الخميس، 19 سبتمبر 2019

Systemsprenger

Systemsprenger ist ein deutscher Spielfilm von Nora Fingscheidt aus dem Jahr 2019. Das Drama stellt ein 9-jähriges Mädchen in den Mittelpunkt, das als titelgebender Systemsprenger einen Leidensweg zwischen wechselnden Pflegefamilien und Anti-Aggressions-Trainings durchläuft.

Die Uraufführung des Films fand am 8. Februar 2019 im Wettbewerb der 69. Berlinale statt. Ein offizieller Kinostart in Deutschland ist für den 19. September 2019 geplant.
Handlung
Die 9-jährige Bernadette, genannt „Benni“, gilt als aggressiv und unberechenbar. Aufgrund traumatischer Erfahrungen in frühester Kindheit darf niemand ihr Gesicht berühren. Von der Sonderschule wird sie dauerhaft suspendiert und auch in keiner Pflegefamilie oder Wohngruppe hält sie es lange aus. Als sogenannter „Systemsprenger“ droht sie durch alle Raster der deutschen Kinder- und Jugendhilfe zu fallen. Dabei sehnt sich Benni danach, wieder mit ihrer Mutter zusammenzuleben. Bianca ist aber ebenso überfordert und hat Angst vor der eigenen Tochter.[1][2] Gleichzeitig ist sie Mutter zweier weiterer minderjähriger Kinder.

In einem verzweifelten Versuch engagiert die warmherzige Frau Bafané vom Jugendamt einen Anti-Gewalt-Trainer für Benni. Micha, der dem Boxsport zugetan ist und bisher mit straffälligen Jugendlichen zusammengearbeitet hat, wird als Schulbegleiter eingestellt. Nach neuerlichen Gewaltausbrüchen verbringt er auf eigenen Vorschlag drei Wochen mit dem Mädchen im Wald. Obwohl er bei der Erlebnispädagogik an seine Grenzen stößt, lässt sich Benni auf ihn ein und er findet Zugang zu ihr. Als der Aufenthalt mit dem Mädchen endet, klammert sich Benni an Micha und möchte bei ihm bleiben. Micha hat aber eine eigene Familie und droht seine professionelle Distanz zu verlieren.[1][2] Er möchte den Fall abgeben. Als plötzlich Bennis Mutter Bianca auftaucht und anbietet, sie wieder bei sich aufzunehmen, scheint eine tragfähige Lösung gefunden. Bianca scheut aber im letzten Moment die Verantwortung und flüchtet vor dem gemeinsamen Gespräch. Frau Bafané erleidet in der Folge einen Nervenzusammenbruch, als sie Benni von der neuerlichen Enttäuschung berichten muss. Auch die Unterbringung bei einer früheren Pflegemutter schlägt fehl, da Benni ein dort bereits befindliches Pflegekind bei einem Wutausbruch schwer verletzt.

Benni wird als Zwischenlösung ihrer alten Obhutnahmestelle übergeben. Die geschlossene Unterbringung oder ein Auslandsaufenthalt werden als letzte Optionen für das Mädchen angesehen. Benni flüchtet aber zu Micha und seiner Familie, die sich bereiterklärt, sie für eine Nacht aufzunehmen. Als Benni am frühen Morgen mit Michas Sohn im Säuglingsalter spielt, eskaliert die Situation. Sie weigert sich das Kind der Mutter zu übergeben und schließt sich im Bad ein. Daraufhin bricht Micha in Panik die Tür auf. Benni flüchtet in den nahegelegenen Wald und wird Stunden später unterkühlt aufgefunden und ins Krankenhaus gebracht. Ein weiterer Versuch, das Mädchen später auf einen Auslandsaufenthalt nach Afrika zu schicken, schlägt ebenfalls fehl. Benni flüchtet aus dem Sicherheitsbereich auf das Dach des Flughafens.

Entstehungsgeschichte
Für Nora Fingscheidt ist Systemsprenger der erste abendfüllende Spielfilm als Regisseurin. Eigenen Angaben zufolge wurde sie auf das Thema bei den Dreharbeiten zur gemeinsam mit Simone Gaul inszenierten Dokumentation Das Haus neben den Gleisen (2014) aufmerksam. Der Film zeigt den Alltag in der Frauenpension Stuttgart, einem Heim für wohnungslose Frauen. Unter den Frauen, die Fingscheidt dort kennenlernte, war auch ein 14-jähriges Mädchen, das als Systemsprenger in keiner anderen Institution der Jugendhilfe mehr Aufnahme gefunden hatte.[3]

Das Drehbuch zum Film schrieb Fingscheidt nach langer Recherche über einen Zeitraum von fünf Jahren.[4] In dieser Zeit lebte oder arbeitete sie in Wohngruppen, in einer Schule für Erziehungshilfe, einer Obhutnahmestelle, einer Kinderpsychiatrie und führte Gespräche mit Mitarbeitern von Institutionen oder Ämtern sowie Kinder- und Jugendpsychologen.[5] Fingscheidt drehte Systemsprenger eigenen Angaben zufolge, um Verständnis für schwer traumatisierte Kinder wie Benni zu wecken.[3] Sie entschied sich bewusst für ein 9-jähriges Mädchen als Hauptfigur, auch wenn Jungen als Systemsprenger in der Überzahl sind. Eigenen Angaben zufolge wollte sie sich damit von „Klischees und vorschnellen Kategorisierungen fernhalten“, wie z. B. der pubertären Rebellion bei einem 14-jährigen Mädchen.[6] Einen Dokumentarfilm über Systemsprenger zu drehen, habe für Fingscheidt nie als Option gedient. „Ich wollte ein wildes energiegeladenes audiovisuelles Kinoerlebnis erschaffen, das keinen Anspruch auf Realitätswiedergabe erhebt. Denn die Realität ist viel schlimmer“, so Fingscheidt
Für die Hauptrolle wurde die Berliner Kinderdarstellerin Helena Zengel verpflichtet. Obwohl sich Fingscheidt etwa 150 Mädchen ansah, befand sich Zengel bereits in der ersten Auswahl von zehn Kandidatinnen. Die Filmemacherin kam immer wieder auf das Mädchen zurück. Laut Fingscheidt war sie das einzige Kind, das Aggression gemeinsam mit Not spielen konnte. „Da war nie etwas rein Verzogenes oder Freches zu sehen, es war immer mit Fragilität und Verletzlichkeit verknüpft“, so Fingscheidt. Als Vorbereitung für Systemsprenger las Zengels Mutter zuerst allein mit ihrer Tochter das Drehbuch. Sechs Monate vor Beginn der Dreharbeiten begann Fingscheidt mit dem Mädchen zu arbeiten, das auch bei der Auswahl der Schauspieler bis in die kleinste Nebenrolle mitintegriert war. Bei den eigentlichen Dreharbeiten wurden mit Zengel jeweils einen Tag vorher Texte und Szenen geprobt.[7]

Die Dreharbeiten fanden in Koproduktion mit dem Kleinen Fernsehspiel vom ZDF in Hamburg, der Lüneburger Heide und Berlin statt. Die Produktion von Weydemann Bros. GmbH, Kineo Filmproduktion und Oma Inge Film wurde von 7. November 2017 bis 27. März 2018 abgedreht.[8][9]

Rezeption
Bei der Berlinale 2017 wurde Fingscheidts noch unverfilmtes Drehbuch mit dem Kompagnon-Förderpreis des Programms Berlinale Talents prämiert. Die Jury um Feo Aladag, Sigrid Hoerner und Johannes Naber lobte das Skript als „beklemmendes, einfühlsames und genau recherchiertes Szenario über unser pädagogisches System und ein ergreifendes, humanistisches Plädoyer für die ‚Schwierigen‘, die Nicht-Konformen, die vermeintlich Dysfunktionalen“.[10]

Bei der Uraufführung erhielt Systemsprenger im internationalen Kritikenspiegel der britischen Fachzeitschrift Screen International zwei von vier möglichen Sternen und belegte damit einen 11. Platz unter allen 16 Berlinale-Wettbewerbsfilmen. Emin Alpers Kız Kardeşler und Nadav Lapids Synonymes (je 3,0) führten die Rangliste an.[11]

Oliver Kaever (Spiegel Online) rezensierte Systemsprenger in einer Kurzkritik als „Anti-Familienfilm“ und lobte die Leistung der Schauspieler als „grandios“, vor allem Hauptdarstellerin Helena Zengel. „Systemsprenger ist ein typischer Debütfilm, in der Wahl der filmischen Mittel überschwänglich, dramaturgisch mäandernd und zu lang, aber seine rohe und ungeschliffene Energie belebt den in dieser Anfangsphase reichlich behäbigen Berlinale-Wettbewerb“, so Kaever.[12]

Ebenfalls ins Lob für die Hauptdarstellerin stimmte Verena Lueken (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung) ein und bezeichnete den Film als „Überraschung“. Fingscheidt habe kein Sozialdrama gedreht, sondern „Körperkino“ und verwies auf die effektive Tonspur.[13] Wenke Husmann (Zeit Online) stufte in ihrem Resümee zur endenden Berlinale den Film gemeinsam mit Angela Schanelecs Ich war zuhause, aber als „herausragend“ ein.[14]

Auszeichnungen
Noch vor Realisierung von Systemsprenger wurde Fingscheidts unveröffentlichtes Drehbuch mit einer Reihe von Preisen ausgezeichnet. 2019 konkurrierte sie erstmals bei den Internationalen Filmfestspielen Berlin um den Goldenen Bären, den Hauptpreis des Festivals. Der Film wurde im August 2019 als deutscher Vorschlag für die Kategorie „bester internationaler Film“ bei der Oscarverleihung 2020 ausgewählt.

Vorproduktion

Auszeichnungen vor Fertigstellung des Films:

2016: Emder Drehbuchpreis
2017: Kompagnon-Förderpreis des Programms Berlinale Talents
2017: Thomas Strittmatter Drehbuchpreis
Film- und Festivalpreise

Gewonnene Preise nach Fertigstellung des Films im Jahr 2019:[15]

Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin
Alfred-Bauer-Preis
Preis der Leserjury der Berliner Morgenpost[16]
Filmkunstfest Mecklenburg-Vorpommern[17]
Hauptpreis Fliegender Ochse (Nora Fingscheidt)
Förderpreis der DEFA-Stiftung
Preis für die beste Musik- und Tongestaltung – Dominik Leube und Oscar Stiebitz (Sounddesign), Corinna Zink und Jonathan Schorr (Ton) sowie John Gürtler (Musik)
FIPRESCI-Preis
Internationales Filmfest Emden-Norderney
DGB-Filmpreis (Nora Fingscheidt)
Creative Energy Award (Helena Zengel, Schauspiel und Nora Fingscheidt, Regie)
Molodist Filmfestival Kiew
Preis der Ökumenischen Jury
Lux-Filmpreis
Offizielle Auswahl[18]
Taipei Film Festival
Hauptpreis – International New Talent Competition (Nora Fingscheidt)[19]
Transatlantyk Festival Łódź
Transatlantyk Distribution Award – Wettbewerb „New Cinema“ (Nora Fingscheidt)[20]
Transilvania International Film Festival
Publikumspreis
Vukovar Film Festival
Bester Film

Rambo 5

Rambo: Last Blood (also known as Rambo V[2][3] and Rambo V: Last Blood[4]) is a 2019 American action thriller film directed by Adrian Grunberg and co-written by Sylvester Stallone, who also reprises his role as Vietnam War veteran John Rambo. A sequel to Rambo (2008) and the fifth installment in the Rambo franchise, it co-stars Paz Vega, Sergio Peris-Mencheta, Adriana Barraza, Yvette Monreal, Genie Kim, Joaquín Cosío, and Oscar Jaenada. The story follows Rambo as he travels to Mexico to save his niece, who has been kidnapped by the Mexican cartel.

Plans for a fifth film were announced on and off again since 2008, with different iterations developed and cancelled. It was finally officially announced in May 2018, and production began that October in Bulgaria, lasting through December.

Rambo: Last Blood is scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on September 20, 2019, by Lionsgate. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who criticized its large amount of gore and violence, as well as perceived xenophobic stereotypes.
Plot
11 years after returning to the United States from Thailand, John Rambo now lives in Bowie, Arizona and works on his long-estranged family's ranch with his niece Gabrielle. Though his life is free from the violence that long defined it, Rambo still suffers from severe post-traumatic stress disorder, which Gabrielle helps him cope with.

A nursing student with a promising future, Gabrielle insists on visiting Mexico to visit her estranged father despite Rambo's wishes not, out of knowing Mexico is crime-filled. Deciding to refuse hearing his words, Gabrielle leaves to Mexico.

When she arrives, both her longtime friend and father and dismissive and distant towards her. Her father leaves, while Gabrielle and her friend go to a night club, at which point her companion reveals her true intentions; leading her into the hands of a local drug cartel trafficking in sex slaves.

Rambo quickly learns of Gabrielle's disappearance and travels south to find her. Her former friend refuses information, but manages to track her down to the night club where she was abducted. He enters into an altercation with several thugs and is severely injured.

A local journalist covering the cartels, Carmen Delgado, witness the fight and helps Rambo recuperate from his injuries.

Having learned Gabrielle's location, Rambo equips himself with weapons and knives and raids the cartel's hideout, killing several men in the process and successfully rescuing his niece. However, as a result of an earlier drug overdose, she dies returning home. Rambo subsequently buries her near their house and mourns her demise.

Enraged, Rambo returns to Mexico and asks Carmen to help him locate the cartel members. At night; he is raiding the house of the leader's brother and after slaughtering his bodyguards, decapitates him and dumps the head on the road back to Arizona. The leader, Hugo Martinez, learns of his brother's murder and assembles his men to murder Rambo, whilst still keeping his cartel and sex trafficking functional.

The cartel arrives at Rambo's house, but he manages to eliminate them one by one using booby traps set around his property despite sustaining some injuries.

In his ranch, Rambo confronts Martinez and shoots arrows at him before ripping out his heart with his knife, killing him. Carmine leaves back to Mexico, but not before saying goodbye to Rambo, thanking him in the process for assisting her.

Rambo proclaims that he will keep the spirits of his loved ones alive as he sits back on a rocking chair, on his porch, once again alone, as he is now officially retired.

In the end of the final credits the injured Rambo leaves his ranch on a horse and rides off into the sunset.[5]

Cast
Main article: List of Rambo characters
Sylvester Stallone as John J. Rambo
Paz Vega as Carmen Delgado
Sergio Peris-Mencheta as Hugo Martinez
Adriana Barraza as Maria Beltran
Yvette Monreal as Gabrielle
Genie Kim
Joaquín Cosío
Óscar Jaenada as Victor Martinez
Marco de la O as Miguel
Louis Mandylor as Sheriff
Aaron Cohen as State Police Captain
Sheila Shah as Alejandra
Díana Bermudez as Juanita
Fenessa Pineda as Jezel
Production
Development
In February 2008, Sylvester Stallone revealed that making a fifth film would depend on the success of the fourth film, stating he was "gearing one up" and that it would "be quite different".[6] In March 2008, Stallone revealed he was "half-way through" writing Rambo V, stating that it would not be another war movie, with Bulgaria being considered to double as Rambo's home in Arizona.[7][8][9] In February 2009, Stallone revealed that he was proceeding with the fifth film but stated, "the conflict is whether to do it in America or a foreign country".[10]

In August 2009, Millennium Films green-lit the film with Stallone writing, directing and starring. At that time, the plot focused on Rambo battling human traffickers and drug lords to rescue a young girl abducted near the U.S.–Mexico border.[11] In September 2009, Stallone revealed that the film would be titled Rambo V: The Savage Hunt. The film would have been loosely based on Hunter by James Byron Huggins and would have focused on Rambo leading an elite special forces kill team to hunt and kill a genetically engineered creature.[12] Nu Image/Millennium Films released a poster and synopsis for The Savage Hunt.[13] In November 2009, it was reported that the plot had reverted to Rambo crossing the Mexican border to rescue a girl who had been kidnapped.[14]

In May 2010, Stallone revealed he was "done" with the character, stating, "I think Rambo’s pretty well done. I don’t think there’ll be any more. I’m about 99% sure, I was going to do it... but I feel that with Rocky Balboa, that character came complete circle. He went home. But for Rambo to go on another adventure might be, I think, misinterpreted as a mercenary gesture and not necessary. I don’t want that to happen."[15] At the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, Millennium Films and Nu Image advertised Rambo V with posters and handouts.[16] Following an interview with Stallone for Ain't It Cool News, in which the director expressed his desire to end the franchise, Harry Knowles reported that, "He then told me that the folks behind those posters essentially said that if Sly didn't do it - someone else would. And Sly seems fine with that."[17]

In 2011, Sean Hood was hired to write a new script titled Rambo: Last Stand that Hood described as "more in line with the small-town thriller of First Blood.[18] In 2012, Hood revealed that Rambo V had been put on hold in order for Stallone to finish The Expendables 2. Hood also revealed his uncertainty whether the film would be similar to Unforgiven or a passing-of-the-torch.[19] In August 2013, it was announced that Entertainment One and Nu Image would develop and produce a Rambo TV series with Stallone.[20] In June 2014, German film company Splendid Films confirmed that Stallone had started writing the script for Rambo V, with Stallone describing it as his version of No Country for Old Men.[21] In September 2014, it was revealed that the film would be titled Rambo: Last Blood, with Stallone directing.[22]

In 2015, Stallone and Rambo creator David Morrell re-developed the story for Rambo V. Stallone wanted a "soulful journey" for the character that Morrell described as a "really emotional, powerful story". Stallone pitched the idea to the producers, but they wanted to proceed with the human trafficking story instead, abandoning Stallone and Morrell's idea.[23] In October 2015, Stallone pondered on the possibility of a prequel, stating, "It's intriguing to find the whys and wherefores of how people have become what they are. The traumas, the loss and the tragedy of being in Vietnam would certainly be a great challenge for a young actor, and it would be ironic that Rambo directs younger Rambo having played it for twenty years plus".[24] In 2016, Sylvester Stallone revealed that Rambo V was no longer in production.[25]

Pre-production
In May 2018, Rambo: Last Blood was re-announced and was scheduled to begin filming in September, with the plot focusing on Rambo taking on a Mexican drug cartel.[26] As per mediation resolved on August 21, 2019 through Leslie Mackey of the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and agreed upon by Avi Lerner of Balboa Productions, Dan Gordon was awarded a primary "story by" credit for the film.[27] Stallone was confirmed to be co-writing the script with Matt Cirulnick, but seemed unlikely to direct.[28] That same month, Stallone confirmed that the film is scheduled for a fall 2019 release.[29] In August 2018, Adrian Grunberg was announced as the director.[30] In September 2018, Adriana Barraza was added to the cast as Maria.[31] In October 2018, Paz Vega,[32] Yvette Monreal,[33] Sergio Peris-Mencheta,[34] Oscar Jaenada, and Joaquín Cosío[35] were cast in the film. In May 2019, Louis Mandylor, Sheila Shah, Dimitri Vegas, and Genie Kim (aka Yenah Han) were revealed to have been cast without prior announcement.[36][37][38]

Filming
Principal photography began on October 2, 2018 in Bulgaria.[39][40] It was previously scheduled to begin on September 1, 2018,[41][42] and before that on October 27, 2014, in Shreveport, Louisiana.[43][44] Barraza filmed her scenes in Tenerife (Canary Islands).[31] Principal photography was completed on December 4, 2018.[45] Additional photography took place at the end of May 2019.[46][47]

Music
Brian Tyler returned to score the film.[48] A remixed version of "Old Town Road" was used for the trailer.[49]

Release
Marketing
In May 2018, Millennium Films brought the project to Cannes to generate interest and sales.[28] Stallone verified that he would share images and videos from the film's set on his Instagram as the film approaches its release.[50][51] In February 2019, Stallone revealed images on his Instagram of Rambo's adopted family,[52] combat history,[53] and the character Gabrielle's intentions to travel to Mexico to find her father.[54] In March 2019, Stallone revealed via his Instagram an image of Rambo covered in blood and aiming his signature bow.[55]

In May 2019, it was revealed that Stallone will present exclusive images at Cannes to coincide with a special "first-look" screening of the film at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès on May 24, 2019.[56] The first trailer was revealed at Cannes on May 24, 2019.[57] The teaser trailer was released on May 30, 2019[58] and drew comparisons to Logan and Unforgiven.[59] On August 1, 2019, Stallone revealed the theatrical release poster on his Instagram.[60] On August 20, 2019, Stallone released the second trailer on his Instagram.[61] On September 4, 2019, Alamo Drafthouse Cinema announced it would host a marathon of all five Rambo films to commemorate the release of Rambo: Last Blood.[62]

Theatrical
Rambo: Last Blood is scheduled to be released on September 20, 2019.[63] Dadi purchased the Chinese distribution rights and agreed to an eight-figure co-financing deal.[64] On July 30, 2019, the MPAA assigned the film an R-rating.[65]

Reception
Box office
In the United States and Canada, Rambo: Last Blood will be released alongside Ad Astra and Downton Abbey, and is projected to gross $23–25 million from 3,500 theaters in its opening weekend.[66]

Critical response
The review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes assigned the film an approval rating of 34%, with an average rating of 4.67/10, based on reviews from 38 critics. The website's critical consensus reads: "Like the sequels that preceded it, Rambo: Last Blood is content to indulge in bloody violence at the expense of its main character's once-poignant story."[67] Metacritic said the film received "generally unfavorable reviews," with an overall weighted average of 33 out of 100 based on 15 critics.[68]

Many critics reported being appalled by the brutality of the film's action scenes. Peter Debruge of Variety called it "horrible, gut-wrenching carnage to witness, and yet, it's been calibrated to elicit whoops and cheers from fans, who've faithfully followed along as Rambo evolved."[69] Vince Mancini of Uproxx wrote that "[i]t's so genuinely horrific I'm convinced there are real-life cartel videos celebrating the torture of rivals that are less gory. I was either howling with nervous laughter or covering my face the entire time."[70] Witney Seibold in IGN called it "over-the-top in a way that isn't fun," and compared its amount of gore with that of a slasher film.[71]

By contrast, Don Kaye in Den of Geek! said he "didn't find [the violence] disturbing per se, but rather jarring in the way it takes on an almost comic book tone after the more elegiac effect the movie was striving for earlier."[72]

Some critics also accused the film of xenophobia, citing its alleged stereotypical depiction of Hispanics and Latinos as criminals, and its portrayal of Mexico as a country that is besieged with crime.[70][69][73] Seibold said, "I understand that Rambo films have rarely been bastions of cultural togetherness, but in 2019, these broad stereotypes are offensive and dated and downright irresponsible."[71] Eric Kohn of IndieWire, who gave the film a grade of D+, said: "In 2019's hypersensitive cultural environment, the depiction of murderous Mexican crime bosses and their cowering sex slaves encountering a literal white savior doesn’t go down so easy."[73]

Future
During Cannes 2019, Stallone said he would continue portraying Rambo if the fifth film succeeds.[74] Grunberg, however, said that Last Blood "closes the circle", hoping it would conclude the franchise.[75] In September 2019, Stallone confirmed that he has plans for a prequel to the series; although he would not reprise the title role, he would like to explore who Rambo was before the war:
I always thought of Rambo when he was 16 or 17 – I hope they can do the prequel – he was the best person you could find. He was the captain of the team; he was the most popular kid in school; super athlete. He was like Jim Thorpe, and the war is what changed him. If you saw him before, he was like the perfect guy.[76]

Stallone has also spoken with JoBlo.com about his Indian reservation idea for the fifth Rambo film.

Fridays for Future

The school strike for climate (Swedish: Skolstrejk för klimatet, also known variously as Fridays for Future (FFF), Youth for Climate and Youth Strike 4 Climate) is an international movement of school students who take time off from class to participate in demonstrations to demand action to prevent further global warming and climate change. Publicity and widespread organising began after Swedish schoolgirl, Greta Thunberg, staged a protest in August 2018 outside the Swedish Riksdag (parliament), holding a sign that read "Skolstrejk för klimatet" ("School strike for the climate")
Climate Strike of November 2015
In late-November 2015, an independent group of students invited other students around the world to skip school on the first day of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris. On 30 November, the first day of the conference, a "Climate Strike" was organized in over 100 countries; over 50000 people participated.[4] The movement focused on three demands: 100% clean energy; keeping fossil fuels in the ground, and helping climate refugees.[5]

Greta Thunberg and other early strikers in 2018
On 20 August 2018, the Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg,[6] then in the ninth grade, decided to not attend school until the 2018 Sweden general election on 9 September after heat waves and wildfires in Sweden.[2] She has said she was inspired by the teen activists at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, who had organised the March for Our Lives.[7][8] Thunberg protested by sitting outside the Riksdag every day during school hours with a sign that read "Skolstrejk för klimatet" ("school strike for the climate").[9] Among her demands were that the Swedish government reduce carbon emissions per the Paris Agreement. On 7 September, just before the general elections, she announced that she would continue to strike every Friday until Sweden aligns with the Paris Agreement. She coined the slogan FridaysForFuture, which gained worldwide attention. She inspired school students across the globe to take part in student strikes.[10]

Thunberg travelled to New York City on a two-week journey by sailboat to continue calling attention to the work needed to address the climate crisis. It is anticipated she will participate in school strikes being planned in the U.S on 20 September, and soon after she will speak at the UN Climate Summit on 23 September 2019, in New York City.[11]

Growing movement
Strikes began to be organised around the world, inspired by Thunberg, starting in November 2018. In Australia, thousands of students began to strike on Fridays, ignoring Prime Minister Scott Morrison's call for "more learning in schools and less activism".[12] Galvanized by the COP24 Climate Change Conference in Katowice, Poland, strikes continued at least in 270 cities[10] in December in countries including Australia, Austria,[13] Belgium, Canada,[14] the Netherlands, Germany, Finland, Denmark, Japan, Switzerland,[15][16] the United Kingdom, and the United States.[10][17]

In 2019, strikes were organised again in the countries listed above and in other countries, among them Colombia, New Zealand, and Uganda.[18] Mass strikes took place on 17 and 18 January 2019, when at least 45000 students protested in Switzerland and Germany alone, against insufficient policies on global warming.[19][20][21] In several countries, including Germany and the UK, pupils demanded the change of laws to reduce the voting age to 16 so they could influence public elections in favour of the youth.[22][23]

In Germany, regional groups were organized, communicating autonomously within Whatsapp groups and spreading their messages using flyers and social media. By February 2019, more than 155 local groups were counted by the movement.[24]

The Belgian environment minister for Flanders, Joke Schauvliege, resigned on 5 February 2019 after falsely claiming the state security agency had evidence that the school strikes in Belgium were a "set‑up".[25]

In the United Kingdom, on 13 February 2019, following open letters in support of the socio-political movement Extinction Rebellion in 2018, 224 academics signed an open letter giving their "full support to the students" attending the School Strike for Climate action.[26][27] On Friday 15 February, more than 60 actions in towns and cities within the United Kingdom took place, with an estimated 15000 strikers taking part.[26][28][29]

Climate scientist Stefan Rahmstorf, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, addressed a Fridays for Future climate strike in Potsdam, Germany that same day.[30] On 21 February 2019, the President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, stated his intent to spend hundreds of billions of euros on climate-change mitigation, amounting to a fourth of the EU budget. He announced this in a speech next to Greta Thunberg, and media credited the school-strike movement with provoking the announcement.[31]

On 5 March 2019, 700 German-speaking researchers signed a statement in support of the school strikes in that country.[32] Other researchers were invited to support the statement and it has been signed by over 26800 scientists from mainly Germany, Austria and Switzerland.[33][34]

On 9 May 2019, during a European Union summit in Sibiu, representatives of the movement from all over Europe met with several national leaders of European countries and handed them an open letter, which was signed by over 16000 European climate strikers and their sympathisants.[35][36][37]

Global Climate Strike for Future of 15 March 2019
On 15 March 2019, school strikes, urging adults to take responsibility and stop the climate change, began taking place in over 2000 cities worldwide. Except for Antarctica, which has no schools,[38] an estimated number of 1.4 million pupils from around the world participated in the events.[39][40][41] In Antarctica, at least seven scientists held a supportive rally at the Neumayer-Station III of Alfred Wegener Institute.[42][43][44]

On 1 March 2019, 150 students from the global coordination group of the youth-led climate strike (of 15 March), including Thunberg, issued an open letter in The Guardian, saying:[45]

We, the young, are deeply concerned about our future. […] We are the voiceless future of humanity. We will no longer accept this injustice. […] We finally need to treat the climate crisis as a crisis. It is the biggest threat in human history and we will not accept the world's decision-makers' inaction that threatens our entire civilisation. […] Climate change is already happening. People did die, are dying and will die because of it, but we can and will stop this madness. […] United we will rise until we see climate justice. We demand the world's decision-makers take responsibility and solve this crisis. You have failed us in the past. If you continue failing us in the future, we, the young people, will make change happen by ourselves. The youth of this world has started to move and we will not rest again.

The day of the Global Climate Strike for the Future was to be the most widespread of strikes, with tens of thousands of children in at least 100 countries and over 35 US states walking out of school, supported by some of the world's biggest environmental groups.[46][47] Leading up to the strike, the website FridaysForFuture.org listed 1659 events planned in 106 countries.[48][49][timeframe?]

In Scotland, city councils of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Highland and Fife gave permission for children to attend the strikes.[50] In Finland parental consent letters were sent to schools[51] and in the Finnish city of Turku the school board proclaimed that children had a constitutional right to take part in the strikes.[52]

On the morning of 15 March in a Guardian guest editorial, titled "Think we should be at school? Today’s climate strike is the biggest lesson of all", school-climate-strikers Thunberg, Anna Taylor, Luisa Neubauer, Kyra Gantois, Anuna De Wever, Adélaïde Charlier, Holly Gillibrand and Alexandria Villaseñor, reiterated their reasons for striking.[53]

An estimated number of more than a million people demonstrated in about 2200 events worldwide.[1][40] According to organizers, events took place in about 125 countries.[40] In Germany, more than 300000 pupils demonstrated in some 230 cities with more than 25000 in Berlin alone.[54][55] In Italy more than 200000 students demonstrated (100000 in Milan according to the organizers). In Montreal more than 150000 attended; Stockholm 15000 to 20000, Melbourne 30000, Brussels 30000, and Munich 8000. Other cities included Paris, London, Washington, Reykjavík, Oslo, Helsinki, Copenhagen and Tokyo.[
Second Global Climate Strike on 24 May 2019
File:Join the youth climate strike on May 24!.webm
A video inviting participation in the 24 May 2019 Climate Strike in the Philippines

Climate Strike in Stuttgart on 24 May 2019
File:Students protesting Climate Change inactio in Lisbon, Portugal.webm
Climate Strike in Lisbon on 24 May 2019
A second wave of global climate strikes began with actions in New Zealand and Australia on 24 May 2019.[56][57] Hundreds of thousands of school students around the world struck in more than 1600 towns in at least 125 countries.[58] Thunberg, one of the organizers, said that the strike took place on the second day of the four-day 2019 European Parliament election in order to affect it.[59] Polls conducted at the time show that climate change was an important issue for voters in the election—the most important issue for German voters.
International climate strike in Aachen on 21 June 2019
Fridays for Future Deutschland called for a major climate strike under the motto "Climate justice without borders – United for a future" also inviting people from 17 countries to come to Aachen on the 21 June 2019. Protesters gathered at several points all over the city (including at Aachen main station, Westpark, RWTH CARL [de] and Vaals) representing different chapters of the movement.[60] Accompanied by several musical groups, they then walked or drove with bicycles through the streets to the main event at the Tivoli, thereby blocking larger parts of the traffic infrastructure for hours. Some protesters occupied a house, a bridge and several poles to raise large posters. A number of 10000 to 20000 people was anticipated. According to the organizers, with eventually 40000 protesters this peaceful event turned out to be the largest single FFF climate strike in a German city so far.[61][62][63][64][65][66][nb 1] The police acknowledged the originally anticipated numbers.[67][68] Among the many speakers were Cyril Dion (France),[65] Karen Raymond (India), Tetet Nera-Lauron (Philippines) and Jesse (Netherlands), Milan Schwarze and Sina Chom (Ende Gelände),[65] as well as activists from the Hambach Forest, Pacific Climate Warriors,[65] Alle Dörfer bleiben! (English: All villages stay!) and All In for Climate Action. Artists participating in the event included Brass Riot, Culcha Candela,[66] Bodo Wartke [de], Moop Mama [de], Ruslana Lyschytschko,[60] KingzCorner,[69] Leo Holldack and Davide Martello. Among the protesters were Rezo and Anton Hofreiter.

In parallel to this event, a group of Ende Gelände 2019 activists started protests at the nearby Garzweiler II open-pit lignite mine, blocking various mining infrastructure over the weekend.[70][71][72] FFFD had recently declared its solidarity with this movement, stating that under the circumstances civil disobedience would be a legitimate form of protest to save the future, but, organizing another demonstration on 22 June 2019 in Hochneukirch/Jüchen in the direct neighbourhood of the open-pit mine,[73] that Fridays for Future would remain on the legal side.[74][75]

On 19 June 2019, shortly before the events, the city of Aachen had followed several other German cities and declared a "climate emergency" state.[76]

International conference in Lausanne on 5–9 August 2019
From 5 to 9 August 2019, the University of Lausanne hosted 450 young Europeans from the climate strike movement for the "SMILE for Future" conference ("Summer Meeting in Lausanne Europe").[77][78] On 9 August 2019, the conference ended with a demonstration and the publication of the "Lausanne Climate Declaration" stating the values, objectives and measures proposed by the movement.[79][78]

'Intergenerational' Global Climate Strikes in September 2019
School strike for Climate have announced two major global strikes for September 2019.[80] One the September 20 Climate Strike, three days before a UN emergency climate summit being held in New York,[81] and one with 350.org and Earth Strike the following week, on the 27th. It has been noted that 27 September 2019 is the anniversary of the publication of Silent Spring in 1962.[82] Individual countries and cities may organise strikes for one or both dates, depending on relevant factors, for example, New Zealand will have a national strike on the 27th, and not on the 20th, with over 36 towns and cities participating.[83]

Organisers hope these strikes will have the largest turnout of any climate strikes thus far, by including labourers, office workers, university students, retired people, etc. in addition to the school students that led previous strikes.[80] Many NGOs, unions, social movements, and companies have expressed support for the strikes,[84] including 350.org, Amnesty International, Extinction Rebellion, Greenpeace International, Oxfam, WWF, Patagonia,[85] Ben & Jerry's, Lush,[86] Atlassian,[87] and more. New York City public schools have announced plans to "excuse students to participate in climate strikes", with parents' permission.[88] Some Australian companies have formed the "Not Business As Usual alliance",[89] and have encouraged their workers to join the strikes in their respective cities, and advocate for all Australian companies to support taking climate action. In the United Kingdom, the UK General Strike for Climate, planned for 20 September, will be the first general strike in Britain since the 1926 United Kingdom general strike.

The science
Main articles: Greenhouse effect, Global warming, and Climate change
It is accepted by the vast majority of scientists that the greenhouse effect which warms Earth is much increased by emission of vast amounts of carbon dioxide and some other gases by human activities.[90] In the historical past the greenhouse effect, driven by volcanic and microbial carbon dioxide emission, prevented the earth from being permanently encased in ice, but since humanity industrialised, atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased and is causing ever more harmful global warming and climate change. The only processes that take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere (once takeup by acidifying the oceans is saturated) are geological—locking up of carbon by weathering and formation of rocks as carbonates and other compounds, on a timescale of hundreds of thousands of years[91]—and botanical, uptake of carbon by vegetation, locking it up unless the vegetation burns or rots without being replaced, on a timescale of, at best, centuries.

Adults in positions of authority, in the form of fossil fuel corporations and global governments, are seen as being responsible for large carbon dioxide emissions, and doing far too little to reduce them.[92] A 2019 statement by over 12000 scientists says that "Young people’s concerns are justified and supported by the best available science".[93]

Support from scientists
On 31 January 2019, more than 3400 scientists and academics signed an open letter in support of the school strikes in Belgium.[94] The letter reads "On the basis of the facts supplied by climate science, the campaigners are right. That is why we, as scientists, support them."[95] This was followed by an open letter in support of the school strikes in the Netherlands, signed by 340 scientists,[96] and by 1200 researchers in Finland signing a letter, on 11 March 2019, supporting the strikes.[97] An article published in Nature in March 2019 listed many other expressions of support, and no criticisms, from scientists, with comments such as "The idea of a climate strike is innovative. It’s provocative, and I think it’s the right form of non-violent civil disobedience".[93]

In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland a group of scientists founded Scientists for Future (S4F) in support of the factual correctness of the claims formulated by the movement.[98][99][100][101] The statement was signed by over 26000 German-language scientists and scholars.[102]

On 14 March 2019, the Club of Rome issued an official statement in support of Thunberg and the strikes, urging governments across the world to respond to this call for action and cut global carbon emissions.[103]

In early April 2019, a letter titled "Concerns of young protesters are justified" was published in Science. The letter declared that the climate strikers' concerns are "justified and supported by the best available science" and was signed by over 3000 scientists worldwide.[104]

In June 2019, 1000 healthcare professionals in the UK and elsewhere, including professors, eminent public health figures, and former presidents of royal colleges, called for widespread non-violent civil disobedience in response to "woefully inadequate" government policies on the unfolding ecological emergency. They called on politicians and the news media to face the facts of the unfolding ecological emergency and take action. They supported the school strike movement and Extinction Rebellion.[105]

Reactions by schools, politicians, and parents
The strikes have been both praised and criticised by adults in positions of authority. In the European Union, the movement enjoyed significant support by the pan-European party Volt Europa which, according to a report by Parents for Future before the European Elections 2019, shared all demands published by Fridays For Future in April 2019.[106]

Conservative politicians in the United Kingdom and Australia have described the strikes as truancy; some children have been punished or arrested for striking or demonstrating.[107][108] UK Prime Minister Theresa May criticised the strikes as wasting lesson and teaching time.[109] Jeremy Corbyn, leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition, voiced his support for the strikes,[110][111] as did leaders of other UK parties.[112] UK energy minister Claire Perry said that she would have joined the strikes in her younger days.[113] David Reed, director of charity Generation Change, pointed out that "the school leaders seem to have missed the point of efforts over the past decade to raise education standards. For what does excellence in education look like if it’s not pupils being engaged enough on issues such as climate change to do something about them?"[114]

Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison called for "more learning and less activism" following the strikes.[115] Australia's Education Minister Dan Tehan said that if school students think that issues are important, they should take action after school or on weekends.[116]

In New Zealand, there was mixed response from politicians, community leaders, and schools. Students were threatened to be marked as truant by some principals for attending the strike without their parents' or school's permission.[117] Judith Collins, and several other Members of Parliament were dismissive of the impact of the strike,[118] while Climate Change Minister James Shaw expressed support noting that little attention would be paid to marchers protesting on the weekend.[119][120]

On 15 March 2019 the UN General Secretary António Guterres embraced the strikers, admitting that "My generation has failed to respond properly to the dramatic challenge of climate change. This is deeply felt by young people. No wonder they are angry." Guterres invited world leaders to a UN summit in September 2019 with "concrete realistic plans to enhance their nationally determined contributions by 2020".[121]

Many parents, including public figures, have supported the children's climate strikes

Wolfsberger AC

Wolfsberger AC is an Austrian association football club from Wolfsberg, Carinthia. The club competed twenty seasons on the second level of the Austrian football pyramid. Between the 2007–08 and 2011–12 seasons, Wolfsberger AC entered a cooperation with SK St. Andrä, competing under the name WAC/St. Andrä during that period. The team is currently called RZ Pellets WAC for sponsorship reasons.

After having played the majority of its existence in the lower leagues, Wolfsberger AC finished their 2011–12 season as champions of the 2011–12 Austrian Football First League and earned promotion to the Austrian Bundesliga for the first time in the club's history, in which they finished 5th at the end of the 2012–13 Austrian Football Bundesliga. Wolfsberger AC finished third in the 2018–19 Austrian Football Bundesliga which qualifies them to the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League group stage
History
Wolfsberger AC was founded by Adolf Ptazcowsky, Karl Weber, Hermann Maierhofer, Franz Hafner and Michael Schlacher in 1931. They are not in any way affiliated with the Bundesliga team VfL Wolfsburg. After spending the first thirty-seven years of its existence on lower tiers of the Austrian league pyramid, the club eventually achieved promotion to the Austrian Regional League, which was on the second tier of the pyramid at that time, in 1968. WAC stayed at this level, with one exception during the 1977–78 season, for the next seventeen years, establishing themselves as a middle table side.

At the end of the 1984–85 season, Wolfsberger AC eventually dropped back to the third level. The club returned for two further second-level appearances during the 1988–89 and 1990–91 seasons, but was immediately relegated each time. In 1994, the club was a founding member of the reactivated Regional League as the third tier of the pyramid. After being in the promotion race for the first few years in the new league, strength of the club gradually declined and eventually led to relegation at the end of the 2001–02 season.
In 2007, WAC and local neighbours SK St. Andrä decided to enter a cooperation. While both clubs remained as separate entities, they closely worked together at almost all aspects: "Central areas of both clubs like administration, management, economy, marketing, gastronomy, as well as the athletic section as the core (both the senior and junior teams) will be centrally administered from the newly created offices of WAC|ST.ANDRÄ at Wolfsberg."[citation needed] Since SK St. Andrä were playing at the Regional League, the corporation began at this level, from which it was promoted to the First League in 2010. At the end of the 2011–12 season, the cooperation secured promotion to the Bundesliga with one round of matches to go. Soon afterwards, the cooperation was dissolved; Wolfsberger AC thus competed as an independent club on the highest level of Austrian football for the first time in their history.

After their first year in the highest class they came in 5th. After the season manager Nenad Bjelica left the club and became manager of FK Austria Wien, the champion of the 2012–13 season. Slobodan Grubor replaced him but after weak performances in the new season he was replaced by Dietmar Kühbauer.

The team became known as 'RZ Pellets WAC' from the 2014–15 season, due to sponsorship.[1]

Wolfsberger AC qualified to the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League for first time in their history, after finishing third in the 2018–19 Austrian Football Bundesliga.

시크릿 부티크

《시크릿 부티크》는 SBS에서 2019년 9월 18일에 방영중인 드라마 스페셜이다.
줄거리
국제도시개발 게이트를 둘러싸고 권력과 복수, 생존을 위한 파워게임을 벌이는 여인들의 이야기를 담은 드라마.

등장 인물
주요 인물
김선아 : 제니 장 / 장도영 (38세) 역 (아역 : 박서경, 정다은) - J부티크의 대표.
장미희 : 김여옥 역 (65세) - ㈜데모그룹의 총수이자, ㈜데모재단의 회장.
박희본 : 위예남 역 (38세) (아역 조민아) - 데오가의 장녀. ㈜데오재단 전무. ㈜데오코스메틱 대표.
고민시 : 이현지 역 (24세) - 프로보다 뛰어난 아마추어 바둑기사.
김재영 : 윤선우 역 (32세) - J부티크 측근 변호사
김태훈 : 위정혁 역 (40세) (아역 : 유정우) - 데오가의 장남. 데오호텔 대표.
데오그룹
류원 : 위예은 (30세) 역 - 데오가의 차녀이자, J부티크 직원으로 로스쿨 재학중.
류승수 : 차승재 (40세) 역 - 예남의 남편이자, 여옥의 맏사위로 융천검찰청 특수부 부장.
한정수 : 황 집사 (53세) 역 - 데오가의 집사.
김영아 : 미세스 왕 (49세) 역 - 데오가의 총괄 메이드.
여무영 : 위동섭 역 - 여옥의 시아버지이자, ㈜데오그룹 초대 회장.
박병호 : 운산스님 (70세) 역 - 위동섭의 동생이자, 스님.
김소영 : 차수빈 역
융천시청 및 시의회
김법래 : 도준섭 (52세) 역 - 욕심이 많고 변덕이 들끓는 사람으로, 자잘한 사고도 많이 치는 약점 많은 사람이지만 뻔뻔하기로 일등인 인물.
주석태 : 오태석 (43세) 역 - 융천경찰청 정보과장이자, 융천시청으로 파견근무를 하게 되는 인물.
장률 : 이주호 (47세) 역 - 융천시 시의회 도시계획의원.
현지네 가족들
장영남 : 박주현 (50세) 역 - 현지의 어머니이자, 서울 선능지구대 경위.
윤지인 : 김미진 (37세) 역 - 현지의 부양가족 No'1
최동화 : 예준 (10세) 역 - 현지의 부양가족 No'2, 미진의 아들.
그 외 인물
임철형 : 조양오 역 - ㈜양오유통 사장, 조폭두목 융천 토박이.
정욱진 : 이상훈 역 - 시한부의 인생을 살고 있는 의사.
송지우 : 윤혜라 역 - 가출소녀, 아르바이트 도우미.
박재준 : 장도윤(10세) 역 - 도영(제니 장)의 동생이자, 시한부 인생을 살고 있다.
박정학 : 최석훈 역 - ㈜조광그룹 부회장.
아역들
박서경 : 9살 시절의 장도영(훗날 제니 장)이 되는 인물.
정다은 : 18살 시절의 장도영(훗날 제니 장)이 되는 인물.
조민아 : 18살 시절의 위예남.
유정우 : 20세 시절의 위정혁.

개구리소년

개구리 소년 사건은 1991년 3월 26일에 대구직할시 달서구에 살던 다섯 명의 국민학교학생이 도룡뇽 알을 주우러 간다며 집을 나선 뒤 실종된 사건을 말한다.[1] 도롱뇽 알을 주우러 간다는 말이 개구리를 잡으러 간다고 왜곡된 것이 초기에 널리 퍼지면서 "개구리 소년"이라고 알려지게 되었다. 사건 발생일인 1991년 3월 26일은 5·16 군사 정변 이후 중단된 지방자치제가 30년 만에 부활하여 기초의회 의원을 뽑는 시·군·구의회 의원 선거일로 임시 공휴일이었다.

5명의 국민학교학생이 그것도 같은 날 동시에 실종된 이 사건은 당시 상당한 파장을 일으켰고, 사건 발생 2년 후인 1993년에는 KBS 1TV의 사건 25시와 SBS의 그것이 알고 싶다를 통해 심층적으로 방영되면서 전국적인 관심을 불러일으켰다. 특히 공중전화 카드, 엽서 등은 물론이고 심지어는 어린이 만화 비디오테이프 등까지 대대적으로 캠페인이 전개되면서 남녀노소 대부분이 이 사건에 대해 인지할 정도였다.

당시 정부는 경찰과 군을 대대적으로 투입하여 현장 주변을 샅샅이 뒤지고 전국적으로 수배 전단이 배포되었다. 하지만 뚜렷한 성과 없이 미제 사건으로 묻히는 듯하다가 사건 발생 11년 6개월만인 2002년 9월 26일에 성산고등학교 신축공사장 뒤쪽의 와룡산 중턱에서 아이들의 유골이 발견되어 전국이 충격에 빠졌다. 끝내 아이들의 사망 원인조차 제대로 규명하지 못한 채 2006년 3월 25일 24시에 공소시효 15년이 만료되면서 미제사건으로 남았다.

공소시효 만료 이후에도 범인을 찾기 위하여 7명의 형사들이 개구리 소년 사건을 담당하는 대구 성서경찰서에서 전담팀이 구성되어 있다.
사건의 발단
대구성서국민학교에 다니던 동네 아이 다섯 명은 1991년 기초의원선거로 인한 임시 공휴일이었던 1991년 3월 26일에 대구직할시(현 대구광역시) 달서구 와룡산에 도롱뇽 알을 주우러 간다며 집을 나갔다. 아이들은 결국 돌아오지 않았으며, 부모들은 경찰서에 실종 사건을 신고했다.

사망 아동 명단
다섯 아이들은 다음과 같다.(나이는 1991년 실종 당시의 나이이다.)[2][3]

우철원(13세, 6학년, 1979년생) 보호자 : 우종우, 장명자
조호연(12세, 5학년, 1980년생) 보호자 : 조남환, 김순녀
김영규(11세, 4학년, 1981년생) 보호자 : 김현도, 최경희
박찬인(10세, 3학년, 1982년생) 보호자 : 박건서, 김임자
김종식(10세, 3학년, 1983년생) 보호자 : 김철규, 허도선
생존 아동 명단
생존 아이는 다음과 같다.(나이는 1991년 당시의 나이이다.)

김태룡 (10세, 3학년, 1982년생)
(그는 아침밥을 먹지 않았기 때문에 밥을 먹고 가겠다고 했고, 결국 유일무이한 생존자가 되어 버렸다.) 다만 개구리소년 관련 영상 프로그램 에서 그의 근황은 알 수 없다.

사건에 대한 논란
유골 발견
2002년 9월 26일에 와룡산에서 도토리를 줍던 한 시민이 유골을 발견하였고, 유골을 감정한 결과 소년들은 타살당한 것으로 밝혀졌다. [4]

하지만 범인은 끝내 찾지 못하고 2006년 3월 25일자로 공소 시효가 만료되어 수사가 종결되었다.

이 사건은 오랫동안 전국민의 관심을 끌었으나 해결되지 않았기 때문에 무성한 소문을 불러일으켰다. 1992년 11월에는 돌아오라 개구리소년이라는 영화를 제작하기도 할 정도였다. 그리고 2003년에 가수 MC 스나이퍼는 〈개구리소년〉이라는 노래를 내기도 했다. 2005년에는 아이들은 산에 가지 않았다라는 실화소설이 출간되기도 했다.

총격에 의한 타살설
국민일보에서 한 아무개씨(43·대구 달서구)가 2002년 9월 28일 대구경찰청에 2002년 7월에 30∼35세의 남자 1명이 구두를 닦으면서, "사격 중 5명의 소년이 갑자기 나타나 2명이 총에 맞아 이중 1명이 숨지고 1명은 다쳤으며, 이 사실을 은폐하기 위해 5명 모두를 다른 곳으로 옮겨 목을 조르고 총을 난사해 죽인 뒤 매장했다." 라는 말을 했다"고 제보했다는 기사를 보도했다.[5]

미흡한 수사
헛소문들
1992년 8월에 경찰에서는 한센병 환자들이 병을 고치기 위해 아이를 유괴해서 죽였다는 헛소문을 믿고 한센병 환자 정착촌을 강압적으로 수사하여, 한센병 환자들의 항의를 받았으며[6], 1996년 1월에는 김종식 군의 아버지가 아이들을 죽여 집에 묻었다는 한국과학기술연구원 프로파일러인 김가원 씨의 고집센 주장이 있다면서[7] 김종식 군 아버지의 집 마당과 화장실, 구들장을 임의로 발굴해 물의를 일으키기도 했다.

성급함
아이들의 유골을 발굴할 때도 유골을 분석하여 사인을 밝혀낼 법의학자의 도움 없이 성급하게 작업을 진행하여 현장을 훼손[8]하는 등 실종과 관련된 중요한 정보를 놓쳤다는 비난도 받았었다.

특히 2002년에 유골이 발견되었을 당시 유골이 뒤엉켜있었고, 옷을 얼굴에 덮어놓은 상태였던 것에 대해 경찰은 5명의 아이들이 와룡산에서 길을 잃고 헤매다가 조난당해 추위를 피하기 위해 옷으로 온몸을 덮었을 것이라고 성급한 추측을 하였고, 심지어는 저체온증으로 사망했을 가능성이 크다는 주장까지 했다. 그러나 이에 대해 피해자 부모들과 와룡산 기슭에 거주하는 할머니는 "와룡산은 마을에서 멀지 않은 야산이기 때문에 불빛이 다 보이므로 절대 조난당할 일이 없다."라고 항의하였고, 실제 1993년에 SBS의 《그것이 알고 싶다》에 출연한 당시 성서경찰서 주영철(가명) 경감도 "와룡산은 높은 산이 아니고 엄밀하게 말하면 야산이기 때문에 아이들이 조난당할 가능성은 없다."라고 말한 바 있다.

영구 미해결 사건
이 사건은 화성 연쇄 살인 사건, 이형호 군 유괴 살해사건과 함께 증거부족으로 영구 미해결 사건이 된 대표적인 사건 중 하나이다. 하지만 화성 연쇄 살인 사건 은 현재 진범으로 특정된 용의자가 나와 조사중이다

대중문화 · 미디어
유골 발견 이전 ( 1991년 3월 ~ 2002년 9월 24일)
1991년 ~1992년 광고 LG 슈퍼타이[9] 제품에 대구 개구리소년 찾기 광고, 슈퍼타이 세제 뒷면에 개구리소년 찾기 사진 기재된 제품 생산
1991년 5월 MBC 여론광장 개구리소년 찾기 방송
한국통신( 현재 KT) 공중전화 카드 뒷면 개구리소년 찾습니다 내용 기재된 카드 발급
오리온 초코파이 뒷면 개구리소년찾기 제품 출시
1991년 서진 꿈돌이 만화 비디오
1991년 5월 5일 한국담배인삼공사 (현재 KT&G) 출시 담배제품 88라이트 담배갑에 개구리소년 찾습니다 내용 기재된 담배갑 1천만갑 생산
개구리소년 찾는 사진 기재된 쥐포(현재 사라진 회사라 정확한 회사 사명 불분명함) 생산
1991년 대한생명 (현재 한화생명) 개구리소년 찾기 캠페인 , 고객 책자 DM에 개구리소년 찾기 사진 기재된 책자 발매
1991년 주택은행 (현재 KB 국민은행) 개구리소년 찾기 캠페인
1991년 KB 국민카드 개구리소년 찾기 캠페인 실시 , 카드대금 명세서 뒷면에 개구리소년 찾기 사진 기재
1991년 한진그룹 개구리소년 찾기 전단 배포 및 전국 영업 운송망 동원해 개구리소년 찾기 캠페인 전개
1991년 아모레 퍼시픽 미용전문사보 향장에 대구개구리소년 찾기운동 실시 보상금 1천만원 회사에서 기탁
1991년 KEB 하나은행 개구리소년 찾기 전단 배포
1991년 11월 3일 KBS 가요무대 - 개구리소년 찾는 사연 쇼
1992년 영화 《돌아오라 개구리 소년》
1992년 1월 동아생명(현재 KDB생명) 직원용 사보 동아생명 , 고객서비스 책자 파랑새에 개구리소년 찾기 사보 매달 개제 발매
1992년 2월 동원산업 동원 양반김에 대구 개구리소년 찾기 사진 개제된 제품 생산 출시
1992년 3월 대구시 교육청 에서 개구리소년 찾기 전단 22만부 제작 배포
1992년 5월 14일 주간조선 개구리소년 납북설 보도된 주간조선 발매
1993년 3월 21일 SBS 그것이 알고싶다 - 실종, 개구리 소년
1993년 3월 28일 SBS 그것이 알고싶다 - 대구 개구리 소년
1993년 4월 23일 SBS AM 트롯대행진
1993년 6월 26일 KBS 사건 25시 - 공개추적, 개구리 소년 실종 853일
1993년 9월 23일 개구리소년 5명 부모들 아이들 찾기 포기하고 생업 복귀한다고 선언
유골 발견 이후 ( 2002년 9월 26일 이후)
2002년 10월 5일 SBS 그것이 알고싶다 - 끝나지 않은 미스터리 / 주검으로 돌아온 개구리 소년
2003년 5월 14일 힙합 가수 MC 스나이퍼 2집 앨범 《초행》 중 〈개구리 소년〉 이라는 노래가 수록됨(3번 트랙).
2005년 9월 이 사건에 대해 전 카이스트 교수가 쓴 실화소설 《아이들은 산에 가지 않았다》 출간.
2011년 위 실화소설을 원작으로 한 영화 《아이들...》 개봉 (2011년 2월 17일 개봉, 이규만 감독)
2011년 5월 14일 SBS 그것이 알고싶다 - 살인 무기를 찾아라 - 개구리 소년 실종사건
같이 보기
공소시효
이형호 유괴 살해 사건
화성 연쇄 살인 사건

メガドライブミニ

メガドライブ ミニ(以下、一部で「MDミニ」と略記)は1980年代から1990年代にかけて発売された家庭用ゲーム機「メガドライブ」の復刻版。セガゲームス(以下、一部で「セガ」と略記)が2019年9月19日に発売した。

日本国外でも北米市場ほかアジア圏にて日本と同日、欧州(ユーロ圏)市場においては同年10月4日に、各市場向けの仕様にした版(北米ならば「SEGA GENESIS MINI」、欧州ならば「SEGA MEGA DRIVE MINI」名となる)がリリースされる予定である。本項では、これらについても簡単に解説する。
概要
1980年代から1990年代にかけてセガゲームスの前身「セガ・エンタープライゼス」時代に販売していた家庭用ゲーム機「メガドライブ」を、現代のアーキテクチャで復刻するものであり、2001年のドリームキャストの生産停止以来18年ぶり[注 1]にリリースした家庭用コンピュータゲーム機となる(セガゲームスとしては初リリース、「メガドライブ ミニ」は公開されたゲームプラットフォームではないため、本機が出てもドリームキャストは最後のゲームプラットフォームである)。

2018年4月14日に開催されたセガフェス2018にて、第1報がなされた[1][注 2]。当初は同年内のリリースを予定していたが、反響がセガの予想を越えて大きく、海外からの要望にも適切に応える必要が生じてきたため、2018年9月、翌2019年に販売時期を延期すると発表[2]して当初の仕様も白紙に戻して一から再設計、上記の正式発表を経て現在に至る。

日本では発売時期が改元の時期(平成から令和)にあたっていたため、「令和最初の新(ゲーム)ハード」というセールスコピーが使われた。

北米市場向けバージョンの「SEGA GENESIS MINI」が日本でも数量限定販売で9月9日に予約開始され、9月27日にAmazonで発売されることが決定した。また、日本版の3Bパッドがセガストアにて発売されることも同時に発表された[3]。

基本的な仕様
※ 下記の出典 → [4]

外観は原典デザインのまま、スケールを約55%縮尺したサイズとなっている[5]。このスケーリングサイズは先だってリリースされた他メーカーの復刻系ゲーム機(ニンテンドークラシックミニ スーパーファミコンなど)に近いものになっており、並べて置いた際に「納まり」が良くなることを意識したもの。なお、それらの機種では(電源スイッチ・リセットボタンをのぞいて)省略されていた本体の各部品可働がオリジナルと同様に可能である(ダミーパーツであり実際の機能が付加されていない点については同様)。

ソフト関係
他メーカーの復刻系ゲーム機同様、オリジナルのロムカセットをスロットに装着して遊ぶことは出来ない(公開された仕様ではソフトのダウンロード(書き換え)は出来ない)が、全メガドライブゲームソフト(セガだけではなく他のゲームメーカーからリリースされたタイトルも含む)から「“メガドライブの時代を再現する”」という内部的テーマを元に厳選された40作品に加え、新規に移植される2作品(後述)の合計42作品がプリインストール(内蔵収録)され、それらのソフトでプレイ出来る。詳しい収録タイトルは後述するが、全地域共通で収録される作品と、それぞれの地域限定で収録されるタイトルの2種類に大別できるため、総タイトル数は若干多くなっている。 対応言語は「日本語」のほか、「英語」「フランス語」「イタリア語」「ドイツ語」「スペイン語」「繁体字」「韓国語」の計8言語であり、設定を変更することでメニューのタイトル名、ゲーム紹介テキストのほか、一部ゲームを除き、メニューに表示されているパッケージデザインやゲームのバージョンも該当地域向けに変更され、海外版を遊ぶことが出来るようになる[注 3]。 ソフトの移植は「SEGA AGESシリーズ」など、レトロゲームの移植で多数の実績を持つエムツーが担当[注 4]。ゲームをセレクトする際のメニュー画面で流れるBGMは『ベア・ナックル』などメガドライブのゲーム音楽を多数手がけた古代祐三による新規書き下ろし楽曲が使われた。

ハード関係
オリジナルハード後期モデル「メガドライブ2」(MD2)リリースの頃に製作・単品販売(MD2にも付属)したゲームコントローラ「ファイティング6Bパッド」を、同じサイズのまま接続端子を USB仕様にしたコントローラ[注 5]「メガドライブ ミニ コントローラー」が1個付属する基本モデルと、2個付いている「メガドライブ ミニW」モデルの2種類が発売される。なお一部の収録作品は3人や4人のマルチプレイが可能だが、オリジナルのコントローラー接続端子拡張ユニット「セガタップ」に変わって、IT系周辺機器メーカー・BUFFALOとタイアップした特定の汎用USBハブを2Pコントローラー接続端子に接続することで、マルチプレイに対応する[注 6]。

映像、音声出力用にHDMI端子が用意されており、現代のスタンダードなデジタルテレビやディスプレイへ接続することが可能。

電源入力端子はオリジナルのDCジャックから「micro-B USB」端子に変更されている。ACアダプタは標準付属されていないため、スマートフォンの急速充電などに使われる5V/1.0A/5W以上の出力ができるUSBのAコネクタに電源供給が可能なアダプタが必要[注 7]、公式サイトではテレビ・PC等のStandard-Aコネクタから電源を供給することによっても動作が可能としている。

その他の付属品はディスプレイ接続用のハイスピードHDMIケーブル、電源供給用のUSBケーブル、取扱説明書、保証書など。各ゲームタイトルの説明書は添付しておらず、本体で電子説明書として閲覧する機能もない。公式サイトにて、各タイトルの発売当時の説明書(新規移植の2作品は書き下ろされたもの)が、PDFファイル形式で公開されている。
トピックス
日本版においては、基本的に「1シリーズ1タイトルのみを収録する」という「縛り」が設定されている[6]。このため、下記3シリーズ作品については2019年2月セガ公式サイトにて、「(日本で発売するMDミニに)どの作品を収録してほしいか」という意見をセガに届けられる機会(セガでは「国民投票」と称した)が1週間ほどあり、その結果を受けて下記*印のタイトルの収録が決定した。
ぷよぷよシリーズ - 『ぷよぷよ』 / 『ぷよぷよ通』*
ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグシリーズ - 『ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ』 / 『ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ2』*
シャイニング・フォースシリーズ -『シャイニング・フォース 神々の遺産』* / 『シャイニング・フォースII 古えの封印』
YouTubeなどで公開されているプロモーション映像では、原典ハードのCMに起用されたいとうせいこうがナレーションを担当した。
メガドライブミニのデコレーションキットとして「メガドラタワーミニ」が数量限定で同時発売される予定。これはメガドライブミニのサイズに合わせたメガCD・スーパー32X・「ソニック&ナックルズ」のロックオンカートリッジ・「ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ」のカートリッジのミニチュアモデル(いずれも装飾品のため動作しない)のセットで、これをメガドライブミニに全て装着すると俗に呼ばれる「メガドラタワー(メガタワー)」が再現できるという物である[

زياد علي

زياد علي محمد