Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock, November 26, 1939) is an American-Swiss singer and actress. Originally from the United States, she became a Swiss citizen in 2013. Turner rose to prominence as a duo with her then-husband Ike Turner before reinventing herself as a solo performer. One of the best-selling recording artists of all time, she has been referred to as The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll and has sold more than 200 million records worldwide.[2][3] Turner is noted for her energetic stage presence, powerful vocals, career longevity, and trademark legs.
She began her career in 1958 as a featured singer with Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm, recording under the name "Little Ann" on "Boxtop." Her introduction to the public as Tina Turner began in 1960 as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue with the hit single "A Fool In Love."[4] Success followed with a string of notable hits, including "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" (1961), "River Deep – Mountain High" (1966), the Grammy-winning "Proud Mary" (1971), and "Nutbush City Limits" (1973). In her autobiography, I, Tina: My Life Story (1986), Turner revealed that she had subjected to domestic violence prior to their 1976 split and subsequent 1978 divorce.[5] Raised a Baptist, she became an adherent of Nichiren Buddhism in 1973, crediting the spiritual chant of Nam Myoho Renge Kyo with helping her to endure during difficult times. After her separation from Ike Turner, she rebuilt her career through live performances.
In the 1980s, Turner launched a major comeback as a solo artist. The 1983 single "Let's Stay Together" was followed by the 1984 release of her fifth solo album, Private Dancer, which became a worldwide success. The album contained the song "What's Love Got to Do with It"; becoming Turner's biggest hit and winning four Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year.[6] Turner's solo success continued throughout the 1980s and 1990s with multi-platinum albums and hit singles. In 1993, What's Love Got to Do with It, a biographical film adapted from Turner's autobiography, was released along with an accompanying soundtrack album. In 2008, Turner returned from semi-retirement to embark on her Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour; the tour became one of the highest-selling ticketed shows of all time. Turner has also garnered success acting in films such as the 1975 rock musical Tommy, the 1985 action film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome, and the 1993 film Last Action Hero.
Turner has won 12 Grammy Awards; those awards include eight competitive awards, three Grammy Hall of Fame awards, and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Rolling Stone ranked Turner 63rd on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time and 17th on its list of the 100 greatest singers of all time.[7][8] Turner has her own stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Ike Turner in 1991.[9] Turner is a 2005 recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors
Early life
Tina Turner was born Anna Mae Bullock on November 26, 1939, in Nutbush, Tennessee,[11] the youngest daughter of Zelma Priscilla (née Currie) and Floyd Richard Bullock.[5][12] She was born at Poindexter Farm on Highway 180, where her father worked as an overseer of the sharecroppers; Bullock later recalled picking cotton with her family at an early age.[13][14] Turner participated in the PBS documentary African American Lives 2 with Dr. Henry Louis Gates, who shared her DNA estimates of predominantly African-American descent, with approximately 33% European and 1% Native American ancestry.[15][16] (However, DNA cannot reliably indicate Native American ancestry, and no DNA test can indicate tribal origin.[17][18][19][20][21])
Bullock had two older sisters, Evelyn Juanita Currie and Ruby Alline Bullock. As young children, the three sisters were separated when their parents relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, to work at a defense facility during World War II.[14] Bullock went to stay with her strict, religious paternal grandparents, Alex and Roxanna Bullock, who were deacon and deaconess at the Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church.[22][14] After the war, the sisters reunited with their parents and moved with them to Knoxville.[14] Two years later, the family returned to Nutbush to live in the Flagg Grove community, where Bullock attended Flagg Grove Elementary School from first through eighth grade.[23][24]
As a young girl, Bullock sang in the church choir at Nutbush's Spring Hill Baptist Church.[25][26] When she was 11, her mother Zelma ran off without warning, seeking freedom from her abusive relationship with Floyd by relocating to St. Louis in 1950.[27] Two years after her mother left the family, her father married another woman and moved to Detroit in 1952. Bullock and her sisters were sent to live with their grandmother Georgeanna Currie in Brownsville, Tennessee.[27] Turner stated in her autobiography I, Tina that she felt her mother had not loved her, that she "wasn't wanted," and that her mother had planned to leave her father when pregnant with her.[28] "She was a very young woman who didn't want another kid," Turner wrote.[28][29]
As a teenager, Bullock worked as a domestic worker for the Henderson family. She was at the Henderson house when she was notified that her half-sister Evelyn died in a car crash alongside her cousins Margaret and Vela Evans.[30] A self-professed tomboy, Bullock joined both the cheerleading squad and the female basketball team at Carver High School in Brownsville, and "socialized every chance she got".[13][27] When Bullock was 16, her grandmother died, so she went to live with her mother in St. Louis. She graduated from Sumner High School in 1958.[31] After her graduation, Bullock worked as a nurse's aide at Barnes-Jewish Hospital.[32]
Ike & Tina Turner
Origins: 1957–1960
She began her career in 1958 as a featured singer with Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm, recording under the name "Little Ann" on "Boxtop." Her introduction to the public as Tina Turner began in 1960 as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue with the hit single "A Fool In Love."[4] Success followed with a string of notable hits, including "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" (1961), "River Deep – Mountain High" (1966), the Grammy-winning "Proud Mary" (1971), and "Nutbush City Limits" (1973). In her autobiography, I, Tina: My Life Story (1986), Turner revealed that she had subjected to domestic violence prior to their 1976 split and subsequent 1978 divorce.[5] Raised a Baptist, she became an adherent of Nichiren Buddhism in 1973, crediting the spiritual chant of Nam Myoho Renge Kyo with helping her to endure during difficult times. After her separation from Ike Turner, she rebuilt her career through live performances.
In the 1980s, Turner launched a major comeback as a solo artist. The 1983 single "Let's Stay Together" was followed by the 1984 release of her fifth solo album, Private Dancer, which became a worldwide success. The album contained the song "What's Love Got to Do with It"; becoming Turner's biggest hit and winning four Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year.[6] Turner's solo success continued throughout the 1980s and 1990s with multi-platinum albums and hit singles. In 1993, What's Love Got to Do with It, a biographical film adapted from Turner's autobiography, was released along with an accompanying soundtrack album. In 2008, Turner returned from semi-retirement to embark on her Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour; the tour became one of the highest-selling ticketed shows of all time. Turner has also garnered success acting in films such as the 1975 rock musical Tommy, the 1985 action film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome, and the 1993 film Last Action Hero.
Turner has won 12 Grammy Awards; those awards include eight competitive awards, three Grammy Hall of Fame awards, and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Rolling Stone ranked Turner 63rd on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time and 17th on its list of the 100 greatest singers of all time.[7][8] Turner has her own stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Ike Turner in 1991.[9] Turner is a 2005 recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors
Early life
Tina Turner was born Anna Mae Bullock on November 26, 1939, in Nutbush, Tennessee,[11] the youngest daughter of Zelma Priscilla (née Currie) and Floyd Richard Bullock.[5][12] She was born at Poindexter Farm on Highway 180, where her father worked as an overseer of the sharecroppers; Bullock later recalled picking cotton with her family at an early age.[13][14] Turner participated in the PBS documentary African American Lives 2 with Dr. Henry Louis Gates, who shared her DNA estimates of predominantly African-American descent, with approximately 33% European and 1% Native American ancestry.[15][16] (However, DNA cannot reliably indicate Native American ancestry, and no DNA test can indicate tribal origin.[17][18][19][20][21])
Bullock had two older sisters, Evelyn Juanita Currie and Ruby Alline Bullock. As young children, the three sisters were separated when their parents relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, to work at a defense facility during World War II.[14] Bullock went to stay with her strict, religious paternal grandparents, Alex and Roxanna Bullock, who were deacon and deaconess at the Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church.[22][14] After the war, the sisters reunited with their parents and moved with them to Knoxville.[14] Two years later, the family returned to Nutbush to live in the Flagg Grove community, where Bullock attended Flagg Grove Elementary School from first through eighth grade.[23][24]
As a young girl, Bullock sang in the church choir at Nutbush's Spring Hill Baptist Church.[25][26] When she was 11, her mother Zelma ran off without warning, seeking freedom from her abusive relationship with Floyd by relocating to St. Louis in 1950.[27] Two years after her mother left the family, her father married another woman and moved to Detroit in 1952. Bullock and her sisters were sent to live with their grandmother Georgeanna Currie in Brownsville, Tennessee.[27] Turner stated in her autobiography I, Tina that she felt her mother had not loved her, that she "wasn't wanted," and that her mother had planned to leave her father when pregnant with her.[28] "She was a very young woman who didn't want another kid," Turner wrote.[28][29]
As a teenager, Bullock worked as a domestic worker for the Henderson family. She was at the Henderson house when she was notified that her half-sister Evelyn died in a car crash alongside her cousins Margaret and Vela Evans.[30] A self-professed tomboy, Bullock joined both the cheerleading squad and the female basketball team at Carver High School in Brownsville, and "socialized every chance she got".[13][27] When Bullock was 16, her grandmother died, so she went to live with her mother in St. Louis. She graduated from Sumner High School in 1958.[31] After her graduation, Bullock worked as a nurse's aide at Barnes-Jewish Hospital.[32]
Ike & Tina Turner
Origins: 1957–1960
Bullock and her sister began to frequent nightclubs in St. Louis and East St. Louis.[27] She first saw Ike Turner perform with his band the Kings of Rhythm at Club Manhattan in the East St. Louis.[27] Bullock was impressed by his talent, recalling that she "almost went into a trance" watching him play.[5] She felt the urge to sing with Turner's band despite the fact that few women had ever sung with him.[26] One night in 1957, she was given a microphone by Kings of Rhythm drummer Eugene Washington during an intermission and she sang the B.B. King blues ballad, "You Know I Love You".[33][34] Upon hearing Bullock sing, Turner asked her if she knew more songs, and she sang the rest of the night; becoming a featured vocalist with the Kings of Rhythm.[35][36][37] During this period, he taught her the finer points of vocal control and performance.[35] Bullock's first studio recording was in 1958 under the name "Little Ann" on the single "Boxtop." She is credited as a vocalist on the record alongside Ike and fellow Kings of Rhythm singer Carlson Oliver.[38]
In 1960, Turner wrote "A Fool in Love" for singer Art Lassiter. Bullock was to sing background with Lassiter's background vocalists, the Artettes. However, Lassiter failed to show up for the recording session. Turner already paid for the studio time so Bullock suggested to sing the song.[39][38] He decided to use her to record a demo with the intention of erasing her vocals and adding Lassiter's at a later date.[38][35][40] Local St. Louis disc jockey Dave Dixon convinced Ike to send the tape to Juggy Murray, president of R&B label Sue Records.[38][41] Upon hearing the song, Murray was impressed with Bullock's vocals, later stating that "Tina sounded like screaming dirt. It was a funky sound."[42] Murray bought the track and paid Turner a $25,000 advance for the recording and publishing rights.[41][43][44] Murray also convinced Turner to make Bullock "the star of the show".[44] Turner responded by giving Bullock the name "Tina" because it rhymed with Sheena.[41][45] He was inspired by Sheena, Queen of the Jungle and Nyoka the Jungle Girl to create her stage persona.[38][30] Turner added his last name and trademarked the name as a form of protection, so that if she left him like his previous singers had, he could replace her with another "Tina Turner."[38]
Early success: 1960–1965
"A Fool In Love" was released in July 1960 and became an immediate hit, peaking at #2 on the Hot R&B Sides chart and #27 on the Billboard Hot 100. Journalist Kurt Loder described the track as "the blackest record to ever creep into the white pop charts since Ray Charles's gospel-styled 'What'd I Say' that previous summer."[42][46] Another hit by the duo, "It's Gonna Work Out Fine," reached #14 on the Hot 100 and #2 on the R&B chart in 1961. It and earned them a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock and Roll Performance.[6] Notable singles released between 1960 and 1962 included the R&B hits "I Idolize You," "Poor Fool," and "Tra La La La La."
After the release of "A Fool In Love," Ike created the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which included the Kings of Rhythm and a girl group called the Ikettes backing Tina. He remained in the background as the bandleader. Ike put the entire revue through a rigorous touring schedule across the United States, performing 90 days straight in venues around the country.[47] During the days of the Chitlin' Circuit, the Ike & Tina Turner Revue built a reputation as "one of the most hottest, most durable, and potentially most explosive of all R&B ensembles," with its show rivaling that of the James Brown Revue in terms of musical spectacle.[48] The shows provided them financial success. Due to their profitable performances, they were able to perform in front of desegregated audiences in southern clubs and hotels.[49]
Between 1963 and 1965, the band toured constantly and produced moderately successful R&B singles. Tina's first credited single as a solo artist, "Too Many Ties That Bind"/"We Need An Understanding" was released from Ike's label Sonja Records in 1964.[50][51] Another single by Ike and Tina, "You Can't Miss Nothing That You Never Had," reached #29 on the Billboard R&B chart. After their tenure at Sue Records, the duo signed with more than ten labels during the remainder of the decade, including Kent, Cenco, Tangerine, Pompeii, A&M, and Minit.[38][52] In 1964, they signed with Loma Records, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Records which was run by Bob Krasnow. Krasnow became their manager shortly after they left Sue Records. On the Warner Bros. label they achieved their first charting album with Live! The Ike & Tina Turner Show, peaking at #8 on the Billboard Hot R&B LP's chart in February 1965.[53] Their singles "Tell Her I'm Not Home" released on Loma and "Good Bye, So Long" released on Modern Records were top 40 R&B hits in 1965.[54]
Tina's own profile was raised after several solo appearances on shows such as American Bandstand and Shindig!, while the entire revue appeared on Hollywood A Go-Go. In 1965, Phil Spector attended an Ike and Tina show at a club on the Sunset Strip, and he invited them to appear in the concert film The Big T.N.T. Show.[55]
Mainstream success: 1966–1975
Impressed by the duo's performance on The Big T.N.T. Show, Phil Spector was eager to produce Tina. Working out a deal, Spector offered Ike a $20,000 advance for creative control over the sessions to which Ike agreed.[38][56] Tina recorded the song "River Deep – Mountain High" which was released in 1966 on Spector's Philles label. Spector considered that record, with Tina's maximum energy over the "Wall of Sound," to be his best work.[57] It was successful overseas, particularly in the United Kingdom, where it eventually reached #3 on the singles chart, but it failed to go any higher than #88 on the Billboard Hot 100.[58] The impact of the record gave Ike and Tina an opening spot on The Rolling Stones UK tour in the fall of 1966.[5]
The duo signed with Blue Thumb Records in 1968, releasing the album Outta Season in 1969. The album produced their charted cover of Otis Redding's "I've Been Loving You Too Long." Later that year they released The Hunter. The title track, Albert King's "The Hunter" earned Tina a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance.[6] The success of the albums led to the revue headlining in Las Vegas where their shows were attended by a variety of celebrities including David Bowie, Sly Stone, Janis Joplin, Cher, James Brown, Ray Charles, Elton John, and Elvis Presley.
In the fall of 1969, Ike and Tina's profile in their home country was raised after opening for the Rolling Stones on their US tour.[60] They gained more exposure from performances on The Ed Sullivan Show, Playboy After Dark, and The Andy Williams Show[61][62][63] The duo released two albums in 1970, Come Together and Workin' Together.[38] Their cover of "I Want to Take You Higher" peaked at #34 on the Hot 100 whereas the original by Sly and the Family Stone peaked four numbers below that position.[54] The Come Together and Workin' Together albums marked a turning point in their careers in which they switched from their usual R&B repertoire to incorporate more rock tunes such as "Come Together," "Honky Tonk Woman" and "Get Back".[60]
In early 1971, their cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Proud Mary" became their biggest hit. The single reached #4 on the Hot 100 and sold over a million copies, winning them a Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group.[64][65][66] Later in 1971, their live album, What You Hear Is What You Get, taken from a performance at Carnegie Hall, was their first album to be certified gold. In 1972, Ike opened the Bolic Sound studio near their home in Inglewood.[67] After Liberty was absorbed into United Artists Records, the duo was assigned to that label.[68] Around this time, Tina began writing more songs. She wrote nine out of the ten tracks on the 1972 album Feel Good.[69] Ike and Tina released moderately successful singles in 1972 and 1973 with "I'm Yours (Use Me Anyway You Wanna)," "Up In Heah," and "Early One Morning."[54] Their hit single "Nutbush City Limits," penned by Tina, was released in 1973. It peaked at #22 on the Hot 100, #11 on the R&B chart, and #4 in the UK. Follow up R&B hits include "Sweet Rhode Island Red" and "Sexy Ida."[54]
In 1974, Ike and Tina released two Grammy nominated albums. Tina's first solo album, Tina Turns the Country On!, earned her a nomination for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female.[70] The Gospel According to Ike & Tina was nominated for Best Soul Gospel Performance.[6] Ike also had a solo nomination for his single "Father Alone" from the album.[71] That year, Tina traveled to London to participate in the filming of the rock musical, Tommy, in which she played The Acid Queen, a drug-addicted prostitute; her performance was critically acclaimed. Shortly after filming wrapped, Tina appeared on Ann-Margret's TV special.[72] Following the release of Tommy, another Tina solo album, Acid Queen, was released in 1975.[73] The album reached 39 on the Billboard R&B chart. It produced charting singles "Baby, Get It On" and the Led Zeppelin cover "Whole Lotta Love."[74]
Demise of the duo: 1976
By the mid-1970s, Ike was heavily addicted to cocaine which hindered his relationship with Tina.[75] In 1976, Ike made plans to leave United Artists Records for a five-year, $150,000 deal with Cream Records. The deal was to be signed on July 6. On July 1, Ike and Tina flew from Los Angeles to Dallas where the revue had a gig at the Dallas Statler Hilton. They got into a physical altercation en route to the hotel. Shortly after arriving to the hotel, Tina fled from Ike and later hid at a friend's house.[76] On July 27, Tina filed for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences.[77][78][79] After their separation, two more studio albums were released on United Artists credited to the duo, Delilah's Power (1977) and Airwaves (1978).[38][5] Their divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978. Tina assumed responsibility for the debts incurred from canceled concerts as well as a significant IRS lien.[80]
Solo career
Early solo career: 1977–1983
In 1977, with finances given to her by United Artists executive Michael Stewart, Turner returned onstage, giving a round of shows in Las Vegas in a cabaret setting, influenced by the cabaret shows she witnessed while a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. She took her cabaret act to smaller venues in the United States. Turner earned further income by appearing on shows such as The Hollywood Squares, Donny and Marie, The Sonny & Cher Show and The Brady Bunch Hour.[81] Later in 1977, Turner headlined her first solo concert tour, throughout Australia. In 1978, United Artists released her third solo album, Rough, with distribution both in North America and Europe with EMI. That album, along with its 1979 follow-up, Love Explosion, which included a brief diversion to disco rhythms, failed to chart.[82] The albums completed her United Artists/EMI contracts, and Turner left the labels. Continuing her performing career with her second headlining tour, Wild Lady of Rock 'n' Roll, she continued to be a successful live act even without the premise of a hit record.[83]
Manager Roger Davies agreed to manage Turner's career in February 1980. A recorded cover of The Temptations' "Ball of Confusion" for the UK production team BEF, featuring Robert Cray, became a hit in European dance clubs in 1982.[84] Following performances and tours with Rod Stewart, the Rolling Stones, and Chuck Berry, Turner filmed a music video that later aired on then-fledgling music video channel MTV; this made her one of the first African American artists to gain airtime on the channel.[85]
Career resurgence and superstardom: 1983–2000
During her stint at The Ritz in 1983 Turner signed with Capitol Records.[5] In November 1983, she released her cover of Al Green's "Let's Stay Together" on Capitol. The record became a hit, reaching several European charts, including a top 10 placement in the United Kingdom. The song peaked at #26 on the Billboard Hot 100, and reached the top 10 of the Hot Dance Club Songs and Hot Black Singles charts.[86][87][88]
Recorded in two months in London, the Private Dancer album was released in June 1984. That same month, Capitol issued the album's second single, "What's Love Got to Do with It", earlier recorded by the rock group Bucks Fizz in 1984. It reached the top 10 within a month and in September had reached #1 on the Hot 100 in the U.S. The following singles "Better Be Good to Me" and "Private Dancer" were also successful. The album peaked at #3 on the Billboard 200, selling over ten million copies worldwide; becoming her most successful album.[89][90][91] Turner's comeback culminated in early 1985 when she won four Grammy Awards, including Record of the Year for "What's Love Got to Do with It."[6] In February of that year, she embarked on her second world tour supporting the Private Dancer album, where she toured to huge crowds. One show, filmed at Birmingham, England's NEC Arena, was later released on home video. During this time, she also contributed vocals to the USA for Africa benefit song "We Are the World."[30]
Turner's success continued when she traveled to Australia to star opposite Mel Gibson in the 1985 post-apocalyptic film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome. The movie provided her with her first acting role in ten years; she portrayed the glamorous Aunty Entity, the ruler of Bartertown.[92] Upon release, critical response to her performance was generally positive. The film became a global success, making more than $36 million in the United States alone.[93] Turner later received the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress for her role in the film. She also recorded two songs for the film, "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" and "One of the Living"; both became hits, with the latter winning her a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. In July, Turner performed at Live Aid alongside Mick Jagger;[94] their performance shocked observers[95] when Jagger ripped Turner's skirt off.[11] Turner sang a duet called "It's Only Love" with Bryan Adams. Released as a single in 1985,[96] the song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and the accompanying video won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Stage Performance
Turner released Break Every Rule in 1986. Featuring "Typical Male", "Two People" and "What You Get Is What You See", the album sold more than a million copies alone in the United States.[98] Prior to the album's release, Turner published her autobiography I, Tina, which became a bestseller and she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[99] Tina's Break Every Rule World Tour, which culminated in March 1987 in Munich, Germany, yielded record-breaking sales. In January 1988, Turner performed in front of approximately 180,000 at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, setting a Guinness World Record[100][101][102] at the time for the "largest paying rock concert attendance for a solo artist".[103] Turner released the Tina Live in Europe album in April 1988.[104] Tina took time off following the end of the Break Every Rule World Tour, emerging once again with Foreign Affair in 1989;[105] the album included the hit single "The Best."[106]
In 1991, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[9] Ike was incarcerated and Tina did not attend; stating through her publicist she was taking a leave of absence following her Foreign Affair European Tour and that she felt "emotionally unequipped to return to the U.S. and respond to the night of celebration in the manner she would want."[107] Phil Spector accepted the honor on their behalf.[108]
In 1993, the semi-autobiographical film What's Love Got to Do with It was released.[109] The film starred Angela Bassett as Tina and Laurence Fishburne as Ike; both received Best Actress and Best Actor Oscar nominations for their roles in the film.[110] While she was not heavily involved in the film, Turner contributed to the soundtrack for What's Love Got to Do with It, re-recording songs from her Ike & Tina days and recording several new songs. The single, "I Don't Wanna Fight", from the soundtrack, was a Top 10 hit
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