Saint-Etienne

Saint-Étienne (French pronunciation: ​[sɛ̃t‿etjɛn]; Arpitan: Sant-Etiève; Saint Stephen) is a city in eastern central France, in the Massif Central, 55 km (34 mi) southwest of Lyon in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, on the trunk road that connects Toulouse with Lyon. Saint-Étienne is the capital of the Loire department and has a population of approximately 172,023 (2013) in the city itself and over 508,000 in the metropolitan area (2011).

In the last years Saint-Étienne made important transformations for transitioning from a 19th century industrial city to the 21st century "European capital of design". This approach led to important urban renovations of the main districts of the city
History

Named after Saint Stephen, the city first appears in the historical record in the Middle Ages as Saint-Étienne de Furan (after the River Furan, a tributary of the Loire). In the 13th century, it was a small borough around the church dedicated to Saint Etienne. On the upper reaches of the Furan, near the Way of St. James, the Abbey of Valbenoîte had been founded by the Cistercians in 1222. In the late 15th century, it was a fortified village defended by walls built around the original nucleus.

From the 16th century, Saint-Étienne developed an arms manufacturing industry and became a market town. It was this which accounted for the town's importance, although it also became a centre for the manufacture of ribbons and passementerie starting in the 17th century.

Later, it became a mining centre of the Loire coal mining basin, and more recently, has become known for its bicycle industry.

In the first half of the 19th century, it was only a chief town of an arrondissement in the département of the Loire, with a population of 33,064 in 1832. The concentration of industry prompted these numbers to rise rapidly to 110,000 by about 1880. It was this growing importance of Saint-Étienne that led to its being made seat of the prefecture and the departmental administration on 25 July 1855, when it became the chief town in the département and seat of the prefect, replacing Montbrison, which was reduced to the status of chief town of an arrondissement. Saint-Étienne absorbed the commune of Valbenoîte and several other neighbouring localities on 31 March 1855.

Demographics

Population of the city at the 1999 census was 180,210 (177,300 as of February 2004 estimates). Population of the whole metropolitan area at the 1999 census was 321,703.

Inhabitants of Saint-Étienne are called Stéphanois in French. They are named so because "Étienne" derives from the Greek Stephanos.

Culture

Saint-Étienne became a popular stop for automobile travelers in the early 20th century (sometimes referred to as The Golden Age of Travel[3]).

In 1998, Saint-Étienne set up a design biennale – the largest of its kind in France.[4] It lasts around two weeks. A landmark in the history of the importance ascribed to design in Saint-Étienne was the inauguration of La Cité du design on the site of the former arms factory in 2009.

The city also launched the Massenet Festivals, (the composer Jules Massenet hailed from the area) devoted mainly to perform Massenet's operas. In 2000, the city was named one of the French Towns and Lands of Art and History. On 22 November 2010, it was nominated as "City of Design" as part of UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network.[5]

Saint-Étienne has four museums:

the Musée d'Art Moderne has one of the largest collections of modern and contemporary art in France

Musée de la Mine

Musée de l'Art et de l'Industrie

Musée du vieux Saint-Etienne

Sport

The city's football club AS Saint-Étienne has won the Ligue 1 title a record ten times, achieving most of their success in the 1970s. British indie-dance band Saint Etienne named themselves after the club.

St. Étienne has many sports stadiums, the largest being Stade Geoffroy-Guichard used for football and Stade Henri-Lux for athletics. St. Étienne was the capital of the French bicycle industry. The bicycle wheel manufacturer Mavic is based in the city and frame manufacturers Motobécane and Vitus are also based here. The city often hosts a stage of the Tour de France.

St. Étienne resident Thierry Gueorgiou is a world champion in orienteering. The local rugby union team is CA Saint-Étienne Loire Sud Rugby.

Transport

The nearest airport is Saint-Étienne - Bouthéon Airport which is located in Andrézieux-Bouthéon, 12 km (7.46 mi) north-northwest of Saint-Étienne. The main railway station is Gare de Saint-Étienne-Châteaucreux, which offers high speed services to Paris, Lyon (Saint-Étienne–Lyon railway), and several regional lines.

Saint-Étienne is also notable for its tramway (Saint-Étienne tramway) – which uniquely with Lille, it kept throughout the 20th century – and its trolleybus system (Saint-Étienne trolleybus system) – which is one of only three such systems currently operating in France.

Bus and tram transport is regulated and provided by the Société de Transports de l'Agglomération Stéphanoise (STAS), a public transport executive organisation.

The bicycle sharing system Vélivert with 280 short term renting bicycles has been available since June 2010.

Colleges and universities

Jean Monnet University

École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (EMSE or ENSMSE)

École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Étienne (ENISE)

Telecom Saint Etienne (TSE)

EMLYON Business School

ENSASE (Ecole National Supérieure d'Architecture de Saint-Étienne)

Notable people

Saint-Étienne was the birthplace of

René Diaz, French journalist and illustrator

Augustin Dupré (1748–1833), engraver of French coins and medals, France's 14th Graveur général des monnaies

Claude Fauriel (1772–1844), historian, philologist and critic

Saint Marcellin Champagnat (1789–1840), Catholic priest and founding members of the Society of Mary (Marist Fathers) who founded the Marist Brothers and was canonised in 1999

Antonin Moine (1796–1849), sculptor

Jules Janin (1804–1874), writer and critic

Francis Garnier (1839–1873), officer and explorer who explored the Mekong River, much to the surprise of the inhabitants

Jules Massenet (1842–1912), composer best known for his operas

Paul de Vivie, aka Velocio (1853–1930), publisher of Le Cycliste, early champion of the dérailleur and father of French cycle touring

Claudine Chomat (1915–1995), member of the French Resistance during World War II, feminist, communist activist

Jean Bonfils (1921–2007), classical organist and composer

André Bourgey (1936), geographer

Jean-Michel Othoniel (1963), contemporary artist

Bernard Lavilliers (b. 1946), (Bernard Ouillon), singer

Orlan (1947–), contemporary artist

Willy Sagnol (b. 1977), French International football player

Jean Guitton (1901–1999), Catholic philosopher and theologian

Thierry Gueorgiou (b. 1979), Orienteering world champion

Norma Ray, singer

Alexis Ajinca, basketball player

Sylvain Armand, footballer

Sliimy, singer

Aravane Rezai, tennis player

Loïc Perrin, footballer

It was also the place where Andrei Kivilev died.