years; she portrayed the glamorous Aunty Entity, the ruler of Bartertown.[92] Upon release, critical response to her performance was generally positive. The film became a global success, making more than $36 million in the United States alone.[93] Turner later received the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress for her role in the film. She also recorded two songs for the film, "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" and "One of the Living"; both became hits, with the latter winning her a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. In July, Turner performed at Live Aid alongside Mick Jagger;[94] their performance shocked observers[95] when Jagger ripped Turner's skirt off.[11] Turner sang a duet called "It's Only Love" with Bryan Adams. Released as a single in 1985,[96] the song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and the accompanying video won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Stage Performance

Turner released Break Every Rule in 1986. Featuring "Typical Male", "Two People" and "What You Get Is What You See", the album sold more than a million copies alone in the United States.[98] Prior to the album's release, Turner published her autobiography I, Tina, which became a bestseller and she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[99] Tina's Break Every Rule World Tour, which culminated in March 1987 in Munich, Germany, yielded record-breaking sales. In January 1988, Turner performed in front of approximately 180,000 at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, setting a Guinness World Record[100][101][102] at the time for the "largest paying rock concert attendance for a solo artist".[103] Turner released the Tina Live in Europe album in April 1988.[104] Tina took time off following the end of the Break Every Rule World Tour, emerging once again with Foreign Affair in 1989;[105] the album included the hit single "The Best."[106]

In 1991, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[9] Ike was incarcerated and Tina did not attend; stating through her publicist she was taking a leave of absence following her Foreign Affair European Tour and that she felt "emotionally unequipped to return to the U.S. and respond to the night of celebration in the manner she would want."[107] Phil Spector accepted the honor on their behalf.[108]

In 1993, the semi-autobiographical film What's Love Got to Do with It was released.[109] The film starred Angela Bassett as Tina and Laurence Fishburne as Ike; both received Best Actress and Best Actor Oscar nominations for their roles in the film.[110] While she was not heavily involved in the film, Turner contributed to the soundtrack for What's Love Got to Do with It, re-recording songs from her Ike & Tina days and recording several new songs. The single, "I Don't Wanna Fight", from the soundtrack, was a Top 10 hit

ليتل ميكس

ليتل ميكس (بالإنجليزية: Little Mix)؛ والمعروفة مُسْبقاً باسم ريثميكس (بالإنجليزية: Rhythmix) هي فرقة فتيات بريطانية، تشكلت في الموّسم الثامن من برنامج اكتشاف المواهب ذا إكس فاكتور النسخة البريطانية، وتُعرف فضلاً عن كونها أول فرقة فتيات وحتّى الآن، فرقة الفتيات الوحيدة التي تفوز في البرنامج. بعد فوزهن وقعن عقدًا مع شركة سيكو للتسجيلات الخاصة بسايمون كاول وأصدروا نسخة غلاف لأغنية "Cannonball" لداميان رايس باعتبارها أغنية الفوز. وسرعان ما أصبحت واحدة من أنجح الفرق النسائية حاليًا وحققت نجاحًا كبيرًا في المملكة المتحدة.

بعد أن تمكنت الفرقة من الفوز بلقب ذا اكس فاكتور وتحقيق ما لم تستطع فرق عالمية أخرى مثل ون دايركشن وفيفث هارموني تحقيقه. أصدرت أول ألبوماتها المسمى حمض نووي DNA، والذي حقق نجاحاً جيداً حيث دخل في المراكز العشرة الأولى في عشرة بلدان منها المملكة المتحدة والولايات المتحدة، مما جعلهن أول فرقة فتيات تصل إلى قائمة أفضل 5 أغاني في الولايات المتحدة مع ألبومهم الأول منذ دانتي كين. حيث وصل ألبومهم للمركز الرابع في البيلبورد 200 كاسراً الرقم القياسي الذي تحقق سابقا من قبل فرقة سبايس جيرلز. في نوفمبر 2015، صدر ألبومهم الثالث جيت ويرد Get away، وهو ألبومهم الذي جلب لهم شهرة كبيرة. حيث كان ألبومهم الأكثر مبيعا وقتها. وتضمن أغنية "سحر أسود" التي تصدرت سباق الأغاني البريطانية كما رُشحت لجائزتين بريت في عام 2016. صدر ألبومهم الرابع أيام المجد Glory days، والذي أصبح أول ألبوم للفتيات يحتل المركز الأول في المملكة المتحدة، وحطمت الفرقة الرقم القياسي حيث قضي الألبوم خمسة أسابيع في المركز الأول متجاوزاً أي ألبوم آخر صدر من قبل فرقة فتيات خلال العشرين سنة الماضية مُنذ ألبوم سبايس سبايس جيرلز الأول. وأصبحت أول اغنية من الألبوم "شاوت أوت تو ماي إكس" Shout out to my ex رابع اغنية للفرقة تصل إلى المركز الأول في المملكة المتحدة.

حصلت الفرقة علي جائزة أفضل أغنية بريطانية في حفل توزيع جوائز بريت عام 2017 لأغنية "شوت أوت تو ماي إكس"، كما حصلوا علي العديد من الجوائز الأخري خلال حياتهم المهنيّة، منها اثنين من جوائز إم تي في الموسيقى الأوروبية، وثلاثة من جوائز اختيار المراهقين واثنين من جوائز جلامور. وبحلول أكتوبر 2016، حققت الفرقة أربعة ألبومات صُنفت كبلاتينية في المملكة المتحدة. مع أربعة أغانٍ منفردة في المركز الأول وأعلى نسبة مبيعات لألبوم فرقة فتيات خلال الأسبوع الأول في المملكة المتحدة مُنذ فرقة سبايس جيرلز، ليتل ميكس هم واحدة من أنجح الفرق النسائية في الثقافة الشعبية البريطانية المعاصرة: ظهرت الفرقة على قائمة ديبريت 2017 من أكثر الناس نفوذاً وتأثيراً في بريطانيا. باعت الفتيات خلال مسيرتهن الفنية أكثر من 50 مليون تسجيلا في جميع أنحاء العالم، ليصبحن واحدة من فرق الفتيات الأكثر مبيعا علي مر العصور.

التاريخ
2011: التكوين وذا إكس فاكتور
أدّت أعضوات الفرقة بشكل فردي بالنسخة البريطانية في الموسم الثامن من برنامج اكتشاف المواهب الشهير ذا إكس فاكتور، لكن لم ينجح أيّ منهنّ خلال مرحلة البوت كامب، وعلى الرغم من ذلك، قررت لجنة التّحكيم منحهن فرصة أخرى ليكونوا ضمن فئة "المجموعات"، حيث تمّ تقسيمهن إلي مجموعتين فأصبحت كل من بيري إدواردز وجيسي نيلسون في فرقة من أربع فتيات أطلقن على أنفسهن اسم "Faux Pas"، وجايد ثيروال ولي ان بينوك في فرقة من ثلاث فتيات آخريات "Orion". فشل كلاهما في التأهل للمرحلة التالية. حتّى أن توصلت كيلي رولاند إلى فكرة وضع الأربعة فتيات معاً، ووجدت أنهن سيكونون أفضل علي هذا النحو. وبعدها صدر قرار لجنة التّحكيم بأن تستدعي عضوين من كل فريق لتكوين فِرقة جديدة، وأما البقيّة فتم إخراجهم. وانتقلت الفتيات مع بعضهن إلى منازل الحُكّام حيث قاموا بأدائهم الأول سويًا لأغنية "بيج جيرلز دونت كراي" امام توليسا وجيسي جي.

تأهلت الفرقة لمرحلة العروض الحية بقيادة توليسا كونتوستافلوس التي اختيرت لتشرف علي فئة المجموعات. وخلال العرض الحي الأول في أكتوبر، أدّت الفرقة أغنية "سوبر باس" من قبل مغنية الراب الأمريكية نيكي ميناج. وقد حاز أدائهنَّ علي إعجاب لجنة التّحكيم، بوصف غاري بارلو لهن بأنهم أفضل فرقة فتيات توجد علي ذا إكس فاكتور. في وقت لاحق من ذلك الشهر، أعلنت الفرقة أنّها سوف تغير اسمها بعد نزاع مع منظمة خيرية للأطفال تحت نفس الاسم "ريثميكس" بعد أن حاول البرنامج وضع علامة تجارية علي "ريثميكس". قال المتحدّث الرّسمي للبرنامج: "بناءً على طلب من جمعية ريثميكس الخيرية، قرر أعضاء فرقة الفتيات ريثميكس تغيير اسمهم، وهذا القرار يحظى بدعم سيكو و Talkback Thames". قررت الفرقة إجراء التغيير، دون أي مطلب قانوني للقيام بذلك لتجنب أي صعوبات للمؤسسة الخيرية. وفي 28 أكتوبر، أعلن أن الاسم الجديد للفرقة سوف يكون "ليتل ميكس".

بحلول 20 نوفمبر، أصبحت فرقة ليتل ميكس أول فرقة فتيات في الثماني سنوات الماضية من تاريخ ذا إكس فاكتور النسخة البريطانية لتخطي العرض السابع، كانت أطول الفرق النسائية التي صمدت هي ذا كونواي سيسترز في الموسم 2، وهوب في الموسم 4، حيث استمر كلاهما حتّى الأسبوع السابع فقط. خلال المراحل المتبقية تلقت الفرقة ردود فعل إيجابية. في المرحلة نصف النهائية من العرض أدّت الفتيات أغنية "يو كيب هانجين اون" من قبل سوبريمز لكن تلقي الأداء ملاحظات سلبية من لجنة التّحكيم، وكيلي رولاند قائلةً أنها رأت لهم أداء صوتي أفضل من ذلك. وكان أدائهم الثاني لأغنية بيونسي "اف اي وير ابوي" الذي حاز علي إعجاب لجنة التّحكيم، ولويس والش قائلاً لهم أن لديهم إمكانيات مذهلة وأنهم سيصبحوا أكبر فرقة فتيات تالية. تأهلت الفرقة إلى العروض الحية النهائية جنباً إلى جنب مع ماركوس كولينز وأميليا ليلي بعد التصويت العام. وبذلك أصبحن أول فرقة فتيات في تاريخ ذا إكس فاكتور للتأهل إلى العرض الحي الأخير.

تمكنوا في النهاية من الفوز على ماركوس كولينز، وتم الإعلان عن ليتل ميكس كالفائزين، مما جعلهن أول فرقة من فئة "المجموعات" تفوز في النسخة البريطانية من البرنامج. وثاني فرقة (من أصل ثلاث) في جميع أنحاء العالم (بعد فوز فريق راندوم في النسخة الأسترالية  ولاحقًا فريق أليكس وسيرا في النسخة الأمريكية). وصنع ليتل ميكس التاريخ حيثُ أصبحوا أول فرقة فتيات وحتّى الآن، فرقة الفتيات الوحيدة للفوز في ذا إكس فاكتور. أغنيتهم للفوز كانت نسخة غلاف لأغنية "Cannonball" لداميان رايس. صدرت الأغنية علي أسطوانة منفردة في 14 ديسمبر 2011. واجتازت الأغنية قمة تصنيف الأغاني المنفردة المملكة المتحدة في 18 ديسمبر.

Albania

Albania (/ælˈbeɪniə, ɔːl-/ (About this soundlisten) a(w)l-BAY-nee-ə; Albanian: Shqipëri or Shqipëria; Gheg Albanian: Shqipni or Shqipnia also Shqypni or Shqypnia),[6] officially the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë, pronounced [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːsə]), is a country in Southeast Europe on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea. It shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo[a] to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east, Greece to the south and maritime borders with Greece, Montenegro and Italy to the west.

Geographically, the country displays varied climatic, geological, hydrological and morphological conditions, defined in an area of 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi). It possesses remarkable diversity with the landscape ranging from the snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps as well as the Korab, Skanderbeg, Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains to the hot and sunny coasts of the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea along the Mediterranean Sea.

Historically, the country has been inhabited by numerous civilisations such as the Illyrians, Thracians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Venetians and Ottomans. The Albanians established the autonomous Principality of Arbër in the 12th century. The Kingdom of Albania and Principality of Albania has been formed between the 13th and 14th centuries. Prior to the Ottoman conquest of Albania in the 15th century, the Albanian resistance to Ottoman expansion into Europe led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg won them acclaim over most of Europe.

Between the 18th and 19th centuries, Albanians gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength which conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance. After the defeat of the Ottomans in the Balkan Wars, the modern nation state of Albania emerged in 1912.[7] In the 20th century, the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy which formed Greater Albania before becoming a protectorate of Nazi Germany.[8] Enver Hoxha formed Communist Albania after the Second World War and launched the Albanians on a path of oppression and decades of isolation. The Revolutions of 1991 concluded the fall of communism in Albania and eventually the establishment of the current Republic of Albania.

Politically, the country is a unitary parliamentary constitutional republic and developing country with an upper-middle income economy dominated by the service sector, followed by manufacturing.[9] It went through a process of transition, following the end of communism in 1990, from centralized planning to a market-based economy.[10][11][12] Albania provides universal health care and free primary and secondary education to its citizens.[5]

The country is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, UNESCO, NATO, WTO, COE, OSCE and OIC. It is an official candidate for membership in the European Union.[13] It is one of the founding members of the Energy Community, including the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and Union for the Mediterranean
Etymology
The term Albania is the medieval Latin name of the country. It may be derived from the Illyrian tribe of Albani (Albanian: Albanët) recorded by Ptolemy, the geographer and astronomer from Alexandria, who drafted a map in 150 AD, which shows the city of Albanopolis located northeast of the city of Durrës.[14][15] The term may have a continuation in the name of a medieval settlement called Albanon or Arbanon, although it is not certain that this was the same place.[16] In his history written in the 10th century, the Byzantine historian Michael Attaliates was the first to refer to Albanoi as having taken part in a revolt against Constantinople in 1043 and to the Arbanitai as subjects of the Duke of Dyrrachium.[17] During the Middle Ages, the Albanians called their country Arbëri or Arbëni and referred to themselves as Arbëreshë or Arbëneshë.[18][19]

Nowadays, Albanians call their country Shqipëri or Shqipëria. The words Shqipëri and Shqiptar are attested from 14th century onward,[20] but it was only at the end of 17th and beginning of the early 18th centuries that the placename Shqipëria and the ethnic demonym Shqiptarë gradually replaced Arbëria and Arbëreshë amongst Albanian speakers.[21][20] The two terms are popularly interpreted as "Land of the Eagles" and "Children of the Eagles".[22][23]

History
The first attested traces of neanderthal presence in the territory of Albania dates back to the middle and upper Paleolithic period and were discovered in Xarrë and at Mount Dajt in the adjacent region of Tirana.[24] Archaeological sites from this period include the Kamenica Tumulus, Konispol Cave and Pellumbas Cave.

The discovered objects in a cave, near Xarrë, include flint and jasper objects along with fossilised animal bones, while those discoveries at Mount Dajt comprise bone and stone tools similar to those of the Aurignacian culture. They also demonstrate notable similarities with objects of the equivalent period found at Crvena Stijena in Montenegro and northwestern Greece.[24]

Multiple artefacts from the Iron and Bronze Ages by tumulus burials have been unearthed in central and southern Albania which has similar affinity with the sites in southwestern Macedonia and Lefkada. Archaeologists have come to the conclusion that these regions were inhabited from the middle of the third millennium BC by Indo-European people who spoke a Proto-Greek language. Hence, a part of this historical population later moved to Mycenae around 1600 BC and properly established the Mycenaean civilisation.[25][26][27]

Antiquity
In ancient times, the incorporated territory of Albania was historically inhabited by a number of Indo-European peoples such as the Ancient Greeks, Thracians and diverse Illyrian tribes. There is no evidence that Illyrian tribes ever used any collective nomenclature for themselves while it is regarded to be unlikely that they used a common endonym.[28] The endonym Illyrians seems to be the name applied to a specific Illyrian tribe which was the first to come in liaison with the Ancient Greeks resulting the endonym Illyrians to be applied pars pro toto to all people of similar language and customs.[29][30]

The territory referred to as Illyria corresponded roughly to the area east of the Adriatic Sea in the Mediterranean Sea extending in the south to the mouth of the Vjosë.[31][32] The first account of the Illyrian groups comes from Periplus of the Euxine Sea, an ancient Greek text written in the middle of the 4th century BC.[33] The west was inhabited by the Thracian tribe of the Bryges though in contrast the south was also inhabited by the Greek tribe of the Chaonians whose capital was at Phoenice.[34] Colonies, such as Apollonia, Epidamnos and Amantia, were established by Greek city-states on the coast by the 7th century BC.[35]

The Illyrian tribe of the Ardiaei centered in Montenegro ruled over much of nowadays Albania. The Ardiaean Kingdom reached its greatest extent under Agron, son of Pleuratus II. Agron extended his rule over other neighboring tribes as well.[36] After Agron's death in 230 BC, his wife Teuta inherited the Ardiaean kingdom. Teuta's forces extended their operations further southward into the Ionian Sea.[37] In 229 BC, Rome declared war[38] on the kingdom for extensively plundering Roman ships. The war ended in Illyrian defeat in 227 BC. Teuta was eventually succeeded by Gentius in 181 BC.[39] Gentius clashed with the Romans in 168 BC, initiating the Third Illyrian War. The conflict resulted in Roman conquest of the region by 167 BC. After that the Roman split the region into three administrative divisions.[40]

Middle Ages
The Roman Empire was split in 395 upon the death of Theodosius I into an Eastern and Western Roman Empire in part due to the weakening and increasing pressure from threats during the Barbarian Invasions. From the 6th century ongoing into the 7th century, the Slavs crossed the Danube and largely absorbed the indigenous Ancient Greeks, Illyrians and Thracians in the Balkans thus, the Illyrians were mentioned for the last time in historical records in the 7th century.[41][42]

In the 11th century, the Great Schism formalised the break of communion between the Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic Church that is reflected in Albania through the emergence of a Catholic north and Orthodox south. The Albanian people inhabited the west of Lake Ochrida and the upper valley of River Shkumbin and established the Principality of Arbanon in 1190 under the leadership of Progon of Kruja.[43] The realm was succeeded by his sons Gjin and Dhimitri the latter who reached its political and economic height.

Upon the death of Dhimiter, tt came initially under the rule of the Albanian-Greek Gregory Kamonas and subsequently under the Golem of Kruja.[44][45][46] In the 13th century, the principality was dissolved.[47][48][49] Arbanon is considered to be the first sketch of an Albanian state, that retained a semi-autonomous status as the western extremity of the Byzantine Empire, under the Byzantine Doukai of Epirus or Laskarids of Nicaea
Towards the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th centuries, Serbs and Venetians started to take possession over the territory.[51] The ethnogenesis of the Albanians is uncertain however the first undisputed mention of Albanians dates back in historical records from 1079 or 1080 in a work by Michael Attaliates, who referred to the Albanoi as having taken part in a revolt against Constantinople.[52] At this point the Albanians were fully christianized.

Few years after the dissolution of Arbanon, Charles of Anjou concluded an agreement with the Albanian rulers, promising to protect them and their ancient liberties. In 1272, he established the Kingdom of Albania and conquered regions back from the Despotate of Epirus. The kingdom claimed all of central Albania territory from Dyrrhachium along the Adriatic Sea coast down to Butrint. A catholic political structure was a basis for the papal plans of spreading Catholicism in the Balkan Peninsula. This plan found also the support of Helen of Anjou, a cousin of Charles of Anjou, who was at that time ruling territories in North Albania. Around 30 Catholic churches and monasteries were built during her rule mainly in Northern Albania.[53] Internal power struggles within the Byzantine Empire in the fourteenth century, enabled Serbs' most powerful medieval ruler, Stefan Dusan, to establish a short-lived empire that included all of Albania except Durrës.[51] In 1367, various Albanian rulers established the Despotate of Arta. During that time, several Albanian principalities were created, most notable amongst them the Balsha, Thopia, Kastrioti, Muzaka and Arianiti. In the first half of the 14th century, the Ottoman Empire invaded most of Albania and the League of Lezhë was held under Skanderbeg as a ruler, who became the national hero of the Albanian medieval history.

Ottoman Empire
With the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire continued an extended period of conquest and expansion with its borders going deep into Southeast Europe. They reached the Albanian Ionian Sea Coast in 1385 and erected their garrisons across Southern Albania in 1415 and then occupied most of Albania in 1431.[54][55] Thousands of Albanians consequently fled to Western Europe, particularly to Calabria, Naples, Ragusa and Sicily, whereby others sought protection at the often inaccessible Mountains of Albania.[56][57]

The Albanians, as Christians, were considered as an inferior class of people and as such they were subjected to heavy taxes among others by the Devshirme system that allowed the Sultan to collect a requisite percentage of Christian adolescents from their families to compose the Janissary.[58] The Ottoman conquest was also accompanied with the gradual process of Islamisation and the rapid construction of mosques which consequently modified the religious picture of Albania.

A prosperous and longstanding revolution erupted after the formation of the Assembly of Lezhë until the Siege of Shkodër under the leadership of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, multiple times defeating major Ottoman armies led by Sultans Murad II and Mehmed II. Skanderbeg managed to gather several of the Albanian principals, amongst them the Arianitis, Dukagjinis, Zaharias and Thopias, and establish a centralised authority over most of the non-conquered territories instantly becoming the Lord of Albania.[59]

Skanderbeg consistently pursued the goal relentlessly but rather unsuccessfully to constitute a European coalition against the Ottomans. He thwarted every attempt by the Ottomans to regain Albania, which they envisioned as a springboard for the invasion of Italy and Western Europe. His unequal fight against them won the esteem of Europe also among others financial and military aid from the Papacy and Naples, Venice and Ragusa.[60]
When the Ottomans were gaining a firm foothold in the region, Albanian towns were organised into four principal sanjaks. The government fostered trade by settling a sizeable Jewish colony of refugees fleeing persecution in Spain. The city of Vlorë saw passing through its ports imported merchandise from Europe such as velvets, cotton goods, mohairs, carpets, spices and leather from Bursa and Constantinople. Some citizens of Vlorë even had business associates throughout Europe.[61]

The phenomenon of Islamisation among the Albanians became primarily widespread from the 17th century and continued into the 18th century.[62] The new religion Islam offered them equal opportunities and advancement within the Ottoman Empire. However, motives for conversion were, according to some scholars, diverse depending on the context though the lack of source material does not help when investigating such issues.[62] Due to the increasing suppression of Catholicism, mostly catholic Albanians converted in the 17th century, while orthodox Albanians followed suit mainly in the following century.

Since the Albanians were seen as strategically important, they made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman military and bureaucracy. A couple of Muslim Albanians attained important political and military positions who culturally contributed to the broader Muslim world.[62] Enjoying this privileged position, they held various high administrative positions with over two dozen Albanian Grand Viziers among others members of the prominent Köprülü family, Zagan Pasha, Muhammad Ali of Egypt and Ali Pasha of Tepelena however, two sultans such as Bayezid II and Mehmed III had both mothers of Albanian origin.[61][63][64]

Rilindja
The Albanian Renaissance was a period with its roots in the late 18th century and continuing into the 19th century, during which the Albanian people gathered spiritual and intellectual strength for an independent cultural and political life within an independent nation. Modern Albanian culture flourished too, especially Albanian literature and arts, and was frequently linked to the influences of the Romanticism and Enlightenment principles.[65]

Prior to the rise of nationalism, Albania was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire for almost five centuries and Ottoman authorities suppressed any expression of national unity or conscience by the Albanian people. Through literature, a number of thoroughly intellectual Albanians started to make a conscious effort to awaken feelings of pride and unity among their people that would call to mind the rich history and hopes for a more decent future.

The victory of Russia over the Ottoman Empire following the Russian-Ottoman Wars resulted the execution of the Treaty of San Stefano which overlooked to assign Albanian-populated lands to the Slavic and Greek neighbors however, the United Kingdom and Austro-Hungarian Empire consequently blocked the arrangement and caused the Treaty of Berlin. From this point, Albanians started to organise themselves with the goal to protect and unite the Albanian-populated lands into an unitary nation also leading to the formation of the League of Prizren.
The league had initially the assistance of the Ottoman authorities whose position was based on the religious solidarity of Muslim people and landlords connected with the Ottoman administration. They favoured and protected the Muslim solidarity and called for defense of Muslim lands simultaneously constituting the reason for titling the league Committee of the Real Muslims.[67]

Approximately 300 Muslims participated in the assembly composed by delegates from Bosnia, the administrator of the Sanjak of Prizren as representatives of the central authorities and no delegates from Vilayet of Scutari.[68][check quotation syntax] Signed by only 47 Muslim deputies, the league issued the Kararname that contained a proclamation that the people from northern Albania, Epirus and Bosnia and Herzegovina are willing to defend the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire by all possible means against the troops of Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro.[69]

Ottomans authorities cancelled their assistance when the league, under Abdyl Frashëri, became focused on working toward Albanian autonomy and requested merging four vilayets, including Kosovo, Shkodër, Monastir and Ioannina, into an unified vilayet, the Albanian Vilayet. The league used military force to prevent the annexing areas of Plav and Gusinje assigned to Montenegro. After several successful battles with Montenegrin troops, such as the Battle of Novšiće, under the pressure of the great powers, the league was forced to retreat from their contested regions and later on, the league was defeated by the Ottoman army sent by the Sultan.[70]

Independence

Katie Price

Katrina Amy Alexandra Alexis Price[1] (born 22 May 1978),[2] previously known by the pseudonym Jordan, is an English media personality, model, businesswoman, singer and author.

Price rose to prominence in 1996 for her glamour modeling work with appearances, billed as "Jordan", on Page 3 in British tabloids The Sun and The Daily Star. She appeared on the third series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2004 and the following year she was runner-up in the search for the UK's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest. Price has starred in her own reality television series including Jordan (2002-2004), Katie & Peter (2004-2009), Signed by Katie Price (2011), Katie (2009-2012) and Katie Price: My Crazy Life (2019). She appeared on the ninth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2009, and was the winner of the fifteenth series of Celebrity Big Brother in 2015.

In addition to her modeling and media career, Price has also established herself in the publishing industry, releasing six autobiographies, eleven novels, one fashion book, and two series of children’s books
Early life
Born Katrina Infield in 1978 in Brighton, East Sussex, in southeast England,[1][2] Price was the only child of Amy (née Charlier) and Ray Infield.[3][circular reporting?] Her father left the family when she was four,[4] and in 1988 her mother married builder Paul Price, after which she acquired the surname Price.[1][5] She has an older half-brother named Daniel and a younger half-sister named Sophie.[2][6] Her maternal grandmother was Jewish, but she is not religious.[7]

Price attended Blatchington Mill School.[8] She excelled at sport, swimming for Sussex in regional competitions.[5] During her childhood, she also developed a passion for horses and horse-riding.[5] She began modelling as a child, and at 13 she modelled for a clothing line.[4]

Career
Modelling
At a friend's suggestion, Price had professional photographs taken and decided to pursue a modelling career.[9] The pictures were sent to a modelling agency in London, and in 1996 she appeared, billed as "Jordan", on Page 3 in the British newspaper The Sun.[10]

As Jordan, Price was famed for her surgically-enhanced breasts. At 19 she had the first in a succession of breast-enhancement surgeries, increasing her natural 32B to a 32FF.[5]

She also regularly appeared in the Daily Star, FHM, the British edition of Playboy, Nuts, Maxim, Loaded, Vogue and Esquire and also ran as a candidate in Stretford and Urmston during the British General Election in 2001.[11] She ended up winning 713 votes, 1.8% of the votes cast.[12] In 2002, she appeared on the September cover of the American edition of Playboy magazine.[13]

Price continues to model today,[when?] though she has dropped the name Jordan.[citation needed]

Television
Price made cameo appearances as herself in the television dramas Dream Team and Footballers' Wives in 2004. She also appeared on Top Gear's "Star in a Reasonably Priced Car" in 2004, completing the lap in one minute and fifty-two seconds."Series 4, Episode 3". Top Gear (UK). 23 May 2004. BBC.

Early in her career Price appeared on The Big Breakfast, and she was a guest host on the first series of The Friday Night Project. In December 2005, she released an exercise fitness DVD, The Jordan Workout, featuring "The Juice Master" Jason Vale.[14]

Price was a contestant on the third series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, a reality television series where a group of celebrities live together in a jungle environment with few luxuries, between the months of January and February in 2004. It was there that she met Peter Andre, whom she would eventually marry and later divorce. In 2007, with Andre, she hosted the short-lived late-night chat show Katie & Peter: Unleashed. In November 2009, Price made a return visit to I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! in its ninth series. Presenters Ant & Dec insinuated during the broadcast that the surprise of Price's return had been ruined by the media.[15]

She has also been the subject of many reality television series that chronicle her domestic life. This started with a trio of Channel 4 documentaries by film-maker Richard Macer: Jordan: The Truth About Me (2002), Jordan: The Model Mum and Jordan: You Don't Even Know Me (both 2004), and was followed Jordan Gets Even on Five in 2004. She later appeared in the documentary Jordan: Living With a Dream (Channel 4) and then launched the Katie & Peter franchise on ITV2, which documented the lives of Price and Andre and included several fly-on-the-wall reality series: When Jordan Met Peter, Jordan & Peter: Laid Bare and Jordan & Peter: Marriage and Mayhem between 2004 and 2005; Katie & Peter: The Next Chapter, Katie & Peter: The Baby Diaries and Katie & Peter: Unleashed in 2007; Katie & Peter: Down Under and Katie & Peter: African Adventures in 2008; and Katie & Peter: Stateside in 2009.[16][17] The pair's separation in 2009 resulted in their individual shows being recorded: What Katie Did Next continued on ITV2 until 2011.[citation needed]

Price danced with her then-boyfriend Leandro Penna on the Argentine television programme Bailando por un Sueño 2012, a spin-off of Strictly Come Dancing.

In 2015, Price appeared on the fifteenth series of Celebrity Big Brother. She had been previously invited to appear on the show.[18] On 6 February 2015, Price finished as the winner of the series.[19]

Nutrition supplements
Price has launched a range of nutrition supplements, including meal replacement shakes, that are promoted with unsupported claims about their wholesomeness and benefit.[20] The British Dietetic Association named Katie Price Nutritional Supplements as constituting one of the "top 5 worst celeb diets to avoid in 2018", noting they were expensive and unnecessary for anybody wanting to lose weight.[20]

Writing
Price has also established herself in the publishing industry.[21] She was in the top 100 best selling authors of the decade for book sales between 2000 and 2009, with nearly three millions sales.[22] In 2012, she was listed as 24th in the list of the 50 best-selling authors in Britain based on Nielsen BookScan statistics since 1998.[23]

She released her first autobiography, Being Jordan, in May 2004.[21] She conducted a 10-day book-signing tour which helped to propel her to first position in the Nielsen BookScan hardback sales chart and to sell 97,090 copies in one year, and over 1,000,000 as of January 2007.[24][25][26] Her second autobiography, A Whole New World, was published in January 2006. It reached number two in the hardback general category and sold 198,105 copies by 1 April 2006.[27]

Her second novel, Crystal, about a young woman's efforts to become a singer, sold 159,407 copies during the first three months after its release in June 2007.[28][29][30] In July 2008, Price released her third novel, Angel Uncovered. In July 2009, Price released a novel entitled Sapphire which was number 1 on the hardback fiction chart for four consecutive weeks and sold 42,215 copies in its first two weeks in the UK alone.[31] Price released her fifth novel, Paradise, in July 2010.[32] In 2014, she released her tenth novel, Make My Wish Come True.[33]

In 2006 Price signed a £300,000 advance with Random House for Katie Price's Perfect Ponies,[34] a series of children's books, with the first six released in 2007. New books in the series have been released to a total of 12 as of 2017.[25][dead link][35]

Price's daughter Princess landed her own book deal at the age of nine in 2017.[36]

Price had a regular advice column in OK! magazine until 2009.[37] In 2012, she landed her own column in The Sun on Sunday.[38]

Music
Price was runner-up in the selection contest for a representative for the United Kingdom at the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest. The selection process, named Making Your Mind Up, was broadcast live on television in March 2005. Price sang a song titled "Not Just Anybody".[39]

In July 2010, Price released "Free to Love Again", a non-album single. About the release, she explained: "I'm not a singer, this is just something that I'm doing for fun. It's not like I'm worried about getting a chart position or number one, this is purely for fun. Whether people like it or not, I'm doing it."[40]

Fashion and beauty
She brought out her first perfume, "Stunning", in 2007.[41]

Equestrian clothing range
In 2008, Price signed a deal with Derby House to launch her equestrian range of clothing named "KP Equestrian".[42]

In 2009 Price was named as the patron of a charity polo match played near Epping, Essex.[43]

Stage
It was announced on 9 July 2017 that Price would go on her first UK tour with An audience with Katie Price, to include 15 shows beginning in Preston on 1 September 2017 and finishing in Southend on 16 December 2017.[44]

Politics and campaigning
In the 2001 UK General Election Price stood as an independent candidate in the Stretford and Urmston constituency. She gained 713 votes. The seat was won by Labour's Beverley Hughes with 23,836 votes.[45]

Following online abuse focused on her son Harvey, Price began a campaign to make online abuse a specific criminal offence. She took her campaign to Parliament in 2018. Helen Jones, chairman of the parliamentary Petitions Committee subsequently commented: "The law on online abuse is not fit for purpose and it is truly shameful that disabled people have been forced off social media while their abusers face no consequences. There is no excuse for the continued failure to make online platforms as safe for disabled people as non-disabled people. Self-regulation has failed disabled people and the law must change to ensure more lives are not destroyed." and went on to make recommendations for legislation. The Government is expected to respond to the recommendations by the end of March 2019.[46][47]

Personal life
Marriages
Price and Peter Andre got together after spending time on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! and married in September 2005 at Highclere Castle, Hampshire. In May 2009 they announced that they were separating.[48][49][50]

In July 2009, Price began dating MMA fighter and former Hollyoaks actor Alex Reid.[51] They married on 2 February 2010 in a private ceremony at the chapel in the Wynn Hotel in Las Vegas.[52] They later also formally married in a church in the UK; the ceremony was filmed for her TV series. They separated in January 2011.[53]

She married Kieran Hayler at the Sandals Royal Bahamian Resort and Spa in the Bahamas on 16 January 2013. Hayler proposed on Christmas Day 2012.[54][55] The couple have since separated.[56][57]

Children
Katie Price gave birth to her first child, son Harvey Price, in Brighton in May 2002. Harvey's father is former footballer Dwight Yorke. Harvey was found to be blind, having a condition known as septo-optic dysplasia, meaning that the development of his optic nerve was unpredictable. As he has matured, she has also discovered that he is on the autistic spectrum, gains weight easily because he suffers from Prader–Willi syndrome, and finds walking difficult.[58][59]

In June 2005, she gave birth by Caesarean section to her second son, Junior Savva Andreas Andre. In June 2007, she gave birth to her third child, daughter Princess Tiaamii Crystal Esther Andre.[60]

In August 2013, Price gave birth to her third son, Jett Riviera Hayler. On 4 August 2014, she gave birth to a second daughter, Bunny Hayler, two weeks prematurely.[61]

Surgery
In 2002, Price was treated for a leiomyosarcoma on her finger. The cancerous tumour was removed at a Nuffield Hospital near her Brighton home.[62]

In December 2007, Price underwent surgery in the United States to reduce the size of her breast implants and also had rhinoplasty. However, she was not happy with the results of her breast implants, so returned to Beverly Hills, California in July 2008 for corrective surgery. She returned to the United Kingdom with much smaller size 32C breasts.[63]

Legal issues
In September 2009, Price claimed that she had previously been raped by a "famous celebrity", but had not reported the incident. Price insisted that she would "absolutely never" reveal who the attacker was.[64] Surrey Police stated that they had not contacted Price: "No allegation of rape has been made and Miss Price will not be making a statement to police".[65]

In January 2019 Price was disqualified from driving for three months after breaching the conditions of a previous driving ban for speeding.,[66] and the following month was banned from driving for a further three months after her blood alcohol level was tested as being nearly twice the legal limit while in charge of her vehicle.[67]

In June 2019 Price was fined after shouting abuse at the new partner of her ex-husband Kieran Hayler in a Sussex school playground, and was also banned from making any contact with the woman.[68]

Personal debt
In August 2018 Price was able to avoid bankruptcy after a High Court hearing was adjourned to give her three months to pay off her debts, reportedly totalling more than £250,000, nearly a tenth of which is tax. Price did not attend court, but submitted proposals for an Individual Voluntary Arrangement (IVA), whereby creditors are repaid over a period of time.[69][70]

At a court hearing on 26 November 2019, Price was declared bankrupt.[71]

Drug use
In an interview in February 2018, Price admitted having used cocaine for approximately six months as a result of stresses in 2018, and said that she had voluntarily entered treatment for addiction at The Priory