Chandrayaan-2 (Sanskrit: चन्द्रयान-२; Sanskrit: [t͡ɕən̪d̪ɾəjaːna d̪ʋi]; lit: Moon-craft[14][15][16] About this soundpronunciation (help·info)) is the second lunar exploration mission developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)[17][18], after Chandrayaan-1.[19][20] It consists of a lunar orbiter, the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover, all of which were developed in India.[21] The main scientific objective is to map the location and abundance of lunar water via Pragyan, and ongoing analysis from the orbiter circling at a lunar polar orbit of 100 × 100 km.[22][23][24]
A successful landing would make India the fourth country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, after the space agencies of the USSR, the USA and China.[25] A successful rover operation will make India the third country to operate a robotic rover on the Moon.[26] If it was successful, Chandrayaan-2 would have been the southernmost lunar landing, aiming to land at 67°S or 70°S latitude.[27][28][29][30]
The mission was launched to the Moon from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 22 July 2019 at 2.43 PM IST (09:13 UTC) by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III).[8][9][31] The craft reached the Moon's orbit on 20 August 2019 and began orbital positioning maneuvers for the landing.[32] Vikram and the rover was scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region[33] at a latitude of about 70° south at approximately 1:50 am on 7 September 2019. However, at about 1:54 AM IST, the lander deviated from its intended trajectory at around 2.1km from landing and the ground control lost communication with the spacecraft. As of yet, the spacecraft crash landed into Mumbai wasting 9 billion rupees of Indians hard earned money and the fate of the spacecraft is uncertain
History
On 12 November 2007, representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) and ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan-2 project.[35] ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to provide the lander. The Indian government approved the mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet, held on 18 September 2008 and chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[36] The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.[37][38]
Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule,[39] the mission was postponed in January 2013[40] and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.[41][42] Roscosmos later withdrew in wake of the failure of the Fobos-Grunt mission to Mars, since the technical aspects connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission were also used in the lunar projects, which needed to be reviewed.[41] When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently.[40][43]
The spacecraft's launch had been scheduled for March 2018, but was first delayed to April and then to October to conduct further tests on the vehicle.[44][45] On 19 June 2018, after the program's fourth Comprehensive Technical Review meeting, a number of changes in configuration and landing sequence were planned for implementation, pushing the launch to the first half of 2019.[46] Two of the lander's legs got minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019.[47]
Chandrayaan-2 launch was initially scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time), with the landing expected on 6 September 2019.[20] However, the launch was aborted due to a technical glitch and was rescheduled.[48][7][49] The launch occurred on 22 July 2019 at 09:13 UTC (14:43 IST) on the first operational flight of a GSLV MK III M1.[50]
Objectives
The primary objectives of Chandrayaan-2 are to demonstrate the ability to soft-land on the lunar surface and operate a robotic rover on the surface. Scientific goals include studies of lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice.[51] The orbiter will map the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it. The onboard radar will also map the surface while studying the water ice in the south polar region and thickness of the lunar regolith on the surface.[52]
Design
The mission was launched on a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III) with an approximate lift-off mass of 3,850 kg (8,490 lb) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island.[2][12][9][53] As of June 2019, the mission has an allocated cost of ₹978 crore (approximately US$141 million) which includes ₹603 crore for space segment and ₹375 crore as launch costs on GSLV Mk III.[54][55] Chandrayaan-2 stack was initially put in an Earth parking orbit of 170 km perigee and 40,400 km apogee by the launch vehicle.[56]
Orbiter
The orbiter will orbit the Moon at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi).[57] The orbiter carries eight scientific instruments; two of them are improved versions of those flown on Chandrayaan-1. The approximate launch mass was 2,379 kg (5,245 lb).[3][4][39][58] The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) will conduct high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to separation of the lander from the orbiter.[57][1] The orbiter's structure was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and delivered to ISRO Satellite Centre on 22 June 2015.[59][60]
Dimensions: 3.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m[24]
Gross lift-off mass: 2,379 kg (5,245 lb)[2]
Propellant mass: 1,697 kg (3,741 lb)[5]
Dry mass: 682 kg (1,504 lb)[5]
Power generation capacity: 1000 W[24]
Mission duration: 1 year in lunar orbit, which may be extended to 2 years
A successful landing would make India the fourth country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, after the space agencies of the USSR, the USA and China.[25] A successful rover operation will make India the third country to operate a robotic rover on the Moon.[26] If it was successful, Chandrayaan-2 would have been the southernmost lunar landing, aiming to land at 67°S or 70°S latitude.[27][28][29][30]
The mission was launched to the Moon from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 22 July 2019 at 2.43 PM IST (09:13 UTC) by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III).[8][9][31] The craft reached the Moon's orbit on 20 August 2019 and began orbital positioning maneuvers for the landing.[32] Vikram and the rover was scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region[33] at a latitude of about 70° south at approximately 1:50 am on 7 September 2019. However, at about 1:54 AM IST, the lander deviated from its intended trajectory at around 2.1km from landing and the ground control lost communication with the spacecraft. As of yet, the spacecraft crash landed into Mumbai wasting 9 billion rupees of Indians hard earned money and the fate of the spacecraft is uncertain
History
On 12 November 2007, representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) and ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan-2 project.[35] ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to provide the lander. The Indian government approved the mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet, held on 18 September 2008 and chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[36] The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.[37][38]
Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule,[39] the mission was postponed in January 2013[40] and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.[41][42] Roscosmos later withdrew in wake of the failure of the Fobos-Grunt mission to Mars, since the technical aspects connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission were also used in the lunar projects, which needed to be reviewed.[41] When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently.[40][43]
The spacecraft's launch had been scheduled for March 2018, but was first delayed to April and then to October to conduct further tests on the vehicle.[44][45] On 19 June 2018, after the program's fourth Comprehensive Technical Review meeting, a number of changes in configuration and landing sequence were planned for implementation, pushing the launch to the first half of 2019.[46] Two of the lander's legs got minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019.[47]
Chandrayaan-2 launch was initially scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time), with the landing expected on 6 September 2019.[20] However, the launch was aborted due to a technical glitch and was rescheduled.[48][7][49] The launch occurred on 22 July 2019 at 09:13 UTC (14:43 IST) on the first operational flight of a GSLV MK III M1.[50]
Objectives
The primary objectives of Chandrayaan-2 are to demonstrate the ability to soft-land on the lunar surface and operate a robotic rover on the surface. Scientific goals include studies of lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice.[51] The orbiter will map the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it. The onboard radar will also map the surface while studying the water ice in the south polar region and thickness of the lunar regolith on the surface.[52]
Design
The mission was launched on a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III) with an approximate lift-off mass of 3,850 kg (8,490 lb) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island.[2][12][9][53] As of June 2019, the mission has an allocated cost of ₹978 crore (approximately US$141 million) which includes ₹603 crore for space segment and ₹375 crore as launch costs on GSLV Mk III.[54][55] Chandrayaan-2 stack was initially put in an Earth parking orbit of 170 km perigee and 40,400 km apogee by the launch vehicle.[56]
Orbiter
The orbiter will orbit the Moon at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi).[57] The orbiter carries eight scientific instruments; two of them are improved versions of those flown on Chandrayaan-1. The approximate launch mass was 2,379 kg (5,245 lb).[3][4][39][58] The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) will conduct high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to separation of the lander from the orbiter.[57][1] The orbiter's structure was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and delivered to ISRO Satellite Centre on 22 June 2015.[59][60]
Dimensions: 3.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m[24]
Gross lift-off mass: 2,379 kg (5,245 lb)[2]
Propellant mass: 1,697 kg (3,741 lb)[5]
Dry mass: 682 kg (1,504 lb)[5]
Power generation capacity: 1000 W[24]
Mission duration: 1 year in lunar orbit, which may be extended to 2 years
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