John Saxon

John Saxon

John Saxon (born Carmine Orrico; August 5, 1935 – July 25, 2020) was an American actor and martial artist who worked on more than 200 projects during a span of 60 years. Saxon is known for his work in Westerns and horror movies, often playing police officers and detectives.

Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, Saxon studied acting with Stella Adler before beginning his career as a contract actor for Universal Pictures, playing in such movies as Rock, Pretty Baby (1956) and Portrait in Black (1961). During the 1970s and 1980s, he established himself as a character actor, frequently portraying law enforcement officials in horror movies such as Black Christmas (1974), Dario Argento's Tenebrae (1982), and A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984).

In addition to his roles in horror movies, Saxon co-starred with Bruce Lee in the martial arts movie Enter the Dragon (1973), and has supporting roles in the westerns Death of a Gunfighter (1969) and Joe Kidd (1972), as well as the adventure thriller Raid on Entebbe (1977). In the 1990s, Saxon occasionally appeared in movies, with small roles in Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994) and From Dusk till Dawn (1996).

Saxon died of pneumonia in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, on July 25, 2020. 

Saxon, an Italian American,  was born Carmine Orrico in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Antonio Orrico, a dock worker, and Anna (née Protettore).  He attended New Utrecht High School, graduating in 1953. He then studied acting with famous acting coach Stella Adler. He started acting in movies during the mid-1950s, playing teenage roles. According to Robert Hofler's 2005 biography The Man Who Invented Rock Hudson: The Pretty Boys and Dirty Deals of Henry Willson, agent Henry Willson saw Saxon's picture on the cover of a detective magazine and immediately contacted the boy's family in Brooklyn.  With his parents' permission, the 17-year-old Orrico contracted with Willson, and he was renamed John Saxon.  He contracted with Universal Studios in April 1954 at $150 a week.  John Saxon was proficient in Judo and Shotokan Karate. 

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Saxon

Jamal Adams

Jamal Adams

Jamal Lee Adams (born October 17, 1995) is an American football strong safety for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at LSU, and was drafted sixth overall in the 2017 NFL Draft by the New York Jets.

Adams attended Hebron High School in Carrollton, Texas. During his final two years, he had 138 tackles and seven interceptions on defense and 20 touchdowns on offense. In his senior year, Hebron finished 8–4 on the season, advancing to the UIL 5A Division II Area final at AT&T Stadium, where they lost 42–21 to Cedar Hill. 

Adams was rated by Scout.com as a five star recruit and was ranked among the top ten overall recruits in his class.  He committed to Louisiana State University (LSU) to play college football. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Adams

بيتكوين

بيتكوين

بيتكوين (بالإنجليزية: Bitcoin)‏ هي عملة معماة ونظام دفع عالمي يمكن مقارنتها بالعملات الأخرى مثل الدولار أو اليورو، لكن مع عدة فوارق أساسية، من أبرزها أن هذه العملة هي عملة إلكترونية بشكل كامل تتداول عبر الإنترنت فقط من دون وجود فيزيائي لها. وهي أول عملة رقمية لامركزية - فهي نظام يعمل دون مستودع مركزي أو مدير واحد، أي أنها تختلف عن العملات التقليدية بعدم وجود هيئة تنظيمية مركزية تقف خلفها. وتتم المعاملات بشبكة الند للند بين المستخدمين مباشرة دون وسيط من خلال استخدام التشفير. يتم التحقق من هذه المعاملات عن طريق عُقد الشبكة وتسجيلها في دفتر حسابات موزع  عام يسمى سلسلة الكتل. اخترع البيتكوين شخص غير معروف أو مجموعة من الناس عرف باسم ساتوشي ناكاموتو وأُصدِر كبرنامج مفتوح المصدر في عام 2009.

يتم إنشاء البيتكوين كمكافأة لعملية تعرف باسم التعدين. ويمكن استبدالها بعملات ومنتجات وخدمات أخرى. واعتبارا من فبراير 2015، فقد اعتمد أكثر من 100,000 تاجر وبائع البيتكوين كعملة للدفع. وتشير تقديرات البحوث التي تنتجها جامعة كامبريدج إلى أنه في عام 2017، هناك ما بين 2.9 إلى 5.8 مليون مستخدم يستعمل محفظة لعملة رقمية، ومعظمهم يستخدمون البيتكوين.

طرح شخص أطلق على نفسه الاسم الرمزي ساتوشي ناكاموتو فكرة بيتكوين للمرة الأولى في ورقة بحثية في عام 2008، ووصفها بأنها نظام نقدي إلكتروني يعتمد في التعاملات المالية على مبدأ الند للند (بالإنجليزية: Peer-to-Peer)‏ ، وهو مصطلح تقني يعني التعامل المباشر بين مستخدم وآخر دون وجود وسيط (كالتورنت). يقول القائمون على بيتكوين إن الهدف من هذه العملة التي طرحت للتداول للمرة الأولى سنة 2009  هو تغيير الاقتصاد العالمي بنفس الطريقة التي غيرت بها الويب أساليب النشر. وفي عام 2016 أعلن رجل الأعمال الأسترالي كريغ رايت أنه هو ساتوشي ناكاموتو مقدما دليلا تقنيا على ذلك ولكن تم كشف زيف أدلّته بسهولة.

مراجع

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86

Bitcoin

Bitcoin

Bitcoin[a] (₿) is a cryptocurrency invented in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto  and started in 2009  when its implementation was released as open-source software. ch. 1

It is a decentralized digital currency without a central bank or single administrator that can be sent from user to user on the peer-to-peer bitcoin network without the need for intermediaries.  Transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. Bitcoins are created as a reward for a process known as mining. They can be exchanged for other currencies, products, and services.   Research produced by University of Cambridge estimates that in 2017, there were 2.9 to 5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet, most of them using bitcoin. 

Bitcoin has been praised and criticized. Critics noted its use in illegal transactions, its high electricity consumption, price volatility, and thefts from exchanges. Some economists, including several Nobel laureates, have characterized it as a speculative bubble. Bitcoin has also been used as an investment, although several regulatory agencies have issued investor alerts about bitcoin 

The domain name "bitcoin.org" was registered on 18 August 2008.  On 31 October 2008, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System  was posted to a cryptography mailing list.  Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin software as open-source code and released it in January 2009.  Nakamoto's identity remains unknown. 

On 3 January 2009, the bitcoin network was created when Nakamoto mined the starting block of the chain, known as the genesis block.  Embedded in the coinbase of this block was the text "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks".  This note references a headline published by The Times and has been interpreted as both a timestamp and a comment on the instability caused by fractional-reserve banking. :18

The receiver of the first bitcoin transaction was cypherpunk Hal Finney, who had created the first reusable proof-of-work system (RPoW) in 2004.  Finney downloaded the bitcoin software on its release date, and on 12 January 2009 received ten bitcoins from Nakamoto.  Other early cypherpunk supporters were creators of bitcoin predecessors: Wei Dai, creator of b-money, and Nick Szabo, creator of bit gold.  In 2010, the first known commercial transaction using bitcoin occurred when programmer Laszlo Hanyecz bought two Papa John's pizzas for ₿10,000.  

Blockchain analysts estimate that Nakamoto had mined about one million bitcoins  before disappearing in 2010, when he handed the network alert key and control of the code repository over to Gavin Andresen. Andresen later became lead developer at the Bitcoin Foundation.  Andresen then sought to decentralize control. This left opportunity for controversy to develop over the future development path of bitcoin, in contrast to the perceived authority of Nakamoto's contributions

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin

Snake

Snake

Snakes are elongated, legless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes.  Like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads with their highly mobile jaws. To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung. Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca. Lizards have evolved elongate bodies without limbs or with greatly reduced limbs about twenty-five times independently via convergent evolution, leading to many lineages of legless lizards.  Legless lizards resemble snakes, but several common groups of legless lizards have eyelids and external ears, which snakes lack, although this rule is not universal (see Amphisbaenia, Dibamidae, and Pygopodidae).

Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica, and on most smaller land masses; exceptions include some large islands, such as Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, the Hawaiian archipelago, and the islands of New Zealand, and many small islands of the Atlantic and central Pacific oceans.  Additionally, sea snakes are widespread throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans. More than 20 families are currently recognized, comprising about 520 genera and about 3,600 species.  They range in size from the tiny, 10.4 cm (4.1 in)-long Barbados thread snake  to the reticulated python of 6.95 meters (22.8 ft) in length.  The fossil species Titanoboa cerrejonensis was 12.8 meters (42 ft) long.  Snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during the Jurassic period, with the earliest known fossils dating to between 143 and 167 Ma ago.  The diversity of modern snakes appeared during the Paleocene epoch (c 66 to 56 Ma ago, after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event). The oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the Brooklyn Papyrus.

Most species are nonvenomous and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. Some possess venom potent enough to cause painful injury or death to humans. Nonvenomous snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by constriction.

The English word snake comes from Old English snaca, itself from Proto-Germanic *snak-an- (cf. Germanic Schnake "ring snake", Swedish snok "grass snake"), from Proto-Indo-European root *(s)nēg-o- "to crawl", "to creep", which also gave sneak as well as Sanskrit nāgá "snake".  The word ousted adder, as adder went on to narrow in meaning, though in Old English næddre was the general word for snake.  The other term, serpent, is from French, ultimately from Indo-European *serp- (to creep),  which also gave Ancient Greek hérpō (ἕρπω) "I crawl".

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake

Omerta

Omerta

Omertà (/oʊˈmɛərtə/, Italian pronunciation: [omerˈta])  is a Southern Italian code of silence and code of honor that places importance on silence in the face of questioning by authorities or outsiders; non-cooperation with authorities, the government, or outsiders; and willfully ignoring and generally avoiding interference with the illegal activities of others (i.e., not contacting law enforcement or the authorities when one is aware of, witness to, or even the victim of certain crimes). It originated and remains common in Southern Italy, where banditry or brigandage and Mafia-type criminal organizations (like the Camorra, Cosa Nostra, 'Ndrangheta and Sacra Corona Unita) have long been strong. Similar codes are also deeply rooted in other areas of the Mediterranean, including rural Spain, Crete (Greece),  and Corsica, all of which share a common or similar historic culture with Southern Italy.

It also exists, to a lesser extent, in certain Italian-American neighborhoods, especially in neighborhoods where the Italian-American Mafia has strong influence, as well as in Italian ethnic enclaves in countries such as Germany, Canada, and Australia, where Italian organized crime exists. Similar codes of silence have been observed in Jewish-American, Greek-American, Albanian-American, Russian-American, Japanese-American, Korean-American, Chinese-American, African-American, Hispanic-American, Armenian-American, German-American, and Irish-American neighborhoods, as well as amongst some bikers. Retaliation against informers is common in criminal circles, where informers are known as "rats" or "snitches".

The Oxford English Dictionary traces the word to the Spanish word hombredad, meaning manliness, modified after the Sicilian word omu "man". According to a different theory, the word comes from Latin humilitas (humility), which became umirtà and then finally omertà in some southern Italian dialects. The first Antimafia Commission of the Italian parliament in the 1970s accepted the origin based on omu on the authority of Antonio Cutrera, with no reference to Spanish. 

The basic principle of omertà is that it is not "manly" to seek aid from legally constituted authorities to settle personal grievances. The suspicion of being a cascittuni (an informant) constitutes the blackest mark against manhood, according to Cutrera. An individual who has been wronged is obligated to look out for his own interests by avenging that wrong himself or finding a patron but not the state to do the job. 

Omertà implies "the categorical prohibition of cooperation with state authorities or reliance on its services, even when one has been victim of a crime."  A person should absolutely avoid interfering in the business of others and should not inform the authorities of a crime under any circumstances, but if it is justified, he may personally avenge a physical attack on himself or on his family by vendetta, literally a taking of revenge, a feud. Even if somebody is convicted of a crime that he has not committed, he is supposed to serve the sentence without giving the police any information about the real criminal, even if the criminal has nothing to do with the Mafia. Within Mafia culture, breaking omertà is punishable by death. 

Omertà is an extreme form of loyalty and solidarity in the face of authority. One of its absolute tenets is that it is deeply demeaning and shameful to betray even one's deadliest enemy to the authorities. For that reason, many Mafia-related crimes go unsolved. Observers of the Mafia debate whether omertà should best be understood as an expression of social consensus for the Mafia or whether it is instead a pragmatic response based primarily on fear, as implied by a popular Sicilian proverb Cu è surdu, orbu e taci, campa cent'anni 'mpaci ("He who is deaf, blind and silent will live a hundred years in peace").

It has also been described as follows: "Whoever appeals to the law against his fellow man is either a fool or a coward. Whoever cannot take care of himself without police protection is both. It is as cowardly to betray an offender to justice, even though his offences be against yourself, as it is not to avenge an injury by violence. It is dastardly and contemptible in a wounded man to betray the name of his assailant, because if he recovers, he must naturally expect to take vengeance himself." 

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omert%C3%A0

Shivraj Singh

Shivraj Singh

Shivraj Singh Chouhan (born 5 March 1959) often referred to as Mamaji (meaning: Maternal Uncle in Hindi) is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He is the 17th and current Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, having been elected to the same position 3 times in the past, and a Member of Legislative Assembly in Madhya Pradesh from Budhni.  He previously served as the Chief Minister of the Madhya Pradesh, between 2005 and 2018, and holds the record as the state's longest serving Chief Minister.  He is currently also serving as a National Vice-President and a member of the Parliamentary Board and Central Election Committee of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

As a leader of the BJP, Chouhan served as its general secretary and president of its Madhya Pradesh state unit. He joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in 1972, as a 13-year-old. He is a five-time Member of Parliament, having represented Vidisha in the Lok Sabha, the lower House of the Indian Parliament, between 1991 and 2006.

In 2007, he had introduced schemes named as Ladli Laxmi Yojna, Kanyadhan Yojna and Janani Suraksha Yojna to focus on the prevention of female infanticide in the state. "Medhavi Vidhyati Yojana" and "Medhavi Chhatra Yojna" to 70% in 12th MP Board Bhopal and 85% CBSE Delhi. 

Shivraj Singh Chouhan was born in the family of Prem Singh Chouhan and his wife Sundar Bai Chouhan in the Jait village of Sehore district. He belongs to Kirar community,  he is a gold medalist in M. A. (Philosophy) from Barkatullah University.  He is an agriculturist by profession

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivraj_Singh_Chouhan